End Show
Slide 1 of 35
Chemistry 23.2
End Show© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 2 of 35
Alcohols and Ethers
A patient does not experience pain during surgery when given a general anesthetic. The earliest anesthetics, used during the Civil War, belonged to a class of chemical compounds called ethers. You will read about the chemical characteristics of ethers that make them good anesthetics.
23.2
End Show© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers >
Slide 3 of 35
Alcohols
Alcohols
How are alcohols classified and named?
23.2
End Show
Slide 4 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols
• An alcohol is an organic compound with an — OH group.
• The —OH functional group in alcohols is called a hydroxyl group or hydroxy function.
23.2
End Show© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 5 of 35
Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols
Aliphatic alcohols can be classified into structural categories according to the number of R groups attached to the carbon with the hydroxyl group.
23.2
End Show© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 6 of 35
Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols
When using the IUPAC system to name continuous-chain and substituted alcohols, drop the -e ending of the parent alkane name and add the ending -ol.
23.2
End Show
Slide 7 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols23.2
End Show
Slide 8 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols23.2
End Show
Slide 9 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols23.2
End Show
Slide 10 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols
Alcohols can have more than one hydroxyl group.
23.2
End Show
Slide 11 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols
These alcohols contain one, two, or three hydroxyl groups.
23.2
End Show
Slide 12 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is a common component of many household products.
23.2
End Show
Slide 13 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols
Aliphatic alcohols are used in many household products, including antiseptics, antifreeze, and cosmetics.
23.2
End Show© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers >
Slide 14 of 35
Properties of Alcohols
Properties of Alcohols
How does the solubility of an alcohol vary with the length of its carbon chain?
23.2
End Show© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 15 of 35
Alcohols and Ethers > Properties of Alcohols
Alcohols of up to four carbons are soluble in water in all proportions. The solubility of alcohols with four or more carbons in the chain is usually much lower.
23.2
End Show
Slide 16 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Properties of Alcohols
Fermentation is the production of ethanol from sugars by the action of yeast or bacteria. A second reaction product, carbon dioxide, causes bread to rise.
23.2
End Show
Slide 17 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Properties of Alcohols
Ethanol is the intoxicating substance in alcoholic beverages. It is a depressant that can be fatal if taken in large doses at once.
• Denatured alcohol is ethanol with an added substance to make it toxic (poisonous).
• Denatured alcohol is used as a reactant or as a solvent in industrial processes.
23.2
End Show© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers >
Slide 18 of 35
Addition Reactions
Addition Reactions
What reactions of alkenes may be used to introduce functional groups into organic molecules?
23.2
End Show
Slide 19 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions
Addition reactions of alkenes are an important method of introducing new functional groups into organic molecules.
• In an addition reaction, a substance is added at the double or triple bond of an alkene or alkyne.
• Double and triple bonds between carbon atoms are much more reactive than single bonds between carbon atoms.
23.2
End Show
Slide 20 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions
Addition Across a Double Bond
23.2
End Show
Slide 21 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions23.2
End Show
Slide 22 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions
The addition of water to an alkene is a hydration reaction.
23.2
End Show
Slide 23 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions23.2
End Show
Slide 24 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions
The addition of hydrogen to a carbon–carbon double bond to produce an alkane is called a hydrogenation reaction.
23.2
End Show
Slide 25 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions23.2
End Show
Slide 26 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions23.2
End Show© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers >
Slide 27 of 35
Ethers
Ethers
What is the general structure of an ether and how are the alkyl groups of an ether named?
23.2
End Show© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 28 of 35
Alcohols and Ethers > Ethers
The general structure of an ether is R—O—R. The alkyl groups attached to the ether linkage are named in alphabetical order and are followed by the word ether.
23.2
End Show
Slide 29 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Ethers
An ether is a compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups.
23.2
End Show
Slide 30 of 35
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Alcohols and Ethers > Ethers23.2
End Show© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 31 of 35
Section Quiz
-or-Continue to: Launch:
Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section
23.2 Section Quiz.
23.2.
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 32 of 35
End Show
23.2 Section Quiz.
1. Choose the correct words for the spaces. The structure of a secondary alcohol has ___________ attached to the __________ group.
a. two R groups, OH
b. two OH groups, R
c. one R group, C—OH
d. two R groups, C—OH
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 33 of 35
End Show
23.2 Section Quiz.
2. Choose the correct words for the space. Alcohols that are completely soluble in water have _________ carbons in the chain.
a. four or less
b. three or less
c. four or more
d. more than four
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 34 of 35
End Show
23.2 Section Quiz.
3. What type of reaction would convert CH2=CH—CH3 into CHBr—CHBr—CH3?
a. substitution
b. hydrogenation
c. addition
d. hydration
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 35 of 35
End Show
23.2 Section Quiz.
4. Which structure is ethylmethyl ether?
a. CH3—CH2—OH—CH2
b. CH3—CH2—CHO
c. CH3CH2—O— CH3
d. CH2CH—CH3—OH
END OF SHOW