8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
1/77
BY: ALOK SAXENA
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://obit-mag.com/media/image/Lenins-Body-Moscow-420x0.jpg&imgrefurl=http://obit-mag.com/articles/galileos-finger-confessions-of-a-necro-tourist&usg=__sGJviV1m1mgWz_cgSwLwBuW0-2c=&h=279&w=420&sz=10&hl=en&start=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=xFhT4l7IV0KfMM:&tbnh=83&tbnw=125&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpictures%2Bof%2Blenin%2Bbody%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1276%26bih%3D540%26tbs%3Disch:1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://obit-mag.com/media/image/Lenins-Body-Moscow-420x0.jpg&imgrefurl=http://obit-mag.com/articles/galileos-finger-confessions-of-a-necro-tourist&usg=__sGJviV1m1mgWz_cgSwLwBuW0-2c=&h=279&w=420&sz=10&hl=en&start=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=xFhT4l7IV0KfMM:&tbnh=83&tbnw=125&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpictures%2Bof%2Blenin%2Bbody%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1276%26bih%3D540%26tbs%3Disch:18/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
2/77
The beginnings of the art and
techniques of embalming are
associated principally with ancient
Egypt.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
3/77
An accidental unearthing of natural mummy possibly ledthe Egyptian to firmly believe in an afterlife.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
4/77
The ultimate punishment for the living, according to
Egyptians was not living in hell, but ceasing to exist!!
The heart of the dead person was weighed against "thefeather of truth," a symbol of Ma'at (the goddess of truth,
justice, and order).
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
5/77
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
6/77
The heart was not taken out of the body because itwas the centre of intelligence and feeling and theman will need it in the afterlife.
LiverLungsIntestines
Stomach
Imsety
Hapy
Duamutef
Qebehsenuef
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
7/77
A long hook was used to smash thebrain and pull it out through the nose.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
8/77
After the organs were removed, the body was washedwith wine and rubbed with spices. The alcohol in the wine
acted as an antiseptic, helping to kill bacteria.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
9/77
The corpse was then covered with natron for40 days to dry out.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
10/77
Finally 68th to the 70th day----coffined.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
11/77
Middle Ages(Era of Anatomists)During middle ages, there were increasing
number of those who wanted to study the humanbody and preservation was no longer for thepurpose of an after-life but for study purposes.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
12/77
Crusades period (1095 to 1291)
There were series of wars & no preservationtechnique was developed.
The procedure included removal of soft tissues
and then boiling the bones until they were free ofall soft tissues.
The bones were then dried and wrapped within
bull hides and returned to their homeland for finalrites.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
13/77
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
14/77
William Harvey (1578-1657)
Embalming by arterial injectionas a mortuary practice was
developed after Harveys
discovery of circulation.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
15/77
The English word ---
to put on balm (spices & perfumes).
EMBALMINGPerfusion of the cadaver withfixative fluid for the purpose
of preventing putrefaction.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
16/77
In the middle ages embalming became an art.
Dr. Frederick Ruysch
(1665-1717)
His secret formula wasBalsamic spirit.
1 pound of tartar dissolvedin 6 pounds of water, towhich he added half poundof sal ammoniac.
After filtration it was readyfor embalming.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
17/77
Hunter Brothers
Hunter brothers were permitted to be sole agency forembalming and for performing anatomical dissections in thecity of London. William Hunter and John Hunter injected thefemoral artery with a solution composed of oil of turpentine,oil of lavender and vermilion dye.
1718-1783 1728-1793
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
18/77
This is the scene from a battlefield showing theembalmer searching for cadavers. He would ignorethe cries of the injured, but look for dead bodies that
he had been paid to embalm.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
19/77
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
20/77
The modern embalming is defined as the
study and science of treating a deadhuman body to achieve antisepticcondition, premortem appearance andpreservation.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
21/77
The Embalming process acts on the body proteins.
It changes the colloidal nature of proteins and forms a
lattice-work of inert, more stable, longer-lasting and
firm substance that can no longer serve as food for
bacteria.
This new protein form cannot be broken down by the
enzymes from body cells or bacteria.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
22/77
The process of embalming consists
fundamentally of an injection of some
suitable disinfecting preservative (arterial
fluid) into the vascular system augmented
by the relieving of the blood from the veins.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
23/77
Receipt of the Dead Body
In the Anatomy Department the dead
body is received as1. Unclaimed Body
2. Donated Body
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
24/77
Most important is legal documentation
Identification of the body. Consent. Death certificate.
No objection from police.
Clearance from the embassy.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
25/77
NOW WE ARE READY TO
EMBALM
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
26/77
Transferthe body on the Embalmingtable.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
27/77
Removeclothing frombody and shave hair.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
28/77
Wash andDisinfect the body.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
29/77
Size of vessel-should be sufficiently large to affordproper insertion of cannula.
Depth of location of vessel-superficial enough toavoid unnecessary dissection.
Proximity to the heart- In unautopsied body,vessels should be close to both aorta and right
atrium.
Special cases of infants - vessels of choice areabdominal aorta and inferior vena cava.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
30/77
ARTERIES VEINS
Right femoral artery
Right common carotidartery
Both right and leftcommon carotidarteries
Right axillary artery
Femoral vein
Internal jugular vein
Right atrium ,using atrocar (in difficultcases)
Vessels of right side of thebody are commonly used ???
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
31/77
ARTERIES VEINS
Abdominal aorta isused directly forinjection.
Inferior vena cava
Other sites
Right and left common carotid arteries
Right and left femoral (external or common illiac) arteries
Right and left subclavian (axillary) arteries
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
32/77
Most commonly used artery for injection is
Femoral Artery.
And most common vein for drainage is FemoralVein.
But there are other sites also..
Common carotid artery and internal jugular vein
Axillary artery and axillary vein
Radial artery
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
33/77
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
34/77
After exposure pass two ligatures under theartery.
Use a scalpel to open the artery.
Now cannulate the artery towards the
heart.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
35/77
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
36/77
Transverse Diagonal T-shaped Wedge-shaped
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
37/77
Arteries are empty after death, therefore,
best suited to carry the fluid to the tissues.
They do not collapse when cut.
Veins are large, thin walled with valves,
usually engorged after death and collapse ifempty.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
38/77
The hooks areused mainly inretraction ofskin andsuperficial fascia
In raising theartery or a vein
to the surfaceof the skin forarterialinjection.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
39/77
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
40/77
IN UNAUTOPSIED BODIES IN AUTOPSIED BODIES
One point injection
Split injection
Multipoint injection
(in case of failure of
one point injection
technique)
Six point injection
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
41/77
Done by embalming machines.
Gravity method
Electric pump method
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
42/77
Traditional, simplest, most commonlypracticed and least expensive method .
It requires a graduated glass bottle of the
capacity of ten litres with an outlet with a Tconnection which leads to two rubber tubingsconnected to two cannula.
One Cannula is directed downwards and the
other upwards.
The T connection contains a screw clamp tocontrol the rate of flow of the fluid.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
43/77
After the cannula is secured, theembalming bottle is filled with the arterialfluid and kept at a height of 4-6 feet from
the embalming table.
By the pressure of gravity the fluid startsflowing
Complete injection takes nearly 7-8 hrs
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
44/77
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGE
This can be asubstitute when there
is a electric powerfailure.
This method provides
a slow, steady andmore thoroughdistribution of fluid.
The method is timeconsuming and needsconstant refilling ofthe bottle.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
45/77
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
46/77
ELECTRIC PUMP METHOD
Simple device wherepressure is generated toforce fluid from an
injection tank into thevascular system.
Duration it delivers 8-10 liters of arterial fluidwithin 30-45 min.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
47/77
Very high pressure should not be usedas it can rupture the arterial walls.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
48/77
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
49/77
Through veins.
Blood is present in large amounts inveins at the time of death..
Contents of drainage?
Purpose of the drainage?
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
50/77
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
51/77
Methods of drainage Advantages Disadvantages
Alternate Thorough distributionof fluid
More time consuming
Concurrent(continuous) Less time consuming Incomplete Distributionof fluid
Intermittent Less time consumingwith thoroughdistribution of fluid
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
52/77
Golden Rule for Drainage:
Good drainage can be expected
only when the interval between
Death and Embalming
is short.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
53/77
Of proper and complete embalming:
Skin looses elasticity.
Face becomes fixed.
Fluid oozes out from orifices.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
54/77
Arterial embalming- arterial fluid is injectedinto selected artery.
Cavity embalming- involves two steps:
Aspiration of the cavities and their contents.
Injection of a strong preservative chemical.
If the cavity treatment is not donethe continuedactivity of the bacterial flora, already exist in theviscera, will promote putrefaction and ultimatelycause failure of embalming.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
55/77
Hypodermic embalmingusing hypodermicneedle.
Surface embalmingusing cotton packssoaked in arterial or cavity fluid.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
56/77
What is an embalming fluid??
A disinfectant?
A preservative?
Will it prevent contamination?
Produces life like appearance?
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
57/77
Preservatives
Germicides
Buffers
Wetting agents
Anticoagulants
Dyes
VehiclePerfuming agents
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
58/77
Formalin/ formaldehyde -
Discovered in 1856 by August
Wilheld Von Hofmann.
It is 37% by weight or 40% by
volume of formaldehyde gas in
water.
Methyl alcohol acts as
stabilizer (about 10% is
added).
August Wilhelm vonHofmann
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
59/77
It is a bactericidal but not aneffective fungicidal and insecticidal.
Other preservatives
Methanol and Phenol ..
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
60/77
Germicides -
Eg:Phenol and its derivatives, zephiran
chloride and glutaraldehyde.
Buffers
Assist in stabilizing the pH and providegood medium for reaction of
preservatives with cellular proteins.
Eg. Sodium borate/ Bicarbonate/Carbonate and magnesium Carbonate
act as neutralizer of formalin.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
61/77
Wetting agents-
are used to lower the surface tension andsubsequently to facilitate the penetrationand distribution of embalming fluid throughvascular bed.
Eg. Glycerin, sorbitol and sodium
lauryl sulphate.
Anticoagulants-Eg. Sodium Citrate and oxalate.
D Si l h l l i f h
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
62/77
DyesSimulates the natural coloring of thetissues.
Also enable the embalmer to detect patchyembalming effects if any.
Eg.Eosin
Vehicles A solvent that help the
ingredients in the solution in a stable anduniform state during transport through thevascular system to different parts of the
body.Eg. Water
PerfumesEg.Methyl salicylate
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
63/77
Muscle relaxants-
Eg.Magnesium chloride
Recent view- relaxing agents are ineffective
in a cadaver.
But what about quantity of fluid???
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
64/77
CHEMICALS
PURPOSE
AMOUNT (for 1 lit.)
FormalinMethanol Preservative 10.0%55.0%Sodium borate Buffer 15.0%Sodium citrate Anticoagulant 15.0%Glycerin Wetting agent 15.0% (20%*)Phenol Germicide 5.0%Water Vehicle 15.0% (10%*)Thymol (dissolve inalcohol) Fungicide Few crystals1% eosin Dye 5.0mlMethyl salicylate Perfume 10.0ml
(For 1 ltr) increaseglycerine and decreasewater in Thin subjects*
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
65/77
CHEMICALS PURPOSE AMOUNTFormalinMethanol Preservative 60.0%25.0%Glycerin Wetting agent 2.5%Phenol Germicide 10.0%Mercuric chloride Insecticide and
disinfectant 1.0%Lavender Perfume 1.0%
(for 1 ltr fluid)
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
66/77
Used to keep the dissections moist.
CHEMICALS PURPOSE AMOUNTGlycerin Wetting agent 75.0%Alcohol Preservative and
to mix thymol10.0%
Phenol Germicide 5.0%Water Vehicle 10.0%Thymol Fungicide Few crystals
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
67/77
For immersing the embalmed cadavers.
CHEMICALS AMOUNTSFormalin 15.0%
Glycerin 20.0%
Phenol 5.0%
Water 60.0%
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
68/77
To prevent drying of the isolateddissected parts.
CHEMICALS AMOUNTFormalin 5.0%
Glycerin 50.0%
Phenol 5.0%
Water 40.0%
Thymol Few crystals
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
69/77
Use 10% formalin only.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
70/77
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
71/77
Burnt bodies.
Radiation bodies.
Fetuses.
Autopsied bodies.
Diseased bodies like ascites, bed
sores.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
72/77
HIV infected bodies
Treat the body with sodium hypochlorite(effective germicides)
Consider all bodies are potentially
dangerous with HIV (universal workprecautions) for minimizing the risk of
exposure to blood and body fluids.
(As per CDC ,Centers for disease
control, recommendations).
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
73/77
Considerations for the health of
embalmers.
Considerations for disposal of human
remains and other infected materials.
Protective Equipment
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
74/77
Protective Equipment
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
75/77
The practice and purpose of embalminghas undergone a sea change over theyears and the guiding purpose hasshifted from predominantly cultural to
educational.
With advances in modern practice, we
can look forward to further glorificationof the dead in future.
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
76/77
8/4/2019 Embalming -Alok
77/77
Thank you