Disaster Risk Reduction Innovation and Excellence.
R.P Adhikary,
SDE, Department of Water Induced Disaster
Prevention
Outline of Presentation
• Background of Country
• Types of Water Induced Disaster in Nepal
• Average annual losses by Water Induced Disaster
• Innovation
Background
• Geological Formation of Nepal• The plate Tectonic theory• Nepal posses more than 6,000 rivers
draining about 225 BMC of water annually• High temporal and spatial variation in
runoff and rainfall• High instantaneous flood due to high
intensity rainfall up to 350 mm/day
Types of Water Induced Disaster in Nepal
• GLOF, Monsoon Flood, Flash Flood• Landslide and Debris flow- Fall, Slides, Topples,
debris flow• Shifting, meandering, widening and braiding,
scour bank erosion and under cutting and inundation of lower Terai during monsoon, and siltation along the farm land.
List of GLOF events in Nepal Source-ICIMOD
Date River Basin Lake Cause of GLOF
Losses
450 yrs ago Seti khola Machhaphure MoraineCollapse
Pokhara valley coveredBy 50-60m debris.
23 June1980 Tamor Nagma pokhari
Moraine collapse
Village destroyed
3 Sept 1988 Dudha koshi Tampokhari Ice avalanche Human lives &Properties.
Glacial lake identified as potentially dangerous ICIMOD
River basin Glacier number Lake Area-Sq m Potentially dangerous-No
Koshi River 1062 25.09 16
Gandaki River 338 12.05 4
Karnali River 907 37.67 0
Mahakali River 16 0.38 0
Koshi Flood 2008
135425168850 167000
26000
Before Breach After Breach
Chatara
Barrage
80 % Flood Flow80 % Flood Flow20 % Flood Flow20 % Flood Flow
S.N People Death (no) 300
1 People Injured (no) 67
2 Livestock Loss (no) 2,365
3 Houses Destroyed (no) 6,445
4 Affected Family (no) 21,377
5 Land Affected (ha) 4,148
6 Estimate Loss (Mill. NRs) 626
Annual Average Flood and Landslide Disaster
Major Activities of DWIDP
• Settlement and agricultural
land protection
• Infrastructure Protection
• Provision of emergency relief
materials
• Trainings
• Public awareness
• Information Dissemination
• Hazard map preparation
• Research and study
NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION MEASURES
Disaster Preparedness Map (DPM):
• Basically a Map indicating :– Disaster Prone Area– Shelter Houses– Public Facilities– Warning System – Evacuation Plan etc.
NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION MEASURES
Disaster Preparedness Map (DPM):• One Important Non-structural Mitigation
Measure Advantages:• Cheap & Simple for Application• DPM Workshop provides opportunity to
identify Weaknesses and Strengths for Warning System and Evacuation Plan
• No any Environmental Impact
NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION MEASURES
Preparation of DPM of Dahachowk Sabo Model Site – A Need
• Heavy Settlement of Ward No. 3,7 and 8 lies –1) 1.7 km away and 385 m
below the Landslide Prone Area
2) Almost vertically below an Active Stone Quarry
DAHACHOWK SABO MODEL SITE
Some Features of Model Site :
• About 10 km West of Kathmandu
• Watershed – 1.5 km2
• Average Annual Rainfall – 2010 mm
(with max. of 300 mm in 24 hours)
• Southern Steep Slope Aspects
DAHACHOWK SABO MODEL SITE
Major Problems:
• Landslides in U/S or Head Scar
• Soil Erosion all over the Catchments
• Debris Flow in D/S or Foot Hill
• Rampant Stone Quarrying
• Low Level of Awareness
• Lack of Alternatives for Grazing, Fire wood etc.
NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION MEASURES
Preparation of DPM:
• For the People by the People
• DPM Workshop – Detail Discussions
• Walk Through the Debris Flow Route
• Steps for Preparation of DPM
• Highlights of Important steps
NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION MEASURES
Result of DPM Workshop & Walkthrough:
• Identification of- Disaster Prone Area- Shelter House- Public Facilities- Mechanism of Warning System- Announcement House for
Evacuation
NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION MEASURES
Warning System:
• Installment of Extension Meter devised with Sensor – Alarms Siren !!!
• Siren connected to Indra Jyoti School and/or Head Teacher (Messenger) with Telephone
• Messenger pass on Message to Announcer
NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION MEASURES
Evacuation Plan:
• Evacuation Announcement is followed by Commencement of Evacuation
• House to House Evacuation is Devised in absence of any Public Shelter House
• A Detailed Evacuation Plan prepared for ‘WHO’ should move ‘WHERE’ is probably the most scientific and Best Way to Save Life from Disaster !!!
MESSENGER : Raj Kumar Subedi (Teacher, Shree Indra Jyoti Primary School), Ward 5
Telephone No. 4311548
ANNOUNCER : Muchkund Sigdel (Priest, Puran Pati), Ward 3
Telephone No. 4313004
WHO ? WHERE ? S. N. WHO ? WHERE ?Bala Ram Roka Nanda Kishor KC 17 Raju Maharjan Kamal Shrestha
Ward 7 Ward-3 Ward 3 Ward 1
Bal Krishna KC Dipak KC 18 Daya Ram Bakhati Shiva Ram Bakhati
Ward 3 Ward -3 Ward 3 Ward 3
Bhuwan KC Arjun Karki 19 Raghu Bakhati Surya B. BakhatiWard 3 Ward 3 ward 3 Ward 3 Shambhu Bakhati Arjun Karki 20 Krishna B. Tamang Hari Krishna Dani
Ward 3 Ward 3 ward 3 Ward 1
Dipak Bakhati Arjun Karki 21 Nanda Kishor KC Bishnu Hari Dani
Ward 3 Ward 3 Ward 3 Ward -1Puran Patti 22 Keshave Kr. Bakhati Hari Krishna Dani
Ward 3 Ward 3 Ward 1
Muchkund Sigdel Raj Kumar Thapa 23 Rajendra Khadka Yubha Raj Sigdyal
Ward 3 Ward 1 Ward 8 Ward -8
Bhim Bahadur Bakhati Kamal Shrestha 24 Govind Bahadur Bakhati Sita Khadka
Ward 3 Ward 1 Ward 8 Ward 8
Shrikrishna Budhathoki Bashu KC 25 Rishi Khanal Sita Ram Rijal
Ward 3 Ward 1 Ward 8 Ward 8
Dhrub Prasad Sigdel Ram Chandra Khadka 26 Babu Krishna Sigdyal Shiva Hari Sigdel
Ward 7 Ward 1 Ward 8 Ward 8
Nar Bahadur Khatri Bashu KC 27 Ram Bhakta Bakhati Narayan Hari Sigdel
Ward 3 Ward 1 Ward 8 Ward 8
Ravi Pariyar Praladh Pariyar 28 Krishna Thapa Kiran Sigdel
Ward 3 Ward 3 Ward 8 Ward 8
Bidur Bakhati Binod Bakhati 29 Gokul Karki Bishnu Hari Dani
Ward 3 Ward 3 Ward 3 Ward -1
Nasay Sunuwar Krishna Bir Bishwakarma 30 Mitthu Bakhati Bharat Thapa
Ward 3 Ward 3 Ward 3 Ward-1
Janak Raj Bakahti Ram Bakhati 31 Badri Thapa Not confirmed
Ward 3 Ward 3 Ward 3Shree Ram Bakhati Own House 32 Navadurga P. School Not confirmedWard 3 Ward 3 Ward 7
Factors Contributing to Floods in Terai region
UNSAFE
CONDITIONS
ROOT
CAUSES
DYNAMIC
PRESSURES
F
L
O
O
D
•Poverty
•Pop. Growth
•Slow Economic Development
•Migration
•Land Scarcity
•Inadequate Amenities
•Settlement in flood prone area
•Low preparedness / awareness
•Inadequate flood protection
Bamboo porcupine
• Sprit and soul of eco hydraulic
• Use of low cost natural material
• Labor intensive and lessening unemployment
• Can provide habitat for water animal and crop
Bamboo porcupine
• River bank erosion is a single problem in Rivers of alluvial plain
• River bank protection is avoid bank erosion by current attack
• Structures are expensive, massive non compatible with environment and eco hydraulic
Bamboo porcupine
• According to FAO 75 bamboo genus and 250 species and known as villager wood
• Bamboo can used more under water
• Protects river bank from current attack
• Most suitable condition are Suspended sediments and velocity of current<1.5 m/se
Bamboo porcupineStructure Material Economy Durability Cost of
construction, Per m run
Additional benefit
Cement concrete, Gabion
Imported Factor for trade deficit
Gabion up to 5 yrs chances of rusting
2x Not appreciable
Bamboo piles or Porcupine
Locally produced
Internal resource generation
3 Yrs when exposed to weather change. More than 3 yrs when kept under earth or water
x Eco-Hydraulic Environment friendly for aquatic animal and crops, protein food stuff production