8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
1/76
1
10ATE02
Technical EnglishII
Syllabus
10ATE02 TECHNICAL ENGLISH II L T P C
3 1 0 4
AIM:
To encourage students to actively involve in participative learning of English and to help themacquire Communication Skills.
OBJECTIVES:1. To help students develop listening skills for academic and professional purposes.2. To help students acquire the ability to speak effectively in English in real-life
situations.3. To inculcate reading habit and to develop effective reading skills.4. To help students improve their active and passive vocabulary.
5. To familiarize students with different rhetorical functions of scientific English.6. To enable students write letters and reports effectively in formal and business
situations.
UNIT I LANGUAGE FOCUSTechnical vocabularySynonyms and Antonyms- Numerical AdjectivesConjunction-Preposition- clausesnoun & Adjective clausesSI UnitsAbbreviation & acronymshomonyms-Phrasal verbs & idioms
13
UNIT II LANGUAGE FOCUS
Relative clauses Imperative Infinitive structures Question Pattern Wh- Aux-Verbs(Yes/No Questions) Contrasted time structures Adverbial clauses of time, place and manner
intensifiersBasic pattern of sentences.13
UNIT III READINGIntensive ReadingPredicting contentInterpretationinference from the text(Implication) Inferential information implication critical interpretation reading briefnotices, advertisement and the implication-
13
UNIT IV WRITINGParagraph /Essay writingpreparation of proposal - Taking down minutes of themeeting creative and critical thinking expressed Descriptive and persuasive writing preparation of a reportTechnical reports.
13Unit V (Not for Examination)
Listening to Lectures/ Seminar/Workshop1. Write a brief summary of the listened matter2. British council recording
Speaking
1. Oral presentation on any topic (5 Minutes)2. Group discussion
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
2/76
2
3. Accepting others views /ideas4. Arguing against the others views5. Interrupting others when they speak (techniques/)6. Pronunciation /stress/intonation-7. Addressing the higher officials, colleagues, subordinateson any issue
8
TEXT BOOKS :1. English For Engineers and Technologists, (Dept. of Humanities and Social
Sciences Anna University, Chennai: Vol I & II combined edition) OrientLongmans Reprint 2008.
2. Perform In English, Dr. M. Balasubramanian & Dr. G. Anbalagan:Anuradha Pub, Kumbakonam Rev Ed: 2008, Reprint 2010.
REFERENCES:1. A Course in Communication Skills, P. Kiranmai Dutt and others:
2007 Edition Foundation books: Cambridge House, 4381/4 Ansari Road,Daryanganj, New Delhi2.2. Effective Technical Communication, M. Ashraf Rizvi: Tata Mcgraw Hill,
Reprint 2007.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
3/76
3
UNIT I LANGUAGE FOCUSTechnical vocabularySynonyms and Antonyms- Numerical AdjectivesConjunctionPreposition- clausesnoun & Adjective clausesSI UnitsAbbreviation & acronymshomonyms-Phrasal verbs & idioms
Synonyms
Synonyms are different words with almost identical or similar meanings. Words that aresynonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy. Thewords carand automobileare synonyms. Similarly, if we talk about a long timeor an extendedtime, longand extendedbecome synonyms. In the figurative sense, two words are often said tobe synonymous if they have the same connotation:
Synonyms can be anypart of speech (e.g.nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs orprepositions), aslong as both members of the pair are the same part of speech. More examples of English
synonyms are:
nouno "student" and "pupil"o "petty crime" and "misdemeanor"
verbo "buy" and "purchase"
adjectiveo "sick" and "ill"
adverbo "quickly" and "speedily"
prepositiono "on" and "upon"
Note that synonyms are defined with respect to certain senses of words; for instance,pupilas the"aperture in the iris of the eye"is not synonymous withstudent. Similarly, he expiredmeans thesame as he died, yet my passport has expiredcannot be replaced by my passport has died.
In English, many synonyms evolved from the parallel use, in the early medieval period, ofNorman French (from Latin) and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) words, often with some wordsbeing used principally by the Saxon peasantry ("folk", "freedom", "bowman") and theirsynonyms by the Norman nobility ("people", "liberty", "archer").
Exercise:
polite ???
temper ???
chorus ???
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
4/76
4
rude ???
selection ???
foolish ???
toxic???
meeting ???
childish ???
domesticate ???
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym
http://www.synonyms.net/synonyms/A/1
http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/browse/LI/
http://www.english-for-students.com/Synonyms.html
A word having ameaningopposite to that of another word is known as antonym.
Antonym is the antonym of synonym. Antonym is the sense relation that exists between wordswhich are opposite in meaning.
The term antonymhas also been commonly used as a term that is synonymous with opposite;however, the term also has other more restricted meanings. One usage has antonymreferring toboth gradable opposites, such as long : short, and (non-gradable) complementary opposites, suchas male : female, while opposites of the types up : downandprecede : followare excluded fromthe definition. A third usage defines the term antonym as referring to only gradable opposites(the long : shorttype) while the other types are referred to with different terms.
Graded Antonyms
Pairs of graded antonyms belong on a scale. For example, good and bad are antonyms.
However, if an essay, say, is not good, that does not mean it is bad. There is a whole scale
including appalling, terrible, bad, poor, satisfactory, fair, good, excellent, incredible, etc.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymhttp://www.synonyms.net/synonyms/A/1http://www.synonyms.net/synonyms/A/1http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/browse/LI/http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/browse/LI/http://www.english-for-students.com/Synonyms.htmlhttp://www.english-for-students.com/Synonyms.htmlhttp://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/meaningterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/meaningterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/meaningterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/synonymterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/synonymterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/synonymterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/meaningterm.htmhttp://www.english-for-students.com/Synonyms.htmlhttp://www.synonym.com/synonyms/browse/LI/http://www.synonyms.net/synonyms/A/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
5/76
5
1. dark light
2. intelligent stupid
3. dangerous safe
4. evil good
5. beautiful ugly
6. best worst
7. clever foolish
8. early late
9. easy difficult
10.empty full
11.fat skinny
12.young old
13.happy sad
14.hard soft
15.last first
16.foolish wise
17.quick slow
18.warm cool
19.wide narrow
20.abundant scarce
21.joy grief
22.knowledgeignorance
23.lazy industrious
24.stiff limp
25.miserable happy
26.violent gentle
27.chaos order
28.soften harden
29.nervous calm
30.reckless cautious
31.luxury squalor
32.sweet bitter
Complementary Antonyms
Pairs of complementary antonyms represent the two opposite possibilities. (There is no
continuum, or middle-ground, as in the examples above.) For example, one is either married, or
single.
1. man woman
2. push pull
3. dead alive
4. off on
5. raise lower
6. forget remember
7. day night
8. sadism masochism
9. right wrong
10.absent present
11.against for
12.exit entrance
13.sink float
14.employ dismiss
15.married single
16.question answer
17.true false
18.send receive
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
6/76
6
19.attack defend
20.accidentalintentional
21.former latter
22.depart arrive
23.exterior interior
24.extinguishignite
25.solid fluid
26.thaw freeze
27.vacant occupied
28.inward outward
29.input output
30.exhale inhale
31.pass fail
32.read write
Relational Antonyms
Pairs of relational antonyms are often considered as a third type. However, they are really a
subcategory ofcomplementary antonyms.
In this type of antonymy, there is a relationship in which the two opposites must both exist. Forexample, if someone is selling, there must be someone buying.
Relational antonymsdescribe the same situation from opposite sides. Here are 16 examples:
1. servant master
2. husband wife
3. doctor patient
4. buy sell
5. parent child
6. borrow lend
7. predator prey
8. instructorpupil
9. above below
10. give receive
11. teach learn
12. come go
13. toward away
14. employer employee
15. customer supplier
16. divisor dividend
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
http://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.html#Complementary_Antonymshttp://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.html#Complementary_Antonymshttp://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.html#Complementary_Antonymshttp://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.html#Complementary_Antonyms8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
7/76
7
Exercise:
1. Mar
enhancewitherlimpidimpedeskimp
To Mar is to damage in a way that makes it
less attractive. The correct answer choice
will be synonym for beautify. Enhance
means to increase the value or beauty of
something. Hence the answer is A.
2. Vi tuperate
acclaimassailcensureordinarystout
Vituperate meaning to rebuke or criticizeharshly. Look for a word that means toacknowledge or declare with enthusiastic
approval. Acclaim is the antonym.
3. Mutabili ty
tenacityvolatilityluxuriantharmonyinsolvency
Mutability refers to change. Tenacity
meaning firmness is the antonym.
4. I nvigorate
augmentenervatestrivecallous
censure
Invigorate means to impart strength, vigor.Enervate means weaken and is the antonym
5. Stupefy
saturateenlivenpurgedepressconvince
Stupefy means astonish, to make or becomeless responsive. Enliven is the antonym.
6. Incognito
plethorapalpablecommendsootheacquiesce
Incognito means unknown or disguised. Theantonym is palpable.
7. Dissuade
demoralizeweakenreservefomentnefarious
Dissuade means to discourage. Fomentmeans to encourage. Hence answer is D.
8. Gravity
levitypatiencesecurity
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
8/76
8
fastenchagrined
Gravity is not only the force that holds us toEarth, but it also means seriousness. Levitymeans lightness and humor.
9. Purbli nd
cedeperceptivereuniteexternaldull
Purblind means unable to see. Look for aword that means able to have sight. Thosewho are perceptive are able to perceive, thatis, able to discern things. This is the correctanswer.
10. I ncense
quelldisavow
manumitaugmentgarrote
Incense means inflame. The opposite isquell that means to subdue, to allay. Garrotis hard word that means to strangle.
11. Dessicated
sodden
repineapprobatefragilemaladroit
Dessicated means dry and sodden meanswet.
12. Linger
boltintensesmooth
banishrestore
The opposite is bolt to move quickly.
13. Foster
impedepitilessextricatedelight
discord
The word foster means to encourage. Itsopposite is impede- to hinder.
14. Transitor y
extinctaudacitytemeritybristly
Indefinite
Transitory means fleeting. Indefinitemeaning endless is the antonym.
15. Splenetic
cordialpeevishsullenspasmodic
fretful
Splenetic means gloomy, angry. Henceantonym is cordial
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
9/76
9
http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/antonymsterms.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)
http://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.html
http://synonym-antonym.com/default.asp
http://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.html
http://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.html
http://learnhub.com/lesson/5940-gre-antonyms-practice-exercise-ii
Numericaladjective
Anumberused asan adjective;either acardinaladjective oran ordinaladjective.
The ordinal numbers: first, second, third, etc., are usually adjectives:The firstone. The secondtrain. The thirdman.Also, the adjectives of quality: few, many, several are adjectives.
Conjunctions
A conjunction may be used to indicate the relationship between the ideas expressed in a clauseand the ideas expressed in the rest of a sentence. The conjunctions in the following examples areprinted in bold type.
e.g. We could go to the library, orwe could go to the park.He neitherfinished his homework norstudied for the test.I went out becausethe sun was shining.
1. Coordinate conjunctions
Coordinate conjunctions are used to join two similar grammatical constructions; for instance,two words, two phrases or two clauses.
e.g. My friend andI will attend the meeting.Austria is famous for the beauty of its landscape andthe hospitality of its people.The sun rose andthe birds began to sing.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/antonymsterms.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/antonymsterms.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)http://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.htmlhttp://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.htmlhttp://synonym-antonym.com/default.asphttp://synonym-antonym.com/default.asphttp://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.htmlhttp://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.htmlhttp://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.htmlhttp://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.htmlhttp://learnhub.com/lesson/5940-gre-antonyms-practice-exercise-iihttp://learnhub.com/lesson/5940-gre-antonyms-practice-exercise-iihttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148342625048.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/n/1148343137044.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/u/1148367197020.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148344381213.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/e/1148370081168.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/c/1148352914283.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148342625048.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148344381213.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148342625048.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148342625048.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148344381213.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148344381213.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148342625048.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148342625048.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/c/1148352914283.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/e/1148370081168.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148344381213.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148344381213.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/u/1148367197020.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/u/1148367197020.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/n/1148343137044.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148342625048.htmlhttp://learnhub.com/lesson/5940-gre-antonyms-practice-exercise-iihttp://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.htmlhttp://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.htmlhttp://synonym-antonym.com/default.asphttp://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/antonymsterms.htm8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
10/76
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
11/76
11
rather ... than I would rathergo swimming thango to the library.
scarcely ... when Scarcelyhad we left home, whenit started to rain.
hat with ... and What withall her aunts, uncles andcousins, she has many relatives.
hether ... or Have you decided whetheryou will come ornot?
3. Subordinate conjunctions
As has been seen in previous chapters, subordinate clauses may begin with relative pronounssuch as that, what, whatever, which, whoand whom, as well as with words such as how,when, where, whereverand why. In the following examples, the subordinate clauses areunderlined.
e.g. The house, which stood on a hill, could be seen for miles.I wonder how he did that.
In addition, subordinate clauses may also begin with words which are commonly referred to assubordinate conjunctions. In the following examples, the subordinate conjunctions are printedin bold type.
e.g. Becauseit was cold, I wore my winter coat.Let us wait untilthe rain stops.
The subordinate conjunctions below are accompanied by their meanings and examples of use.
Subordinate Conjunctions
As
1. because: Ashe is my friend, I will help him.
2. when: We watched asthe plane took off.
After
1. later in time: Afterthe train left, we went home.
Althoughor though
1. in spite of the fact that: Althoughit was after midnight, we did not feel tired.
Before
1. earlier than: I arrived beforethe stores were open.
Because
1. for the reason that: We had to wait, becausewe arrived early.For
1. for, because: He is happy, forhe enjoys his work.
If
1. on condition that: Ifshe is here, we will see her.
Lest
1. for fear that: I watched closely, lesthe make a mistake.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
12/76
12
Notethe use of the Subjunctive Mood in the clause with lest.
Providingor provided
1. on condition that: All will be well, providingyou are careful.
Since
1. from a past time: I have been here sincethe sun rose.
2. as, because: Sinceyou are here, you can help me.
Soor so that
1. consequently: It was raining, sowe did not go out.
2. in order that: I am saving money soI can buy a bicycle.
Note: When used with the meaning in order that, sois usually followed by thatin formal
English.
e.g. I am saving money so thatI can buy a bicycle.
Supposing
1. if: Supposingthat happens, what will you do?
Than1. used in comparisons: He is taller thanyou are.
Unless
1. except when, if not: Unlesshe helps us, we cannot succeed.
Untilor till
1. up to the time when: I will wait untilI hear from you.
Whereas
1. because: Whereasthis is a public building, it is open to everyone.
2. on the other hand: He is short, whereasyou are tall.
Whether
1. if: I do not know whethershe was invited.While
1. at the time when: Whileit was snowing, we played cards.
2. on the other hand: He is rich, whilehis friend is poor.
3. although: WhileI am not an expert, I will do my best.
In addition, the following phrases are often used at the beginning of subordinate clauses.
As if
1. in a similar way: She talks as ifshe knows everything.
As long as
1. if: As long aswe cooperate, we can finish the work easily.
2. while: He has lived there as long asI have known him.
As soon as
1. immediately when: Write to me as soon asyou can.
As though
1. in a similar way: It looks as thoughthere will be a storm.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
13/76
13
Even if
1. in spite of a possibility: I am going out even ifit rains.
In case
1. because of a possibility: Take a sweater in caseit gets cold.
Or else
1. otherwise: Please be careful, or elseyou may have an accident.
So as to
1. in order to: I hurried so as tobe on time.
Exercise:
1. I opened the door _________ looked out. (and, yet)
2. She was not in the back yard, _________ was she upstairs. (or, nor)
3. The sun had set, _________ it was still light outside. (or, yet)
4. Do you know his address _________ telephone number? (but, or)
5. He has not arrived yet, _________ have they. (and, nor)6. I read the book, _________ did not understand it. (but, or)
7. We searched diligently, ________ found nothing. (or, yet)
8. I invited him _________ his friends. (and, but)
9. We recognized her at once, ____________ we had not seen her for years. (although, in case)
10. He kept reading ___________ he fell asleep. (for, until)
11. The moon will rise ____________ the sun sets. (as soon as, than)
12. It looks ____________ the train will be late. (while, as though)
13. ____________ she got her degree, she became a teacher. (After, Than)
14. We will not go skiing ____________ the weather is good. (as if, unless)
15. ____________ he left, he made sure he had his keys with him. (Before, For)16. ____________ I told the truth, you would not believe me. (Even if, So that)
17. They have known her ___________ she was a child. (until, since)
18. I must leave now, ____________ I have a great deal of work to do. (as, than)
19. What shall we do ____________ it rains? (or else, supposing)
20. ____________ you read this book, you would be sure to enjoy it. (If, Until)
21. The door was open, ____________ we could hear everything. (in case, so)
22. I studied more ____________ he did. (than, whereas)
23. We packed a lunch, ____________ we knew we would soon be hungry. (lest, for)
24. I will join you, ____________ the weather is fine. (providing, than)
25. ____________ he is very busy, he is seldom at home. (Or else, Because)
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htm
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunctionhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunctionhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htm8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
14/76
14
http://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/POS/pos8.htm
http://www.better-english.com/grammar/conjunctions.htm
http://www.fortunecity.com/bally/durrus/153/gramch28.html
English Prepositions List
There are about 150 prepositions in English. Yet this is a very small number when you think ofthe thousands of other words (nouns, verbs etc). Prepositions are important words. We useindividual prepositions more frequently than other individual words. In fact, the prepositions of,toand inare among the ten most frequent words in English. Here is a short list of 70 of the morecommon one-word prepositions. Many of these prepositions have more than one meaning. Pleaserefer to a dictionary for precise meaning and usage.
Aboard, about ,above ,across , after, against, along, amid, among, anti, around, concerning,
considering, despite, down, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between,
beyond, but, by, during, except, excepting, excluding, following, for, from, in, inside, into, likeminus, near, of, off, on, onto, opposite, outside, over, past, per, plus, regarding, round, save,
since, that, through, to, toward, towards, under, underneath, unlike, until, up, upon, versus, via,
with, within, without.
English Preposition Rule
There is one very simple rule about prepositions. And, unlike most rules, this rule has noexceptions.
RuleA preposition is followed by a "noun". It is never followed by a verb.
By "noun" we include:
noun(dog, money, love)proper noun (name)(Bangkok, Mary)pronoun(you, him, us)noun group(my first job)gerund(swimming)
A preposition cannot be followed by a verb. If we want to follow a preposition by a verb, wemust use the "-ing" form which is really a gerund or verb in noun form.
Quick Quiz: In the following sentences, why is "to" followed by a verb? That should beimpossible, according to the above rule:
I would like to go now.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
http://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/POS/pos8.htmhttp://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/POS/pos8.htmhttp://www.better-english.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://www.better-english.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://www.better-english.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/POS/pos8.htm8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
15/76
15
She used to smoke.
Here are some examples:
Subject + verb preposition "noun"
The food is on the table.
She lives in Japan.
Tara is looking for you.
The letter is under your blue book.
Pascal is used to English people.
She isn't used to working.
I ate before coming.
I dont like to drink coffee.
Do you wish to go for a picnic?
Sheela is going to buy a car.
In these sentences, "to" is nota preposition. It is part of the infinitive("to go", "to smoke").
Prepositions of Place: at, in, on
In general, we use:
atfor a POINTinfor an ENCLOSED SPACEonfor a SURFACE
At In On
POINT ENCLOSED SPACE SURFACE
at the corner in the garden on the wall
at the bus stop in London on the ceiling
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
16/76
16
at the door in France on the door
at the top of the page in a box on the cover
at the end of the road in my pocket on the floor
at the entrance in my wallet on the carpet
at the crossroads in a building on the menu
at the front desk in a car on a page
Look at these examples:
Jane is waiting for you atthe bus stop.The shop is atthe end of the street.
My plane stopped atDubai and Hanoi and arrived inBangkok two hours late.When will you arrive atthe office?Do you work inan office?I have a meeting inNew York.Do you live inJapan?Jupiter is inthe Solar System.The author's name is onthe cover of the book.There are no prices onthis menu.You are standing onmy foot.There was a "no smoking" sign onthe wall.I live onthe 7th floor at21 Oxford Street inLondon.
Notice the use of the prepositions of place at, inand onin these standard expressions:
at In On
at home in a car on a bus
at work in a taxi on a train
at school in a helicopter on a plane
at university in a boat on a ship
at college in a lift (elevator) on a bicycle, on a motorbike
at the top in the newspaper on a horse, on an elephant
at the bottom in the sky on the radio, on television
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
17/76
17
at the side in a row on the left, on the right
at reception in Oxford Street on the way
Prepositions of Time: at, in, on
We use:
atfor a PRECISE TIMEinfor MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODSonfor DAYS and DATES
at In on
PRECISETIME
MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONGPERIODS
DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday
at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays
at noon in the summer on 6 March
at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day
at sunrise in the next century on IndependenceDay
at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday
at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve
Look at these examples:
I have a meeting at9am.
The shop closes atmidnight.Jane went home atlunchtime.In England, it often snows inDecember.Do you think we will go to Jupiter inthe future?There should be a lot of progress inthe next century.Do you work onMondays?Her birthday is on20 November.Where will you be onNew Year's Day?
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
18/76
18
Notice the use of the preposition of time atin the following standard expressions:
Expression Example
at night The stars shine at night.
at the weekend I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time We finished the test at the same time.
at present He's not home at present. Try later.
Notice the use of the prepositions of time inand onin these common expressions:
in on
in the morning on Tuesday morning
in the mornings on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s) on Monday evening
When we say last, next, every, thiswe do not also use at, in, on.
I went to London lastJune. (notin last June)He's coming back nextTuesday. (noton next Tuesday)I go home everyEaster. (notat every Easter)We'll call you thisevening. (notin this evening)
Prepositions are used before nouns to give additional information in a sentence. Usually,prepositions are used to show where something is located or when something happened.
Location Time Action and Movement
above at at
below on by
over by from
under before into
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L1http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L1http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T1http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T1http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A1http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A1http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L2http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T2http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T2http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A2http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L3http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L3http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T3http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A3http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A3http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L4http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L4http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T4http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T4http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A4http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A4http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A4http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T4http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L4http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A3http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T3http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L3http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A2http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T2http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L2http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A1http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T1http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L18/11/2019 English 2 NOL
19/76
19
among from on
between since onto
beside for off
in front of during out of
behind to
next to until
with after
in the middle of
on
in
at
Noun Clauses
A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.
A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses iscalled a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)
There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjectiveclauses, adverbclauses, and nounclauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relativeclauses.)
This page contains information about noun clauses. Also see Adjective Clauses and AdverbClauses.
A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:
A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:
What Billy did shocked his friends.
A noun clause can be an object of a verb:
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L5http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L5http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T5http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T5http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A5http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A5http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L6http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L6http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T6http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A6http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A6http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L7http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T7http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T7http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A7http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A7http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L8http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L8http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T8http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A8http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A8http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L9http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L9http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T9http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L10http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T10http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L11http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L11http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T11http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T11http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L12http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L13http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L13http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L14http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L14http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L15http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L15http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$20http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$17http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$17http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$17http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$17http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$20http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L15http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L14http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L13http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L12http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T11http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L11http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T10http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L10http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T9http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L9http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A8http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T8http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L8http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A7http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T7http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L7http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A6http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T6http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L6http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/prepact.htm#A5http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preptime.htm#T5http://www2.actden.com/WRIT_DEN/tips/sentence/preploc.htm#L58/11/2019 English 2 NOL
20/76
20
Billys friends didnt know that he couldnt swim.
A noun clause can be a subject complement:
Billys mistake was that he refused to take lessons.
A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:
Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.
A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:
Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.
B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it
in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends onthe type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:
To change a statementto a noun clause use that:
I know + Billy made a mistake =
I know that Billy made a mistake.
To change a yes/no questionto a noun clause, use ifor whether:
George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? =
George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.
To change a wh-questionto a noun clause, use the wh-word:
I dont know + Where is George? =
I dont know where George is.
C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the
noun clause markers:
that
if, whether
Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why
Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
21/76
21
D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but itcan be omitted only if it is notthe first word in a sentence:
correct:
Billys friends didnt know that he couldnt swim.
correct:
Billys friends didnt know he couldnt swim.
correct:
Billys mistake was that he refused to take lessons.
correct:
Billys mistake was he refused to take lessons.
correct:
That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.
not correct:
* Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.
E. Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is aquestion:
not correct:
* Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it)
correct:
Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is)
not correct:
* Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go)
correct:
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
22/76
22
Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went)
F. Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:
When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clauseis:
futureif its action/state is later
He thinksthat the exam next week will behard.
He thinksthat the exam next week is going to behard.
presentif its action/state is at the same time
He thinksthat Mary is takingthe exam right now.
pastif its action/state is earlier
He thinksthat George tookthe exam yesterday.
When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun clause is:
was/were going toor would + BASEif its action/state is laterHe thoughtthat the exam the following week was going to behard.
He thoughtthat the exam the following week would behard.
pastif its action/state is at the same time
He thoughtthat Mary was takingthe exam then.
past perfectif its action/state is earlierHe thoughtthat George had takenthe exam the day before.
If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future(that is, after the writer has written thesentence), then a futureverb can be used even if the main verb is past.
The astronaut saidthat people will liveon other planets someday.
If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer iswriting the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple presenttensecan be used even if the main verb is past.
We learnedthat English isnot easy.
The boys knewthat the sun risesin the east.
G. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and
one independent clause:
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
23/76
23
Noun clauses as subjects of verbs:
That George learned how to swim is a miracle.
Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.
What Mary said confused her parents.
However you learn to spell is OK with me.
Noun clauses as objects of verbs:
We didnt know that Billy would jump.
We didnt know Billy would jump.
Can you tell me if Fred is here?
I dont know where he is.
George eats whatever is on his plate.
Noun clauses as subject complements:
The truth is that Billy was not very smart.
The truth is Billy was not very smart.
The question is whether other boys will try the same thing.
The winner will be whoever runs fastest.
Noun clauses as objects of prepositions:
Billy didnt listen to what Mary said.
He wants to learn about whatever is interesting.
Noun clauses as adjective complements:
He is happy that he is learning English.
We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult.
Find out the noun clauses in the following sentences and state what purpose they serve.
1. The king ordered that the traitor should be put to death.2. He said that he would not go.3. That he is not interested in the offer is known to us.4. He said that he was not feeling well.5. I cannot rely on what he says.6. I don't know where he has gone.7. He asked whether the servant had polished his shoes.8. The news that he is alive has been confirmed.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
24/76
24
9. The belief that the soul is immortal is almost universal.10. It is certain that we will have to admit defeat.11. It was fortunate that he was present.12. The report that only ten persons were killed in the riots is not true.
http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/nounclausequiz.html
http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg1_nounclauses1.html
Adjective Clauses
A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.
A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses iscalled a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)
There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjectiveclauses, adverbclauses, and nounclauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)
This page contains information about adjective clauses. Also see Adverb Clauses and NounClauses.
A. Adjective clauses perform the same function in sentences that adjectives do: they modify
nouns.
The teacher has a car. (Caris a noun.)
Its a new car. (Newis an adjectivewhich modifies car.)
The car that she is driving is not hers.
(That she is driving is an adjective clausewhich modifies car. Its a clausebecause it has asubject(she) and a predicate(is driving); its an adjective clausebecause it modifies a noun.)
Note that adjectives usually precedethe nouns they modify; adjective clauses always followthenouns they modify.
B. A sentence which contains one adjective clause and one independent clause is the result
of combining two clauses which contain a repeated noun. You can combinetwo independentclauses to make one sentence containing an adjective clause by following these steps:
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/nounclausequiz.htmlhttp://www.grammar-quizzes.com/nounclausequiz.htmlhttp://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg1_nounclauses1.htmlhttp://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg1_nounclauses1.htmlhttp://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$17http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$17http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg1_nounclauses1.htmlhttp://www.grammar-quizzes.com/nounclausequiz.htmlhttp://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$238/11/2019 English 2 NOL
25/76
25
1. You must have two clauses which contain a repeatednoun (or pronoun, or noun and pronounwhich refer to the same thing). Here are two examples:
The book is on the table. + I like the book.
The man is here. + The man wants the book.
2. Delete the repeated noun and replace it with a relative pronoun in the clause you want tomake dependent. See C.below for information on relative pronouns.
The book is on the table. + I like which
The man is here. + who wants the book
3. Movethe relative pronoun to the beginning of its clause (if it is not already there). The clauseis now an adjective clause.
The book is on the table. + which I like
The man is here. + who wants the book
4. Put the adjective clause immediately afterthe noun phrase it modifies (the repeated noun):
The book which I like is on the table.
The man who wants the book is here.
C. The subordinators in adjective clauses are called relative pronouns.
1.These are the most important relative pronouns: who, whom, that, which.
These relative pronouns can be omittedwhen they are objects of verbs. When they are objects ofprepositions, they can be omitted when they do not follow the preposition.
WHOreplaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronounsthat refer to animals or things. It can be the subjectof a verb. In informalwriting (but not inacademic writing), it can be used as the object of a verb.
WHOMreplaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronounsthat refer to animals or things. It can be the object of a verb or preposition. It cannot be thesubject of a verb.
WHICHreplaces nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It cannot replace nounsand pronouns that refer to people. It can be the subjectof a verb. It can also be the objectof averb or preposition.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
26/76
26
THAT replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people, animals or things. It can be thesubjectof a verb. It can also be the objectof a verb or preposition (but thatcannot follow apreposition; whom, which, and whose are the only relative pronouns that can follow apreposition).
2.The following words can also be used as relative pronouns: whose, when, where.
WHOSE replaces possessive forms of nouns and pronouns (see WF11 and pro in CorrectionSymbols Two). It can refer to people, animals or things. It can be partof a subject or partofan object of a verb or preposition, but it cannot be a complete subject or object. Whosecannot beomitted. Here are examples with whose:
The man is happy. + I found the manswallet. =
The man whosewallet I found is happy.
The girl is excited. + Hermother won the lottery. =
The girl whosemother won the lottery is excited.
WHEN replaces a time (in + year, in + month, on + day,...). It cannot be a subject. It can beomitted. Here is an example with when:
I will never forget the day. + I graduated on that day.=
I will never forget the day whenI graduated.
The same meaningcan be expressed in other ways:
I will never forget the day on whichI graduated.
I will never forget the day thatI graduated.
I will never forget the day I graduated.
WHEREreplaces a place(in + country, in + city, at + school,...). It cannot be a subject. It canbe omitted but a preposition(at, in, to) usually must be added. Here is an example with where:
The building is new. + He works in the building. =
The building wherehe works is new.
The same meaningcan be expressed in other ways:
The building in whichhe works is new.
The building whichhe worksinis new.
The building thathe works inis new.
The building he works inis new.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$31http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$31http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$31http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$318/11/2019 English 2 NOL
27/76
27
D. Adjective clauses can be restrictive or nonrestrictive.
1. A restrictive adjective clausecontains information that is necessary to identify the noun itmodifies. If a restrictive adjective clause is removed from a sentence, the meaning of themain clause changes. A restrictive adjective clause is notseparated from the main clause by a
comma or commas. Most adjective clauses are restrictive; all of the examples of adjectiveclauses above are restrictive. Here is another example:
People who cant swimshould not jump into the ocean.
2. A nonrestrictive adjective clausegives additional information about the noun it modifies butis not necessary to identify that noun. If a nonrestrictive adjective clause is removed from asentence, the meaning of the main clause does not change. A nonrestrictive adjective clause isseparated from the main clause by a commaor commas. The relative pronoun thatcannot beused in nonrestrictive adjective clauses. The relative pronoun cannot be omitted from anonrestrictive clause. Here is an example:
Billy, who couldnt swim, should not have jumped into the ocean.
E. Adjective clauses can often be reduced to phrases. The relative pronoun (RP) must be thesubjectof the verb in the adjective clause. Adjective clauses can be reduced to phrases in twodifferent ways depending on the verb in the adjective clause.
1. RP + BE = 0
People who are living in glass houses should not throw stones. (clause)
People living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase)
Mary applied for a job that was advertised in the paper. (clause)
Mary applied for a job advertised in the paper. (phrase)
2. RP + OTHER VERB (not BE) = OTHER VERB + ing
People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.(clause)
People living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase)
Students who sit in the front row usually participate more. (clause)
Students sitting in the front row usually participate more. (phrase)
Identifying Adjective Clauses
Only some of the sentences below contain adjective clauses. See if you can pick out the adjectiveclauses, and then compare your responses with the answers at the end of the exercise.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
28/76
28
1. I bought a car from Merdine, and it turned out to be a lemon.2. The car that I bought from Merdine turned out to be a lemon.3. Pandora, who had recently celebrated a birthday, opened the box of gifts.4. Lila, who has been the fire warden for 30 years, lives in a trailer with some scrappy dogs
and cats.
5. Lila, who lives in a trailer with some scrappy dogs and cats, has been the fire warden for 30years.6. People who smoke cigarettes should be considerate of nonsmokers.7. Jacob, who smokes cigarettes, is considerate of nonsmokers.8. Mr. Mann has small, dark eyes, which peer inquisitively from behind metal-rimmed glasses.9. My wedding ring is worth at least ten dollars, and now I have lost it.10.I have lost my wedding ring, which is worth at least ten dollars.
Punctuating Adjective Clauses
In the following sentences, add commas to set off adjective clauses that provide additional, but
not essential, information. Don't add commas if the adjective clause affects the basic meaning ofthe sentence.
1. Caramel de Lites which are cookies sold by the Girl Scouts contain 70 calories each.2. These are the times that try men's souls.3. I refuse to live in any house that Jack built.4. I left my son at the campus day-care center which is available to all full-time students with
young children.5. Students who have young children are invited to use the free day-care center.6. A physician who smokes and overeats has no right to criticize the personal habits of her
patients.
7. Gus who gave Merdine a bouquet of ragweed has been exiled to the storm cellar for a week.8. Professor Legree lost his only umbrella which he has owned for 20 years.9. Healthy people who refuse to work should not be given government assistance.10.Felix who was once a hunter in the Yukon stunned the roach with one blow from a
newspaper.
http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$20
http://www.english-zone.com/grammar/adj-clz-30.html
http://www.englishpractice.com/improve/adjective-clauses-exercise-1/
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htm
http://netgrammar.altec.org/Units/Unit_10/menu.html
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htm
http://www.learn4good.com/languages/toefl/structure_cmplx_sntc1.htm
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$20http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$20http://www.english-zone.com/grammar/adj-clz-30.htmlhttp://www.english-zone.com/grammar/adj-clz-30.htmlhttp://www.englishpractice.com/improve/adjective-clauses-exercise-1/http://www.englishpractice.com/improve/adjective-clauses-exercise-1/http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htmhttp://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htmhttp://netgrammar.altec.org/Units/Unit_10/menu.htmlhttp://netgrammar.altec.org/Units/Unit_10/menu.htmlhttp://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htmhttp://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htmhttp://www.learn4good.com/languages/toefl/structure_cmplx_sntc1.htmhttp://www.learn4good.com/languages/toefl/structure_cmplx_sntc1.htmhttp://www.learn4good.com/languages/toefl/structure_cmplx_sntc1.htmhttp://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htmhttp://netgrammar.altec.org/Units/Unit_10/menu.htmlhttp://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htmhttp://www.englishpractice.com/improve/adjective-clauses-exercise-1/http://www.english-zone.com/grammar/adj-clz-30.htmlhttp://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$208/11/2019 English 2 NOL
29/76
29
http://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/adjclause.htm
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Short Name Full Form or Abbreviations
3G Third Generation
AAA Asian Athletics Association
AAFI The Amateur Athletics Federation of India
AC Ante Christum (Before Christ), Ashok Chakra, Air Conditioner
ADB Asian Development Bank
AFI Athletics Federation of India
AFMC Armed Forces Medical College
AI Artifical Intelligence, Air India
AICTE All India Council for Technical Education
AIFF All India Football Federation
AIIMS All India Institute of Medical Science
AITUC All India Trade Union Congress
ALGOL Algebric Oriented Language
AM Ante Meridiem (before Noon), Amplitude ModulationAPEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
ARPANET Advanced Research Project Agency Network
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations
ASLV Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle
AT&T American Telegraphic and Telephone Co. Ltd.
ATC Air Traffic Control
ATM Automated Teller Machine
AVSM Ati Vishisht Seva Medal
B2B Busines to Business
B2C Business to Consumer
BARC Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
http://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/adjclause.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/adjclause.htmhttp://__dopostback%28%27gridview1%27%2C%27sort%24txtshort%27%29/http://__dopostback%28%27gridview1%27%2C%27sort%24txtshort%27%29/http://__dopostback%28%27gridview1%27%2C%27sort%24details%27%29/http://__dopostback%28%27gridview1%27%2C%27sort%24details%27%29/http://__dopostback%28%27gridview1%27%2C%27sort%24details%27%29/http://__dopostback%28%27gridview1%27%2C%27sort%24txtshort%27%29/http://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/adjclause.htm8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
30/76
30
BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
BBS Bulletin Board Service
BC Before Christ
BHEL Bharat Heavy Electri-cals Ltd
BIOS Basic Input Output System
BIT Binary Digit
BPL Below Poverty Line
BPO Business Process Outsourcing
BPR Business Process Re-engineering
Bps bytes per second
BSE Bombay Stock Exchange
BSF Border Security ForceBSNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
C2C Consumer to Consumer
CA Chartered Accountant
CAD Computer Aided Design
CAT Common Admission Test
CBI Central Bureau of Investigation
CBSE Central Board of Secondary Education
CDAC Centre for the Development of Advanced Computing
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CFSL Central Forensic Science Laboratory
CGI Common Gateway Interface
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CID Criminal Investigation Department
CISC Complex instruction-set computing
CITU Centre of Indian Trade Unions
CNN Cable News Network
COMSAT Communications Satellite Corporation
COPRA Consumer Protection Act
CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
31/76
31
CPI(M) Communist Party of India / Marxist
CPWD Central Public Works Department
CRIS Centre for Railway Information System
CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
CYMK Cyan, Yellow, Magenta, Kinda
D.Litt. Doctor of Literature
D.Phil. Doctor of Philosophy
D.Sc Doctor of Science
DC Direct Current
DIG Deputy Inspector General
DMA Direct Memory AccessDMK Dravida Munetra Kazhagam
DNA Deoxyribo-nucleic Acid
DTP Desktop Publishing
DVC Damodar Valley Corporation
DVD Digital Versatile/Video Disc
http://www.onlinegk.com/general-knowledge/acronym.aspx
http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/
English Homonyms
The following is a list of English homonyms. A homonym is a pair, sometimes a triplet, of wordsthat have different spellings and the same pronunciation. Homonyms marked with an asterisk (*)are in dispute (see the bottom of the page).
Air, Heir, 'Ere
Aisle, Isle, I'll
Allowed, Aloud
Altar, Alter
Ant, Aunt
Ate, Eight
Away, Aweigh
Bait, Bate
Bans, Banns
Bard, Barred
Base, Bass
Be, Bee
Beach, Beech
Bear, Bare
Bean, Been
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
http://www.onlinegk.com/general-knowledge/acronym.aspxhttp://www.onlinegk.com/general-knowledge/acronym.aspxhttp://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/http://www.onlinegk.com/general-knowledge/acronym.aspx8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
32/76
32
Beat, Beet
Beer, Bier
Birth, Berth
Bite, Byte
Blue, Blew
Boll, Bowl
Bore, Boar
Bored, Board
Born, Borne
Bow, Bough
Bow, Beau
Boy, Buoy
Brews, Bruise
But, Butt
By, Bye, Buy
Cannon, Canon
Capital, Capitol
Carrot, Carat, Karat
Cause, Caws
Cell, Sell
Cellar, Seller
Censor, Censer, Sensor
Cent, Scent, Sent
Chews, Choose
Chilly, Chili, Chile
Choir, Quire
Clause, Claws
Click, Clique
Cocks, Cox
Conquer, Conker
Coral, Choral
Corral, Chorale
Council, Counsel
Councilor, Counselor
Crews, Cruise
Cygnet, Signet
Dam, Damn
Dessert, Desert
Die, Dye
Doe, Dough
Draft, Draught
Eerie, AyrieEye, I, Aye
Faint, Feint
Fare, Fair
Feat, Feet
File, Phial
Filter, Philter
Finish, Finnish
Flour, Flower
Flow, Floe
Foaled, Fold
For, Fore, Four
Forth, Fourth
Foul, Fowl
Freeze, Frieze
Gait, Gate
Gale, Gael
Gambol, Gamble
Grease, Greece
Great, Grate
Hangar, Hanger
Hair, Hare
Herd, Heard
Here, Hear
Him, Hymn
Hoarse, Horse
Hole, Whole
Holed, Hold
Holy, Wholly
Hue, Hew
Idle, Idyll, Idol
In, Inn
Incite, Insight *
Key, Quay, Cay
Leased, Least
Light, Lite
Links, Lynx
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
33/76
33
Lo, Low
Locks, Lox
Made, Maid
Male, Mail
Main, Mane
Mantle, Mantel
Maze, Maize, Mays
Meet, Meat
Medal, Meddle
Metal, Mettle
Might, Mite
Miner, Minor
Missed, Mist
Mistle, Missile, Missal,Missel
Mode, Mowed
Mussel, Muscle
Naught, Nought
Naval, Navel
Need, Knead, Kneed
New, Knew, Gnu
Nice, Gneiss
Night, Knight
No, Know
Nose, Knows, Nos
Not, Knot
One, Won
Or, Ore, Oar
Pact, Packed
Pain, Pane
Palate, Palette, Pallet
Patience, Patients
Pea, Pee
Peak, Peek, Pique
Pear, Pare, Pair
Pedal, Peddle
Peer, Pier
Pie, Pi
Piece, Peace
Pistol, Pistil
Place, Plaice
Plain, Plane
Pole, Poll
Pore, Pour, Poor
Practice, Practise
Pray, Prey
Principal, Principle
Prophet, Profit
Pyx, Picks
Rain, Reign, Rein
Raise, Rays, Raze
Read, Reed
Real, Reel
Red, Read
Rest, Wrest
Rex, Wrecks
Rhyme, Rime
Right, Rite, Wright, Write
Ring, Wring
Rode, Road, Rowed
Roe, Row
Rude, Rued
Rye, Wry
Sacks, Sax
Sale, Sail
See, Sea
Sees, Seas, Sieze
Seem, Seam
Seen, Scene
Sense, Scents
Sent, Scent
Shoes, Shoos
Sign, Sine
Sink, Synch
Site, Sight, Cite
Slay, Sleigh
Slight, Sleight
Sloe, Slow
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
34/76
34
So, Sow, Sew
Soared, Sword
Son, Sun
Sore, Soar
Soul, Sole
Sowed, Sewed
Sown, Sewn
Staid, Stayed
Straight, Strait
Stair, Stare
Stationary, Stationery
Steak, Stake
Steal, Steel
Sticks, Styx
Succour, Sucker
Surplus, Surplice
Swayed, Suede
Sweet, Suite
Symbol, Cymbal
Tacks, Tax
Tact, Tacked
Taut, Taught
Tea, Tee
Team, Teem
Tecnology, Technology
Tents, Tense
There, Their, They're
Throw, Throe
Tier, Tear
Tire, Tyre
To, Too, Two
Tolled, Told
Ton, Tonne, Tun
Tow, Toe
Vail, Vale, Veil
Vain, Vein, Vane
Vial, Vile
Wade, Weighed
Wait, Weight
Want, Wont
Ware, Wear, Where *
Waste, Waist
Way, Weigh, Whey
We, Wee
Weak, Week
Weave, Weve
Weather, Whether
Were, Whir
Wet, Whet
Whale, Wail
Whales, Wales, Wails
What, Watt
Wheel, Weal, We'll
While, Wile
Whine, Wine
Wit, Whit *
Witch, Which *
Wood, Would
Word, Whirred *
Yoke, Yolk
You, Ewe
You'll, Yule
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
35/76
35
Disputed Homonyms
Incite, Insight
Wear, Where
Which, Witch
Whit, Wit
Word, Whirred
http://users.accesscomm.c/nsalway/homonyms.html
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal
VerbMeaning Example
A abide byrespect or obey. (the law, adecision, a rule)
If you want to stay at this school, you must abidebythe rules.
account for explain, give a reason I hope you can account forthe money you spent!
add up make sense, seem reasonable Her story just doesn't add up.
advise
against
recommend not doing
something
The doctor advisedhim againstcarrying heavy
loads.
agree withhave the same opinion assomebody else.
I agree withyou. I think she deserves the awardtoo.
aim at
point something in thedirection ofa target
The policeman aimedhis gun atthe hijacker.
allow fortake into consideration,include in a calculation
You'd better leave early to allow for traffic jams.
answer back reply rudely Don't answer backyour mother!
appeal to1) plead or make an earnestrequest2) be attractive or interesting
1) The organizers appealed tothe crowd to staycalm.2) A trekking holiday doesn'tappeal to me.
apply for
make a formal request forsomething(job, permit, loan etc.)
He applied forthe job he saw advertised in thenewspaper.
avail
(oneself) oftake advantage of something(an opportunity)
When the company is privatized, you should avail
yourself of
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
http://users.accesscomm.c/nsalway/homonyms.htmlhttp://users.accesscomm.c/nsalway/homonyms.htmlhttp://users.accesscomm.c/nsalway/homonyms.html8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
36/76
36
the opportunity and buy some shares.
B back awaymove backwards, in fear or
dislike
When he saw the dog, he backed away.
back down withdraw, concede defeatLocal authorities backed downon their plans to
demolish the building.
back up
1) give support orencouragement2) make a copy of (file,program, etc.)
1) If I tell the boss we've got too much work, willyou backme up?2) It is recommended to back upall files in a securelocation.
bail out
1) pay money to securesomeone's release2) rescue from financialdifficulties
1) When he was arrested, his family refused to bailhim out.2) The government bailed outthe bank.
bank on base your hopes onsomeone/something
Don't forget the date. I'm banking onyour help.
beef upimprove, make moresubstantial
He beefed uphis presentation with diagrams andstatistics.
black out faint, lose consciousness When he fell off the horse he blacked out.
block off Separate using a barrier. The area was blocked off during the demonstration.
blow up
1) explode;2) be destroyed by anexplosion
1) The terrorists said the bomb would blow upat 9o'clock.2) The car blew upbut luckily there was nobody in
it.
boil down tobe summarized as The problem boils down toa lack of money.
boot up
start a computer by loadinganoperating system or program.
Just give my a few minutes to boot upthecomputer.
break away escape from captivity A few horses broke awayfrom the paddock.
break down
1) go out of order, cease tofunction2) lose control of one's
emotions
1) John's car broke downso he had to take the bus.2) The parents broke downwhen they heard the
bad news.
break into enter by force Burglars broke intothe house around midnight.
break out start suddenly Rioting broke outas a result of the strike.
break out of escape from a place by force Three prisoners broke outof jail.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
37/76
37
break upcome to an end (marriage,relationship)
After her marriage broke up, Emma went to live inLondon.
bring up raise (a child)She stopped working in order to bring upherchildren.
brush up onimprove, refresh one's
knowledge of something
Mary had to brush up onher Spanish before going
to South America.
bump intomeet by accident orunexpectedly
Pedro bumped intohis English teacher at thesupermarket.
burn out
1) stop (something) working2) become exhausted fromover-working
1) The fuse has burnt out.2) Tom will burnhimself out if he doesn't slowdown.
butt in (on
sthg)interrupt impolitely It's rude to butt inon a conversation like that!
C call back return a phone call I'll call you backas soon as possible.
call off cancel The meeting was called offbecause of the strike.
call on/upon
sbyformally invite or request
I now call uponthe President to address theassembly.
calm downbecome more relaxed, lessangry or upset
He was angry at first but he eventually calmeddown.
carry on continue He carried ongardening in spite of the rain.
carry out
1) do something as specified(a plan, an order, a threat)
2) perform or conduct (test,experiment)
1) The plan was carried outto perfection.
2) Tests are carried outto determine the efficiencyof a new drug.
carry over postpone until laterAs regards holidays, can you carry over any daysfrom one yearto the next?
check in register at a hotel or airportFor security reasons you have to check intwo hours
before your flight.
check out1) pay one's bill and leave (ahotel)2) investigate
1) Is Mr. Blair still at the hotel? No, he checkedoutthis morning.2) I don't know if the address is still valid. I'll checkit out.
clam up refuse to speak When the teacher arrived she clammed up.
clamp down
onact strictly to preventsomething
The government has decided to clamp down onsmoking in public places.
close downstop operating (company,restaurant, cinema).
When the factory closed down, the employees losttheir jobs.
come across1) find by chance2) appear, seem, make an
1) Julie came acrosssome photographs of hergrandparents in the attic.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
38/76
38
impression 2) The candidate came acrossas a dynamic personduring the interview.
come
forwardpresent oneself
The police have asked any witnesses to comeforward.
come up
against
be faced with or opposed by The project came up againsta lot of criticism.
conk out1) stop working2) stop or fall asleep (fromexhaustion)
1) The car conked outon the motorway.2) He was so exhausted, he conked outin front ofthe TV.
count on rely or depend on (for help) I'm counting onthe taxi driver to find the theatre.
cross outremove by drawing a linethrough
In some exercises, you are asked to cross outtheincorrect word.
cut down on reduce in number or size The doctor told him to cut down on cigarettes.
cut out1) remove using scissors
2) stop doing something
1) She cut outa picture in a magazine.
2) I'm going to cut outeating between meals.
D deal withhandle, take care of(problem, situation)
The manager is good at dealing withdifficultcustomers.
die downcalm down, become lessstrong
When the applause died down, she started to sing.
do without manage withoutThe shops are closed so we'll have to do withoutsugar.
drag on last longer than expectedWe expected a short speech but it dragged onandon!
draw up write (contract, agreement,document)
An agreement was drawn upand signed by the twoparties.
dress up1) wear elegant clothes2) disguise oneself
1) Do people dress upto go to the opera in yourcountry?2) Children love to dress upat Halloween.
drop invisit, usually on the waysomewhere
I sometimes drop into see my grandparents on myway home from school.
drop off
1) deliver someone orsomething2) fall asleep
1) I'll dropyou off at the bus stop if you like.2) Granddad often drops off in front of the TV.
drop out
leave school without
finishing
She decided to go to art school then dropped out
after the first term.
E ease off
reduce, become less severe orslow down(pain, traffic, work)
After Christmas the workload generally eases off.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
39/76
39
end infinish in a certain way; resultin
Their marriage ended indivorce.
end upfinally reach a state, place oraction
If he continues his misconduct he'll end upinprison.
even out
1) eliminate differences of
opinion.2) become level or regular
1) After a long discussion they managed to even out
their differences.2) The road was evened out to make it safer.
F fall through fail; doesn't happenOur planned boat trip fell throughbecause of thestorm.
figure out understand, find the answerI'm trying to figure outhow to assemble the
bookshelves.
fill outcomplete (a form/anapplication)
Please fill out the enclosed form and return it assoon as possible.
find outdiscover or obtain
information
I'm going to call the cinema to find outwhat time
the film starts.
focus on concentrate on somethingThe advertising campaign will focus onthe qualityof the product.
figure out understand; find a solutionWe'll have to figure outa way to deliver the goodsfaster.
Gget along
(with)
be on good terms; work wellwith
I get along(well) with my mother-in-law.
get at imply What exactly are you trying toget at?
get away escape The robbers got awayin a black car.
get by manage to cope or to survive It's difficult to get byon a low salary.
get in enter How did the burglar get in?
get into
(+noun)enter How did the burglar get intothe house?
get off1) leave (bus, train, plane)2) remove
1) You should get offthe bus at Trafalgar Square.2) She can't getthe stain offher sweater.
get on board (bus, train, plane) You can pay when you get onthe bus.get on with
(something)continue to do; make progress Be quiet and get on withyour homework.
get on (well)
ith
(somebody)have a good relationship with I get onvery well with my colleagues.
get out leave How did he get out?
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
40/76
40
get out of(+noun)
leave How did he get out ofthe house?
get out of avoid doing somethingSome husbands manage to get out of doing anyhousework.
get overrecover from (illness,
disappointment)
My grandmother had pneumonia but she got overit.
get rid of eliminate It's difficult to get rid of old habits.
get together meet each other Let'sget togetherfor lunch on day.
get up rise, leave bed I usually get up at 7 o'clock.
give up stop doing something Sarah gave upsmoking 5 years ago.
go through experience Pete went througha lot of pain after the accident.
grow up spend one's childhood;develop; become an adult
He grew upin a small village in the mountains.
H hand in submit (report, homework)All application forms must be handed inbefore theend of the month.
hand out distributeSamples will be handed outat the end of thedemonstration.
hang outspend time in a particular
place,or with a group of friends
Where does he hang outthese days?Who does he hang outwith?
hang up end a phone conversation "Don't hang up. I haven't finished yet."
hit at aim a blow at He hit atthe wasp with the newspaper.
hit back retaliate; reply to an attackWhen he was attacked by the others, the boy hitback.
hit on/uponfind unexpectedly or byinspiration
She hit uponan idea for her new collection.
hold on-wait-grip tightly
- 'Hold onplease. I'll put you through to Mr.Brown."- She held onto the railing as she crossed the bridge.
hurry up be quick, act speedily Hurry up!We'll miss the bus.
I iron outresolve by discussion,eliminate differences
The meeting tomorrow will be an opportunity toiron outdifficulties.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
41/76
41
J oin in participate She was too shy tojoin inthe game.
oin up-engage in, become a memberof- meet and unite with
- John was in the Army and Tomjoined upas soonas he left school.- The two groups of touristsjoined upat the hotel.
ot down take quick notes Ijotted downthe address while watching theprogramme on TV.
K keep on continue doing something It told him to be quiet but he kept onmaking noise.
keep up withstay at the same level assomeone orsomething
Bill walks so fast it's difficult to keep upwith him.
kick off begin, start The football match kicked offat 3 o'clock.
L leave out omit, not mention The child's name was left outof the report.
let down disappointYou promised to come to the party, so don'tletmedown!
look after take care ofA babysitter looks afterthe children when they goout.
look ahead think of the future It's time to forget the past and look ahead.
look down
onconsider as inferior
He tends to look down onanyone who is not
successful.
look on be a spectator at an eventBilly didn't take part in the fight. He just lookedon.
look for try to find something Jane went to the shops to look fora pair of shoes.
look
forward to
await or anticipate withpleasure
I look forward toseeing you soon.
look up to admireHe was a wonderful teacher and many studentslooked up tohim.
M make fun of laugh at/ make jokes about The old lady dresses so strangely that the kids makefun of her.
make up invent (excuse, story)Some employees make upexcuses when theyarrive late for work.
mix upmistake one thing or personfor another
I don't know my neighbours' names yet. I keepmixing themup.
move inarrive in a new home oroffice
You've bought a new house? When are you movingin?.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
42/76
42
move outleave your home/office foranother one.
My neighbour is leaving. He's moving out nextSaturday.
N nod off fall asleepMy grandfather often nods offin front of the
television.note down write something
I'll call the station and note downthe departuretimes.
O opt outleave a system or decide notto participate
I enjoy tennis but I'm so busy I had to opt outof thetournament.
own up admit or confess somethingThe boy owned up. He said he kicked the ballthrough the window.
P pass away die The old lady passed awaypeacefully.
pass out faint She passed outwhen she heard the bad news.
pay back reimburseI'll lend you 20 provided you payme backbefore
the end of the week.
put off postpone, arrange a later date The meeting was put offbecause of the strike.
put on turn on, switch on Could you put onthe light please?
put out extinguish It took a long time to put outthe fire.
put upaccommodate, givesomebody a bed
We canput you upif you'd like to come for aweek-end.
pick up collect somebody I'll pickyou upat the station when you arrive.
point outindicate/direct attention tosomething
She pointed outthe mistake.
R rely on count on, depend on, trustDon't worry. You can rely onme. I can keep asecret.
rule out eliminate The police ruled outpolitical motives.
run awayescape from a place orsuddenly leave
He ran awayfrom home at the age of fourteen.
run intomeet by accident orunexpectedly (also: bumpinto)
Sophie ran intoMaria at the shopping centre.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
43/76
43
run out of have no more of something. What a nuisance! We've run out of coffee.
S set off start a journey;Early Saturday morning we set offfor the ski slopes
.set up start a business She set upher own company 10 years ago.
shop around compare pricesIt's always wise to shop aroundbefore buying
anything.
show off brag or want to be admired There's David showing offin his new sports car!
show up appear/arrive We expected David to come but he didn't show up.
shut up
(impolite) be silent, stop talking Oh shut up, you idiot!
sit down take a seat Please come in and sit down.
stand up rise from a sitting position The pupils stood upwhen the headmaster arrived.
stick up for defend It's important to stick up forone's principles.
T take afterresemble, in appearance orcharacter
Jamie really takes afterhis dad.
take care of look after I'll take care ofyour plants while you're away.
take off leave the ground The plane took offat 6 a.m.
take on hire or engage staffBusiness is good so the company is taking onextrastaff.
take out remove; extract She took outa pen to note the address.
tell off reprimand/criticize severelyThe teacher toldher offfor not doing herhomework.
think over consider I'll have to think overthe proposal before I decide.
try onwear something to see if itsuits or fits
I'm not sure about the size. Can I tryit on?
turn down refuse I couldn't turn downan offer like that!
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
44/76
44
U use upfinish a product (so thatthere's none left)
The kids have used upall the toothpaste.
V vouch forexpress confidence in, or
guarantee something
You can give the keys to Andy. I can vouch for
him.
W atch out be careful Watch out! There's a car coming.
ear out1) become unusable2) become very tired
1) Julie wore outher shoes visiting the city.2) At the end of the day Julie was worn out.
ork out
1) do physical exercise2) find a solution or calculatesomething
1) I work outtwice a week at the gym club.2) It's expensive but I haven't worked outthe exactcost yet.
ipe off clean (board, table). The teacher asked Lee to wipe off the board.
http://www.learn-english-today.com/phrasal-verbs/phrasal-verb-list.htm
Idioms
A:ace (verb)
all right (3)and then some
antsyas easy as pie
at the eleventh hour
B:
bad-mouth (verb)be a piece of cake
be all earsbe broke
be fed up withbe in and outbe on the go
be on the road
be overbe up and running
be used tobeat (adj.)
beat around the bushbeat one's brains out
Beats me.bent out of shape
before longbite off more than one can
chewblabbermouthblow one's top
boom boxthe bottom lineblow one's top
Break a leg!break someone's heart
brokebug (verb)
bull-headed
buck(s)a bundle
burn the midnight oilbushed
by one's selfby the skin of one's teeth
C:call it a day
catch one's eyecatch some Zs
can't make heads or tails ofsomething
change one's mindchickenchow
chow downa cinch
cool (adj.)cost (someone) an arm and
a leg
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
http://www.learn-english-today.com/phrasal-verbs/phrasal-verb-list.htmhttp://www.learn-english-today.com/phrasal-verbs/phrasal-verb-list.htmhttp://www.learn-english-today.com/phrasal-verbs/phrasal-verb-list.htm8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
45/76
45
couch potatocram
crash courseCut it out!
Cool it!
D:dicey
ditch classDon't count your chickensuntil (before) they hatch
(they're hatched).do a bang-up job
down in the dumpsdrag one's feet
drop someone a line
E:
an eager beaverEasy does it!an egghead
elbow greaseevery other _____
F:
far-fetchedfeel blue
feel punyfender-benderfire someone
for ages
G:get going
get itget a kick out of something
get on one's nervesget one's wires crossed
get out of handget up and go
give someone a hand (2)go with the flow
grab a bite
H:had ('d) better
have (has) gothard feelings
hasslehave one's hands full
have something down pat
head honchohit the bookshit the hayhit the sackHow come?
I:if I had my druthersin over one's head
inside outin stock
in the blackin the redin time
J:jump all over someone
jump the gunjump to conclusion
junk mail
K:
keep an eye onkeep an eye out forkeep one's chin up
keep one's fingers crossedkeep one's nose to the
grindstonekeep (stay) in touch
kid (2)kind ofa klutz
a know-it-allknow something
backwards and forwardknow something inside out
L:let-down
lend someone a handleave well enough alone
Let sleeping dogs lie.live from hand to mouth
Live and let live.lose track ofa low blow
lousy
M:macho
make a mountain out of amole hill
can't make heads or tails ofmake up one's mind
N:No way!
noshNot on your life!now and then
nukenuts
O:OK (4)
on the cutting edgeon the doton time
once in a whileover one's head
P:pay the piper
plasticpop quiz
pooped (adj.)pretty (adv.)
pull an all-nighterpull someone's leg
Q:quite a few
a quick study
R:R and R
rain or shine
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8/11/2019 English 2 NOL
46/76
46
rain cats and dogsread someone's mind
rub someone the wrongway
run-down (2)
S:savvy
schmoozesleep on it
sooner or latershoot the breeze
a snapso-so
Someone's made his/herbed; now let her/him lie in
it.sort ofstate of the art
stay (keep) in touchStep on it!
T:take it easy
tell a white lieThere, there.tight-fisteda tightwad
toughtoss something
trickytwo-faced
U:under the weather
until hell freezes overuntil you're blue in the face
updateupside downup-to-date
used to
W:Was my face red!
wear out one's welcomewet behind the ears
What for?What's up?
wishy-washywith bells on
would just as soon