EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 2
State-of-the-Art Power Delivery
ProducersP1 P2
Pn
P3
Consumers
C1 C2 C3 C4
GOAL:De-centralized System
Reconfigurationwith
Minimal Human Intervention
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 3
Re-routing in Response to Failures
ProducersP1 P2
Pn
P3
Consumers
C1 C2 C3 C4
x
x
System MTTR Limited by Operator
Response Time
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 4
Re-routing in Response to Major Disturbances
ProducersP1 P2
Pn
P3
Consumers
C1 C2 C3 C4
Slow Operator Response
May Cause Cascading
Failures
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 5
Re-routing in Response to Major Disturbances
ProducersP1 P2
Pn
P3
Consumers
C1 C2 C3 C4
IPRSRespondPromptlyto AvoidFurther
Deterioration
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 6
Our approach
• De-centralized control in response to major disturbances
• Intelligent Power Routers (IPR):– modular building blocks– strategically distributed over entire network– embedded intelligence – information exchange allows neighboring IPRs to
coordinate network reconfiguration– improve network survivability, security, reliability,
and re-configurability
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 7
RestorationModels
IPRProtocols
DistributedControlModels
IPRArchitecture
Project Organization-Presentation Focus
Economics
Education
EducationEd
ucat
ion
EducationRisk Assessment
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 8
• Objectives– De-centralized System Reconfiguration Algorithm– Maximize number of high-priority loads served
• Approach– Model as Network of IPR (Graph Model)– Design Communication Protocols and Routing
messages algorithms– Design Objective Function
• Prk : Priority of load k , range [1,N], N is the lowest priority• Lk : each of the loads in the system (power required/load)• Yk : Variable decision ( yk = 1 : Served, yk = 0 : not served)• R: set of loads
* *( Pr ), max Prk k k kk RMAX L y
De-Centralized Communication & Control ProtocolsIPR
Protocols
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 9
IPR decisions are based on reliability and priority
• Input - Reliability – IPR requests power
from the more reliable input available
– Reliability based on historical data or user defined
• Output - Priority– Load (client) priority– IPR resolve request
beginning with highest priority request
IPRProtocols
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 10
IPRS Negotiation Scheme
Gen 1
Gen 2 Gen 3Load 2
Load 1
B 1
B 6B 2
B 5B 4B 3 Bus Line Reliable Priority
B2 B1 – B2 2 /
B2 – B3 1 /
Load 1 / 1
B3 Gen 2 1 /
B2 – B3 / 1
B3 – B4 / 2
B4 B3 – B4 2 /
B4 – B5 1 /
Load 2 / 1
B5 Gen 3 1 /
B4 – B5 / 1
B5 – B6 / 2
OffOffOnOn
Load 3
OnOnOnOn
OnOn
— Normal State Message
— Request Power— Deny Request— Request Status
— Response Status— Affirmative Response
IPRProtocols
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 11
IPR Zone Approach
Interior-IPRBorder-IPR
Intra-ZoneMessages
Intra-ZoneMessages
Inter-ZoneMessages
Zone A Zone B
Least ReliableGenerators
LowestPriorityLoads
IPRProtocols
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 12
Intra Zone IPR Negotiation
Gen 1250MW
Gen 2300MW
Gen 3270MW
Load 2 100MW
Load 1125 MW
Load 390MW4
59
678 32
1
P1
P3P2
On
On
Off OffOn
250 150 300
250
250 250
150
IPRProtocols
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 13
OutlineBackground and Problem Statement• Report on project activities
– IPR Protocols– Benchmark Test Systems– IPR Reliability– Education
• Year 2 Accomplishments Summary• Year 3 Proposed activities
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 14
WSCC 179-Bus SystemBuses 179
Transmission lines 203
Transformers 60
Generators 29
Base Demand 60,785 MW
Base Generation 61,412 MW
BenchmarkTest Systems
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 15
179 buses divided in Zones
156
167
155165
166
163
164
14
19
25
24
22
23
27
136
21
84 85
36
157 161 162
158
1604445
159
3
8
18
9
7
6
115
10
17
2 4
28
29
20
12 13
147 148
144
118
116 117
132
103
107
110
134
102
47
40
140
43
81
99
180
42
150
51
152
179177175
141149
153
154
57
48
49
105
106
143
41
59
137
50
145
146
15
16
62
59
46
55
60 56
39109108
178176 174
61
54
51
5253
63
64
37138 139
142
104 135
133
127
115
130
131129
128
125
119
121
122
123
3534
33
3031
32
79 80 74
7875 73
66 65
67
76
82
98
77
91
92
93
94
97
96
95
87
88
86
90
89
83
120
111
173
172
114
112113
170 168
169171
124126
72
71
68
6970
1a
1b
1c2a
2b
Area Gen MW
Load MW
1a 28266 25839
1b 5530 4749
1c 7020 5819
2a 5883 8599
2b 14713 15780
BenchmarkTest Systems
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 16
DCZEDS Simplified DiagramBenchmarkTest Systems
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 17
l ine-line faultline-ground fault
line-line-ground fault
Pow ergui-Continuous
A B C
com
A
B
C
load
ABC
com
A
B
C
gen_right
ABCcom
A
B
C
gen_left
A B C
A
B
C
Vab
cIa
bc
Three-PhaseV-I Measurement
Terminator6Terminator5
Terminator4Terminator3Terminator2
Terminator1Terminator
Pm
E
A
B
C
m_SI
Simplified Synchronous Machine SI Units1
Pm
E
A
B
C
m_SI
Simplified Synchronous Machine SI Units
Scope6Scope2
Scope1
Relay
6
Multimeter4
A B C
com
A
B
C
IPR_3_1_B
ABC
com
A
B
C
IPR_3_1_A
ABC
com
A
B
C
IPR_2_3_B
ABCcom
A
B
C
IPR_2_3_A
A B C
com
A
B
C
IPR_2_1_B
ABCcom
A
B
C
IPR_2_1_A
IPR3 Control
IPR3
IPR2 Control
IPR2
IPR1 Control
IPR1
Sensor_3_1
Goto2
[IPR_3_1_B]
From8
[IPR_3_1_A] From7
[IPR_2_1_B]
From6
[IPR_2_1_A] From5
[load]
From4
[IPR_2_3_B]From3[gen_right]From2[IPR_2_3_A]From1[gen_left]From
257648
Constant7
5.00549e+007
Constant6
257651
Constant5
5.02436e+007
Constant4
0 Constant25
0 Constant13
0 Constant1
A B C
com
A
B
C
3-Phase Breaker8
ABC
com
A
B
C
3-Phase Breaker4
ABCcom
A
B
C
3-Phase Breaker3
abc
Mag
Phase
3-PhaseSequence Analyzer
A B C
3-PhaseParallel RLC Load
A
B
C
FaultA
Fault
IPR-Controlled 3-bus System
2 Generators
1 LOAD
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 18
l ine-line faultline-ground fault
line-line-ground fault
Pow ergui-Continuous
A B C
com
A
B
C
load
ABC
com
A
B
C
gen_right
ABCcom
A
B
C
gen_left
A B C
A
B
C
Vab
cIa
bc
Three-PhaseV-I Measurement
Terminator6Terminator5
Terminator4Terminator3Terminator2
Terminator1Terminator
Pm
E
A
B
C
m_SI
Simplified Synchronous Machine SI Units1
Pm
E
A
B
C
m_SI
Simplified Synchronous Machine SI Units
Scope6Scope2
Scope1
Relay
6
Multimeter4
A B C
com
A
B
C
IPR_3_1_B
ABC
com
A
B
C
IPR_3_1_A
ABC
com
A
B
C
IPR_2_3_B
ABCcom
A
B
C
IPR_2_3_A
A B C
com
A
B
C
IPR_2_1_B
ABCcom
A
B
C
IPR_2_1_A
IPR3 Control
IPR3
IPR2 Control
IPR2
IPR1 Control
IPR1
Sensor_3_1
Goto2
[IPR_3_1_B]
From8
[IPR_3_1_A] From7
[IPR_2_1_B]
From6
[IPR_2_1_A] From5
[load]
From4
[IPR_2_3_B]From3[gen_right]From2[IPR_2_3_A]From1[gen_left]From
257648
Constant7
5.00549e+007
Constant6
257651
Constant5
5.02436e+007
Constant4
0 Constant25
0 Constant13
0 Constant1
A B C
com
A
B
C
3-Phase Breaker8
ABC
com
A
B
C
3-Phase Breaker4
ABCcom
A
B
C
3-Phase Breaker3
abc
Mag
Phase
3-PhaseSequence Analyzer
A B C
3-PhaseParallel RLC Load
A
B
C
FaultA
Fault
IPR-Controlled 3-bus System
3 Energy FlowControl Devices
(EFCD)
EFCD + IPR = Intelligent Bus
3 IPRs
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 19
l ine-line faultline-ground fault
line-line-ground fault
Pow ergui-Continuous
A B C
com
A
B
C
load
ABC
com
A
B
C
gen_right
ABCcom
A
B
C
gen_left
A B C
A
B
C
Vab
cIa
bc
Three-PhaseV-I Measurement
Terminator6Terminator5
Terminator4Terminator3Terminator2
Terminator1Terminator
Pm
E
A
B
C
m_SI
Simplified Synchronous Machine SI Units1
Pm
E
A
B
C
m_SI
Simplified Synchronous Machine SI Units
Scope6Scope2
Scope1
Relay
6
Multimeter4
A B C
com
A
B
C
IPR_3_1_B
ABC
com
A
B
C
IPR_3_1_A
ABC
com
A
B
C
IPR_2_3_B
ABCcom
A
B
C
IPR_2_3_A
A B C
com
A
B
C
IPR_2_1_B
ABCcom
A
B
C
IPR_2_1_A
IPR3 Control
IPR3
IPR2 Control
IPR2
IPR1 Control
IPR1
Sensor_3_1
Goto2
[IPR_3_1_B]
From8
[IPR_3_1_A] From7
[IPR_2_1_B]
From6
[IPR_2_1_A] From5
[load]
From4
[IPR_2_3_B]From3[gen_right]From2[IPR_2_3_A]From1[gen_left]From
257648
Constant7
5.00549e+007
Constant6
257651
Constant5
5.02436e+007
Constant4
0 Constant25
0 Constant13
0 Constant1
A B C
com
A
B
C
3-Phase Breaker8
ABC
com
A
B
C
3-Phase Breaker4
ABCcom
A
B
C
3-Phase Breaker3
abc
Mag
Phase
3-PhaseSequence Analyzer
A B C
3-PhaseParallel RLC Load
A
B
C
FaultA
Fault
IPR-Controlled 3-bus System
Fault GenerationCircuitry
Fault DetectionCircuitry
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 20
l ine-line faultline-ground fault
line-l ine-ground fault
Pow ergui-Continuous
A B C
com
A
B
C
load
ABC
com
A
B
C
gen_right
ABCcom
A
B
C
gen_left
A B C
A
B
C
Vab
cIa
bc
Three-PhaseV-I Measurement
Terminator6Terminator5
Terminator4Terminator3Terminator2
Terminator1Terminator
Pm
E
A
B
C
m_SI
Simplified Synchronous Machine SI Units1
Pm
E
A
B
C
m_SI
Simplified Synchronous Machine SI Units
Scope6Scope2
Scope1
Relay
6
Multimeter4
A B C
com
A
B
C
IPR_3_1_B
ABC
com
A
B
C
IPR_3_1_A
ABC
com
A
B
C
IPR_2_3_B
ABCcom
A
B
C
IPR_2_3_A
A B C
com
A
B
C
IPR_2_1_B
ABCcom
A
B
C
IPR_2_1_A
IPR3 Control
IPR3
IPR2 Control
IPR2
IPR1 Control
IPR1
Sensor_3_1
Goto2
[IPR_3_1_B]
From8
[IPR_3_1_A] From7
[IPR_2_1_B]
From6
[IPR_2_1_A] From5
[load]
From4
[IPR_2_3_B]From3[gen_right]From2[IPR_2_3_A]From1[gen_left]From
257648
Constant7
5.00549e+007
Constant6
257651
Constant5
5.02436e+007
Constant4
0 Constant25
0 Constant13
0 Constant1
A B C
com
A
B
C
3-Phase Breaker8
ABC
com
A
B
C
3-Phase Breaker4
ABCcom
A
B
C
3-Phase Breaker3
abc
Mag
Phase
3-PhaseSequence Analyzer
A B C
3-PhaseParallel RLC Load
A
B
C
FaultA
Fault
IPR-Controlled 3-bus System
A
C
D
B
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 21
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Ib: IPR 3 1 B/Breaker A
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ib: IPR 2 3 A/Breaker A
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Ib: IPR 2 1 A/Breaker A
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Ib: load/Breaker A
IPRs Achieve Fault Recovery With Local Decisions
A
B
C
D
BenchmarkTest Systems
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 22
Status• Studied and partitioned in zones the 179 bus system
– Implementing IPR Zone and Multi step negotiation
• Studied and partitioned in zones the Navy system – Simulation of IPR v1 using SimPower for MatLab– Demonstration of IPR v1 application in a 3-bus system– Experiment demonstrating decentralized control leading to fault
recovery
• Developing a simple IPR messaging protocol (SIMP)
• Redesign of ONR Zonal Ship System using IPR modules
• Experimentation with various IPR–based designs
BenchmarkTest Systems
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 23
OutlineBackground and Problem Statement• Report on project activities
– IPR Protocols– Benchmark Test Systems– IPR Reliability– Education
• Year 2 Accomplishments Summary• Year 3 Proposed activities
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 24
Reliability of IPR
•To calculate the reliability change of a system operated with and without IPR we first need to calculate the reliability of the IPR itself.
•To do this we need the IPR • failure mechanisms • failure probabilities
… but no IPR has been built yet. Thus, failure mechanisms and probabilities are estimated by analogy to data routers
Risk Assessment
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 25
IPR sub-systemsRisk
Assessment
Computer Hardware
Software(Algorithms,
“Intelligence”)
Switch orPower Hardware(Breakers, FACTS, other)IPR
(CPU functions, Communications)
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 26
IPR SwitchRisk
Assessment
Computer Hardware Software
SwitchIPR
An existing high voltage circuit breaker, FACTS or another switching device capable of controlling power flow
Available breaker redundancy increases the reliability of the IPR
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 27
IPR IntelligenceRisk
Assessment
Computer Hardware Software
SwitchIPR
The software (algorithms) will make and execute decisions to control the switch depending on the network status
Network status is monitored locally via sensors and regionally through other IPR
Decisions will be based on network status and pre-established contingency tables
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 28
IPR CPU and CommunicationsRisk
Assessment
Computer Hardware Software
SwitchIPR
Computer hardware consists of CPU functions and a data router to handle communications between IPR.
Data may be transferred between IPR via wireless connection, fiber optic, dedicated line, or other
methods
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 29
Functional configurations for the IPR sub systems
Risk Assessment
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 30
Reliability of IPR
IPR Configuration
P(S)=0.95P(R)=0.90009P(B)=0.99330
P(S)=0.99P(R)=0.90009P(B)=0.99330
R F R F
(a) 0.84936 0.15064 0.88512 0.11488
(b) 0.89182 0.10818 0.89397 0.10603
(c) 0.93422 0.06578 0.97355 0.02645
(d) 0.97244 0.02756 0.98152 0.01842
(e) 0.98093 0.01907 0.98329 0.016713
Risk Assessment
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 31
Results• IPR reliability lower than the reliability of the
breaker alone. – the reliability in a series system will be less than the lowest
reliability of its components.
• Is it better to use breaker only instead of IPR? No. – A breaker will act based on local data, without regard to the
system state outside its protection zone. – The IPR, through its communication capabilities, will act based on
local and regional data enhancing the system reliability.– A Special Protection System, like an IPR, when properly operating,
significantly improves system response following a contingency and the system reliability.
Risk Assessment
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 32
On Going Work
Use other methods to properly capture the increase in reliability of a power system when a special protection scheme, like an IPR, is used.
Estimate the change in reliability of a power system operated with and without IPR:
• Well-Being • Risk framework methods.
Risk Assessment
EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers 33
Acknowledgment
This project was primarily supported by the NSF/ONR NSF/ONR EPNES Award ECS-0224743 “Intelligent Power Routers for Distributed Coordination in Electric Energy Processing Networks”
Researchers: Agustín Irizarry (PI), Manuel Rodríguez, José Cedeño, Bienvenido Vélez, Miguel Vélez-Reyes, Efraín O’Neill-Carrillo, Alberto Ramírez
Students: Carlos Torres, Idalides Vergara, Marianela Santiago, Christian Feliciano