November 2006IES Aviation Committee
Electrical Hazards on AirportsWhy do I Care?
Presented by Richard Larivée, Eng.
IES Aviation CommitteeIES Aviation CommitteeWilliamsburg 2006Williamsburg 2006
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
AGENDAAGENDA1. Introduction2. Electrical Hazards 1013. Worker Protection4. Safety Management5. Codes, Standards and Regulations6. Recommendations
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
1. Mission2. Facts3. Objective4. Concerns5. Definition
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
MISSIONMISSION
To increase awareness of potential danger present in our own field of expertise and to suggest ways to
improve electrical safety on airports
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
FACTS OF LIFEFACTS OF LIFE
‘’Electricity has become essential to modern life,
perhaps because it is such familiar part of our
surrounding, it is often not treated with the respect it
deserves. OSHA’’
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE
Electrical safety is to eliminateeliminate
the potential of electrical incidents from occurring
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
CONCERNSCONCERNS
1. What are Electrical Hazards?
2. Where are the Electrical Risks?
3. Am I Really Exposed to Electrical Hazards?
4. Why do Electrical Accidents Happen?
5. Can I do Something to Improve Electrical Safety?
6. What Can we Learn from Electrical Incident?
7. What Information is Available for Electrical Personnel?
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
DEFINITION: ‘’DEFINITION: ‘’Qualified Person’’Qualified Person’’ ‘’A person who has the skill and knowledge related to the construction
and operation of the electrical equipment and its installation. This person has received safety training on the hazards involved with electrical systems specific wording requiring specific and formal safety training.’’ NEC 2002
‘’One familiar with the construction and operation of the equipment and the hazards involved.’’
OSHA - Subpart S 1910.399 and Safety and Health Regulations for Construction OSHA Subpart K 1926.449
‘’A person with a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing or who by knowledge, training, and experience has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.’’ AIR FORCE INSTRUCTION 32-1064 MAY 05
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
Misconceptions: If a person is an electrician then he is qualified.
Defined as; Knowledgeable of the construction and operation of the equipment
to be worked on, Knowledgeable of the electrical hazards associated with the
equipment and the task, Able to recognize the presence of electrical hazards, Able to avoid the hazards.
DEFINITION: ‘’DEFINITION: ‘’Qualified Person’’Qualified Person’’
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
An eventPersonnel action or equipment failure Involving electrical installationPotential to result in an injuryDue to:
Electrical flash and/or burn Electric shock from a source Reflex action to an electric shock
DEFINITION: DEFINITION: ‘’Electrical Incident’’‘’Electrical Incident’’
How can we learn better from an electrical accidents [1]
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
AGENDAAGENDA
1. Introduction2.2. Electrical Hazards Electrical Hazards 1011013. Worker Protection 4. Safety Management5. Codes, Standards and Regulations6. Recommendations
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS 101ELECTRICAL HAZARDS 101
1. Hazard Types2. Theories and Concepts3. Human Factors4. Body Impedance5. Electric Shock6. Electric Arc and Flash
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
HAZARDSHAZARDS
General Types [2,3] HeatColdNoiseRadiation (UV, X-Rays, Radar, …)Electromagnetic field (EMF)Electricity
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
HAZARDSHAZARDS
ElectricitySilentOdourlessInvisible
Use is routinely viewed as a safe experience
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
HAZARDSHAZARDS
Consequence Electric Shock Electrical Burns Arc-Flash Burns Arc-Blast Falls Fire
Electrical Hazards Causes
Inadequate wiring (direct sunlight, wrong size, abrasive surface)
Exposed electrical parts (Animals) Wires with bad insulation Ungrounded electrical systems or tools Using wrong PPE or tools Overhead power lines Wet conditions …
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
HEINRICH THEORYHEINRICH THEORY
An illustration of Heinrich’s Theory - Safety Pyramid [1]
Electrician receives fatal shock
Electrician falls from ladderdue to jerk reaction from shock
Electrician receives minor burn from electric shock
Electrician receives minor shock while connecting light fixture
Electrician connects light fixture with circuit energized
1Fatal
30Lost Time
Injuries
300Recordable
Injuries
30,000Near Miss / First Aid
300,000 HazardsUnsafe Acts / At-Risk Behaviors
General Safety HazardsActivities
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
EXAMPLEEXAMPLETask: Connect new load, on Switchgear (SG), at 4.16 kV
SG
4.16 kV
4.16 kV
600 V
New load
What happen?
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
HEINRICH THEORYHEINRICH THEORY
‘’The occurrence of an injury invariably results from a completed sequence of factors.’’ [5]
1. Heredity or social environment2. Fault of a person3. Unsafe act and/or condition4. Accident5. Injury
There is a need to remove Item 3.
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
MULTIPLE-CAUSATION FACTORSMULTIPLE-CAUSATION FACTORS
Investigation of a person falling off a stepladder Unsafe act: climbing a defective ladder Unsafe condition: a defective ladder Correction: getting rid of the ladder
Multiple causes1. Why was the defective ladder not found during inspection?2. Why did the supervisor allow its use?3. Didn’t the injured employee know it should not be used?4. Was the employee properly trained?5. Was the employee reminded not to use the ladder?6. Did the supervisor examine the job first?
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
MULTIPLE-CAUSATION FACTORSMULTIPLE-CAUSATION FACTORS
Possible Corrections1. An improved inspection procedure2. Improved training3. Better definition of role and responsibilities4. Pre-job planning by supervisor
Symptoms only. What is the cause?
Find the root causes of the accident.It lead to permanent results.
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
FATALITY RATIOSFATALITY RATIOS
The Value of Electrical Incident Case Histories [6]
Electrical Hazards
1Fatal
10Recordable
Injuries
General Safety HazardsIncident is polar Minimal with little or no injury Major with severe injury or death
Electrical hazards tend to be more severe than general ones
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
HOLISTIC APPROACHHOLISTIC APPROACH
Refocusing on electrical safety [7]
People
Managing system
Equipment
Safety representation -From: ‘’7 HabitsOf Highly EffectivePeople’’ Stephen Covey
Equally balance
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
HOLISTIC APPROACHHOLISTIC APPROACH
Refocusing on electrical safety [7]
People Skill Knowledge Will
Equipment Specifications Maintenance Installation
Managing systems Culture Controls Procedure
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORSWorker Competency and Injury [8]
Survey: > 50% of accident - first 2 weeks. Injuries in construction - 2 variables:
Unqualified and Competence
Unfamiliar with site Unfamiliar with employer Unfamiliar with work method Non or less familiar with task Complexity of task Unfamiliar with tool used Unfamiliar with team
Situation limiting expression of competency
Feel pressure Latitude freedom Crowded site Wrong tool to perform work Bad condition of tool Insufficient worker Other related activities around Other operations waiting Delay in work
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORSWorker Competency and Injury
Combined effect [5]
Associated with multiple factors 1 factor in each group causes approximately 60% of injuries Up to 40% have more than 3 conditions
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORSEmployee trends and influence on safety [5]
Attitudes and values From: family, church, school and life experience Not as it used to be Changes in our society
Youth are influence School start at 2 years of age Divorce rate is high Woman and the family
Instant everything and simplification
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
BODY IMPEDANCEBODY IMPEDANCE
Human Resistance Values for Skin-contact Condition [10]
Wet skin1000
Head to foot
500
Dry skin100,000 to
600,000
Ear to Ear100
400 to 600
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
ELECTRIC SHOCKELECTRIC SHOCK
[12]
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
ELECTRIC SHOCKELECTRIC SHOCK
Three principal factors:[11]
Failure to properly or completely de-energized systems
Intentionally working on energized equipment Improper or inadequate grounding of electrical
system components
Tool or action cause itSusceptible to environmental condition
To prevent them: De-energizing the circuit Using safety equipment on energized circuit
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
STATISTICSSTATISTICSConstruction Electrocutions, 1992-98 [13]
Unknown cause
Buried, underground power lines
Lightning
Energized objects
Appliances and machinery
Light Fixtures
Electrical wiring
Electrical equipment
Overhead power lines
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
3%4%
1%2%
5%
9%8%
3%10%
14%2%
18%10%
20%5%
31%56%
Electrical Workers: 329 deaths
Non-electrical Workers: 677 deaths
% of deaths
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data
Note : Arc flash injuries are usually listed as burned injuries [1]
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
STATISTICSSTATISTICS
Electrocutions from Direct Contact [3]
Electrical equipment (68 deaths) Electrical control panels (16) Switching gear (14) Circuit breakers/fuse holders (8)
Electrical wiring (59 deaths) Light fixtures (29 deaths)
3/4 building light fixtures others: airport runway lights, neon signs, street lights
Transformers (13) Junction boxes (5) Other (12)
Source: U.S. Bureau of labor Statistics Data, 1992-98
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
STATISTICSSTATISTICS
Taylor, A J et al. Inj Prev 2002;8:306-312
Proportion of fatal occupational electrocutions in the United States 1992-99 by month.
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
STATISTICSSTATISTICS
2/3 of electrical injuries and incidents are caused by an unsafe acts (NFPA 70E)
Electrocution is the fourth cause of workplace fatalities in US
Frequency of trauma is low but challenges in rehabilitation suggest a high social cost
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
ELECTRIC SHOCKELECTRIC SHOCK
Conclusion: The severity of electrical shock from a given source will depend upon its path through your body and the resistance against it.
There is a need to increase insulation between the energized source and you, at any moment.
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
ELECTRIC ARCELECTRIC ARC
Drawing from Bussmann Handbook for electrical safety
700 mph 30 to 40 psi
lung collapse
UV Rays 3rd degree burns
Energy up to 600 cal/cm2! Up to 140 dB
9 000 ºF sun
Arc-Blast 1 MW
Discharge current across 2 electrodes due to:- Conductive object to close or equipment failure- Release of energy named incident energy
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
ELECTRIC ARCELECTRIC ARCPhenomena
5 parameters: Source voltage Arc fault current Expected duration of arc Arc length Distance from it
Explosive, it release energy and can kill at 10 ft. Extreme amount of damage (equipment and/or personnel)
Incident energy (cal/cm2) related to a second degree burn criteria for unprotected human skin
1 cal/cm2 = cigarette lighter, 1 second
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
ELECTRIC ARCELECTRIC ARC
Burns from electricity [15]
Electro thermal burns – flow of currents Severity in accordance to Joules law
W = RI2t = VIt Electric arc – arc burns
Uncovered parts or when high voltage clothing catches fire
Skin Temp (F) Duration Damage110 6.0 hours Cell breakdown begins158 1.0 sec. Total cell destruction176 0.1 sec. Curable (second-degree) burn205 0.1 sec. Incurable (third-degree) burn
Table from Bussmann Handbook for electrical safety [10]
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
ELECTRIC ARCELECTRIC ARC
Fault current
Single phase in open air
Multi phase Arc enclose in box
(amps) Cal/cm2 Cal/cm2
2000 2,5 8,3
4000 5 16,8
6000 7,5 25,5
8000 10,1 34,3
10000 12,8 43,4
15000 19,6 66,8
20000 26,9 91,5
Potential energy exposure – from Duke Power Heat Flux
Fault current and energy generated
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
ELECTRIC FLASHELECTRIC FLASHHow to reduce incident energy?
System design Use of low-voltage current-limiting fuses to reduce arc-flash energy [16]
Select proper fuse or CB settings Use of insulated bus bar Motor contribution Testing point for absence of voltage
Equipment design Safer design spec: ‘’touch safe’’ terminal, motor with terminal instead of
bolted, … base on IEC – IP20 (finger access) It cost more!
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
ELECTRIC FLASHELECTRIC FLASH
Ferraz Shawmut fuses
800A
1200A
2000A
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
Condition:Two buildings to connect, long distance, oversized wireto compensate voltage drop, normally would size protection of cable
Consequence:Need a higher fault current, hence longer time to trip CB or fuse, in the mean time, incident energy (Cal/cm2) continue to accumulate
Suggestion:Review settings for load connected
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
Terminal
Electrical center
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
AGENDAAGENDA
1. Introduction2. Electrical Hazards 1013.3. Worker ProtectionWorker Protection 4. Safety Management5. Codes, Standards and Regulations6. Recommendations
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
WORKER PROTECTIONWORKER PROTECTION
Prevent electrical incidents through use of:Personal Protective EquipmentGroundingSafe Work Practices Electrical Protection Device (fuse, circuit breaker,
GFCI)Guarding (secure area)Documentation
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Generalities Eyes, Face, Hand, Arm, Clothing, Foot, Head and Hearing
protection Balance with comfort and safe productivity Insulation against
Incident energy Temperature Conditions / application Moisture Petrochemical agents Corrosive fumes
Others : Blankets, covers line hose, etc. Give more protection and employees are less severely burned
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Eye protection and face shieldSelection of capacity
Various materialProtection for arc flash, molten
metal, lightManufacturer clearly markedAfter July 1994 must comply with
ANSI ASTM Z87.1ASTM F2178-02 Standard test
method
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Hand and arm protection• Gloves provide higher insulation
Selection - exposure Field care (no adhesive tape!) – no folding, clean from substance,
remove perspiration and air dry, not close to sources of heat Inspection – Air-tested, … with dates Label – class and color Storage New material
Light weight Breathable Soft Hypoallergenic
Glove class
Test Volt rating (kV)
Max use Volt (kV)
Color
0 5 1 Red
1 10 7.5 White
2 20 17.5 Yellow
3 30 26.5 Green
4 40 36 Orange
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
ClothingConventional clothing
100% Cotton fabrics Polyester / cotton fiber Nylon / cotton fiber
All are flammableNylon and polyester can melt over the skin and cause
more serious injuries
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
ClothingLooking for characteristics;
Ease of ignition, degree and ease of flame spread, heat produced during burning, rate of heat transfer, ease of extinguishing the flame
Value of reference 1.2 calorie/cm2 = 5 Joules/cm2 = 5 Watt-sec/cm2
Use of flame resistant (FR) Clothing : Self extinguish / each layer = thermal barrier
Incident Energy (cal/cm2) Degree burn
1.2 2nd degree burn to bare skin
4 Ignite cotton shirt
8 3rd degree burn to bare skin
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
ClothingOutdoor: Winter ? Rain ? Cold ?
Insulation value, wind resistance, snow or water, PPE characteristics, …
Maintenance and testing Visual inspection max 1 year (NFPA 70E art.250.2) Testing max 3 years (NFPA 70E art.250.2) Limited life – possibly 3 years or 120 to 150
washing cycles, do not wash with other clothes, no bleach, see manufacturer instructions
Do not use them if contaminated with grease, oil, flammable liquids or combustibles
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
ClothingLabel
Manufacturer, care instructions, fabric fiber content, garment size, manufacturer tracking code, compliance with ASTM F1506, ATPV rating
Option HAF (Heat Attenuation Factor)• Heat blocked by fabric
Arc Thermal Performance Value (ATPV)• Maximum for arc-flash protection test method ASTM F1959
APTV and HAF are values to measure heat transfer through fabric
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
When to use PPE Flash Hazard Analysis results
Task and Hazards Risk Category - table from NFPA 70E – 2004, table 130.7(C)(9)(a)
Task Hazards / Risk Category
Panel boards energized (240V. and below)
CB or fuse switch operation with cover on 0
Removal of bolted covers (to expose bare, energized parts) 1
600 V Class Motor Control Centers (MCC)
Work on energized parts, including voltage testing 2
600 V Class Switchgear
Insertion or removal (racking) of CBs from cubicles, doors open 3
Metal Clad Switchgear
Work on energized parts, including voltage testing 4
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
PPE rating for various apparelApparel PPE Rating Cal/cm2
Untreated cotton 4 oz. Weave 2
Single layer FR 7.5 oz. Weave 6
Single layer Aramid 6.0 oz. Weave 6.4
Nomex III 6.0 oz. Weave 13.7
Nomex (2 layers) 12 oz. Weave 22.6
6.0 oz. Aramid over 10 FR Cotton 31
12 oz. Cotton (4 oz) under Fr cotton (8 oz) 12.5
Switching suit of FR coverall 24-30 oz. Weave 40
Electrical Arc Hood 45-75
Gold reflective U/V Face Shield 7.3
Clear U/V Face shield 1.2
Arc Flash the Basic –Power System Engineering
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Performance
ASTM Committee – F18• Testing and evaluation, program management, test method,
development and application OSHA – 1910.132 to 1910.138
Standard – 29 CFR - for protective equipment NFPA - Standard on:
Flame-Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire
Selection, Care, Use, and Maintenance of Flame-Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Protective Clothing & Equipment Committee
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
WORKER PROTECTIONWORKER PROTECTIONTesting devices
Knowing the limit and signal to measure Test for operation of instrument Test for no voltage at equipment
• Live stick• Non contact-type: AC voltage accuracy and enabling of DC • Voltmeter, clamp-on meter, … proximity and contact
– Meter safety check list– Test lead safety check list– Quality of it
Selection and maintenance Temperature Source capacity
We need a ‘’Voltgeiger meter’’!Pictures - Fluke Corporation
Environment Accessories
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
Tools Insulated tools
Rated voltage Maintenance and check – cracked or broken
insulation ASTM F1505
Standard specification for Insulated and Insulating Hand Tools
Max 1000 Vac or 1500 Vdc
WORKER PROTECTIONWORKER PROTECTION
Pictures – Klein tools
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
WORKER PROTECTIONWORKER PROTECTION
Grounding Temporary grounding
Soil resistivity and weather conditions directly affects the grounding system.
Temp C Temp F Resistivity (Ώ.cm)20 68 7 200
10 50 9 900
0 32 (water) 13 800
0 32 (ice) 30 000
-5 23 79 000
-15 14 330 000
From AEMC site
% by weight
Top Soil Sandy Loam
0 109 109
2.5 250 000 150 000
5 165 000 43 000
15 19 000 10 500
20 12 000 6 300
30 6 400 4 200
Moisture Resistivity (Ώ.cm) Content
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
WORKER PROTECTIONWORKER PROTECTION
Grounding Safety grounding jumpers
Use as safety ground after the circuit de-energized Protective ground set, ASTM F-855 Clamp capacity and capacitance influenced by
maintenance and care – testing is a must Ground connection first Cable sensitive to UV rays
IEEE Std 80 – Sub-Station Isolation of working zone Grounding point in equipment Grounding procedure tied with lock out tag out procedure Step and touch potential
From: NDB Technologies
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
AGENDAAGENDA
1. Introduction2. Electrical Hazards 1013. Worker Protection 4.4. Safety ManagementSafety Management5. Codes, Standards and Regulations6. Recommendations
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
SAFETY MANAGEMENTSAFETY MANAGEMENT
Safety program Goal: To prevent incidents Electrical program part of a global program
Must include: electrical safety principles, electrical safety controls, electrical safety procedures
Principles (typical *) Inspect/evaluate the electrical equipment, maintain the electrical
equipment’s insulation and enclosure integrity, plan every job, …, use the right tools, assess people’s ability, audit principles.
Procedures developed around Equipment (yours) People Environment of the company or facility
• Including; diagram, pictures, details of equipment, ppe involved, insulating materials and tools involved, …
* From NFPA 70E – 2004 Annex E
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
SAFETY MANAGEMENTSAFETY MANAGEMENTElectrical Hazards Assessment
Key to your daily activities Back to basics Job/Task Analysis (JTA) and Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) [14]
JTAJob be broken down in each stepIdentify tasks and elementsIdentify existing or potential job hazardsFind best way to performed the job
JHATake JTA infoIdentify hazards that exists and may occurWhat would cause the hazardsRevise JTA
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
SAFETY MANAGEMENTSAFETY MANAGEMENTActivities following incident1. Injury report
Preliminary facts, employee and environment, insurance, medical and regulation
2. Incident investigation Comprehensive analysis; work environment, equipment,
procedures, work practices, interviews to determine the cause, etc
3. Case history Built around incident investigation and injury report Educate and raise awareness Prevent similar events from occurring Share stories with outside organisations
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
AGENDAAGENDA
1. Introduction2. Electrical Hazards 1013. Worker Protection 4. Safety Management5.5. Codes, Standards and RegulationsCodes, Standards and Regulations6. Recommendations
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
CODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONSCODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
NFPA 70E – Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace
1979 1st edition This standard for electrical safety protection is being
considered for adoption in Canada. Actual edition (2004)
Safety-Related Work Practices Safety-Related Maintenance Requirements Safety Requirements for Special Equipment Installation Safety Requirements
Handbook Standard for electrical Safety in the Workplace
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
NFPA 70: NEC 2002 1980 - Electric arc flash some attention Intended primarily for design use, installation and
inspection of electrical installations Too technical and complex for employer
NFPA 70B: Electrical Equipment Maintenance Strengthened the electrical safety requirements
associated with electrical maintenance and refers to NFPA 70E with respect to arc flash safety.
NFPA 2112: Standard on Flame-Resistant GarmentsNFPA 2113: Standard on Selection, Care, Use, and Maintenance of Flame-Resistant Garments
CODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONSCODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
CODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONSCODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
OSHA (Occupational Safety Health and Administration) Employer and employee in their workplace 1970 Formed, prior to that, NEC 1981 Remove direct reference to NEC 1991 Add ‘’Safety-Related Work Practices’’ CFR (code of regulation), divided in 50 titles
• Title 29 (volume 7) relate to safety in workplace 24 states have their own Part 1910 applies to General Industry Part 1926 applies to the Construction Industry Responsibility of employer adequate, maintenance and cleaning of
PPE even if you own it (1910.132) Need to demonstrate the understanding of the training
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
FAA AC 150/5340-26A - Chapter 2, Safety (11 pages)
General Common causes of accidents Safety procedures and guidelines Safety practices Safety checklist Safety equipment in vehicle Electric shock Safety training Electrical hazards of series ligthing circuits
CODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONSCODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
Safety Warning signs/danger tags Grounding and bounding Confined spaces Lightning Toxic agents Fire extinguishers First aid
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
IEEE – Guide for performing Arc-Flash HazardCalculation 2004
Arc-flash hazard distance and incident energy exposed Empirically derived model 208 Volt to 15 000 Volt
IEEE/ANSI C-2 National Electrical Safety Code (2007) and Handbook
New revision Installation, operation or maintenance of electric supply
and communication lines and associated equipment Electrical supply stations, Overhead line, underground
lines and work rules
CODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONSCODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
ANSIZ16.2 Method of recording Basics Facts relating to
Nature and Occurrence of Work Injuries Nature, part of body, source, accident type, hazardous condition,
agency of accident, agency of accident part and unsafe act
Z89.1 Head protection and Z87.1 Eye and face protection
CODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONSCODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
ASTM To help choose correct tools, equipment, materials and test methods
Sub-committee F18 on Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers Worker Personal EquipmentInsulating Cover-Up EquipmentTools & EquipmentMechanical ApparatusInspection and Non-Destructive Test Methods for Aerial Devices in MCSTerminologyWearing Apparel
ASTM series D and F that cover: blankets, eye and face protection, gloves and sleeves, protective clothing, dielectric overshoes, fibreglass tools, plastic guard, temporary grounding
CODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONSCODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
AGENDAAGENDA
1. Introduction2. Electrical Hazards 1013. Worker Protection 4. Safety Management5. Codes, Standards and Regulations6.6. RecommendationsRecommendations
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
1. Create a sub-committee to investigate electrical safety topics related to airport electricians
2. Create a sub section: ‘’safety’’ - IES aviation web site
• Reference material used in this presentation available:• List of associations promoting electrical safety, papers and
documents indexes and list of books
3. Training, Training, Training !• Electrical safety is changing and technology is being developed• NFPA 70E – Training on 2004 version
4. Monitor PPE development
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
REFERENCE MATERIALREFERENCE MATERIAL
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS 5. Request manufacturers for safer product design.6. Investigate for a system to share historical cases.
• IEEE Society Petroleum and Chemical Industry - have done some work
• ANSI Z16.2 Method of recording Basics Facts relating to Nature and Occurrence of Work Injuries
• Occupational Injury and Illness Classification Bureau of Labor Statistics www.bls.gov/iif/oshtc.htm
7. Investigate non-contact measurement devices for airfield lighting application
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
8. Update document: ‘’MAINTENANCE OF AIRPORT VISUAL AID FACILITIES 150/5340-26A’’
• Coordination with NFPA 70E• Clarify definition of qualified person• Place emphasis to personal protection equipment (PPE)
9. Collect technical papers related to electrical safety and prepare index for IES aviation web site
• Electrical Safety Workshop• Yearly IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry – Technical
conference – Safety Technical Session• Others related forum
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
Qualified person – safety training ‘’’… safety training on the hazards involved.’’
NFPA 70E 2004 definition
(Handbook of NFPA 70E explained at 110.6 a complete sets of criteria that a qualified worker must be trained to do)
There is a cost of doing work unsafely5 years study, US Public Utility, direct cost $49 823 (indirect expense inestimable) [19]
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
Electrical incident Factors present during accident investigation
1. Safe work procedures not implemented or not followed2. Adequate or proper PPE not provide or worn3. Lockout/tag out procedures not implemented or not followed4. No compliance with OSHA, NEC or NESC5. Inadequate training in electrical safety (worker and supervisor)
Changing the electrical safety culture is necessary to move ahead
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE program by NIOSH) [9]
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
Safety Program Is yours completed? Does it cover all aspect? When was the last time you did an update? (if more
then 5 years, you can improve it!) Is it adapted with the actual regulations and
standards? (electrical code changed every 4 years)
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
‘’Consider the difference between the way we handle
safety and the way we handle quality, cost and schedule in a project’’
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
Richard Larivée, Eng.BPR inc.
[email protected] 257-2412
‘’Safety has priority over services continuity, equipment damage or economics ‘’
IEEE Buff Book
MERCI - THANK YOUMERCI - THANK YOU
Alma • Gaspé • Granby • Harrington Park (NJ) • Îles-de-la-Madeleine • Jamaïque • Laval • Lévis • Longueuil • Montréal • Paris • Québec • Rimouski • Rivière du-Loup • Saguenay • Saint-Hyacinthe • Trois-Rivières
November 2006IES Aviation Committee
BPR GroupBPR Group1550 employees23 offices 45 yearsSpecific • 25 years of airport experience and 40 in infrastructure• Airfield lighting and control systems design specialist• Civil expertise in various climate conditions• Expertise in hydrology and sewer overflow with projects in : New
York, Cleveland, Louisville, Paris, Bordeaux, Toronto, Montréal, …• Expertise in various industries
References1. How can we learn better from electrical accidents Floyd, Eastwood, Liggett IEEE
PCIC-98-34 www.cdc.gov/elcosh/docs/d0500/d000554/d000554.PDF2. Electronic Library of Construction Occupational Safety and Health -
www.cdc.gov/elcosh/docs/hazard/safety.html3. Controlling Physical Hazards - www.afscme.org/health/safe09.htm4. Industrial Safety and Health Management C. Ray Asfahl (2004 Ed)5. Technical Safety Management : A System Approach 3rd 1989 - Dan Petersen6. The value of electrical Incident Case Histories - Eastwood, Hancharyk, Pace IEEE
PCIC-2003-347. Refocusing Electrical Safety - Danny Ligget IEEE PCIC-2004-378. Les accidents du travail dans l’industrie de la construction : l’application des
compétences des travailleurs compromise. - AQHSST Avril 1999 Girard et al. www.presst.qc.ca/actes99/pdf/girard2.pdf
9. Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) program et facts from 1982 to 1992 - www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/98-131.pdf
10. Handbook for Electrical Safety - edition 2 Bussmann - www.bussmann.com/library/docs/SafetyHandbook2004.pdf
11. Electrical Hazard Analysis - www.avotraining.com/common/documents/NEC_Digest%20_Electrical_%20Hazard_Analysis.pdf
References12. A summary of Arc Flash Energy Calculations - Doan, Sweigart IEEE PCIC-2002-3413. Why Construction Workers are Getting Electrocuted - Presentation from Michael
McCann - Fatal occupational electrocutions in the United States - Injury Prevention - A J Taylor1, G McGwin, Jr2, F Valent1 and L W Rue, III3 www.cdc.gov/elcosh/docs/d0500/d000539/d000539.html
14. NFPA 70E – Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace15. Physiological Effects of Electrical current on living organisms, more particularly human
- J. Cabanes - EDF (1983)16. The use of low-voltage current-limitting Fuses to reduce Arc-Flash energy - IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol36, No 6, Nov/Dec 200017. Personnel Safety and Plant Reliability Considerations in the Selection and Use of
Voltage Test Instruments – IEEETrans. On Ind. Appl. Vol. 33, No2 March 97 Floyd and Nenninger
18. Department of Energy (DOE) Handbook – Electrical Safety - DOE-HDBK-1092-2004 December 2004 - www.eh.doe.gov/techstds/standard/hdbk1092/hdbk10922004.pdf
19. Take Basics to the Future – An Overview of the State of the Art in Electrical Safety Technology, Work, Practices and Management System – 2003 IEEE – IAS Electrical Safety Workshops – Floyd, Andrew, Capelli-Schellpfeffer, Neal, Leggitt
Other materialA. Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) - Electrical Safety - UFC 3-560-02 - August 2004 (Rev 1,
16 Feb 05) - www.afcesa.af.mil/ces/cesm/documents/rev1_Bars.pdfB. The other Electrical Hazards: Electric Arc Blast Burns - Lee, Ralph H. IEEE Trans.
Industry Applications, Vol 1A-18 No3 May/June 1982 p. 246
C. Correlation Between Electrical Accident Parameters and Sustained Injury – Capelli Schellpfeffer, Lee, Toner, Diller PCIC-96-35
D. The value of electrical incident case Histories-PCIC-2003-34 Eastwood, Hancharyk, Pace
E. Electrical Hazard Analysis – Dennis Neitzel – AVO International Training Institute www.avotraining.com/common/documents/NEC_Digest%20_Electrical_%20Hazard_Analysis.pdf
F. Controlling Electrical Hazards OSHA 3075 - www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3075.pdf
G. Safety and Health Topics Construction – Electrical www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/constructionelectrical/index.html
H. Why measure soil resistivity AEMC www.aemc.com/techinfo/appnotes/Ground_Resistance_Testers/App-Ground-SoilResistivity.pdf
I. IEEE the industry Application Magazine
J. Electrical Safety Handbook – Cadick, Capelli-Schellpfeffer & Neitzel