TheUniversityofTexasatAustinDepartmentofElectrical&ComputerEngineering
EE302LabManual
Fall
2015LabManualfortheIntroductiontoElectricalEngineering
UTEID:Name:
2
TableofContents
1.0Introduction.........................................................................................................................................32.0EE302LabSchedule..............................................................................................................................43.0Grading.................................................................................................................................................54.0EngineeringNotebookGuidelines........................................................................................................5Lab1:IntroductiontoLabView1&myDAQ..........................................................................................7Assignment:BuildVItoCalculateAreaofaTriangle.......................................................................10
Lab2:IntroductiontoLabView2.........................................................................................................13Assignment:BuildaVItoconverttemperature..............................................................................13
Lab3:DigitalMultimeterandVoltageGenerator...............................................................................16Assignment:BuildaDigitalMultimeter...........................................................................................16Assignment:Buildingavoltagegenerator.......................................................................................20
Lab4:MultisimSimulationofCircuits.................................................................................................24Assignment1:GettingorientedtoMultiSim...................................................................................28Assignment2:Simulatingthesecondcircuit...................................................................................31Assignment3:SimulatingtheThirdcircuit......................................................................................32
Lab5:AudioEqualizer..........................................................................................................................40Assignment1:Designtheaudioequalizer.......................................................................................40
Lab6:BreadboardandMeasurements...............................................................................................44Assignment1:Buildthecircuit........................................................................................................49Assignment2:Measurementsonthesecondcircuit.......................................................................50
Lab7:SolderingandKitAssembly.......................................................................................................60Assignment1:Practicesoldering.....................................................................................................60Assignement2:Soldercomponentstotheboard...........................................................................60
Lab8:SolarPowerDataLogging.......................................................................................................63Assignment1:ExperimentalProcedures.........................................................................................66
Lab9:IntroductionofFinalProject(RobotCar)..................................................................................70Introduction.....................................................................................................................................70GradeBreakdown............................................................................................................................70SubSystemOverview......................................................................................................................71TrainingModule...............................................................................................................................71ObstacleCourse...............................................................................................................................72
3
TrainingModule1:Rock,Paper,Scissors.............................................................................................73Assignment1:BuildingtheCircuit...................................................................................................70
Subsystem:LineFollower.....................................................................................................................77Lab10:ProficiencyExam......................................................................................................................80Lab11:TheveninEquivalentCircuits...................................................................................................85Assignment1:Constructthefirstcircuit..........................................................................................86Assignment2:Constructthesecondcircuit....................................................................................87
Lab12:FinalProject(MotorControl,CollisionDetection)..................................................................96Subsystem:MotorControl...................................................................................................................96Subsystem:CollisionDetection............................................................................................................97Lab13:FinalProject...........................................................................................................................101Assignment1:BuildingtheCircuit.................................................................................................101
Subsystem:PathLogic........................................................................................................................1045.0Appendices.......................................................................................................................................108AppendixA:MultimeterBasics..........................................................................................................108AppendixB:KeepinganEngineeringNotebook................................................................................112AppendixC:ContributionChartforFinalProject..............................................................................112
4
1.0IntroductionThismanualisdesignedtoaccompanytheEE302,IntroductiontoElectricalandComputerEngineering,
labsection.YouwillfindcompletedescriptionsofthelabsforEE302andagreatdealofinformationaboutyourprojects.Youareencouragedtoreadthismanualanduseitasaresourcetoenhanceyourlabexperienceinthiscourse.
2.0EE302LabScheduleThefollowingsectionsdescribeeachofthecircuitlaboratorysessionsforthesemester.
LABACTIVITYDAYYOURLABMEETS
Mon.
Tues.
Wed.
Thurs. Fri.
Lab1:IntrotoLabVIEW1andmyDAQ 8/31
9/1 9/2 9/3 9/4Lab2:IntrotoLabVIEW2
9/149/8 9/9 9/10 9/11
Lab3:DigitalMultimeterandVoltageGenerator
9/21
9/15 9/16 9/17 9/18Lab4:MultisimSimulationofCircuits
9/289/22 9/23 9/24 9/25
Lab5:AudioEqualizer 10/5
9/29 9/30 10/1 10/2Lab6:BreadboardandMeasurements
10/1210/6 10/7 10/8 10/9
Lab7:SolderingandKitAssembly 10/19
10/13 10/14 10/15 10/16Lab8:SolarPowerDataLogging
10/2610/20 10/21 10/22 10/23
Lab9:FinalProjectRobotCarI 11/2
10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30Lab10:ProficiencyExam
11/9
11/3 11/4 11/5 11/6Lab11:TheveninEquivalentCircuits
11/1611/10 11/11 11/12 11/13
Lab12:FinalProjectRobotCarII 11/23
11/17 11/18 11/19 11/20Lab13:FinalProjectRobotCarIII* 11/30 12/1 12/2 12/3 12/4
*Mondaylabsectionswillhavetheirfinallabprojectsdueattheendofthelastweekofclass(12/4).Allothersectionswillhavetheirfinallabprojectsdueatthelastscheduledlabmeeting.
5
3.0GradingThelaboratoryforEE302countsas20%ofyourfinalclassgrade.Yourgradeforthelaboratorywillbe
determinedasfollows:
Category %ofLabGradeAttendance 20%Participation 5%Prelabs 10%LabReport 20%LabNotes 10%ProficiencyExam 15%FinalProject(Demonstration+Finalreport) 20%(15%+5%)Total 100%
4.0EngineeringNotebookGuidelinesFortheconvenience,labmanualincludeslabnotesession;therefore,youDONOTNEEDtobringa
separatenotebook;however,thefollowingguidelinehowtousethenotebookwouldbestillveryhelpful.Inourlab,TAsmainlychecktheimportantdata,findings,andthoughtsinthenotesessionduringthelab.
GuidelineforEngineeringNotebookLearningtokeepanengineeringnotebookisanessentialskillthatyouwillusethroughoutyour
educationalexperienceatUT.Fortheteamproject,eachstudentisencouragedtokeepanengineeringnotebook,whichchronicleshisorherworkinthelabs.Allinformation,whichmaybepertinenttotheprojectorlabs,shouldbewrittenhere.YouwilluseyournotebooktorecordyourmeasurementsandotherdatafortheEElabs.HerearesomeguidelinestakenlargelyfromworkdonebyClifKussmaulwhenhewasanassistantprofessoratMoravianCollege.HeiscurrentlyanassistantProfessorofComputerScienceatMuhlenbergCollege.
Engineeringnotebooksareusedinindustrytorecordwhatworkwasdone(incasetheauthorleaves
theprojectorcompany)andwhenworkwasdone(forpatentandcopyrightmatters).Ultimately,yourengineeringnotebookshouldallowanotherknowledgeablestudenttobeabletoexactlyrepeattheworkyouhaveperformed.Herearesomebasicguidelinesyouneedtofollow:
Thenotebookmustbepermanentlybound(gluedorsewn).Thebookstorehasseveralstyles
fromwhichtochoose.Spiralboundorlooseleafnotebooksarenotacceptable. Thenotebookmustbeclearlylabeledwithyournameandthesemester. Everythingmustbewritteninpermanentink(itmaybeusefultohaveseveralcolorpens). Everypagemustbenumberedconsecutively,inparttoprovethatyouhavenotaddedor
removedpagesafterthefact.
6
Leaveseveralpagesatthebeginningforatableofcontentssoyoucanlocatekeyinformationquickly.
Startanewpageeachdayyouworkonthiscourse,andatthetopofthepageclearlyindicatethedateandhoursyouworked.
Whenyoufinishworkfortheday,drawalinethroughanyspaceleftonthepage. Donotleaveanyblankpages. Describeallworkyoudoforthecourse,includingreadings,research,design,coding,
documentation,test,teammeetings,classmeetings,etc.Includesketches,memos,relevantcodelistings,etc.Youshouldgluethemintothenotebook.
Thenotebookismeanttobeapermanentrecordofwhatyouhavedone.Itmustbeneatenoughforyouorsomeoneelsetounderstandwhatyouhavedoneayearormorelater.Donotworkonotherpaperandthentranscribeitintoyournotebook!
YournotebookshouldbekeptuptodateatalltimesandbroughttoEVERYlabsession.Anexampleofwhatwouldgointoanengineeringnotebookbaseduponthislabisasshownbelow:
Laboratorydatasuchasmeasuredcurrents,voltages,resistancesandtheproceduresyoumayhaveusedtomeasurethesequantities.
Studentsshouldensurethattheygothroughtheappropriatelabnoteanddothenecessaryprelabs
beforecomingforthelabs.Alsoinfillinginthelabnotes,makesuregraphsandtablesarewellinterpretedintheThoughtsor
Datasectionofthenotes.Andthemainconceptsshouldbewellhighlighted.
7
Lab1:IntroductiontoLabView1&myDAQ
BackgroundKnowledge:InstallingNILabViewSoftwareandDrivers
Step3
Step4
LabGoals:
LearnthebasicsofLabViewprogrammingandtodesignasimpleVI(VirtualInstrument).
o Computetheareaofatriangle,HowtouseMathScript LearntheLabViewEnvironmentandGraphicalProgramming
RequiredLabMaterial:
NImyDAQkit
DueattheendofLab:
AcopyofthesimpleVIyoudesigned
8
Step5 Step6
Step7
Step8
Step9
Step10
9
Step11
Step12
Step13 Step14
AfterinstallingtheSWanddrivers,gototheUTEngineeringwebpageandfromtheInformation
TechnologyGroup(ITG)therearedirectionsonhowtoobtainastudentlicensetoLabview2010andMultisim.http://www.engr.utexas.edu/itg/products/435labview
Youdonotneedtodownloadthesoftwarefromthewebsiteagain.Justobtainthelicenseandgo
toNILicenseManagerunderNationalInstrumentsinAllprograms.ClickactiveonthetoplefthandcornerandapplythelicenseinformationyouobtainedfromITG
UTSchoolofEngineeringWebpage NILicenseManager
10
BackgroundKnowledge:NImyDAQRefertohttp://decibel.ni.com/content/groups/mydaqtogainmoreideasonhowtoutilizetheNI
myDAQoutsideofthelab.Reference:
LabVIEWIntroduction3HourCourseware https://lumen.ni.com/nicif/us/academiclv3hr/content.xhtml http://www.ni.com/mydaq/ http://decibel.ni.com/content/groups/mydaq
Assignment:BuildVItoCalculateAreaofaTriangle
Ifyouareusingaschool/labcomputerskiptostep3.
1. Google"utexasLabVIEW"andinstallLabVIEWinyoursystem.OrusethislinktodownloadLabVIEWhttp://www.engr.utexas.edu/itg/products/435labview.
**Note:youneedtoinstallLabVIEWonawindowssystem,asNIMyDAQworksonlywithWindowssystem.
2. Inthesamepageyou'llfind"StudentLicenseInstructionsforWindows",usethattoget
LabVIEWlicenseonyoursystem.Ifyoudon'tdothisyourLabVIEWlicensewillexpirein30days.
3. Openthislink:www.ni.com/lv101.4. GotoLabVIEWBasicConcepts.5. Gothrough:1.LabVIEWEnvironment,2.GraphicalProgramming.Gothroughdetailed
explanationandModelQuizforbothsections.6. DevelopyourownVIfor"areaoftriangle"program.Thefrontpanelshouldlooklike
Figure1(YoucanadddecorationsandcolorsnotherthingstoyourVI).BesuretoputyournameandUTEID.
11
7. SavetheVI.Ex:your_name_lab1.vi.8. CallyourTAovertoverifythefunctionalityofyourVI.
Figure1:Areaoftriangle,Frontpanel
Figure2:Areaoftriangle,Blockdiagram
(Left:UsingArithmeticfunctions,Right:UsingMathScript)
TASignature:______________________________________________________________________________________
12
LabNote Date . . 2015
Important concepts / Key ideas
Procedure / DATA
Try and error / Thoughts
13
Lab2:IntroductiontoLabView2
Assignment:BuildaVItoconverttemperature
1. Gotohttp://www.ni.com/lv101andreadthesectionsonProgrammingTools,DebuggingandHandlingErrors,DataTypesandStructures,adExecutionStructures.
2. Dotheendofthemodulequizforeachoftheabovesections.3. DesignaVIthatutilizesanEnum,CaseStructure,andWhileLooptodothefollowing
conversions:
CelsiustoFahrenheit FahrenheittoCelsius CelsiustoKelvin Fahrenheittokelvin
**Note:Lookuptheappropriatetemperatureconversions(viaGoogle,Bing,etc.)**
4. SavetheVI.Ex:your_name_lab2.vi5. CallyourTAovertoverifythefunctionalityofyourVI
LabGoals:
LearnaboutLabViewProgrammingTools,DebuggingandHandlingErrors,DataTypesandStructures,andExecutionStructures.
DesignaTemperatureConvertorusingtheCaseStructure,Enum,andWhileLoopdatastructures.
DueattheendofLab:
AcopyofthesimpleVIyoudesigned
14
Figure1:TemperatureConverter,Frontpanel
Figure2:TemperatureConverter,Blockdiagram
TASignature:___________________________________________________________________
15
LabNote Date . . 2015
Important concepts / Key ideas
Procedure / DATA
Try and error / Thoughts
16
Lab3:DigitalMultimeterandVoltageGenerator
Assignment:BuildaDigitalMultimeter
Createavoltmeter
1. Onblockdiagram,UseQuickDrop(CtrlSpace)tofindMultimeterSelectNIELVISmxDigitalMultimeter.ItscalledanExpressVIbecauseithasitsownconfigurationscreenwhichcomesupautomatically.
2. ConfigureforDCVoltagemeasurement,Autoscale3. ExpandtheExpressVIdowntoseealltheinput/outputterminals
4. RightclickonDeviceNameinputandCreateControl(thisplacescontrolonfrontpanel)5. Onfrontpanel,useQuickDroptofindWaveformChartandNumericIndicator6. Onblockdiagram,wiretogetherasshown.
LabGoals:
LearnhowtouseyourmyDAQasaDigitalMultimeter(DMM) LearnhowtooutputasignaltoaspecifiedoutputportonthemyDAQ
andverifyitsfunctionality. DesignaDigitalMultimeterandVoltageGeneratortobeusedonlater
labs.RequiredLabMaterial:
NImyDAQkit
DueattheendofLab:
AcopyofthesimpleVIyoudesigned
17
7. Onblockdiagram,useQuickDroptofindWhileLoop.Draglooparoundyourcode8. RightclickonConditionalterminalandCreateControl(thisplacesstopbuttononfront
panel)
Figure3.1:Multimeter,FrontPanel
Figure3.2:Multimeter,BlockDiagram
9. Testbymeasuringabattery,or5V/DGNDpinsonmyDAQusingDMMprobes.10. SaveyourVIasyour_name_myDMM.vi
AddCurrentandResistancemeasurementstoyourDMM11. Onblockdiagram,dragaCaseStructurearoundtheDAQAssistant.12. Onfrontpanel,useQuickDroptocreateanEnum(anenumeratedlist).Labelas
MeasurementType(Figure3.3,3.4)13. Onfrontpanel,rightclickonEnumandselectEditItems(Figure3.5)
18
14. AddVoltage,Current,andResistanceasthethreeitemsonthelist15. Onblockdiagram,wiretheEnumtotheCaseSelector(denotedby)16. .RightclickonborderofCaseandselectAddCaseforEveryValue(Thiswillcreateall
threecasesyouneed,neatlylabeledtomatchtheMeasurementTypelist.)
Figure3.3:FrontPanel
Figure3.4:BlockDiagram
19
Figure3.5:EnumPropertiesMenu
17. AddNIELVISmxDigitalMultimeter.vitotheCurrentcase(Figure3.6),andsetupthemeasurementasshown.TheNImyDAQhasaninternalshuntresistortomeasurecurrentthroughtheanalogtodigitalconverter.
Figure3.6:MultimeterVIPropertiesMenu
18. AddNIELVISmxDigitalMultimeter.vitotheResistancecase(Figure3.7),andsetupthe
measurementasshown.NotethatinordertomeasureResistanceusinganAnalogto
20
Digitalconverter,yousupplyanexcitationcurrent(Iex)throughaShuntResistor.myDAQhasanInternalcurrentsource,allowingthemeasurementofResistance.
Figure3.7:MultimeterVIPropertiesMenu
19. BesuretowiretheDataoutputofeachDAQAssistanttothewhitetunnelontheCaseStructure.WhenallCasesareproperlywired,thetunnelwillturnsolidandyourVIshouldrun.
20. NowyouarereadytotestyourDMMforallthreemeasurements:Voltage,Current,andResistance.
21. Congratulations!YouhavejustcreatedyourownDigitalMultimeterusingLabVIEWandmyDAQ!
22. RemembertoswitchtheDMMprobestothecorrectwhenyouwanttomeasurecurrent.23. TestResistancebytouchi8ngprobestogether.Resistanceshouldgotozero.Orgeta
resistorandtouchtheprobestoeithersideoftheresistor.24. SaveyourVI.
Assignment:Buildingavoltagegenerator
WecaneithercreateanewVItogeneratevoltagefrommyDAQ,oraddthisfunctiontoyourDMM.vi.ThestepsbelowshowhowtoaddtheVoltageGeneratortoyourDMM.vi
1. UseQuickDrop(CtrlSpace)tofindthenewfunctions:DAQAssistant,andSelect.2. SettheDAQAssistanttoGenerateSignalAnalogVoltageonAO0(analogoutputchannel
0).AlsosetTimingSettingsto1Sample(OnDemand).ThistellsmyDAQtogenerateanewoutputvoltageeachtimetheloopexecutes.
21
3. SelectOKtoacceptallDAQAssistantsettings
4. RightclickontheappropriateterminalsoftheSelectfunctionandCreateControlfortheDialandEnableOutput(Booleanswitch)
5. RightclickontheFalseinputofBooleanswitchtotheSelectandCreateConstanttoenter0(setstheVoltageGeneratoroutputtozero)
6. RightclickontheoutputoftheSelectfunctionandCreateIndicatorfortheMeter(DisplaysthevoltageoutputfrommyDAQ)
Figure3.8:BlockDiagramforVoltageGenerator
**TheSelectfunctionallowsyoutoshutofftheVoltagegeneratorwhiletheVIisstillrunning.
Figure3.9:FinalFrontPanel
22
Figure3.10:FinalBlockDiagram
7. TestyourVIbygeneratingavoltageonAO0(AnalogOutputchannel0),andtestingitwith
theDMM.8. CallyourTAovertocheckyouoffforcompletionofthelab.TASignature:__________________________________________________________________________________________
Acknowledgement:ASpecialthankstoEricDean(AcademicFieldEngineerofNI)fortheexampleDMMandvoltagegenerator.
23
LabNote Date . . 2015
Important concepts / Key ideas
Procedure / DATA
Try and error / Thoughts
24
Lab4:MultisimSimulationofCircuits
BackgroundKnowledge:BriefintroductiontoMultiSimMultisim,aproductofNationalInstruments,(formoreinformation,visittheMultiSimWWWpageat
http://www.ni.com/academic/multisim.htm)isadraganddropschematiccaptureandsimulationprogramthatallowsyoutoquicklycreatecompletecircuitsandanalyzethem.WithMultisim,circuitscontainingindependentanddependentsources,resistors,andothercircuitelementscanbeinstantlysimulatedattheclickofasinglebutton.
ThesimulationengineofMultisimisBSPICE/XSPICEcompliantwhichisthedefactostandardincircuit
simulation.OtherimportantfeaturesofMultisiminclude:1. TheabilitytointeractwithcircuitsusingVirtualInstrumentsthatlookandfunctionliketheir
realworldcounterparts.Someoftheinstrumentsincludedare: AmmeterForfast,simplereadoutsofcurrent. FunctionGeneratorProducessquare,triangular,orsinusoidalvoltages. MultimeterMeasureACandDCcurrentandvoltage,resistanceanddecibelloss(auto
ranging). VoltmeterForfast,simpleindicationsofvoltage.
Duebeginningoflab: Completedprelabquestions.Onecopyistobeturnedinandonecopy
shouldbeplacedinyourlabmanual.LabGoals:
LearnhowtobuildresistivecircuitsinMultisim,acircuitsimulationprogram.
LearnhowtouseMultisimtoobtaincurrentsandvoltagesfromelementsincircuits
Observehowthevaluesobtainedwithsimulationdifferfromthosemeasuredfromrealcomponents.
GainanintuitiveunderstandingofhowthetoleranceofaresistoraffectsthecharacteristicsofaDCcircuit.
UnderstandhowtoobtainandgraphtheIVplotforacircuitelement.DueattheendofLab:
AcopyofthesimpleVIyoudesigned
25
2. Multiplewaystoanalyzecircuitssothatyoucanexploreandunderstandthemindepth.Someof
theanalysismethodsinclude: DCSensitivityDisplayssensitivitytoaparticularparameterandpredictshowvariancesin
manufacturingcanaffectcircuitperformance. DCSweepComputestheDCoperatingpointofnodesinthecircuitforvariousvaluesof
voltageorcurrentsources. WorstCaseDeterminesthemostextremevaluestobeexpectedinyourcircuit,giventhe
specifiedtoleranceforeachcomponent.3. Multisimcontainsapartsdatabasethatincludes16,000differentcomponentsincludingallthe
standardcomponentsplusseveralcategoriesofuniquepartsthatenhanceeachdesign.ItisnotthegoalofthislabtointroduceyoutoallaspectsofMultisim.Insteadwewillfocusonsome
basicanalysistechniques.YouarefreetocontinuetoexplorethefeaturesofMultisimonyourownsinceitisavailableonallLearningResourceCentercomputers.WewillalsouseMultiSimintheprelabsfortheremainingcircuitslabs.
BackgroundKnowledge:BriefdiscussionofdiodesandZenerDiodesDuringthislab,youwilllearnhowasemiconductordevicecalledazenerdiodecanbeusedasa
reasonablealternativetoavoltagesource.Asabriefintroductiontothesedevices,letsstartbydiscussingasilicondiode.Adiodeisasemiconductordevicethatconductscurrentinonlyonedirection.ThesymbolforadiodeisshownatthetopofFigure1.Ifweplaceavoltageofslightlymorethan0.7Vacrossthediodewiththereferenceshowninthefigure,significantcurrentwillflow.Thisiscalledtheforwardbiasregionandcurrentflowsinthedirectionshown.Thetwoterminalsofthediodearecalledtheanodeandthecathode.Ifweapplyanegativevoltageacrossthediode,nocurrentflowsandweenterthereversebiasregion.ThediodecharacteristicofconductingcurrentinonlyonedirectionmakesitusefulinmanydevicesincludingconvertingACvoltagestoDC.
26
Figure1:DiodeSymbolandCharacteristic
Letsnowexaminewhathappensifwecontinuetoincreasethenegativevoltageacrossthediode.As
showninFigure2,thediodeeventuallyenterstheavalanchebreakdownorZenerRegion.Notethatthis
drawingisnottoscale.Thisregionischaracterizedbyanearconstantvoltageregardlessofthecurrentflow.Whilealldiodesexhibitthischaracteristic,somediodesarepreciselydesignedtoexploitthisbehavior.Thesedevicesarecalledzenerdiodesandaredesignedtodeliverawidearrayofprecisevoltagereferences,muchlikeavoltagesource.
Voltage V in Volts(Silicon Diode)
Forward BiasRegion
Reverse BiasRegion
Current+ -
Diode Symbol
Curre
nt in A
mpere
s
Anode Cathode
~0.7 V
27
Figure2:ZenerDiodeSymbolandCharacteristic
Voltage V in Volts(Silicon Diode)~0.7 V
Forward BiasRegion
Reverse BiasRegion
Current+ -
Zener Diode Symbol
Curre
nt in A
mpere
s
Anode Cathode
Zener BreakdownRegion
28
Assignment1:GettingorientedtoMultiSim
1. StartMultisimbygoingtoPrograms>Multisim.2. PressControlW.
ThiswillopenupthePartsmenu.Wewillneedthefollowingcomponentsforthislab:resistors,voltagesources,andameansofmeasuringcurrent(multimeterorammeter)andvoltage(voltmeter).Wecangettoeachoftheseasfollows:
Thevoltagesourceshouldbeonthecurrentscreen.ItiscalledDC_POWER. UnderGroups,selectBasic.Underthebasicgroupwearegoingtouseresistors.These
resistorscanbesettoanyvaluewewantwithanytolerancewewant.Theydonotdirectlyrelatetoresistorsthatyouwoulduseinahandsonlab.
UnderGroups,selectindicatorstogettothevoltmeterandammeter. InstrumentsareunderthemenuSimulate>Instruments.Wecanalsogettothesebyselectingtheappropriateimagesatthebottomofthemenubarortherightmostsideoftheworkspace.Youcanmovethecursorovertheseimagesandthetextexplainingwhichgrouptheybelongtowillbeshown.Fromthispointon,youarelefttoyourselftomakethecircuitsandtakethemeasurements.Someimagesareshownforthefirstcircuit.Keepthefollowingthingsinmindwhenbuildingcircuitsandtakingmeasurements: Whenanitemisselected,itcanberotatedwithControlR Whenthecursorisabovethewireofacomponent,itwillturnintoacircle.Leftclickingon
themousewillstartthewiringprocess.Movethecursortowhereyouwantthewiretogoandleftclickthemouseagaintoendthewiring.Tocompleteaspecificpathforthewire,youcanleftclickthewireateachpointwhereyouwantastraightpathtogo.
Fornodesthatcontainmorethantwocomponents,youneedtocreateajunctionbygoingtoPlace>Junction.
Allcircuitsneedagroundwiredtothembeforesimulationcanbegin. FunctionkeyF5beginsandendsasimulation
Theschematicforthefirstcircuitisshownbelow.Inthissimulation,wewillbemeasuringcurrenteitherusingammetersoramultimetersettothecurrentsetting.Youmaychooseeithermethodyouwish.
Figure3:ExampleCircuitforSimulation
29
3. PlacetheappropriatecomponentsfromFigure3,includingaground,ontotheworkspaceinMultisim.YoucanuseControlWtoopenthePartsWindoworgotoappropriateiconsaroundtheworkspace.Whenyouusevirtualresistors,allofthemwilldefaulttoavalueof1k.
4. Doubleclickonaresistor.Thisopensawindowwhichallowsyoutochangesomepropertiesoftheresistor.Weare
interestedinchangingthevalueofeachresistortotheonesshowninFigure3.ThisisdoneundertheValuetaboftheopenwindow.
5. Doubleclickoneachresistorandchangetheirvaluestotheonesneededforthecircuit
shown.6. Rotate(usingControlR)the10kresistorandoneofthe20kresistorssothattheyare
vertical.7. Doubleclickonthevoltagesourceandchangeitsvalueto3.2volts8. Figure4showswhatyourscreenmightlooklikeatthispoint.
Figure4:TypicaldisplayinMultiSimforExampleCircuitWenowneedtodecidewhetherwewanttouseammetersormultimeterstomeasurethe
current.Unlikethemeasurementsyoudidpreviously,youcanplacemultipleammetersormultimeterssothatallcurrentscanbemeasuredatonce.
9. Placetheappropriatenumberofammetersormultimetersontheworkspace.Again,
ammeterscanbefoundbyhittingControlWandthenselectingindicatorsundergroups.MultimeterscanbefoundundertheSimulatemenu(selecttheInstrumentssubmenu).
10. Wirethecircuitupsothattheammeters/multimetersareinserieswiththepathforwhichyouwanttomeasurethecurrent.Wheneachcomponentisconnectedtoawire,thewirewillturntoredandanumbermayappear.
11. Figure5andFigure6showwhatthecircuitmaylooklikeusingeitherammetersor
multimeters.
30
Figure5:SimulationofExampleCircuitusingammeters
Figure6:SimulationofExampleCircuitusingmultimeters
Ifyouchosetousemultimeters,youneedtodothefollowingstepstosetituptomeasurecurrent.Ifyouchosetouseammeters,gotoStep15.
31
12. Doubleclickoneachmultimeter.Thiswillopenupanewwindow.13. SelectAtosetthistomeasurecurrent.Leavethesewindowsopensothatyoucanobserve
thecurrentvalue.Onceweareatthispoint,wearereadytosimulatethecircuittoobtaintheappropriatecurrentmeasurements.
14. SelectUseTolerancesfromtheSimulateMenu.15. Thisopensupawindowwherewecancontrolthevariationincertainparameters.Sincewe
haveabatteryandresistorsinourcircuit,wecanchangethetolerancesoftheseelements16. Setthetoleranceforbatteriesto0%andtheoneforallresistorsto0%.
Togettheresultsofthesimulation,dothefollowingsteps.
17. PressFunctionKeyF5tostartthesimulation18. PressFunctionKeyF5tostopthesimulationafterthevaluesfortheammetersor
multimeterschange.Notethevaluesthateachammeter/multimeterhasisretainedafterthesimulationiscompleted.
19. WritedownthecurrentvaluesobtainedforeachresistorintheappropriatecolumnofTable1andinyourlabnotesection.
20. Changeoneofthe20kresistorstoa40kresistor.Youcandothisbydoubleclickingontheresistorandchangethevalueunderthevaluetab.
21. Runthesimulationagain(FunctionKeyF5)andwritedownthesimulationvaluesintheappropriatecolumnsofTable1andinyourlabnotesection.
22. ShowyourTAtheresultsofyoursimulationandgethisorhersignaturebeforecontinuing.Assignment2:Simulatingthesecondcircuit
Wewillnowcreateadifferentcircuitwhichisshownbelow.
Figure7:SecondCircuittoSimulate
23. BuildandwirethecircuitshowninFigure7usingvirtualresistors.24. Useeitherammetersorvoltmeterstomeasurethefollowingquantitiesinthecircuit:
currentflowingthroughthetop10kresistor,thevoltageacrossthe1kresistor,andthecurrentflowingthroughthe5kresistor.Forclarity,assumethatthepositivereferencesforvoltagesareontheleftandpositivecurrentsflowlefttorightthroughtheresistors
25. Changetheresistorstolerancesto0%bydoubleclickingonthecomponentandfindingthetoleranceoptionunderthevaluetab.
32
26. RunthesimulationfivetimesandwritedownvaluesforeachquantityintheappropriateplaceofTables2a,2b,or2c.
27. RepeatStep2526withresistorstolerancesof1%and5%.28. ShowyourTAtheresultsofyoursimulationandgethisorhersignaturebeforecontinuing.
Note:Changethetolerancesofalltheresistorsinthecircuitforobservableeffects.
Assignment3:SimulatingtheThirdcircuitThelastcircuityouwillsimulateisshownbelowinFigure8.Asdiscussedintheintroduction,wewillbrieflyintroduceazenerdiodewhichcanactsimilartoavoltagesourceundertherightconditions.Thezenerdiodeisanonlineardevicewhichmeansitscurrentvoltagecharacteristiccurvecannotbemodeledasastraightlineasdemonstratedin.TheZenerdiodewhichwewilluseinthissimulationproducesapproximately4.3Vundertherightconditions.
Figure8:ThirdSimulationCircuit
Figure9:ThirdCircuitUsingaZenerDiode
29. BuildandwirethecircuitshowninFigure9.Includeavoltmetertomeasurethevoltage
acrossthe4.3Vsourcewiththereferenceshownandanammetertomeasurethecurrent
510
1 k
2 k 20016V
4.3V
Current - Voltage +
510
1 k
2 k 200Vsupply
1N749ACurrent
- Voltage +
33
flowingrighttoleftthroughthe4.3Vsource.(Note:foreasywiring,youcanrightclickonthemetersinyourcircuit,andflipthemhorizontally.)
30. Changetheresistortoleranceto0%.31. Runthesimulation.EnterthevoltageandcurrentintotheappropriateplaceofTable3of
theLabReport.32. Replacethe4.3Vsourcewiththezenerdiode(modelnumber1N749A)asshowninFigure
8.RepeatStep31withsupplyvoltages(Vsupply)ofbetween20Vinstepsof4V(i.e.,20V,16V,12V,etc.)andplaceyourresultsinTable4inthelabreportandinyourlabnotesection.
33. PlottheIVcharacteristicsofthediodeusingthedatafromTable4oftheLabReport.Youshouldeitherdoa**CLEAR**plotbyhandoruseaprogramlikeEXCELandpastetheresultsinthespaceprovided.
34. TurninyourcompletedlabreporttoyourTA.FAQsQ: WhenIsimulatemyvalues,whyareallthevaluesthesameallthetimeevenwhenIhave
tolerances?A: YoumusthaveUseTolerancesoptioncheckedundertheSimulatemenu.Q: Whyaresomeofmyvaluesreading0?A: Checkyourconnectionsonyourcircuit.Chancesaresomething'snotconnected.Move
aroundsomeofyourcomponentstomakesurethecorrectpartsareconnected.Q: WhyamInotgettingmycalculatedvalues?A: Chancesareyouprobablywiredacomponentormultimeterwrong.Inaddition,check
you'remeasuringtheappropriatevalue.Ifyou'remeasuringcurrentthroughsomething,makesureyourmeterisconnectedinserieswithit.Ifyou'remeasuringvoltage,besureyourmeterisconnectedparallelwiththevoltageyou'remeasuring.
Q: Whycan'tIfindtoleranceinmyresistors?A: DonotuseRESISTOR_RATED.GotoBASIC=>RESISTOR,andpickouttheappropriate
valuefromthere.Q: WhichvoltagesourceshouldIuse?Whereisground?A: UseDC_POWERunderSOURCES(ithastwoparallellines).Forground,it'sunder
SOURCESaswell.
34
LabNote Date . . 2015
Important concepts / Key ideas
Procedure / DATA
Try and error / Thoughts
35
Description of Diode Operation
Name: EID:
By placing by name and EID above, I am certifying that I determined the answer to the questions posed below and did not copy my answers from a fellow student.
*** Due at the beginning of your lab session ***
Youwillneed2completedcopiesofthisprelab.OneistobeturnedintoyourTAatthe
beginningofthelabsession.Theotheroneistobedoneinyourlabmanual.
1. Find a description on the operation of a diode on the internet (Places to check: How Stuff Works, Encyclopedia.com, etc. ). You need to refer to at least 3 different sources. Provide a summary of the information that you find. At the end of your description, provide the URLs for the sources that you read to write your description
Description of Zener Diode Operation
URLs Referenced http:// http:// http:// http:// http://
Pre-lab: Multisim Simulation of Circuits 1
36
Multisim Simulation of Circuit Lab Report
Submitted by (Print name)
Lab Report : Multisim Simulation of Circuits 1
37
Table 1: Simulated current values in the circuit in Figure 3 of the Lab. Assume that positive currents flow left or right or up to down as appropriate. Make sure you use an appropriate number of significant figures and include your units.
Simulated Value
(Step 19) Simulated Value
(Step 21) Current through 8.2 k resistor Current through 10 k resistor Current through 20 k resistor
TA Signature (Step 22):
Table 2a: Simulated values for the current flowing through the top 10 k resistor in Figure 7 of the Lab.
Make sure you use an appropriate number of significant figures and include your units.
0% tolerance 1% tolerance 5% tolerance
Run #1 Run #2 Run #3 Run #4 Run #5
Table 2b: Simulated values for the voltage across the 1 k resistor circuit in Figure 7 of the Lab. Make sure you use an appropriate number of significant figures and include your units.
0% tolerance 1% tolerance 5% tolerance Run #1 Run #2 Run #3 Run #4 Run #5
Lab Report : Multisim Simulation of Circuits 2
38
Table 2c: Simulated values for the current flowing through the 5 k resistor in Figure 7 of the Lab. Make sure you use an appropriate number of significant figures and include your units.
0% tolerance 1% tolerance 5% tolerance
Run #1 Run #2 Run #3 Run #4 Run #5
TA Signature (Step 28):
Table 3: Simulated values for Figure 8 of the lab
4.3 V Source Voltage 4.3 V Source Current
Table 4: Voltage and Current Values for the Diode in Figure 9 of the lab.
Supply VoltageValue (V)
Diode Voltage (V)
Diode Current (mA)
Lab Report : Multisim Simulation of Circuits 3
39
Plot the I-V characteristics of the diode using the data from Table 4. You should either do a **CLEAR** plot by hand or use a program like EXCEL and paste the results in the space provided below.
Can you use a Zener Diode to replace a voltage source in a circuit? If so, how well does it
match the operation of an ideal voltage source?
Lab Report: Multisim Simulation of Circuits 4
40
Lab5:AudioEqualizer
BackgroundKnowledge:BasicconceptsoffilterandequalizerLowpassFilter:Alowpassfilterisafilterthatpasseslowfrequencysignalsbutattenuates
(reducestheamplitudeof)signalswithfrequencieshigherthanthecutofffrequency.Theactualamountofattenuationforeachfrequencyvariesfromfiltertofilter.
HighpassFilter:AHighpassfilterisafilterthatpasseshighfrequencieswellbutattenuates
(reducestheamplitudeof)signalwithfrequencieslowerthanthefilter'scutofffrequency.Theactualamountofattenuationforeachfrequencyisadesignparameterofthefilter.
BandpassFilter:Abandpassfilterisafilterthatpassesfrequencieswithinacertainrangeand
rejects(attenuates)frequenciesoutsidethatrange.AudioFrequency:Anaudiofrequency(abbreviation:AF),oraudiblefrequencyischaracterizedas
aperiodicvibrationwhosefrequencyisaudibletotheaveragehuman.Whiletherangeoffrequenciesthatanyindividualcanhearislargelyrelatedtoenvironmentalfactors,thegenerallyacceptedstandardrangeofaudiblefrequenciesis20to20,000hertz.Frequenciesbelow20Hzcanusuallybefeltratherthanheard,assumingtheamplitudeofthevibrationishighenough.Frequenciesabove20,000Hzcansometimesbesensedbyyoungpeople,buthighfrequenciesarethefirsttobeaffectedbyhearinglossduetoageand/orprolongedexposuretoveryloudnoises
Assignment1:DesigntheaudioequalizerDesignanaudioequalizerasshownbelowtoadjusttheoutputaudiosignaltothespeaker.Usethefilterexpressviundersignalanalysisfromthefunctionspalette.AlsousetheSpectral
Measurementexpressvitodisplayyoursignal.
LabGoals:
LearnhowtouseLabviewtoprogramanaudioequalizer Understandhowfiltersareusedinsignalprocessing.
RequiredLabMaterial:
NImyDAQkit ASoundSource(Please,bringyouranysoundsourcesuchasiPod)
DueattheendofLab:
Demonstrationofaworkingaudioequalizer
41
Figure1showsthetemplatefortheFrontPanelofyourAudioEqualizer.ThisVIwillbeprovidedbyTA.AlthoughthegiventemplateprovidesgeneralconceptstoimplementanAudioEqualizer,youneedtofollowtheinstructions,modify,andfinishbuildingthecorrespondingblockdiagraminFigure2.
Figure1:AudioEqualizerVItemplate,FrontPanel
Figure2:AudioEqualizerVItemplate,BlockDiagram
42
Refertothefrequencyrangegivenbelow.
TASignature:___________________________________________________________________________
Acknowledgement:ThankstoEricDean(AcademicFieldEngineerofNI)fortheexampleaudioequalizervi.
43
LabNote Date . . 2015
Important concepts / Key ideas
Procedure / DATA
Try and error / Thoughts
44
Lab6:BreadboardandMeasurements
BackgroundKnowledge:PrototypingwithabreadboardAbreadboard(orprototypingboard)isusedtoquicklyconstructcircuitsfortestingandevaluation.You
willbeusingdifferenttypesofprotoboardsduringyourvariouslabsatUT.Thissectionprovidessomegeneralcommentsandsuggestionsforthesebreadboards.
Thebreadboardhasmanystripsofmetal(copperusually)whichrununderneaththeboard.Themetal
stripsareconnectedasoutlinedinorangebelow.Thesestripsconnecttheholesontheboard.Thismakesiteasytoconnectcomponentstogetherandbuildcircuits.Tousethebreadboard,thelegsofcomponentsareplacedintheholes(thesockets).Eachholeisconnectedtooneofthemetalstripsrunningunderneaththeboard.Anodeisapointinacircuitwheretwocomponentsareconnected.Connectionsbetween
Duebeginningoflab:
Completedprelabquestions.Onecopyistobeturnedinandonecopyshouldbeplacedinyourengineeringnotebook.
BlankcopyoftheLabReport.Onecopyofthelabreportwillbeturnedin.
Youcaneitherplaceanothercopyofthelabreportintoyournotebook,orcopydownthedatacollected.
LabGoals:
Learnhowtobuildacircuitonabreadboardfromacircuitschematic. Learnhowtomeasurevoltageandcurrentaccuratelyfromacircuit
onaprotoboard. Observehowthevaluesobtainedfromrealcomponentsdifferfrom
thosecalculatedfromidealcomponents. Gainanintuitiveunderstandingonhowchangesinresistanceaffect
characteristicsofaDCcircuit.
Equipmentneeded: Tworesistors,with5%precision,witheachofthefollowingvalues:
2k,3k,5.1k,10k,and20k. One(1)breadboard Yourlabnotebook MyDAQwithconnectionprobes(BlackandRed) AcopyoftheResistorOrganizationSheet(Searchtheinternet)
Dueattheendoflab:
TurninyourcompletedlabreporttoyourTA.
45
differentcomponentsareformedbyputtingtheirlegsinacommonnode.Onthebreadboard,anodeistherowofholesthatareconnectedbythestripofmetalunderneath.Thelongread&bluerowofholesareusuallyusedforpowersupplyconnections.
Figure1:TypicalBreadboard
Herearetwoexamplecircuitsconnectingresistorsinseriesandparallel.
Figure2:ResistorsinParallel
46
Figure3:ResistorsinSeries
TheConceptWhenbuildinga"permanentcircuit"thecomponentsaretogether(asinanintegratedcircuit),solderedtogether(asonaprintedcircuitboard),orheldtogetherbyscrewsandclamps(asinhousewiring).Inlab,wewantsomethingthatiseasytoassembleandeasytochange.Wealsowantsomethingthatcanbeusedwiththesamecomponentsthat"real"circuitsuse.Mostofthesecomponentshavepiecesofwireormetaltabsstickingoutofthemtoformtheirterminals.HowitWorksTheheartofthesolderlessbreadboardisasmallmetalclipthatlookslikethis:
Figure4:MetalClip
Theclipismadeofnickelsilveramaterialwhichisreasonablyconductive,reasonablyspringy,and
reasonablycorrosionresistant.Becauseeachofthepairsoffingersisindependent,wecaninserttheendofawirebetweenanypairwithoutreducingthetensioninanyoftheotherfingers.Henceeachpaircanholdawirewithmaximumtension.Tomakeabreadboard,anarrayoftheseclipsisembeddedinaplasticblockwhichholdstheminplaceandinsulatesthemfromeachother,likethis:
47
Figure5:BreadboardHoleswithclips
Theholeintheblockaboveeachpairoffingersholdsthewireaccuratelycenteredintheclip.
Dependingonthesizeandarrangementoftheclips,wegeteitherasocketstriporabusstrip.Thesocketstripisusedforconnectingcomponentstogether.Ithastworowsofshort(5contact)clipsarrangedoneaboveanother(Figure6).
Figure6:BusStrip
Thebusstripisusedtodistributepowerandgroundvoltagesthroughthecircuit.Ithasfourlong(25
contact)clipsarrangedlengthwise(Figure7).
Figure7:BusStrip
Notethatthemanufacturerelectednottojointheadjacent25contactstripsintoasingle,fulllength,
50contactstrips.Ifthisiswhatyouwant,youwillhavetobridgethecentralgapyourself.Whenwecombinetwosocketstrips,threebusstrips,andthreebindingpostsonaplasticbase,weget
thebreadboard:
48
Figure8:Breadboard
Thebreadboardletsusconnectcomponentstogetherandbywiringthebusstripstothebindingposts
andthebindingpoststothepowersupply,toconnectthepowersupplytothecircuit.Nowwhatweneedisawaytobringconnectionsfromtherestoftheinstrumentsintothebreadboard.
ABCDEFGHIJ
ABCDEFGHIJ
ABCDEFGHIJ
ABCDEFGHIJ
ABCDEFGHIJ
ABCDEFGHIJ
49
Assignment1:BuildthecircuitOneofthegoalsofthislabistogiveyouexperiencebuildingacircuitonaprotoboard.Youstudied
someaspectsofthisprocessaspartoftheprelabassignment.Ifyoustillhavequestionsaboutthis,reviewtheinformationinyourlabmanualordiscusstheprocesswithyourpartners.TheschematicforthefirstcircuitisshownbelowinFigure4.
Figure9:BreadboardandMeasurementsFirstCircuit
4. Buildthiscircuitonthebreadboard.GetTAsignature.5. AportforthepowersupplywillbetheAnalogOutputportofyourNImyDAQ.Theconnectionswill
beAGNDandAO0.6. ConnectawirefromtheAGNDtothepointDinFigure9.Youmayneedtousemultiplewiresto
makethisconnection.Forclarity,youshouldusewiresofthesamecolor.7. Connectanotherwire(ofadifferentcolor)fromtheAO0topointAofFigure9.Youmayneedto
usemultiplewirestomakethisconnection.Forclarity,youshouldusewiresofthesamecolor.8. GetyourTAtoverifythatyourcircuitiscorrect.Ifitis,yourTAwillsigntheappropriateplaceinthe
labreport.9. WewillnowmeasurevoltagesbetweenpointsA,B,C,andD.Thesevoltagescanbeusedto
calculatethecurrentthroughtheresistors.Youcalculatedtheexpectedvaluesforthesevoltagesaspartofyourprelabassignment.Wewillcomparethoseresultstothoseyouwillmeasure.
10. DrawthecircuitshowninFigure9aboveintheboxprovidedintheLabReport.Includewhereyou
willplacevoltmeters(denotedbyaVinsideacircle;includethepositiveandnegativeterminals)tomeasureVAB,VBC,andVCD.Youwillhavemorethanonevoltmeterinyourcircuit.
11. EnterthevaluesyoucalculatedfromtheprelabintotheappropriatelocationinTable1oftheLabReport.
12. Runyourvifromlab3togenerateaDCvoltagetoyourcircuit.
50
13. SettheDCvoltagevalueto5volts.Youcaneitherusetheknobonthefrontpanelofyourviortypethevalue5V.
14. MeasureVAB,VBC,andVCDusingyourmyDAQandtheDigitalMultimeter(DMM).(MakesureyourprobesareconnectedtotheVoltageslotandnotthecurrentslot).EnterthevoltagemeasuredintoyournotebookandintheappropriateplaceofTable1oftheLabReport.Makesureyouuseanappropriatenumberofsignificantfiguresandtheunits.ConfirmthatKVLissatisfiedbysummingyourmeasuredvaluesinthetabletofindVAD.
15. Disassemblethecircuityouhavebuilt.Assignment2:MeasurementsonthesecondcircuitWewillnowcreateadifferentcircuitwhichisshowninFigure5.
Figure10:SecondCircuitforCircuitsILab
1. Buildthiscircuitonthebreadboard.2. ConnecttheAGNDandAO0wirestotheappropriateplacesinthecircuit.3. GetyourTAtoverifythatyourcircuitiscorrect.Ifitis,yourTAwillsigntheappropriateplacein
thelabreport.4. Thistime,wewillmeasurethecurrentsI1,I2,I3,andI4flowingthroughitsresistorbymeasuring
thevoltageacrossitandthencalculatingthecurrentfromthismeasurement.5. DrawthecircuitshowninFigure10aboveintheboxprovidedintheLabReport.Includewhere
youwillplaceammeters(denotedbyanAinsideacircle;includethepositiveandnegativeterminals)tomeasureI1,I2,I3,andI4.Youwillhavemorethanoneammeterinyourcircuit.
6. EnterthevaluesyoucalculatedfromtheprelabintotheappropriatelocationinTable2oftheLabReport.
7. SettheDCvoltagevalueto5volts.Youcaneitherusetheknobonyourviortypethevalue5Vintothespaceprovided.
8. Measurethecurrentvalueflowingthrougheachresistor.UsethecurrentsettingonmyDAQtodothis.EnterthecurrentmeasuredintobothyournotebookandintheappropriateplaceofTable2oftheLabReport.Assumethatpositivecurrentsflowfromlefttorightoruptodownasappropriate.Makesureyouuseanappropriatenumberofsignificantfiguresandtheunits.RememberthatKCLmustbesatisfied.
5V
5k
10k20k20k
AI1
I4I3I2
51
**Ifyouarehavingtroublegettinganonzerocurrentmeasurement,gotothepropertiesmenuforyourmultimeterandselectSpecifyRangeto20mAinsteadofAuto**
9. Disassemblethecircuityouhavebuilt.10. TurninyourcompletedlabreporttoyourTA.
FAQs Q: Whywontmycircuitwork?A: Checkyourconnections.Onlythe5holesinarowareconnected;thecolumnsarenot
connected,androwsacrossthemiddlecrevassearenotconnected!Q: WhyamInotmeasuringcurrentcorrectly?A: IntheblockdiagramVI,edittherangeoptionforcurrentto20mA.
Q: HowdoImeasurecurrentanyway?
A: Breaktheconnection,andconnectyourmyDAQprobesinseriestocompletetheconnection,asyouwouldwitharesistor.Also,besuretochangeyourmyDAQredprobeintothecorrectplug.
Q: WhydomyvaluesfluctuatesomuchandwhyamInotgettinganygoodreading?A: Youneedtomakeagoodcontactwithyourprobestothemetalleadsoftheresistorsin
ordertominimizecontactresistanceandgiveagoodreading.Youmayneedtopressthemeterleadstotheresistorterminalsordosomeotherinterventiontomakeitwork.
52
LabNote Date . . 2015
Important concepts / Key ideas
Procedure / DATA
Try and error / Thoughts
53
1
2
Name: EID:
By placing by name and EID above, I am certifying that I determined the answer to the questions posed below and did not copy my answers from a fellow student.
*** Due at the beginning of your lab session ***
Youwillneed2completedcopiesofthisprelab.OneistobeturnedintoyourTAatthebeginningofthelabsession.Theotheroneistobedoneinyourlabmanual.Required Readings:
APPENDIX A: MULTIMETER BASICS of the lab manual APPENDIX B: KEEPING AN ENGINEERING NOTEBOOK of the lab manual
1. Determine what the appropriate color bands are for the resistors to be used in this lab. Place your
answers in the table below.
Resistor First Color Second Color Multiplier Color 1 k
2 k 3 k 5 k
10 k 20 k
2. Draw the appropriate schematic diagram in the box provided for each of the following protoboard
circuits.
+10 volts 1
2
Ground
(a)
Pre-lab: Breadboard and Measurement 1
54
CB
E D A
R
C Ground B
E D A
+5 volts
(b)
3. Indicate where you'd place a ammeter to measure the current through the voltage source and where you'd place a voltmeter to measure the voltage of resistor R2 in the diagram below. Place you re- drawn circuit in the box provided.
R R2 5V R1
Pre-lab: Breadboard and Measurement 2
55
4. Use the three circuits below to calculate the quantities requested. Assume that positive current flows either left to right or up to down as appropriate. Make sure you include units and an appropriate number of significant figures.
Paramet Val
Voltage between points A(+) & B(-) VAB
Voltage between points B(+) & C(-) VBC
Voltage between points C(+) & D(-) VCD
(a)
Re-do part (a) assuming that the 5 k resistor is 5.1 k.
Paramet Val
Voltage between points A(+) & B(-) VAB
Voltage between points B(+) & C(-) VBC
Voltage between points C(+) & D(-) VCD
(b)
Pre-lab: Breadboard and Measurement 3
56
Parameter Value
I1
I2
I3
I4
(c) Re-do part (c) assuming that the 5 k resistor is 5.1 k.
Parameter Value I1
I2
I3
I4
(d)
Pre-lab: Breadboard and Measurement 4
57
Circuits II - Breadboarding and Measurements Lab Report
Submitted by (Print names)
Lab Report: Breadboard and Measurement 1
58
Assignment1:Buildthecircuit
TA Signature (Step 4): Place the drawing asked for in Step 5 in the box below. Also, put your Voltmeters with
appropriate polarity for the measurement.
Table 1: Measured and Calculated voltage values in the circuit in Figure 9 of the Lab. Make sure you use an appropriate number of significant figures and include your units.
Calculated Voltage Measured Voltage VAB
VBC
VCD
VAD=VAB+ VBC+ VCD
TA Signature (Step 13):
Lab Report: Breadboard and Measurement 2
59
Assignment2:Buildthecircuit
TA Signature (Step 3): Place the drawing asked for in Step 2 in the box below. Also, put your Ammeters with appropriate
polarity for the measurement.
Table 2: Measured and Calculated current values in the circuit in Figure 10 of the Lab. Make sure you use an appropriate number of significant figures and include your units.
Calculated Current Measured Current
I1
I2
I3
I4
Lab Report: Breadboard and Measurement 3
60
Lab7:SolderingandKitAssembly
Assignment1:PracticesolderingUsingtheinstructionsstartingonpage4ofthekitinstructions,practicesolderingusingthepractice
padsontheedgeofthecircuitboardasshowninFigure2intheinstructions.Beforeproceeding,haveyourTAinspectyoursolderingtechnique.
Assignement2:SoldercomponentstotheboardUsingtheinstructionsstartingonpage6ofyourkitdocumentation,solderthecomponentstothe
board.Payspecialattentiontotheorientationofthefollowingcomponents,astheymustbeinstalledinthecorrectorientation:
C6100Felectrolyticcapacitor IC1555or1455timerintegratedcircuit C1,C2,C310Felectrolyticcapacitor Q1,Q22N3904transistors LEDs
DemonstrateyourworkingboardtoyourTA.Ifyouhaveproblems,askhimorherforassistancein
diagnosingthecause.
Duebeginningoflab: Beforecomingtolab,reviewtheseonlineresourcesforlearningtosolderor
findyourownusingawebsearch: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldering http://www.instructables.com/id/E30LR180T4EWP872BS/?ALLSTEPS
(Thissitecontainsvideoswhichyoumayfindhelpful.)LabGoals:Bytheendofthislab,studentswill: Learnhowtosolderelectroniccomponentstoaprintedcircuitboard. LearnhowtousetoolstobuildthesirenandflashingLEDcircuit.RequiredLabMaterial: Akittoassemblealongwiththefollowingtoolsandinstrument: Solderingiron,stand,solder,andsolderwick Screwdrivers,wirecutters,andpliersAtthecompletionofthislabpleasereturntheequipmentDueattheendoflab: Demonstrationofyourassembledandworkingkit.
61
FAQs
Q: Whichpartshavepolarity?A: Theelectrolyticcapacitorshaveanegativeendmarkedbyawhitestripe.TheLED'shaveaflat
endthatisthenegativeend;youmayhavetoholduptothelighttosee.Also,thenegativeterminalsofboththesedeviceshaveshorterleads.Ceramiccapacitors(orange),resistors,andspeakershavenopolarity.
Q: HowdoIremovesolder?Isolderedapartonincorrectly!A: Usethecoppersolderingwickbysandwichingitbetweenthesolderingironandthesolder
lump.Useplierstoremovetheaffectedpartonceyouremoveenoughsolder(youwillknow).Q: Mysolderingironwon'theatthesoldertomeltit!WhatshouldIdo?A: Chancesareyourtipisbadlyoxidized,soeithercleanthetiporgetanewiron.
62
LabNote Date . . 2015
Important concepts / Key ideas
Procedure / DATA
Try and error / Thoughts
63
Lab8:SolarPowerDataLogging
BackgroundKnowledge:SolarPanelsIncidentsunlightcanbeconvertedintoelectricitybyphotovoltaicconversionusingasolarpanel,which
consistsofindividualcellsthatarelargeareasemiconductordiodes.Lightisabsorbedinthesilicon,generatingbothexcessholesandelectrons.TheseexcesschargescanflowthroughanexternalcircuittoproducepowerandtheequivalentcircuitofasinglecellamountstoacurrentsourceasshowninFigure5.
Inelectricalengineering,itisoftenofinterestwhencharacterizingadevicetolookatitscurrentand
voltagerelationship,knownastheIVcharacteristicsofthedevicebecauseofthecurrentversusvoltagegraphsthatarecommonlyusedtorepresentthisrelationship.Similarly,anotherrelationshipthatisofinterestforadeviceisthepowervoltageorPVcharacteristics.
TheIVcharacteristicsofasolarpanelarenonlinearandfollowthegeneralshapeandequationshown
inFigure6.Thecurrentismaximumfortheshortcircuitcondition(i.e.,V=0),andthevoltageismaximumfortheopencircuitcondition(i.e.,I=0).Maximumpower,Pmax,correspondstoVmandIm.
SolarPowerandTypicalPanelFacts:
Cleardayincidentsolarenergy(i.e.solarinsolation):1kW/m2
Dueatthebeginningoflab: Readthebackgroundinformationtothislab.LabGoals: DeterminetheIVandPVcharacteristicsofasolarpanel Learnaboutarenewableenergysourceapplication Determinethemaximumpowerdeliveredbyasolarpanel LearntouseMicrosoftEXCELtodisplaydatagraphically.RequiredLabMaterial: SolarPanel myDAQ ComputerwithMicrosoftExcel
64
Solarpanelpoweroutputfacingabrightsun:140W/m2 For24/7poweravailability,deepdischargebatteriesstoreenergyfornighttimeorovercast
daytimeuse.Solarpanelefficiency:14% Efficiencydecreaseswithhightemperatures. AneverydayapplicationofsolarpowerissomeoftheLEDflashingsignsfromtheTxDOTin
schoolzones,forinstance. Vocpercell(refertofigure6):0.50.6V A12Vbatterychargingpanelhas(refertofigure6):36cells,atotalVoc19V,aVm14V Eachseriescellinasolarpanelmaycontainmultipleindividualcellsinparalleltoincreasethe
totalsurfaceareaandpowergeneratingcapability. Solarpowercost:$45/Wperpanel+$45/Wforbatteriesandelectronics Vm,Im,andtheThveninequivalentresistancevarywithlightlevel,makingoperationat
maximumpowerdifficult. DCDCconvertersoftenusedtomatchtheloadresistancetotheThveninequivalent
resistanceformaximumpoweroutputandchargestoragebatteriesinawaythatmaximizesbatterylife.
Ideally,asolarpanelshouldbeperpendiculartheincidentraysofthesunandtrackitlikeasunflowertomaximizeenergycapture.SunpositionsforAustinareshowninFigure7.
Typically,panelsarefixedinpositionfacingtruesouthduetohighwindsurvivabilityandadjustedonlyseasonallyforaltitude(winterangle=latitude+20,summerangle=latitude10).ForAustinssuggestedseasonalpanelangles,seeFigure8.
YourSolarPanelSystem:
LookslikeFigure1. TranslatestoanequivalentcircuitasinFigure2 ShouldhavecharacteristicsonovercastandsunnydaysasinFigure3 ShouldhaveaVoc=19V(opencircuitvoltage),Isc=0.1A(shortcircuitcurrent),andPmax=1.2W
(maximumpower) Usesacurrentsampling/sensingresistorof10 Hasapotentiometer(orvariableresistor)asaloadwitharangefrom01k Canbeusedfortricklechargingautomobileandboatbatteriestoreplenishleakagelossesand
powerdrawnbydashboardelectronics,theftdetectors,etc. Isidenticaltocommercialgrade(40100W)panelsusedforpoweringremotecommunication
sites,schoolzoneflashers,andotherloadswhereconventionalpowerisnotreadilyavailableorisexpensive,exceptforthecurrentscalefactor.
65
66
Assignment1:ExperimentalProcedures1. Ifpossible,performtheexperimentsoutsideinfullsunlight.Analternativetothesunistousethe
lampsprovidedinENS212(thepowerlab).2. Ifyouareperformingtheexperimentinsunlight,orientthepanelsothatitisperpendiculartothe
sun.Shadowsprojectedbythesidesofthepanelwillhelpyoualignit.Holdingapencilalongsideandperpendiculartothepanelisalsohelpful.Theshadowofthepencilwillbeaminimumwhenthepencilpointsdirectlytowardsthesun.
3. Ifyouareusingalamp,visuallyorientthepanelsothatitisperpendiculartothelamprays.Keepthepanelatleast12inchesfromthelightbulbtoavoidoverheatingthepanel.Ifyouareusingafocusedbeam,donotconcentratethelightonasmallpartofthepanel,butinstead,spreadthebeamovertheentirepanelface.
4. Oncetheexperimentsbegin,donotmovethepanel.5. Addavoltagedividercircuitacrossthepanelvoltage,whichconsistsoftwohighvalueresisters
connectedinseries.TheTAwillprovidethis.6. RunwiresfromAI0tooneofthevoltagedividerresisterandalsorunwiresfromAI1tothesensing
resister(10)7. YouwillusetheVIyoucreatedforprelabtoacquiredata.8. EnsurethatthefileyouarewritingtoisanExcelfile.Todothis,doubleclickthewritetofilenode
intheblockdiagramandadialogboxwillpopup.SelectMicrosoftExcelundertheFileformatcategoryandcreateafileinaconvenientfolderlocationundertheFilenamecategory.
9. Turnthepotentiometercounterclockwiseuntilitcannotbeturned.10. StarttheVIandslowlyturnthepotentiometerinaclockwisedirectionuntilyoureachtheend.11. StoptheVI.12. YouwillusetheloggeddatatocreateanIVcharacteristicplotandPVcharacteristicplotofthe
SolarpanelonMSExcel.13. BasedonthedataacquiredyouwillalsousetheequationinFigure3togenerateatheoreticalIV
andPVplot.14. Haveboththemeasuredplotandthetheoreticalplotonthesamegraphforcomparison.15. CompletetheSolarPowerLabReportusingthehardcopyyoubroughttolabandturnacopyinto
yourTAattheendoflab.
Acknowledgments: ThesolarpanelsandassociatedhardwareusedinthislabweredonatedbyTXUElectric. TheintroductorymaterialwastakenfromDr.EwaldFuchslecturenotesforECEN3170,
EnergyConversionI,UniversityofColoradoatBoulder.ForMoreInformation:ThreeexcellentwebsitesforinformationonsolarpowerareJadeMountain,www.jademountain.com,theTexasSolarEnergySociety,www.txses.org,andSouthwestPVSystems,www.southwestpv.com.
ThislabwascreatedbyDr.Gradyon11/16/01andmodifiedbySeunghyunChunon12/18/2010.FAQs
Q: WhatamIsupposedtomeasure?A: Removethecurrentsensingresistorandmeasurethevoltageacrosstheterminalswherethe
resistorusedtobe.Thisisyouropencircuitvoltage.Replacetheresistor.Whilesweepingthevariableloadresistor,measurethevoltageacrosstheloadresistor,VL,thenmeasurethevoltageacrossthecurrentsensingresistorVR.DivideVRby10(thevalueofthecurrentsensingresistor,andthisvaluewillbeyourmeasuredcurrentIR.Takeseveraldatapointsof(VR,IR).
67
LabNote Date . . 2015
Important concepts / Key ideas
Procedure / DATA
Try and error / Thoughts
68
Solar Power Data Logging Lab Report
Submitted by (Print names)
Lab Report: Solar Power and Data Logging 1
69
Please, state the Weather Condition (Cloudy, Sunny, or Using a light source in the lab) Solar Power: I-V plot (Both Theoretical and Measured values in the same plot)
Solar Power: P-V plot (Both Theoretical and Measured values in the same plot)
Explain why there is a difference between the theoretical values and measured values. Lab Report: Solar Power and Data Logging 2
70
Lab9:IntroductionofFinalProject(RobotCar)Trainingmodule1(Rock,Paper,Scissors),Subsystem(LineFollower)
IntroductionThefinalprojectwillbedoneingroupsof34people.Eachmemberofthegroupwillberesponsible
foroneofthesubsystems.Theoverallgoaloftheprojectistodesignandbuildarobotcarthatwillautomaticallytraverseanobstaclecourse.Asameobstaclecoursecanbefoundacouplepageslater.Theobstaclecoursewillbesplitupintosixphases.Thegradethatyouandyourgroupwillgetdependsonbothhowmanyphasesoftheobstaclecourseyourrobotsuccessfullyclears.Therewillbearobotcarcompetitioninthefinaldemonstration;moreover,theawardandprizewillbeendowedtothebestperformedgroup.
GradeBreakdown
Phase Your grade can be up to 1 70 2 80 3 90 4 100 5 (Bonus) 105 6 (Bonus) 110
Dueatthebeginningoflab: Readthelabmanual.LabGoals: Learnhowtoworkinagrouptocompletealargeproject Learnhowtobreakdownalargeprojectintosmallerparts LearnhowtobrainstormandconstructsolutionstoperformataskRequiredLabMaterial: 3xmyDAQ(numberofmyDAQcanbevariedbytheRobotCarfunctions) Computerwithatleast3USBports
71
SubSystemOverviewSteeringLogic
Description:Willworkoncontrollingtheindividualmotorsthatdrivethecar.Needstoacceptandperformsimplefunctionssuchasturningleft/right90degrees,etc.TrainingModule1:Rock/Paper/Scissor
LineFollower
Description:WillworkonthecircuitandLabViewtogetthecartofollowadarklineonawhitesurface.InterfacesstronglywiththeSteeringLogicsystem.Needstofigureouthowtogetthecartostayontheline,followsharpturns,andgetbacktothelineifitgetsoff.TrainingModule2:OPAmplogicLab
ProximitySensorLogic
Description:theIRdistancesensorswillbeusedtonavigatethecarthroughthepartofthemazethathaswalls.Therewillbenolinestofollow.
GeneralPathAlgorithm
Description:Mainlyasystemsintegrationandprogrammingheavysystem.Willhavetointerfacestronglywitheveryonetomakesurethatthecarfinishesthemaze.
TrainingModule
Thefinalprojectisdifferentfromyourpreviouslabsinthatyouwillnotgetasetofinstructionsto
followandimplement.Instead,youwillneedtobrainstormwithyourteamtodeterminethebestdesignforyourrobottocompletetheobstaclecourse.Inordertohelpyouaccomplishthisgoal,wehavedesignedspecialtrainingmodulesthateachstudentmustcompletebeforestartingtoworkonyourfinalproject.Eachsubsystemwillhaveitsownassociatedtrainingmodulethatismeanttoexposethestudentstosomeoftheconceptsandskillsnecessarytocompletetheirsubsystem.Keepinmind,however,thatmuchofthefinalprojectwillrequireeachstudenttoperformmanysearchesintheliteratureandonlineinordertocomeupwiththebestsolution.
72
ObstacleCourseYourcarwillneedtofollowthesolidblacklineasitmakesitswaythroughthecourse.Thenumberof
phasesthatyourcarsuccessfullyclearsdeterminesyourgrade.
Phase1:Straightline.Thecarmustbeabletofollowastraightlineforadistance.
Phase2:Slowturn.Thecarmustbeabletotakeseverallargeanglet
Phase3:Sharpturn.Thecarmustbeabletoa90degreeturn.
Phase4:Atacertainsectionofthecourse,theTAwillintroduceanobstacleinthepathofyourcar(suchasabook).Thecarmustbeabletosensethisandstopmovingwhiletheobstacleisthere.TheTAwillthenremovetheobstacleandthecarshouldresumeitspath.
Phase5:Thecarwillnavigatethroughasectionofthemazewithnolinesontheground,onlywalls.Theproximitysensorshouldpreventthecarfromhittingawall.
Phase6:Attheendofthecourse,theguidelinewillturnred.Thecarshouldstophere.
73
TrainingModule1:Rock,Paper,Scissors
BackgroundKnowledge:UnderstandingaFlexSensorAflexsensorhastheuniquepropertythatitchangesitsinternalresistancebasedonhowmuchitis
bent.Atypicalflexsensorwillhavearesistanceof20kOhmswhenitisflat.Thisresistancegraduallyincreasesandthesensorisbentfurther.Typicalrangesofbentresistancesarebetween40kand60kOhms.Figure1showstheSpectraSymbolFlexSensor.Noticethatthereisagridononesideofthesensor.Thegridshouldbefacingoutwardwhenthesensorisbent,astheresistancewillnotchangeifbenttheotherway.
Flexsensorscanbeusedinavarietyofapplications,fromroboticbumperstoplayingtheairguitar,andonceyouunderstandthebasics,withalittlecreativitythepossibilitiesareendless!
Dueatthebeginningoflab: Completedprelabquestions.Onecopyistobeturnedinandonecopy
shouldbeplacedinyourengineeringnotebook BlankcopyoftheLabReport.Onecopyofthelabreportwillbeturned
in. Youcaneitherplaceanothercopyofthelabreportintoyournotebook,or
copydownthedatacollected.LabGoals: Learnaboutbasicgesturerecognitionusingflexsensors Understandhowtovaryvoltageusingaflexsensor Implementavoltagedividerinacircuit
RequiredLabMaterial: 2xSpectrasymbolFlexSensor(SEN10264) 2x22kOhmresistors Yourlabnotebook NImyDAQkit
Dueattheendoflab: TurninyourcompletedlabreporttoyourTA
74
Figure1:SpectraSymbolFlexSensor
TheFlexsensorhastwoleads,andsinceitactsmuchlikearesistor,theorientationoftheleadsdoes
notmatter.Anadditionalresistorisrequiredinordertoturnthesensorintoasimplevoltagedivider.TheoutputvoltageissenttoanAnalogInputpin.
Assignment1:BuildingtheCircuit1. FillinChart1inyourlabreport.Makesuretomeasureresistancewhentheflexsensorisnot
poweredbyasource.2. AnexamplecircuitisshowninFigure2.Buildtwocopiesofthiscircuitonyourbreadboard.Make
suretoattachtheoutputofoneofthemtoAI_0asindicatedinFigure2andtheothertoAI_1.
Figure2:FlexSensorschematicmadeinMultisim
3. FillinChart2ofyourlabreport.4. CallaTAovertosignyourlabreporttoverifythefunctionalityofyourcircuit.5. DownloadtheVIforthislabfromblackboard.Itshouldresemblethefollowing.
75
Figure3:FrontPanel
Figure4:BlockDiagram
6. Attachoneflexsensortoyourmiddlefingerandtheothertoyourringfinger.Refertothechart
belowandtheVItodeterminewhichsensorshouldgoonwhichfinger.ThevaluesofthesetwosensorswilldeterminethepositionaccordingtoTable1.A1representsabentfinger.Forexample,ifthemoveisPaper,thenneithersensorwillbebent,andifthemoveisScissors,thenonlytheringfingershouldbebent.
7. Connectthe0pinstoground.8. **Ensurethatthegridsideofthesensorisfacingupwards.Youcanattachthesensorstoyour
fingerswithtapeorrubberbands.Experimentwithwhatpositioningofthesensoronthefingerworksbest.
76
Table1
Ring Finger Bit 1
Middle Finger Bit 0
Decimal Number Game Move 0 0 0 Paper 0 1 1 Invalid 1 0 2 Scissors 1 1 3 Rock
9. Writeinyourlabnotesectiontoindicatewhichfingergoestowhichinputport(AI_0,AI_1).10. ThesetupscreenfortheDAQAssistantisshowninfigure5.
Figure5:DAQAssistantsetup
11. AstatemachinewasusedtoprogramtheRockPaperScissorsgame.Atthestartofeachgame,
thevalueoftheflexsensorsisreadinontheAnalogInlinesusingtheDAQAssistant.Thevoltagesfromtheflexsensorsarethencomparedtoathresholdvoltagethatdetermineswhetherthesensorisbentornot.Thismayvarydependingontherestingandbentresistanceoftheparticularflexsensor.Inourcase,agoodthresholdwas3V.Oncethemoveoftheuserisdetermined,thesoftwaredetermineswhowinstheroundanddisplaysapopuptotheuser.Iftheplayerpressesstop,thenthestatemachinewillgotoaQuitstate,andtheprogramwilldeterminewhowonthemostRockPaperScissorsbattles.ThefrontpanelandblockdiagramareshowninFigure4and5.Taketimetolookthroughthevariousstatesinthisvi.Whenyouunderstandhowitworks,playthegame!
12. Playwiththeprogramandthenwhenyouaresatisfiedwithitsperformance,callaTAovertoverifythefunctionalityofyourgame.
13. Measureresistanceorvoltageforothersensors.(Photoresistor:resistancemeasurement,IRsensor:directVoltagemeasurementwithwhiteline)
77
Acknowledgement:AspecialthankstoJackieLeverett(SummerELPInternofNI)fortheexampleRockPaperScissorsgame.
Subsystem:LineFollowerDescriptionUsetheAPIcreatedbytheSteeringsubsystemandaphotoresistorcircuittodetectawhitelineona
blacksurfaceandfollowtheline.Mustdeveloptheoptimalphotoresistor/IRsensorsetuptoaccomplishthistask.
Thelinewillnotbejustastraightlinebutwillalsohavesharp(90degree)turns.Thispartofthecarmustenablethecartostayontheline.Ifthecarlosestrackoftheline,thereshouldbeawayforthecartofindthelineagainandcontinueinthecorrectdirection.
SuggestedReading
Photoresistoro http://www.societyofrobots.com/schematics_photoresistor.shtml
Photocelldatasheeto http://www.advancedphotonix.com/ap_products/pdfs/PDVP8103.pdf
DeliverablesBuildthephotoresistorarraytokeeptrackofthewhitelineduringoperation.Couldpotentiallyuse
anarrayofphotoresistorstobettertheperformanceofthissubsystem.Thealgorithmwillvaryaccordingly.
FollowLine(Boolean) Follows the line as long as the Boolean is set
to true. FindLine() Searches for the line
LabGoals: Learnhowaphotoresistorworks HandsonexperiencebuildingavoltagedividerRequiredLabMaterial: Photoresistor,IRsensor 5x20kOhmresistors
78
LabNote Date . . 2015
Important concepts / Key ideas
Procedure / DATA
Try and error / Thoughts
79
Name: EID: ByplacingbynameandEIDabove,IamcertifyingthatIdeterminedtheanswertothe
questionsposedbelowanddidnotcopymyanswersfromafellowstudent.***Dueatthebeginningofyourlabsession***
Youwillneed2completedcopiesofthisprelab.OneistobeturnedintoyourTAatthebeginningofthelabsession.Theotheroneistobedoneinyourlabmanual.1. ReadthebackgroundknowledgesectionofLabX.2. WritedowntheequationforthevoltageatAI_0forthecircuitinFigure1.LetRflexbethe
resistanceoftheFlexSensor.
Vai_0=
Figure1
3. Drawacircuitdiagramforthefollowing.OmittheAI_0wire.Instead,drawwhereyouwould
placeyourvoltagemetertoobtainthevoltageatAI_0 Pre-lab: Final Project, Training Module 1 1
80
4. MakethiscircuitinMultisim.5. Filloutchart1bysimulatingthiscircuitusingmultisim.ReplacetheFlex_Sensorwitha
normalresistor.Assumetolerance0%forallresistors.
Rflex(kOhms) Vai_0(calculatedfrom Q2) Vai_0(Multisim)204060
6. DothesimulatedvaluesinMultisimmatchthecalculatedvaluesfromyourequationinQ2?Whyorwhynot?
Pre-lab: Final Project, Training Module 1 2
81
FinalProject:TrainingModule1Rock,Paper,ScissorsandSensorlevelmeasurements
Submittedby(Printnames)
Lab Report: Final Project, Training Module 1 1
82
Chart1:ResistanceMeasurementsofFlexSensorHowmuchtobendtheFlex Sensor ResistanceoftheSensor(ohms)
UnbentHalfwaybentFullybent
Chart2:VoltageMeasurementsattheOutputHowmuchtobendtheFlex Sensor VoltageatOutput(v)
Unbent Halfwaybent Fullybent
TASignature(Step4):
TASignature(Step12):
Question:Dothevaluescalculatedintheprelabfromananalyticalapproach,simulatedinMultisimandmeasuredonthebreadboardmatch?Whyorwhynot?
Lab Report: Final Project, Training Module 1 2
83
Chart3:ResistanceMeasurementsofPhotoresistorColorLinebelowthephotoresistor ResistanceoftheSensor(ohms)
BlackWhiteRed
Chart4:VoltageMeasurementsofIRsensors(Directmeasurementofwhiteline)
Distancefromthesensor Voltageat Output(v)10cm
20cm
30cm
TASignature:
Question:Howdoyouapplyabovemeasuredvaluesofyoursensorsforthesensorsystemfor
yourrobotcar?Please,describeyourthoughtsconcisely.
Lab Report: Final Project, Training Module 1 3
84
r
Circuit Correct 1st Time? Circuit Correct 2nd Time? Circuit Correct 3rd Time? Circuit Correct 4th Time? Circuit Correct 5th Time?
Lab10:ProficiencyExam EE 302 Lab Proficiency Exam - Example
(Time for Exam: 20 minutes) Name: EID: Professor:
The goal of this exam is to measure your abilities to build a circuit on a breadboard based on a
circuit schematic and accurately measure currents and voltages from this circuit. The circuit you are to build is shown below:
Your MUST have a TA check your circuit BEFORE moving onto the measurements.
Build this circuit using the breadboard and resistors provided. Use the multimeter provided to
fill in the table below. The value of DC will be provided to you by your TA.
Quantity
Value (include units)
Verification By TA
Req seen by the voltage source
V
I
Notes
1. All resistors have a tolerance of 5% 2. You may write any information that you want on this sheet.
You CANNOT use MultiSim, the circuit simulation package 3. All values placed in the table above MUST BE CONFIRMED by TAs.
NO EXCEPTIONS! 4. If you blow a fuse in the multimeter when taking a measurement, you will not receive any
credit for that measurement or any measurements that would still need to be taken. 5. All resistors must be returned to the packet provided at the end of the exam.
85
Lab11:TheveninEquivalentCircuits
Dueatthebeginningoflab: YourcompletedPrelab.OnecopyistobeturnedintoyourTA.Asecond
copyshouldbeplacedintoyourengineeringnotebook.LabGoals: YouwillconstructandverifyThveninequivalentcircuitsusing
experimentalmeasurements. YouwillpracticemeasuringcurrentandvoltageusingamyDAQ. Youwillcalculateloadresistanceandderivethemaximumpowerfroma
circuit.RequiredLabMaterial: Yourlabnotebook Wiresforbuildingcircuits(availableinlab) MyDAQsettingforDigitalMultimeter(DMM)withconnectionprobes Thefollowingresistors:
Quantity Value1 1001 330 1 4701 1k5 1.5k1 3.9k1 5.1 k1 10k
Dueattheendofthelab: Acompletedcopyofyourlabreport.Onecopyistobeturnedinandonecopyis
tobeplacedintoyournotebook.
86
Assignment1:Constructthefirstcircuit
Figure1:FirstCircuitforCircuitsVLab
1. ConstructthecircuitshowninFigure1onabreadboard.Providethewiringneededtousethe
positivevariablepowersupply.2. ConfirmwithyourTAthatyourcircuitiscorrectandhaveyourTAsignyourlabreport.3. Setthepowersupplyvoltageto6volts.UsetheviyoucreatedfromLab2.4. MeasuretheoutputvoltageacrosstheloadresistorRL=470andrecordyourreadinginyour
notebookandinTable1inyourlabreport.5. ChangetheloadresistorRLto100andmeasurethenewoutputvoltage.Recordyourreading
inyournotebookandinTable1.RememberthatyouneedtoturnoffthepowersupplyappliedusingthevifromLab2eachtimeyouremovearesistor.
6. RepeatStep5forloadresistancevaluesof1k,3.9kand10k.7. Turnoffthepowerandremovethe10kloadresistorfromthecircuit.8. Turnonthepowerandmeasuretheopencircuitvoltage(VOC)andshortcircuitcurrent(ISC).
UsingthesevaluescalculateThveninvoltage(VTH)andThveninresistance(RTH).RecordtheresultsinTable1ofyourlabreport.(Hint:tomeasureshortcircuitcurrentrememberthattheinternalresistanceofanidealammeteriszeroohms.Tomeasuretheshortcircuitcurrent,youcansimplyplacetheidealammeteracrosstheloadterminals.)
9. Drawtheequivalentcircuitinthespaceprovidedinyourlabreport.Disassembleyourcircuit.10. UsingtheVTHandRTHvaluesconstructaThveninequivalentcircuitusingthebreadboard.
Providethewiringneededtousethepositivevariablepowersupply.11. AddtheloadresistanceRL=470toyourcircuit.12. SetthepositivepowersupplytothevalueofVTHcalculatedinStep9.Measurethevoltage
acrosstheloadresistor.RecordyourreadinginyournotebookandinTable2.13. UsingtheThveninequivalentcircuitwhatyoufoundinstep8,changetheloadresistorRLto
100andmeasurethenewoutputvoltage.RecordyourreadinginyournotebookandinTable2.Rememberthatyouneedtoturnoffthepowereachtimeyouremovearesistor.
14. RepeatStep12forloadresistancevaluesof1k,3.9kand10k.15. Disassembleyourcircuit.
9 V
1k 1k 330RL=4701k
1.5k 1.5k1.5k6V
87
Assignment2:Constructthesecondcircuit
Figure2:SecondCircuitofCircuitVLab
1. ConstructthecircuitshowninFigure2usingthebreadboard.Forthisstep,usethestandard
+15VandAOchannelonyourmyDAQ.(Connectthegroundonlytotheloadresister!)2. ConfirmwithyourTAthatyourcircuitiscorrect.3. Turnonthepower.4. MeasuretheoutputvoltageacrosstheloadresistorRL=1.0k.Recordyourreadinginyour
notebookandinTable3inyourlabreport.5. RepeatStep4forloadresistancevaluesof100,470,3.9k,and10k.Recordyourreading
inyourlabnotesectionandinTable3inyourlabreport6. Turnofftheprotoboardpowerandremovethe10kloadresistorfromthecircuit.7. Turnontheprotoboardpowerandmeasuretheopencircuitvoltage(VOC)andshortcircuit
current(ISC).UsingthesevaluescalculateThveninvoltage(VTH)andThveninresistance(RTH).RecordyourreadingsandcalculationsinyournotebookandinTable3.
8. DrawtheThveninequivalentcircuitinyourlabreportinthespaceprovided.9. Usingthemeasuredoutputvoltagesrecordedinthistask,computethepowerintheload
resistorandrecordthesevaluesinTable4.Plotthepowerversusloadresistanceontheprovidedgraph.
10. Atwhatvalueofloadresistanceisthemaximumoutputpowerrealized?Markthisvalueonyourplot.
11. FindtheThveninequivalentforanunknowncircuit12. Youhavebeenprovidedwithablackboxthatcontainsanunknowncircuit.Determineits
Thveninequivalentcircuit.RecordthevaluesyoumeasureinTable5ofthelabreportandinyournotebook.
13. Drawthiscircuitinthespaceprovidedinyourlabreport.14. CompletethequestionsinyourlabreportandturninacopytoyourTA.
15V
1.5 k 1.5 k 2.2 k
RL=1.0 k
1.5 k1.5 k
1.5 k
5V
5.1k
88
FAQsQ: WhyamIgettinganoticesayingImdrawingtoomuchcurrent?A: Forcircuit2,youactuallyhave3powersupplyterminals:+15,+5,andGND.Sincethe
railsonthesidecanonlyaccommodateonly2supplyvoltages,youneedtodesignateanothernodesomewhereonyourbreadboardasthe+5Vsource.
Q: WhyarentmyvaluesclosetowhatIcalculated?A: Tryadjustingtherangesettingsonyourmultimeterto20Vand20mAorso.
89
LabNote Date . . 2015
Important concepts / Key ideas
Procedure / DATA
Try and error / Thoughts
90
Name: EID:
By placing my name and EID above, I am certifying that I determined the answer to the questions posed below and did not copy my answers from a fellow student.
*** Due at the beginning of your lab session ***
Youwillneed2completedcopiesofthisprelab.OneistobeturnedintoyourTAat
thebeginningofthelabsession.Theotheroneistobedoneinyourlabmanual.Questions 1. Select the correct choice to complete the following two sentences: a. To find the Thvenin equivalent voltage of a circuit, one must measure the
open circuit (i.e. no load) output (voltage / current). b. To calculate the Thvenin equivalent resistance of a circuit, all voltage
source are replaced by a/an sources are replaced by a/an (open / short) circuit and all current (open / short) circuit.
2. Derive and draw the Thvenin equivalent circuit (i.e. find Thvenin voltage and
Thvenin resistance) for the circuit in Figure 1 of your lab manual, that has a load resistance of 470 . (The 470 resistor is the load resistor and should NOT be included in your Thvenin equivalent circuit calculations.)
Show your work in order to get full credit. 3. Using Multisim, derive and draw the Thvenin equivalent circuit (i.e. find Thvenin
voltage and Thvenin resistance) for the circuit of Figure 2. To use Multisim, you will need to enter the circuit of Figure 2 and use a virtual voltmeter to measure the
open-circuit voltage. The diagram below shows what your simulation should look like. Double click on the virtual voltmeter and change the resistance to 10 M. Print your simulated results showing your voltage measurement and attach this print to the Prelab. To complete the derivation of the Thvenin equivalent circuit, you will need to measure the short-circuit current using a virtual ammeter, measured at the output terminals. Print your simulated circuit showing the current measurement and attach it to the Pre-lab.
Hints:
To measure short-circuit current remember that the internal resistance of an ideal ammeter is zero ohms. To measure the short-circuit current, you can simply place the ideal ammeter across the load terminals.)
In Multisim, you can select the circuit you have entered, copy it, and paste to create an exact copy. You can then use the original circuit and the copy to simulate VOC and ISC simultaneously.
Pre-lb: Thvenin Equivalent Circuits 1
91
Remember that VTH = Voc, the open-circuit voltage and RTH = Voc/ISC, the short- circuit current.
4. Enter your Thvenin equivalent circuit into Multisim. Your circuit will look like the
one below with your derived values for VTH and RTH substituted in the circuit. Using a virtual voltmeter and virtual ammeter, measure the open-circuit voltage and short- circuit current. Confirm that these measurements are identical to those measured in step 3. Print out your simulated results and attach them to the pre-lab.
Pre-lab: Thvenin Equivalent Circuits 2
92
Circuits VI - Thvenin Equivalent Circuits Lab Report
Submitted by (Print names)
Lab Report: Thvenin Equivalent Circuit 1
93
Assignment1:Constructthefirstcircuit1. TA Signature (Step 2):
Table 1: Quantities asked for in the assignment 1
Quantity Value (include units)Open Circuit Voltage VOC Short Circuit Current ISC Thvenin Equivalent Voltage Thvenin Equivalent Resistance Output voltage across RL = 100 Output voltage across RL = 470 Output voltage across RL = 1 k Output voltage across RL = 3.9 k Output voltage across RL = 10 k
2. TA Signature (Step 8):
3. Draw the Thvenin Equivalent circuit you derived in the assignment 1 (Step 9).
Table 2: Quantities asked for in the assignment 1
RL Output Voltage (V)
100 470 1 k
3.9 k 10 k
4. TA Signature (Step 14):
Lab Report: Thvenin Equivalent Circuit 2
94
Assignment2:Constructthesecondcircuit 1. TA Signature (Step 2):
Table 3: Quantities asked for in the assignment 2
Quantity Value (include units)
Open Circuit Voltage VOC Short Circuit Current ISC Thvenin Equivalent Voltage Thvenin Equivalent Resistance Output voltage across RL = 100 Output voltage across RL = 470 Output voltage across RL = 1 k Output voltage across RL = 3.9 k Output voltage across RL = 10 k
2. TA Signature (Step 5):
3. Draw the Thvenin Equivalent circuit you derived in Task 2 (Step 8).
Table 4 Measured Voltages and Computed Power (Step 9)
A
ssign
ment
2 RL Output Voltage (V) Power (mW) 100 470 1 k
3.9 k 10 k
Lab Report: Thvenin Equivalent Circuit 3
95
Powe
r
Output Power (mW) Vs. Load Resistance ( ) (Step 9)
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Load Resistance in Ohm( )s
4. Record your measured values for Step 11 in the following table. Be certain to record the quantities measured and their units.
Table 5. Measurements for Unknown Circuit
5. Draw the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit in the table 5. (Step 13)
Lab Report: Thvenin Equivalent Circuit 4
96
Lab12:FinalProject(MotorControl,CollisionDetection)
Subsystem:MotorControlDescriptionResponsibleforthereliableimplementationofsteeringfunctionsaswellasbuildingthecircuitto
controlthemotors.Thissubsystemcontributesgreatlytothesuccessoftheproject.Withoutreliablesteeringthecarwillnotbeabletocompletethecourse.
SuggestedReadingThefollowingdocumentsmayhelpyoucompleteyourtask:
HBridgeo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_bridge
L293DHBridgedatasheeto http://www.parallax.com/Portals/0/Downloads/docs/prod/compshop/60300019
L293DDatasheet.pdf DCMotor
o http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_motorDeliverablesMustcreateanAPIforturningfunctionsthattheothersubsystemscancall.Canpotentiallyutilize
theWheelEncodertoensurereliabilityofthesteering.Needtoalsobuildthecircuittocontrolthemotors.
TurnCounterClockwise() When called, the car should turn counter
clockwise
Dueatthebeginningoflab(1foreachgroup): BuildtheGearBox(lowestspeedoptionisrecommend) Completedprelabquestions.Onecopyistobeturnedinandonecopy
shouldbeplacedinyourengineeringnotebookLabGoals: LearnhowtocontrolaDCmotor LearnaboutHBridgeControllerRequiredLabMaterial: MyDAQ,L293DHBridge,6Vbattery
97
*Could also choose to take TIME as the input.
In which case the car will turn for the specified amount of time (seconds, milliseconds, etc).
TurnClockwise() When called, the car should turn clockwise *Could also choose to take TIME as the input.
In which case the car will turn for the specified amount of time (seconds, milliseconds, etc).
Stop() Acts as an interrupt. Stops the motion of both wheels.
Forward() Moves both wheels at the same speed so that the car will move forward in a straight line.
Moves at a certain speed setting. *Maybe have to implement a control structure
to make sure that the car moves in a straight line forward.
Backward() Moves both wheels at the same speed so that the car will move forward in a straight line.
Moves at a certain speed setting. *Maybe have to implement a control structure
to make sure that the car moves in a straight line forward.
Pause() Similar to Stop() except the last state of the car will be saved.
Resume() Continues the movement of the car after a Pause()
**Thesearejusttheminimumintermsofsteeringfunctions.Dependingonyourspecific
implementationyoumightwanttoimplementmorecomplicatedfunctionsthatcombinethecorefunctions.
Subsystem:CollisionDetection
DescriptionProgramandbuildthecircuittoutilizetheIRsensorsandavoidobstaclesinthepath.Therewillbea
sectionofthemazethatwillincludeasectionwithnolineandthecarwillhavetomovethroughthatareawithouthittingthewalls.Also,wewillrandomlyputdownaroadblockintheroadatsomepointinthemazeandthecarwillhavetostopandwaitfortheobstacletoclear.
**NeedstocallfunctionsfromtheSteeringAPI
98
SuggestedReading
SharpIRRangeFinderDatasheeto http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/Infrared/gp2y0a02yk_e.pdf
FormulaNodeo http://zone.ni.com/reference/enXX/help/371361D01/glang/formula_node/
Threshold1DArrayo http://zone.ni.com/reference/enXX/help/371361D01/glang/threshold_1d_array/
InRangeandCoerceo http://zone.ni.com/reference/enXX/help/371361E01/glang/in_range_and_coerce/
Comparisono http://zone.ni.com/reference/enXX/help/371361E01/lvexpress/comparison/
DeliverablesAPIoffunctionsthatutilizeyourIRRangeFindercircuit
Navigate() The car should be able to navigate between two walls without crashing. There will be no line to follow.
ObstacleFound() An interrupt that stops the motion of the car when an obstacle is in front of the car.
Need to resume operation of the car when
obstacle is removed.
99
LabNote Date . . 2015
Important concepts / Key ideas
Procedure / DATA
Try and error / Thoughts
100
Name: EID: ByplacingbynameandEIDabove,IamcertifyingthatIdeterminedtheanswertothequestions
posedbelowanddidnotcopymyanswersfromafellowstudent.
***Dueatthebeginningofyourlabsession***
Youwillneed2completedcopiesofthisprelab.OneistobeturnedintoyourTAatthebeginningofthelabsession.Theotheroneistobedoneinyourlabmanual.
1.ReviewtheHBridge:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_bridge2.ReviewtheL293DHBridgedatasheet:http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/l293d.pdf
3.LabelpinsfunctionsoftheHbridgebelowinawaythatmakessensewiththeHbridge:
4.DrawabreadboardconnectionoftheHbridgeincludingmyDAQports:
Pre-lab: Final Project (Motor Control, Collision Detection) 1
101
Lab13:FinalProject(TrainingModule2(OpticalTheremin),PathLogic)
BackgroundKnowledge:PhotodiodesAphotodiodeconvertslightintoeithercurrentorvoltage,dependingonthemodeofoperation.
Whenaphotonofsufficientenergystrikesthediode,itexcitesanelectron(photoelectriceffect).Belowisacircuitdiagramforaph