E360 Regulatory Breakfast
January 31, 2017
This presentation is intended to highlight changing developments in the law and industry topics. The law is frequently evolving and information and publications in this presentation may not reflect the latest changes in the law or legal interpretations. The statements and information provided in this presentation should not be construed as legal advice or legal opinion regarding any specific facts or circumstances, but is intended for general informational purposes only. The views and statements expressed during this presentation are the personal opinions of the presenter and do not represent those of Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc. or its affiliated companies. You should consult an attorney about your situation and specific facts and you should not act on any of the information in this presentation as the information may not be applicable to your situation. Although all statements and information contained herein are believed to be accurate and reliable, they are presented without warranty of any kind. Information provided herein does not relieve the user from the responsibility of carrying out its own tests and experiments. Statements or suggestions concerning the use of materials and processes are made without representation or warranty that any such use is free of patent infringement and are not recommendations to infringe on any patents. This presentation may not be copied or redistributed without the express written consent of Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.
Disclaimer
2
Panelists
3
Dr. Rajan Rajendran
Vice President — System Innovation
Center and Sustainability
Emerson, The Helix Innovation Center
Shane Angle
Vice President & General Manager,
Commercial Air Conditioning
Emerson
John Wallace
Director — Innovation, Retail Solutions
Emerson
Refrigerant Regulations
and Alternatives
Rajan Rajendran
4
Kigali Amendment to the Montreal ProtocolOctober 15, 2016
Global Agreement on HFC Phase-Down Reached by 197 Countries of the World in Kigali, Rwanda, on October 15, 2016
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055
A2 Countries
(U.S., Canada, etc.) A5
Countries
Group 1
A5 Countries Group 2
(India, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq,
GCC)
A2 Countries
(Belarus, Russian
Federation, Kazakhstan,
Tajikistan, Uzbekistan)
2024 Freeze 2028 FreezeBaselines
A2 countries (U.S., Canada, etc.) –
avg. HFC consumption 2011–2013 +
15% HCFC baseline
A2 countries (Belarus, etc.) – avg.
HFC consumption 2011–2013 +
25% HCFC baseline
A5 countries (Group 1) – avg. HFC
consumption 2020–2022 + 65%
HCFC baseline
A5 countries (Group 2) – avg. HFC
consumption 2024–2026 + 65%
HCFC baseline
GW
P W
eig
hte
d C
AP
(%
of
Ba
se
line
)
5
Ref: http://conf.montreal-protocol.org/meeting/mop/mop-28/crps/SitePages/Home.aspx
Refrigerants and the EPA
6
Refrigerants and the EPA
SNAP New and Changed Listings — Final, Sept. 26, 2016https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/snap_action_scr_2_factsheet.pdf
7Federal Register, 12/1/16: http://bit.ly/2gKkL36
SNAP New and Changed Listings — Final, Sept. 26, 2016
Refrigerants and the EPA
8https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/snap_action_scr_2_factsheet.pdfFederal Register, 12/1/16: http://bit.ly/2gKkL36
Other Refrigerant Regulation Activity
Many of the Current Regulatory Proposals Target 150 GWP for Refrigeration and ~750 GWP for AC Applications.
A Global Agreement Like the Kigali Amendment Can Help Eliminate Patchwork of Refrigerant Regulations.
Environmental Canada (EC)**:
proposal November 26, 2016
Commercial application GWP limit Date
Refrigeration – centralized
systems (MT/LT racks)1,500 2020
Refrigeration – condensing units 2200 2020
Refrigeration – LT stand-alone 1,500 2020
Refrigeration – MT stand-alone 700 2020
Foams 150 2021
Mobile refrigeration 2,200 2025
AC – chillers 700 2025
Domestic refrigeration 150 2025
F-Gas (EU): effective May 20, 2014
Commercial application GWP limit Date
Self-contained refrigeration 2,500 2020
Stationary refrigeration 2,500 2020
Self-contained refrigeration 150 2022
Centralized refrigeration 150 2022
– Except top side of cascade 1,500 2022
CARB: Short-lived climate pollutant reduction strategy
— proposal Nov. 28, 2016 (comments Jan. 17, 2017)
Commercial application GWP limit Date
All refrigerant sales 2,500 ?
Non-residential refrigeration 150 ?
AC (non-residential and
residential)
750 ?
** http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2016/2016-11-26/html/reg1-eng.php
Comment period ends Feb. 8, 2017.
• Phase-down (NAP) option also proposed
(2019 — 90%; 2024 — 65%; 2030 — 30%;
2036 — 15%; baseline 2011–2013)
9
Refrigerant-related Changes Are Global in Scope; We Have to Stay on Top to Remain Competitive.
$5.2M partnership by AHRI, ASHRAE, DOE to study flammable refrigerant
behavior in real-world applications
Safety standards under revision to include
mildly flammable refrigerant (A2L)
accommodations
• U.S.: UL 1995, ASHRAE 15
–Target late 2017
• International: ISO 5149, IEC 60335, EN378
–Target late 2017
Building codes for mildly flammable (A2L)
refrigerants being expedited for adoption in 2021
code cycle
Evaluating revisions on increasing charge limits for
flammables• U.S. A3 charge limit from 150g to 300g–500g
Federal acquisition regulation encouraging
low-GWP usage in federal buildings
Other Refrigerant, Standards, Code-Related Activity
Section 608 revisions to refrigerant management
now include HFCs
https://www.epa.gov/section608/revised-section-608-refrigerant-
management-regulations
10
Refrigerant Options
Lower-GWP Synthetic Refrigerants, Blends and Natural Refrigerants Are Available Options in Various Applications.
11
R-410A
Like
Capacity
R-404A &
R-407/22
Like
R134a
Like
GWP Level
400–675
< 1500
~600
~300
HFO 1234yf
HFO 1234ze
ARM-42
R-410A
R-22
R-407A
R-407C
R-407F R-452A = XP44
R-452C = ARM-35
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000
Pressure
or
R-32/HFC/HFO
Blends
R-32/HFO
Blends
HFC/HFO
Blends
R-134a
CO2
R-404A
R-507A
DR2, HFO 1233zd
R-290
NH3
A1 – Non-Flammable
A2L – Mildly Flammable
A3 – Flammable
B2L – Toxic, Mildly Flam.
R123-Like
(V. Low Pr.)
(3,922)
R-32
R-448A = N40
R-449A = XP40
R-449B = ARM-32
N20
R-513A = XP10
R-450A = N13z
R444B = L20
L40
R-454A = XL40
ARM-20bR-455A = L40x (HDR110)
R-454C = XL20
R-457A=ARM-20a
ARM-25
R-447B = L41z; R452B = XL55
L41y, R459A=ARM-71a
<150
Qualitative – Not to Scale
R-515A
Alternatives – Arkema Perspective
*Final Rule: July 20, 2015 *Final Rule: September 26, 2016
Phase-out refrigerantSupermarket
(New**)
Supermarket
(Retrofit***)
Remote
condensing
unit
(New)
Remote
condensing
unit
(Retrofit***)
Stand-Alone
Refrigerated food
processing and
dispensing
equipment
(New)
Cold storage
warehouses
(New)
Ice machines
(New)
Very low-temp
refrigeration
(New)
Positive displ.
chiller
(New)
MT < 2,200
BTU/hr. and not
contain flooded
evap.
(New)
MT ≥ 2,200 BTU/hr.
with or without
flooded evap.
(New)
LT
(New)
LT and MT
(Retrofit***)
R-404A/507A Jan. 1, 2017 July 20, 2016 Jan. 1, 2018 July 20, 2016 Jan. 1, 2019 Jan. 1, 2020 Jan. 1, 2020 July 20, 2016 Jan. 1, 2021 Jan. 1, 2023 OK OK Jan. 1, 2024
R-410A OK - OK - Jan. 1, 2019 Jan. 1, 2020 Jan. 1, 2020 - Jan. 1, 2021 Jan. 1, 2023 OK OK Jan. 1, 2024
R-407A/C/F OK OK OK OK Jan. 1, 2019 Jan. 1, 2020 Jan. 1, 2020 OK Jan. 1, 2021
R-407C/F OK
R-407A:
Jan. 1, 2023OK R-407C only
Jan. 1, 2024
R-407C
HFC-134a OK OK OK OK Jan. 1, 2019 Jan. 1, 2020 OK OK OK OK OK -
Likely alternatives
R-449B OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
R-452C
ARM-25
Indirect
R-457A
Indirect
ARM-42
Indirect
R-459A
* Abbreviated – For complete Listing, see EPA final rules; go to: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-07-20/pdf/2015-17066.pdf https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-04-18/pdf/2016-08163.pdf
** Includes ice machines connected to a supermarket rack refrigeration system.
*** EPA uses term “retrofit” to indicate the use of a refrigerant in an appliance that was designed for and originally operated using a different refrigerant.Term does not apply to upgrades to existing equipment where the refrigerant is not changed.
OK = SNAP approved for application
= Areas of possible use in the future
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Alternatives: Chemours Perspective
*Final Rule: July 20, 2015 *Final Rule: September 26, 2016
Phase-out refrigerantSupermarket
(New**)
Supermarket
(Retrofit***)
Remote
condensing
unit
(New)
Remote
condensing unit
(Retrofit***)
Stand-Alone
Refrigerated food
processing and
dispensing
equipment
(New)
Cold storage
warehouses
(New)
Ice machines
(New)
Very low-temp
refrigeration
(New)
Positive displ.
chiller
(New)
MT < 2,200
BTU/hr. and not
contain flooded
evap.
(New)
MT ≥ 2,200 BTU/hr.
with or without flooded
evap.
(New)
LT
(New)
LT and MT
(Retrofit***)
R-404A/507A Jan. 1, 2017 July 20, 2016 Jan. 1, 2018 July 20, 2016 Jan. 1, 2019 Jan. 1, 2020 Jan. 1, 2020 July 20, 2016 Jan. 1, 2021 Jan. 1, 2023 OK OK Jan. 1, 2024
R-410A OK - OK - Jan. 1, 2019 Jan. 1, 2020 Jan. 1, 2020 - Jan. 1, 2021 Jan. 1, 2023 OK OK Jan. 1, 2024
R-407A/C/F OK OK OK OK Jan. 1, 2019 Jan. 1, 2020 Jan. 1, 2020 OK Jan. 1, 2021
R-407C/F OK
R-407A:
Jan. 1, 2023
OK R-407C onlyJan. 1, 2024
R-407C
HFC-134a OK OK OK OK Jan. 1, 2019 Jan. 1, 2020 OK OK OK OK OK -
Likely alternatives
XP40: R-449A OK OK OK OK OKMT:
LT: OKOK OK OK OK
XP10: R-513A OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
XP44: R-452A
XL10: R-1234yf - Indirect - Indirect OK
XL40: R-454A - Indirect - Indirect OK
XL20: R-454C - Indirect - Indirect OK
XL55: R-452B
XL41: R-454B
OK = SNAP approved for application
= Areas of possible use in the future
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* Abbreviated – For complete listing, see EPA final rules; go to: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-07-20/pdf/2015-17066.pdf https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-04-18/pdf/2016-08163.pdf
** Includes ice machines connected to a supermarket rack refrigeration system.
*** EPA uses term “retrofit” to indicate the use of a refrigerant in an appliance that was designed for and originally operated using a different refrigerant.Term does not apply to upgrades to existing equipment where the refrigerant is not changed.
Alternatives – Honeywell PerspectiveFinal Rule: July 20, 2015 Proposed Rule: April 18, 2016^
Phase-out
refrigerant
Super-
market
(New**)
Supermarket
(Retrofit***)
Remote
condensing
unit
(New)
Remote
condensing
unit(Retrofit***)
Stand-Alone
Refrigerated food
processing and
dispensing
equipment
(New)
Cold storage
warehouses
(New)
Ice machines
(New)
Very low-temp
refrigeration
(New)
Positive displ.
chiller
(New)
MT < 2,200 BTU/hr.
and not contain
flooded evap.
(New)
MT ≥ 2,200 BTU/hr.
with or without
flooded evap.
(New)
LT
(New)LT and MT(Retrofit***)
R-404A/507A 01/ 2017 July 20, 2016 01/ 2018 July 20, 2016 01/ 2019 01/ 2020 01/ 2020 July 20, 2016 ^Jan. 1, 2021 ^Jan. 1, 2023 OK OK
R-410A OK - OK - 01/ 2019 01/ 2020 01/ 2020 - ^Jan. 1, 2021 ^Jan. 1, 2023 OK OK
R-407A/C/F OK OK OK OK 01/ 2019 01/ 2020 01/ 2020 OK ^Jan. 1, 2021
R-407C/F OK
R-407A:
^Jan. 1, 2023OK R-407C only
HFC-134a OK OK OK OK 01/ 2019 01/ 2020 OK OK OK OK OK -
Likely alternatives
R-450A OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK - OK
R-448A OK OK OK OK Appr. Pending Appr. Pending OK OK OK Appr. Pending OK - -
R-455A - - - - SNAP in Prep SNAP in Prep SNAP in Prep - - - - - -
R-515AFuture
AlternativeFuture Alternative
Future
Alternative- Future Alternative Future Alternative Future Alternative - Future Alternative Future Alternative Future Alternative - -
R-1234yf - - - - Appr. Pending Appr. Pending Appr. Pending - - - OK - -
R-1234ze(E) - - - - Future Alternative Future Alternative Future Alternative - - - OK - OK
R-1233zd(E) - - - - - - - - - - - -OK
(Centrifugal)
R-447B/
R-452B - - - - - - - - - - - -Future Alternative
.
ǀ Refrigerants
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*Abbreviated – For complete listing, see EPA final rule; go to:
https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-07-20/pdf/2015-17066.pdf
See proposed rule; go to: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-04-18/pdf/2016-08163.pdf
** Includes ice machines connected to a supermarket rack refrigeration system.
*** EPA uses term “retrofit” to indicate the use of a refrigerant in an appliance that was designed
for and originally operated using a different refrigerant.
Term does not apply to upgrades to existing equipment where the refrigerant is not changed.
Refrigeration Application Alternatives
Emerson’s Approvals in Progress or Complete
Volumetric
Capacity /
Pressure
NaturalsMildly Flammable (A2L)
HFO and Blends
Lowest GWP Non-flammable
(A1) HFC/HFO Blends
Today’s Non-flammable
(A1)
HFCs
Elevated
Medium
“R-404A like”
Low
“R-134a like”
GWP 0–5 0–150 350 –1,300 1,300–4,000
R-744 (CO2)
1
R-290 (Propane)
3
R-717
(Ammonia)
0
R-455A (HDR-110)
146
R-454C (XL20)
146
HFO-1234yf
<1HFO-1234ze
<1
R-449A (XP40)
1,282
R-448A (N40)
1,273
R-513A (XP10)
573R-450A (N13)
547
R-507A
3,985
R-407A
1,923
R-134a
1,300
R-407F
1,674
R-407C
1,624 R-404A
3,943
A1 – Non-flammable
A2L – Mildly flammable
A3 – Flammable
B2L – Toxic, mildly flam.
R-515A
392
R-457A (ARM-20a)
139
R-449B (ARM-32)
1,296
ARM-42
131
15
This List Is Subject to Change. Please Check Publication Form 93-11 or With Emerson Representatives for the Most Current Approvals in Progress.
Refrigerant Leak Detection
John Wallace
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Refrigerant Leaks Have a Broad Impact
http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/greenchill/downloads/FinancialImpactCalculator.xls
http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/greenchill/downloads/GreenChillCalculator.xlsx
Based on:
• Yearly calculations
• 100-site chain
• R-404A
• 3,500 pounds per site
• 20% leak rate (vs. 0%)
• Leak 700 pounds/year
• Avg. $7/lb for R-404A Climate impact (direct)
124,500 M tons CO2
Equal to 24,000+ cars
or 10,600 homes
Economic impact
$500K+ refrigerant
customer disruptions
Equipment impact
Life cycle cost
Energy impact
Potential based on amount of loss
Use the EPA
calculators for
your specific
circumstances.
17
Existing Section 608 Key Elements
• Part of the Clean Air Act
• Addresses stationary refrigeration and air conditioning (CFCs, HFCs)
• Key elements
– Prohibits venting
– Requires certification
– Provides for safe disposal
– Requires recordkeeping
– Corrective actions required for leak rates above 35%
New advanced copy of 608 update final rule just issued.
New final rule effective January 1, 2017!
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/section_608_of_the_clean_air_act.pdf
http://www3.epa.gov/ozone/title6/608/leak.html https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/608_final_rule_pre-publication_copy.pdf18
EPA Finalizes Updates to Section 608 and Section 612 of the Clean Air Act
https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-finalizes-two-rules-reduce-use-and-emissions-potent-greenhouse-gases
• Strengthening the refrigerant management program under 608
• Incorporates some of the key elements of CARB
• Changes in leak rate triggers
• Mandates inspections or monitoring in certain instances
• Effective January 1, 2017
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The Benefits of Detecting a Leak Early
Tota
l re
frig
era
nt
lost
Time
Dedicated leak
detection
Liquid level
alarms
Temperature
alarms
Performance
impact
(energy)Excess
capacity masks
(climate impact)
System capacity
impact
(food safety)
Detection technology
20
Where Are the Leaks?
http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/leakpreventionrepairguidelines.pdf
% T
ota
l le
aks
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Racks Cases Condensers Field Piping Walk Ins AC Units Condensing Units Remote Headers
Major causes of leaks:
• Vibration
• Corrosion
• Flare nuts
• Valve fittings
• Thermal stress
• Installation techniques
21
Key Elements of a Leak Detection Program
Detection
Notification
Monitoring
• Technology choice based on
requirements
• Installation of leak detectors
• Location
• Local versus remote notification
• Importance of thresholds and alarming
• Receiving and recording events
• Taking appropriate actions
• Correlating with fill events, etc.
• Calculating leak rates
• Understanding overall impact
• Focus programs to eliminate leaks
22
Characteristics of Leak Detection Technologies
“Active” “Passive” Indirect
• “Sniffer technology”
• Multiple zones
• Tubing to each zone
• Multiple refrigerants
• Connection to monitoring
system for notification
• Potential to use for CARB
automatic leak detection (ALD)
• Passive infrared technology
• Single zone
• Multiple refrigerants
• Connection to monitoring system
for notification
• Potential to use for CARB
automatic leak detection (ALD)
• Generally uses existing sensors
and HW
• Site- or “cloud”-based
• Analyzes data (i.e., temperatures,
pressures, etc.) to detect leaks
• Potential to use for CARB
automatic leak detection (ALD)
23
Combining Technologies for Best Results
Direct Indirect
Notification and monitoring
For early indication of a problemTo provide an indication
of the location
24
Additional Information
General references:Emerson.com
EmersonClimate.com/E360
EmersonClimate.com/en-us/products/electronics_systems/leak_detection/
http://www3.epa.gov/
http://www2.epa.gov/greenchill
http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/rmp/rmp.htm
Specific information used in this presentation:
http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/leakpreventionrepairguidelines.pdf
http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/gc_averagestoreprofile_final_june_2011_revised_1.pdf
http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/greenchill/downloads/FinancialImpactCalculator.xls
http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/greenchill/downloads/GreenChillCalculator.xlsx
http://www3.epa.gov/ozone/enforce
http://www3.epa.gov/ozone/title6/608/leak.html
http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/rmp/rmp.htm
http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/rmp/RMP_QA_Guidance_Document.pdf
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/section_608_of_the_clean_air_act.pdf
https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-finalizes-two-rules-reduce-use-and-emissions-potent-greenhouse-gases
https://www.epa.gov/section608/revised-section-608-refrigerant-management-regulations
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/608_final_rule_pre-publication_copy.pdf
All links are subject to change. Contact John Wallace for details.
25
Commercial AC Megatrends
and Regulations
Shane Angle
26
Megatrends Driving Change in Commercial Air Conditioning
Trend Emerson Response
• Building Automation / Connectivity
• Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
• Comfort and Air Quality
• Modulation Technologies– Compression and controls
• Low-GWP Refrigerants– A2L compression
– Next gen compression
• Efficiency retrofits– Equipment controls / monitoring
• Air Management– Latent vs. sensible
– IAQ
27
Rooftop Efficiency Standards and Low-GWP Refrigerants Are
Key Dynamics in Commercial HVAC
28
On 1/1/2018, the DOE Will Adopt the 90.1-2013 IEER Levels Nationally While Significant Industry Activity Is Underway to Evaluate Future, Low-GWP Refrigerants.
Light Commercial Efficiency Standards Low-GWP Refrigerants Emerging
11.4 11.2
10.1
12.912.4
11.6
14.814.2
13.2
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
6-10 Ton 11-20 Ton 21-63 Ton
+13%
+30%
+11%
+27%
+15%
+31%
Note: ASHRAE 90.1 also has an EER component not shown here.
To
da
y
20
18
20
23
IEER Minimums for Rooftop AC Units
Technology Solutions to Optimize System Part Load Efficiency — IEER
29
Multi-speed blower fans
Multi-speed condenser fans
Modulating compressors
Larger coils, heat exchangers
Controls
Technology Levers Higher IEER
Various Regulations Are Driving Need for Compressors and Other Components
Optimized for New LGWP Refrigerants
30
Key Events and Regs ‘16 ‘17 ‘18 ‘19 ‘20 ‘21 ‘22 ‘23 ‘24 ‘25
A2L — IEC/UL/ASHRAE Safety Stds.
A2L Into Bldg. Codes
DOE Residential SEER Std. 1/1/23
DOE Commercial RTU’s IEER Std.1/1/18
EL1
1/1/23
EL3
EPA Proposal — Delist Chillers1/1/24
Chill
OEM Chiller Launches
A2L System Designs Start
Compressor
Re-designs Start
Compressor
Re-designs Start
A2L System Design Starts
Residential and RTU’S
Chillers
Residential/RTU Launches
EPA Delist
for Chillers
Now Final
Emerson Confidential and Proprietary
Flammable LGWP Refrigerants Emerging Globally in HVAC Applications
in the Next 5 Years
31
Application China Japan Rest of Asia Europe US/NAMiddle East &
Africa
Residential Air To Air Split
AC/HP
Residential Air To Water
Heating
Residential Geothermal
Lt Commercial Rooftop
Lt Commercial PAC
Scroll Chillers
Large Chillers
PTACs / Window Units
A2L Active
Programs
A3 / A2L
Beyond 2021
A3 Active
Programs
Questions?
DISCLAIMER
Although all statements and information contained herein are believed to be accurate and reliable, they are presented without guarantee or warranty of any kind, expressed or
implied. Information provided herein does not relieve the user from the responsibility of carrying out its own tests and experiments, and the user assumes all risks and liability for
use of the information and results obtained. Statements or suggestions concerning the use of materials and processes are made without representation or warranty that any such
use is free of patent infringement and are not recommendations to infringe on any patents. The user should not assume that all toxicity data and safety measures are indicated
herein or that other measures may not be required.
Thank You!
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