Vir
ture
s o
f T
em
per
an
ce
an
d J
us
tic
e
Gio
tto
di B
on
do
ne
fre
sc
oe
s f
or
the
Sc
rov
eg
ni C
ha
pe
l (a
lso
c
alle
d t
he
Are
na
Ch
ap
el a
nd
th
e P
ad
ua
C
ha
pe
l)
pa
tro
n:
En
ric
o S
cro
ve
gn
i (fo
r h
is f
ath
er,
an
in
fam
ou
s u
su
rer)
loca
tio
n:
Pa
du
a, It
aly
Ma
nie
ra g
rec
a v
s t
he
"R
om
an
" s
tyle
: B
erl
ing
hie
ri's
St.
Fra
nci
s a
lta
rpie
ce
(1
235
) a
nd
Ca
valli
ni's
L
ast
Ju
dg
em
en
t fr
esc
o (
129
0)
us
efu
l te
rmin
olo
gy:
pa
tro
n a
nd
pa
tro
na
ge
bu
on
fre
sc
og
ris
ail
lefo
res
ho
rte
nin
gic
on
an
d i
co
no
gra
ph
ym
an
iera
gre
ca
("G
ree
k m
an
ne
r"
bu
t re
fers
to
th
e B
yza
nti
ne
sty
le)
earl
y R
enai
ssan
ce:
Ital
y in
th
e 13
th-1
4th
c. a
nd
N. E
ur.
in
th
e 15
th
key
qu
esti
on
: is
th
ere
an
earl
y R
enai
ssan
ce s
tyle
?
wh
at d
o w
e m
ean
by
styl
e?
AR
T21
6-01
Fal
l 201
1A
rt H
isto
ry S
urv
ey:
Fro
m t
he
Ren
aiss
ance
to
th
e 21
st
cen
tury
Dr.
Bar
ris
Thi
s im
age
and
the
text
cor
resp
ondi
ng to
this
imag
e m
ay o
nly
be u
sed
for
nonc
omm
erci
al, e
duca
tiona
l, an
d sc
hola
rly
purp
oses
.Im
ageP
age
1 of
7
Ear
ly R
enai
ssan
ce c
h14
and
15.s
hw
14
th c
en
tury
Ita
ly:
rep
ub
lics
(V
enic
e, F
lore
nc
e, S
ien
a)
so
ve
reig
n s
tate
s (
Na
ple
s, M
ilan
an
d a
fe
w
oth
ers
)p
ap
al s
tate
s (
Ro
me
an
d a
fe
w o
the
rs)
La
me
nta
tio
n
Th
e P
ac
t (l
eft
)
Th
e V
isit
ati
on
(ri
gh
t)C
hri
st
be
fore
Ca
iph
as
;
I
re
Thi
s im
age
and
the
text
cor
resp
ondi
ng to
this
imag
e m
ay o
nly
be u
sed
for
nonc
omm
erci
al, e
duca
tiona
l, an
d sc
hola
rly
purp
oses
.Im
ageP
age
2 of
7
Ear
ly R
enai
ssan
ce c
h14
and
15.s
hw
Am
bro
gio
Lo
ren
zett
i:
Th
e A
lle
go
ry a
nd
Eff
ec
ts o
f G
oo
d a
nd
Ba
d G
ove
rnm
en
t in
th
e C
ity
an
d t
he
Co
un
try
13
38
-39
Sa
la d
ell
a P
ac
e i
n t
he
Pa
lazz
o
Pu
bli
co
Te
mp
tati
on
on
th
e
Mo
un
tain
the
Bet
ray
al o
f C
hri
st :
Du
ccio
an
d G
iott
o
Du
cc
io d
i B
uo
nin
se
gn
a
Ma
es
ta A
lta
rpie
ce
(M
ad
on
na
an
d
Ch
ild
in
Ma
jes
ty)
13
08
-13
11
, te
mp
era
/pa
ne
l, 7
x
13
' (c
en
tra
l p
an
el)
Thi
s im
age
and
the
text
cor
resp
ondi
ng to
this
imag
e m
ay o
nly
be u
sed
for
nonc
omm
erci
al, e
duca
tiona
l, an
d sc
hola
rly
purp
oses
.Im
ageP
age
3 of
7
Ear
ly R
enai
ssan
ce c
h14
and
15.s
hw
Hu
go
an
d J
an
va
n E
yc
k:
Gh
en
t A
lta
rpie
ce
,14
32
oil
on
wo
od
7'7
x 1
1'6
(c
los
ed
)1
4'5
x 1
1'6
(o
pe
n)
do
no
rs:
Ja
n V
yd
an
d Is
ab
el B
orl
uu
t
No
rth
ern
Eu
rop
e a
nd
Ita
ly:
relig
iou
s p
rac
tic
es
in N
E n
ot
do
min
ate
d b
y
the
Ch
urc
h a
s t
he
y a
re in
Ita
ly:
the
y a
re
mo
re p
riv
ate
an
d in
div
idu
aliz
ed
NE
art
ists
be
gin
to
us
e o
il-b
as
ed
pig
me
nts
in
ste
ad
of
tem
pe
ra
NE
art
sh
ow
s g
rea
ter
inte
res
t in
su
rfa
ce
d
eta
il; b
y t
he
mid
-15
th c
en
t., I
talia
n a
rt w
ill
be
mo
re in
tere
ste
d in
a r
ea
listi
c s
pa
tia
l s
ett
ing
(a
s o
pp
os
ed
to
na
tura
listi
c d
eta
il)
No
rth
ern
Eu
rop
e i
n t
he
15
th
Ce
ntu
ry
Thi
s im
age
and
the
text
cor
resp
ondi
ng to
this
imag
e m
ay o
nly
be u
sed
for
nonc
omm
erci
al, e
duca
tiona
l, an
d sc
hola
rly
purp
oses
.Im
ageP
age
4 of
7
Ear
ly R
enai
ssan
ce c
h14
and
15.s
hw
Hu
go
va
n d
er
Go
es
: P
ort
ina
ri A
lta
rpie
ce
c.1
47
5, o
il a
nd
te
mp
era
on
wo
od
, ce
nte
r p
an
el 8
'3 x
10
' (w
ing
s 4
'7 e
a)
Ph
ilip
pe
de
Cro
y, S
eig
neu
r d
e S
emp
y, c
. 145
9,
20 x
12
"P
ort
rait
of
a L
ad
yc
a.
146
0, 1
4 x
11
"
Ro
gie
r v
an
de
r W
ey
de
n:
St.
Lu
ke
Dra
win
g t
he
Vir
gin
ca
. 14
35
-40
Oil
an
d t
em
pe
ra o
n p
an
el
54
1/8
x 4
3 5
/8 in
.
Ro
gie
r v
an
de
r W
ey
de
n:
De
po
sit
ion
(D
es
ce
nt)
fro
m t
he
Cro
ss
oil
on
pa
ne
l, 8
6 1
/2 x
10
3 in
ca
. 14
35
Thi
s im
age
and
the
text
cor
resp
ondi
ng to
this
imag
e m
ay o
nly
be u
sed
for
nonc
omm
erci
al, e
duca
tiona
l, an
d sc
hola
rly
purp
oses
.Im
ageP
age
5 of
7
Ear
ly R
enai
ssan
ce c
h14
and
15.s
hw
Ja
n v
an
Eyc
k:
Arn
olf
ini D
ou
ble
Po
rtra
it1
43
4,
oil
on
oa
k;
32
1/4
x2
3 1
/2"
Ro
be
rt C
am
pin
: T
he
Me
rod
e A
lta
rpie
ce
; c
a.
14
25
-14
28
, te
mp
era
, oil/
pa
ne
l, 2
5 x
24
-7/8
"
(win
gs
= 1
1")
a p
riv
ate
alt
arp
iec
e:
Me
mlin
g:
Dip
tyc
h o
f M
aa
rte
n v
an
N
ieu
we
nh
ov
e1
48
7, o
il o
n w
oo
d
Ha
ns
Mem
ling
: th
e S
ain
t Jo
hn
Alt
arp
iec
e
147
4-1
479
(o
il/w
oo
d:
5'7"
x 5
'7"
+ 2
'7 +
2'7
)
Thi
s im
age
and
the
text
cor
resp
ondi
ng to
this
imag
e m
ay o
nly
be u
sed
for
nonc
omm
erci
al, e
duca
tiona
l, an
d sc
hola
rly
purp
oses
.Im
ageP
age
6 of
7
Ear
ly R
enai
ssan
ce c
h14
and
15.s
hw
Sa
int
An
tho
ny
T
orm
en
ted
by
D
em
on
s
Ma
rtin
Sc
ho
ng
au
er
En
gra
vin
gc
a.
148
0s
11 1
3/1
6 x
8 9
/16
in.
Ho
ly B
loo
d
Alt
arp
iec
e
Tilm
an
R
iem
ensc
hn
eid
er
15
01-
150
5
wo
od
Th
e H
oly
Ro
ma
n E
mp
ire
(to
da
y:
Ge
rma
ny
)
Ja
n v
an
Eyc
k:
Ma
n in
a
Re
d
Tu
rba
n,
14
33
oil
on
oa
k,
10
1/4
x7
1/2
"
Thi
s im
age
and
the
text
cor
resp
ondi
ng to
this
imag
e m
ay o
nly
be u
sed
for
nonc
omm
erci
al, e
duca
tiona
l, an
d sc
hola
rly
purp
oses
.Im
ageP
age
7 of
7
Ear
ly R
enai
ssan
ce c
h14
and
15.s
hw