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ElEctric vEhiclEs
Group 429.AFTAB ANSARI17.AFSAR ALI22.MOHD MONIS RAZA
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Department of Electrical Engineering
Introduction
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Outlines
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• Electric vehicles• History• Why EVS?• How It works?• Vehicles to grid• Types• Components• Comparison with gasoline
vehicles • Efficiency
• International Status• Methods of Charging• Merits and Demerits• Future development• Conclusion• References
Electric Vehicles
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An automobile powered entirely or partially by electricity
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History
1825Steam Engine Car, British inventor Goldsworthy
1832First electric car was build in Scotland.
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1904 Within a few years, the Electric Vehicle Company
failed
1997-99Manufactures introduced new generation of
electric and hybrid cars
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History
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Electric car by Seimens, 1904
Thomas Edison with a car made by Detroit Electric , 1907-1939
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Tribelhorn, 1902 - 1919
The Henny Kilowatt, 1961
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Vanguard Sebring Citicar, 1974
Saturn EV -1, General Motors, 1996
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Chevrolet Volt, 2007
Tesla Roadster, 2008
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WHY EVS?• 27 % less CO2 than petrol cars.• Reduce greenhouse gas emissions.• Produce no carbon emissions.
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How it Works? • Uses electricity not petrol.• Energy comes from a power outlet via a
cord.• Energy stored in batteries.• Energy powers the electric motor
moving the car.
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V2G
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• Interface between Electric Vehicle (EV) and Electric grid.
• Turn EV into a resource.
• Helps in balancing loads.
• Alternate sources of energy.
V2G• Electric Vehicle (EV) is plugged in
to the grid • EV can charge from grid during
off-peak hours• EV provides power back to grid
during peak hours
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Basic types of EVs
• Connection to generator plants
• Onboard generators
• Onboard storage
Types of Onboard EVs
• Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
• Plug-in Hybrid
• Full Electric
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Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Petrol Engine • Motor • Battery
Full Electric• Electric motor • Battery (plugged in)
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Components
• Motor• Controller• Battery• DC/DC Converter• Instrumentation
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Motors
• AC motorsSingle Phase IMThree phase IM• DC motors
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Controller
• Delivers a controlled voltage to the motor• Depending upon potentiometer output. • PWM controls the speed.
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Braking
• Regenerative and conventional braking• Motor as a generator• Converts kinetic to electrical energy
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Batteries
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DC/DC Converters• Uses PWM to step traction • 12V to run car accessories.• Buck converter• Boost converter
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InstrumentationInstrumentation includes:• Traction Pack Voltmeter• Battery Current Ammeter• Motor Current Ammeter• Amp-hour/kWh meter (“E-Meter”)
Efficiency
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Charging Mode 1: Household socket and extension cord
Mode 2: Domestic socket and cable with a protection device
Mode 3:Charging stations
Charging Stations
• Connected to grid• Inductive charging• Non Conventional energy
sources
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International Status
• December 2012, around 50,000 charging points in the U.S., Europe, Japan and China
• March 2013, 5,678 public charging stations in US• December 2013, Estonia is the first and only country of an EV
charging network with nationwide coverage• March 2013, Norway has 4,029 charging points
Battery Swapping
• Replacing battery mechanically• Takes a couple of minutes• Si-air, Al-air and other metal-air fuel cells• More efficient but costly
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EVs VS Fuel Vehicle
MeritsEnvironmental• No tail pipe air pollutants• No O2 for IC• No noise pollution• Less maintenancesStabilization of gridLow running costSaferNo Smell
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Merits
Mechanical• Simple design• Precise control over speed • High efficiency • High starting torque• No Gearboxes• Quiet and smooth run
Demerits• Limited range • Electric energy infrastructures• Non availability of skilled technicians• Low speed• Battery charging • Limited battery life • Charging stations(with high V & I)• EM radiation
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Future Development
• Hybrid Vehicles • Solar Vehicles
Future DevelopmentImproved Batteries • Lithium Polymer. • Zinc Air Batteries. • Lithium Cobalt Metal Oxide. Other Storage methods • Super Capacitors(EDLC)• Flywheel Energy Storage
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Conclusion
• Perfect substitute for oil and gasoline vehicles• Bright future ahead• Enough customers but not ample of
Manufacturers • Eco-friendly • Advantages outweighs its disadvantages
References
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle• www.transportation.anl.gov• www.howstuffworks.com• www.manzanitamicro.com• Brian Randall Tesla Presentation 2008 • Report T-611-NYTI-21652 on new Technology