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Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Discovering
Computers 2012
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Objectives Overview
Diferentiate amongvarious styles osystem units on
desktop computers,notebook computers,and mobile devices
Identiy chips, adaptercards, and other
components o amotherboard
Describe the controlunit and arithmetic
logic unit components
o a processor, andexplain the our stepsin a machine cycle
Identiy characteristicso various personal
computer processorson the market today,
and describe the waysprocessors are cooled
Dene a bit anddescribe how a serieso bits represents data
Explain how programinstructions transer in
and out o memory
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Objectives Overview
Diferentiate among thevarious types o memory
Describe the purpose andtypes o expansion slotsand adapter cards, and
diferentiate among slotsor various removable *ash
memory devices
Diferentiate between aport and a connector, and
explain the diferencesamong a +% port, -ire.ire
port, luetooth port, %C%Iport, e%/0/ port, IrD/ port,serial port, and 1IDI port
Describe the types obuses in a computer
Explain the purpose o apower supply and describe
how it keeps cool
+nderstand how to clean asystem unit on a computer
or mobile device
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The System Unit
0he systemunitis a casethat contains
electroniccomponents othe computerused to
process data
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The System Unit
0he inside o the system unit on adesktop personal computer includes#
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Drive bay3s4
&ower supply
%ound card
5ideo card
&rocessor
1emory
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The System Unit
0he motherboardis the main circuitboard o the system unit / computer chipcontains integrated
circuits
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Processor
0he processor, also called the centralprocessin unit 3!PU4, interprets andcarries out the basic instructions that
operate a computer Contain a control unit and an arithmetic
logic unit 3/7+4
Discovering Computers !"# Chapter $ "&age "6
#ulti$
coreprocess
or
%ual$
coreprocess
or
&uad$
coreprocess
or
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Processor
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Processor
0he control unitis the component othe processor that directs andcoordinates most o the operations in
the computer
0he arithmetic loic unit3/7+4perorms arithmetic, comparison, and
other operations
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Processor
-or every instruction, a processorrepeats a set o our basic operations,which comprise a machine cycle
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Processor
1ost currentpersonalcomputers support
pipelining &rocessor begins
+etchina secondinstruction beore it
completes themachine cycle orthe rst instruction
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Processor
0he processor containsregisters, that temporarily hold
data and instructions0he system cloc,controlsthe timing o all computer
operations0he pace o the system clock is
called the cloc, speed, and is
measured in iahert-3./-4Discovering Computers !"# Chapter $ )2&age ":
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Processor
0he leadingmanuacturers opersonal computer
processor chips areIntel and /1D
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Processor
Determine how you plan to use a newcomputer beore selecting a processor
Discovering Computers !"# Chapter $ )4&age "uire additional
cooling ?eat sinks
7i>uid coolingtechnology
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Processor
&arallel processing uses multiple processorssimultaneously to execute a single program ortask
1assively parallel processing involves hundreds orthousands o processors
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%ata 0epresentation
1nalosignals are continuous andvary in strength and >uality
%iitalsignals are in one o twostates# on or of
1ost computers are digital0he binary systemuses two uni>ue digits
3! and "4
itsand bytesDiscovering Computers !"# Chapter $ )"&age "
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%ata 0epresentation
1 computer circuit representsthe * or the ) electronicallyby the presence or absence o+an electrical chare
iht bits rouped toetheras a unit are called a byte 1byte represents a sinlecharacter in the computer
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%ata 0epresentation
/%CII 3/merican%tandard Code orInormation
Interchange4 is themost widely usedcoding scheme torepresent data
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%ata 0epresentation
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#emory
#emoryconsists o electroniccomponents that store instructionswaiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by thoseinstructions, and the results oprocessing the data
%tores three basic categories o items#
Discovering Computers !"# Chapter $ 2)&age 6
0he operatingsystem andother system
sotware
/pplicationprograms
Data beingprocessed andthe resultinginormation
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#emory
Each location in memory has an address
1emory si@e is measured in ,ilobytes3or 4, meabytes3#4,iabytes3.4, orterabytes3T4
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#emory
0he system unit contains two types omemory#
Discovering Computers !"# Chapter $ 23&ages 6 2 $
5olatile
memory7oses its contents
when power isturned of
Example includes01#
Aonvolatile
memoryDoes not losecontents when
power is removed
Examples include=(1, *ash
memory, and C1(%
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#emory
Discovering Computers !"# Chapter $ 24&age $
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#emory
0hree basic types o =/1 chips exist#
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Dynamic =/13D=/14
%tatic =/13%=/14
1agnetoresistive =/1
31=/14
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#emory
=/1 chips usually reside on a memorymoduleand are inserted into memoryslots
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#emory
0he amount o =/1 necessary in acomputer oten depends on the types osotware you plan to use
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#emory
#emory cache speeds the processes o thecomputer because it stores re>uently usedinstructions and data
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#emory
0ead$only memory30O#4 reers tomemory chips storing permanent dataand instructions
irmware
/ &=(1 3programmable read2only
memory4 chip is a blank =(1 chip thatcan be written to permanently
EE&=(1 can be erased
Discovering Computers !"# Chapter $ 3*&age