Engaging Communities in Conservation
in a Polarized TimeDr. Tora Johnson
GIS Director/ Associate ProfessorUniversity of Maine at Machias
[email protected](207) 255-1214
You can download a PDF of this slideshow at:http://bit.ly/JohnsonPAWsheds19
Or scan...
Community Engagement
What does it feel like when it works?
Community Engagement
What does it feel like when it doesn’t work?
Communities in Conflict
Eastern US & Canada Johnson,2005
Geospatial Technology
By Publius (pseudonym; Alexander Hamilton (11 January 1755 or 1757 – 12 July 1804); John Jay (23 December 1745 – 17 May 1829); James Madison (16 March 1751 – 28 June 1836)). (Scanned from an original copy.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Important tools for community engagement
By Publius (pseudonym; Alexander Hamilton (11 January 1755 or 1757 – 12 July 1804); John Jay (23 December 1745 – 17 May 1829); James Madison (16 March 1751 – 28 June 1836)). (Scanned from an original copy.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Communities Managing Change
African-American Enclaves in the South Carolina Lowcountry
1878
Phillips Community
South CarolinaLowcountry
Charleston Public Library
1932
54 yrs after settlement
Phillips Community
South CarolinaLowcountry
Charleston Public Library
1949
71 yrs after settlement
Phillips Community
South CarolinaLowcountry
University of South Carolina
1000ft
1954
76 yrs after settlement
Phillips Community
South CarolinaLowcountry
University of South Carolina
1000ft
1979
101 yrs after settlement
Phillips Community
South CarolinaLowcountry
University of South Carolina
1000ft
1994
116 yrs after settlement
Phillips Community
South CarolinaLowcountry
University of South Carolina
1000ft
1999
121 yrs after settlement
Phillips Community
South CarolinaLowcountry
Charleston County
1000ft
2004
126 yrs after settlement
Charleston County
Phillips Community
South CarolinaLowcountry
1000ft
2018
140 yrs after settlement
Charleston County
Phillips Community
South CarolinaLowcountry
NAIP, 2018
1000ft
Washington County, Maine
By Publius (pseudonym; Alexander Hamilton (11 January 1755 or 1757 – 12 July 1804); John Jay (23 December 1745 – 17 May 1829); James Madison (16 March 1751 – 28 June 1836)). (Scanned from an original copy.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
● Deeply rural: 13 people / sqmi (U.S. Census)
● Poverty rates: ~20%(U.S. Census)
● Diverse, polarized electorate
● Strong vane of landowner rights/ home rule
Observed CC
By Publius (pseudonym; Alexander Hamilton (11 January 1755 or 1757 – 12 July 1804); John Jay (23 December 1745 – 17 May 1829); James Madison (16 March 1751 – 28 June 1836)). (Scanned from an original copy.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
http://gro-wa.org/quick-links-to-on-line-gis.htm
The Risk: DEVIL-SHIFT
By Publius (pseudonym; Alexander Hamilton (11 January 1755 or 1757 – 12 July 1804); John Jay (23 December 1745 – 17 May 1829); James Madison (16 March 1751 – 28 June 1836)). (Scanned from an original copy.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Each side views the other as “less trustworthy, more evil, and more powerful than they probably are.” (Sabatier, 2005, p. 192)
http://bangordailynews.com/2014/03/20/news/bangor/after-tensions-among-hampden-officials-erupt-town-manager-calls-for-end-to-craziness/
Sabatier, P. A. (Ed.). (2005). Swimming upstream: collaborative approaches to watershed management. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
By Publius (pseudonym; Alexander Hamilton (11 January 1755 or 1757 – 12 July 1804); John Jay (23 December 1745 – 17 May 1829); James Madison (16 March 1751 – 28 June 1836)). (Scanned from an original copy.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Dignity
Dignity
“[I]nherent characteristic of being human… felt as an attribute of the self... manifest through behaviour that demonstrates respect.” (Jacelon et al., 2004)
“[I]nternal state of peace that comes with the recognition and acceptance of the value and vulnerability of all living things.” (Hicks, 2011, p. 1)
Affected by… • How one is treated• How one treats others• Social, physical & historical context
Hicks, Donna (2011-09-06). Dignity: The Essential Role It Plays in Resolving Conflict (pp. 25-26). Yale University Press. Kindle Edition.
Jacelon, C. S., Connelly, T. W., Brown, R., Proulx, K., & Vo, T. (2004). A concept analysis of dignity for older adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(1), 76–83.
Elements of Dignity(Hicks, 2011)
• Acceptance of Identity • Inclusion• Safety • Acknowledgment • Recognition• Fairness • Benefit of the Doubt • Understanding• Independence • Accountability
Hicks, Donna (2011-09-06). Dignity: The Essential Role It Plays in Resolving Conflict (pp. 25-26). Yale University Press. Kindle Edition.
Rosa Parks with Dr. Martin Luther King jr. (ca. 1955, right)
The Bus (below)
Rosa Parks with Martin Luther King [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons. Originally published in Ebony. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARosaparks.jpg
Best Practices for Supporting Decisions
Align Scales of Action, Information, and Feedback(Wilbanks & Kates, 2010; Cash et al., 2006; Ostrom 1990)
Identify Local Vulnerabilities and Priorities(Hales, D. et al., 2014; Dunlap, 2010; Molnar 2010)
Avoid Conflicting Narratives about Conservation(Nisbet & Mooney, 2007)
Re-frame to Find Common Priorities(Dupuis and Knoepfel, 2013; Wilbanks and Kates, 2010)
Support Co-Production of Knowledge in Learning Loops(Pahl-Wostl, 2009; Cash, 2006; Cash et al., 2003)
Johnson, Tora, "Role of Dignity in Rural Natural Resource Governance" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2267. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2267
Practices that Support DignityBest Practices (Johnson, 2015) Elements of Dignity (Hicks, 2011)
Avoid Conflicted Frames Safety, acceptance, benefit of the doubt
Align Scales of Action, Information, & Feedback
Recognition, understanding, accountability
Identify Local Vulnerabilities & Priorities
Recognition, understanding, accountability
Frame around Existing Vulnerabilities & Priorities
Inclusion, acknowledgement, recognition, independence
Co-Production of Knowledge in Learning Loops
Acceptance, acknowledgement, recognition, independence
Best Practices
Align Scales of Action, Information, and Feedback
(Wilbanks & Kates, 2010; Cash et al., 2006; Ostrom 1990)
Correctly-scaled information:- Relevant- Comprehensible- Actionable- Credible
Map by T. Johnson; data provided by GIS Data Depot, Center for Coastal Studies & Mass GIS
Align Scales: Action, Info & Feedback
Best Practices
Align Scales with Local Perspectives
Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH). (2013, June 2). Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/slosh.php
Flooding fine resolution lidar elevation models with SLOSH Model inundation estimates.
Storm Surge Scenarios
Align Scales: Action, Info & Feedback
Flooding fine resolution lidar elevation models with SLOSH Model inundation estimates.
Align Scales of Action, Information, and Feedback
(Wilbanks & Kates, 2010; Cash et al., 2006; Ostrom 1990)
Consider...
● Examples of scale mismatch?
● Strategies to align scale?
● How does this support dignity?
Elements of Dignity• Acceptance of
Identity • Inclusion• Safety • Acknowledgment • Recognition• Fairness • Benefit of the
Doubt • Understanding• Independence • Accountability
Best Practices
Identify Local Vulnerabilities & Priorities(Hales, D. et al., 2014; Dunlap, 2010; Molnar 2010)
- Ask- Listen- Record- Consider- Incorporate
Best Practices
Re-frame Around Common Priorities
(Dupuis and Knoepfel, 2013; Wilbanks and Kates, 2010)
- Tangible- Relevant- Visible- A stepping stone...
Issue Involvement: Community Issue Involvement PersonalPlease indicate the extent to which each problem is significant in the Downeast town where you live or spend the most time.
Please indicate the extent to which each problem is important to you personally.
IssueMean
Ranking nStd. Dev. Item
Mean Ranking n
Std. Dev.
Unemployment(tie for 1st)
4.18 231 1.04 High property taxes 3.89 218 1.21
School budgets(tie for 1st)
4.18 229 0.98 School budgets 3.79 219 1.32
High price of heating fuel 4.07** 226 1.02 High price of heating fuel 3.58** 212 1.33High property taxes 3.89 229 1.16 Aging roads, bridges &
culverts3.54** 217 1.17
Aging roads, bridges & culverts
3.75** 228 1.12 Unusually strong storms 3.32** 209 1.3
Interest & Relevance
Johnson, 2015
Common Priority: Flood & Stormwater Mgt
● Infrastructure Resilience
● Wetland Restoration
● Pollution & Erosion Prevention
Machias Hardware Parking Lot
King Tide 2017Photo: Shri Verrill
By Publius (pseudonym; Alexander Hamilton (11 January 1755 or 1757 – 12 July 1804); John Jay (23 December 1745 – 17 May 1829); James Madison (16 March 1751 – 28 June 1836)). (Scanned from an original copy.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Adapting
DowntownMachias
Identify & Reframe around Local Vulnerabilities & Priorities
(Hales, D. et al., 2014; Dunlap, 2010; Molnar 2010)
Consider...● Examples of local priorities?
● Which are shared?
● Strategies?
● Elements of dignity?
Best Practices
Elements of Dignity• Acceptance of
Identity • Inclusion• Safety • Acknowledgment • Recognition• Fairness • Benefit of the
Doubt • Understanding• Independence • Accountability
Best Practices for Supporting Adaptation
Avoid Conflicted Narratives about Conservation
(Nisbet & Mooney, 2007)
Frame the conversation:- Relevant- Tractable- Local
Belief in CC
By Publius (pseudonym; Alexander Hamilton (11 January 1755 or 1757 – 12 July 1804); John Jay (23 December 1745 – 17 May 1829); James Madison (16 March 1751 – 28 June 1836)). (Scanned from an original copy.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
● Survey of people involved in municipal governance
● 214 (30%) of 708 responded
● 6 climate belief items
Johnson, T. (2015). The Role of Dignity in Rural Natural Resource Governance (Dissertation). University of Maine, Orono, Maine.
“Have you observed…?” n% SeeEffect Mean Std. Dev.
Changes in abundance of animals or plants 197 81.7 1.22 0.734Changes in locations/ mvts of animals or plants 195 80 1.12 0.712
Lyme disease 184 81.5 1.11 0.688Loss of habitat for animals or plants 186 75.2 1.07 0.75Unusually high amounts of rainfall 196 78.1 1.07 0.709Forest pests or diseases 182 79.1 1.02 0.664River or stream flooding 198 81.9 0.98 0.587Agricultural pests or diseases 182 75.8 0.93 0.645Coastal flooding 198 66.1 0.8 0.666Unusually warm summers 198 59.1 0.7 0.658Mean 198 75.85 1.02 0.4420 = No Effect, 1 = Minor Effect, 2 = Major EffectExcludes "Unsure"
Johnson, T. (2015). The Role of Dignity in Rural Natural Resource Governance (Dissertation). University of Maine, Orono, Maine.
Avoid Conflicted Narratives about Conservation
(Nisbet & Mooney, 2007)
Consider...
● Examples?
● Ideas for re-framing?
● Elements of dignity?
Best Practices
Elements of Dignity• Acceptance of
Identity • Inclusion• Safety • Acknowledgment • Recognition• Fairness • Benefit of the
Doubt • Understanding• Independence • Accountability
Best Practices for Supporting Adaptation
Supporting Co-Production of Knowledge in Learning Loops
(Pahl-Wostl, 2009; Cash, 2006; Cash et al., 2003)
- Engaging- Builds Trust- Produces Useful Knowledge
Best Practices for Supporting Adaptation
https://www.google.com/search?q=learning+loops&espv=2&biw=1310&bih=709&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjist6VmqLPAhWB54MKHXunBKMQ_AUIBigB&dpr=2.2
Downeast Maine
Communities: Managing Change, Conflict & Crisis
Capacity Building
Interactive maps for community decision-making
https://sites.google.com/maine.edu/ummgis-planmaps/home
Support Co-Production of Knowledge in Learning Loops
(Pahl-Wostl, 2009; Cash, 2006; Cash et al., 2003)
Consider…● Examples?
● Strategies?
● Elements of dignity?
Best Practices
Elements of Dignity• Acceptance of
Identity • Inclusion• Safety • Acknowledgment • Recognition• Fairness • Benefit of the
Doubt • Understanding• Independence • Accountability
A Dignified Process Makes Facts Matter
● Elements of dignity
● Open & inclusive
● Flexible
● Time to listen
● Atmosphere of respect (not necessarily agreement or affection!)
Works CitedCash, D. W. (2006). Countering the Loading-Dock Approach to Linking Science and Decision Making: Comparative Analysis of El
Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Forecasting Systems. Science, Technology & Human Values, 31(4), 465–494. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243906287547
Cash, David W., Adger, W. N., Berkes, F., Garden, P., Lebel, L., Olsson, P., … Young, O. (2006). Scale and Cross-Scale Dynamics: Governance and Information in a Multilevel World. Ecology & Society, 11(2), 181–192.
Cash, David W., Clark, W. C., Alcock, F., Dickson, N. M., Eckley, N., Guston, D. H., … Mitchell, R. B. (2003). Knowledge systems for sustainable development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(14), 8086–8091. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1231332100
Dunlap, R. E. (2010). Climate Change and Rural Sociology: Broadening the Research Agenda. Rural Sociology, 75(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2009.00010.x
Dupuis, J., & Knoepfel, P. (2013). The Adaptation Policy Paradox: the Implementation Deficit of Policies Framed as Climate Change Adaptation. Ecology and Society, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05965-180431
Hales, D., Hohenstein, W., Bidwell, M. D., Landry, C., McGranahan, D., Molnar, J., … Jadin, J. (2014).
Hicks, Donna (2011-09-06). Dignity: The Essential Role It Plays in Resolving Conflict (pp. 25-26). Yale University Press. Kindle Edition.
GROWashington-Aroostook. (n.d.). Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://www.gro-wa.org/
Jacelon, C. S., Connelly, T. W., Brown, R., Proulx, K., & Vo, T. (2004). A concept analysis of dignity for older adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(1), 76–83.
Johnson, T. (2005). Entanglements: the intertwined fates of whales and fishermen. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Johnson, T., & East, J. C. (2014). Washington County Climate Vulnerability Assessment. GROWashington Aroostook. Retrieved from http://gro-wa.org/washington-county-climate-change-response.htm
Works Cited, ContinuedJohnson, Tora, "Role of Dignity in Rural Natural Resource Governance" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2267.
http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2267
Molnar, J. J. (2010). Climate Change and Societal Response: Livelihoods, Communities, and the Environment. Rural Sociology, 75(1), 1–16.
Nisbet, M. C., & Mooney, C. (2007). SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: Framing Science. Science, 316(5821), 56–56. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1142030
Pahl-Wostl, C. (2009). A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes. Global Environmental Change, 19(3), 354–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.06.001
Sabatier, P. A. (Ed.). (2005). Swimming upstream: collaborative approaches to watershed management. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
U.S. Global Change Research Program Ch. 14: Rural Communities. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment, 333–349. https://doi.org/10.7930/J01Z429C
University of Maine at Machias GIS Laboratory - Storm Surge & Sea Level Rise Maps. (n.d.). Retrieved February 24, 2019, from https://sites.google.com/maine.edu/ummgis-planmaps/storm-surge-sea-level-rise-maps
Machias Resilience | The Washington County Council of Governments. (n.d.). Retrieved February 24, 2019, from http://www.wccog.net/machias-resilience.htm
Washington County Council of Governments. Shoreland Zoning. (2013, April 7). Retrieved December 18, 2013, from http://www.wccog.net/shoreland-zoning.htm
Wilbanks, T. J., & Kates, R. W. (2010). Beyond Adapting to Climate Change: Embedding Adaptation in Responses to Multiple Threats and Stresses. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(4), 719–728.
Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Engaging Communities in Conservation
in a Polarized TimeDr. Tora Johnson
GIS Director/ Associate ProfessorUniversity of Maine at Machias
[email protected](207) 255-1214
You can download a PDF of this slideshow at:http://bit.ly/JohnsonPAWsheds19
Or scan...