Don’t worry, you’ll Like him, he’s a Don’t worry, you’ll Like him, he’s a fungi!fungi!

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi differ in differ in form, size and colorform, size and color

Oldest fossils are 450-Oldest fossils are 450-500 million years old500 million years old

Most grow best in Most grow best in moistmoist, , warmwarm environments environments between 20-30°Cbetween 20-30°C

Most are Most are multicellularmulticellular (except yeasts)(except yeasts)

Heterotrophic, Heterotrophic, DecomposersDecomposers

PhylumPhylum is replaced withis replaced with divisionsdivisions

http://www.naturegrid.org.uk/biodiversity/crypfungi.html

Structure of a FungiStructure of a Fungi HyphaeHyphae – threadlike – threadlike

filaments which develop filaments which develop from fungal from fungal sporesspores

HyphaeHyphae elongate at their elongate at their tips and branch tips and branch extensively to form a extensively to form a network of filaments network of filaments called a called a myceliummycelium..

MyceliumMycelium – (many types) – (many types) some some anchor the fungusanchor the fungus, , others others invade the foodinvade the food source, or function as a source, or function as a reproductive reproductive structurestructure

You should take care in eating wild mushrooms, they have evolved to be poisonous!

Plants versus FungiPlants versus Fungi Like Like plantsplants, they grow , they grow

anchored in the soilanchored in the soil and have and have cell wallscell walls..

Unlike Unlike plantsplants, which , which have cell walls made have cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose, fungi use , fungi use a complex a complex carbohydratecarbohydrate called called chitinchitin..

Chitin gives the fungal Chitin gives the fungal cell wallscell walls both both strengthstrength and and flexibilityflexibility..

Fungal FeedingFungal Feeding There are 3 ways There are 3 ways

heterotrophic Fungi feed:heterotrophic Fungi feed:– SaprophytesSaprophytes are are

decomposers and feed on decomposers and feed on waste or dead organic waste or dead organic material.material.

– MutualistsMutualists live in a live in a symbiotic relationship with symbiotic relationship with another organism like an another organism like an alga.alga.

– ParasitesParasites absorb absorb nutrients from the living nutrients from the living cells of their hostscells of their hosts

Specialized hyphae Specialized hyphae called called haustoriahaustoria

Fungal ReproductionFungal Reproduction One important criterion One important criterion

for classifying fungi into for classifying fungi into divisionsdivisions is their patterns is their patterns of of reproductionreproduction

FragmentationFragmentation – pieces – pieces of hyphae broken off a of hyphae broken off a mycelium grow into new mycelium grow into new mycelia.mycelia.

Unicellular fungi (yeast) Unicellular fungi (yeast) reproduce by asexual reproduce by asexual budding.budding.

Most fungi produce Most fungi produce sporesspores: specialized : specialized mycelium called mycelium called sporangiumsporangium. . – ProtectsProtects the spores before the spores before

being released and keeps being released and keeps them them moistmoist

Advantage of SporesAdvantage of Spores Protection from harm (sporangium)Protection from harm (sporangium) Small & lightweight, can be Small & lightweight, can be

dispersed by wind, water, animalsdispersed by wind, water, animals– Wind can disperse a spore 100s Wind can disperse a spore 100s

of kilometers.of kilometers. Produce a large number of spores at Produce a large number of spores at

one time one time – A puffball 23 cm in A puffball 23 cm in

circumference produces about 1 circumference produces about 1 Trillion spores!Trillion spores!

– Greater survival in numbersGreater survival in numbers Fungi can produce 2 types of Fungi can produce 2 types of

spores:spores:– Mitosis (asexual phase)Mitosis (asexual phase)– Meiosis (sexual phase)Meiosis (sexual phase)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPO4Rry4m4U&feature=related

Common MoldsCommon Molds Members of Members of

ZygomycotaZygomycota Called “Pin molds” or Called “Pin molds” or

“sugar molds”“sugar molds” Attack Attack breadsbreads & & fruitsfruits 900 species 900 species Root-like hyphae called Root-like hyphae called

rhizoidsrhizoids penetrate the penetrate the bread’s surface, stem-bread’s surface, stem-like hyphae called like hyphae called stolonsstolons run along the run along the bread surfacebread surface

Sac FungiSac Fungi AscomycotesAscomycotes – have – have

ascusascus, reproductive , reproductive structure that structure that contains sporescontains spores

30,000 species 30,000 species Includes: cup fungi, Includes: cup fungi,

yeast, morels, trufflesyeast, morels, truffles

Club FungiClub Fungi BasidomycotesBasidomycotes: :

have club-shaped have club-shaped hyphae (basidia) hyphae (basidia) which produce which produce basidosporesbasidospores

25,000 species25,000 species Include: puffballs, Include: puffballs,

shelf fungus, shelf fungus, mushroomsmushrooms

Imperfect FungiImperfect Fungi DeuteromycotesDeuteromycotes: :

reproduce asexually reproduce asexually 25,000 species25,000 species Species are varied, Species are varied,

can not be assigned can not be assigned to other phylato other phyla

Includes penicillin, Includes penicillin, blue cheese veinsblue cheese veins

A unique fungi: LichenA unique fungi: Lichen LichenLichen – a symbiotic – a symbiotic

association between a association between a fungusfungus & a & a green algagreen alga

Only need Only need light, air, light, air, mineralsminerals to grow to grow

Awesome case of Awesome case of MutualismMutualism……– The photosynthetic The photosynthetic algaalga

provides the provides the foodfood for the for the organismorganism

– The The fungusfungus provides the provides the alga with alga with waterwater, , mineralsminerals and and protectsprotects it it from the environment.from the environment.

Yeast Respiration ExperimentYeast Respiration Experiment

In this experiment, you will observe cellular respiration in yeast. In each of the four test tubes is Bromothymol Blue (turns yellow when it detects cell respiration) kept at 40 degrees Celsius.

Test Tube 1 – Yeast and SugarTest Tube 2 – Yeast, No SugarTest Tube 3 – Sugar OnlyTest Tube 4 – No Sugar, No Yeast

Pre-lab PredictionsPre-lab Predictions1. What is the product of cellular respiration 1. What is the product of cellular respiration

that we are trying to detect?that we are trying to detect?2. What type of respiration occurs in yeast? 2. What type of respiration occurs in yeast?

((HintHint: no Oxygen needed!): no Oxygen needed!)3. Name one of the two constants in this 3. Name one of the two constants in this

experiment.experiment.4. Which test tube # is the control? 4. Which test tube # is the control?

Generate your Generate your hypothesishypothesis in your notes in your notes now! now!

Observe and ReflectObserve and Reflect http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=KTOrpHsbsZQv=KTOrpHsbsZQ

Was your hypothesis Was your hypothesis supported or rejected?supported or rejected?– Why or why not?Why or why not?

What 3-letter energy carrier is made through this What 3-letter energy carrier is made through this process for the yeast?process for the yeast?

How do you think you could get the yeast to How do you think you could get the yeast to undergo more cell respiration? undergo more cell respiration?

AnswersAnswers 1. Carbon Dioxide Gas1. Carbon Dioxide Gas 2. Anaerobic Respiration (Alcoholic 2. Anaerobic Respiration (Alcoholic

Fermentation!)Fermentation!) 3. Bromothymol Blue or Temperature 3. Bromothymol Blue or Temperature

(40°C)(40°C) 4. Test Tube #4 is the control4. Test Tube #4 is the control Energy Carrier: ATP (2)Energy Carrier: ATP (2) Add more food! Add more food!

– (aka Sugar to the yeast)(aka Sugar to the yeast)