ENGLISH III - 2013
Literary Terms Review
SERMONS, DIARIESPERSONAL NARRATIVES
POETRYWRITTEN IN PLAIN STYLE
Puritan Writings
Puritan Writers
William Bradford – Of Plymouth PlantationAnne Bradstreet – Poetry:
Here follow Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House
To My Dear and Loving Husband In Reference to Her Children
Age of Reason
Began in EuropeAlso called Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Reason, Enlightenment
Ben Franklin The Autobiography of Ben Franklin
Jonathon Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Patrick Henry Speech to the Virginia Convention
Thomas Paine The Crisis
Rationalism
The belief that human beings can arrive at truth by using reason as opposed to authority, religion, or intuition.
Rationalists’ Beliefs
God’s gift to man was the ability to reasonThis ability to think things through allowed
men to discover scientific and spiritual truthEVERYONE had the ability to better
themselves and his or her lifeGod made it possible for all people to
discover the truth at all times not just the “elect”
Which Unit
Term is this?
Realism
Regionalism
Naturalism
Romanticism
Transcendentalism
a revolt against rationalismaffected literature and artintuition, imagination, and
emotion are superior to reasonpoetry superior to sciencecontemplation of natural world
is a means of discovering truthdistrust of industry and
idealization of rural life and wilderness
ROMANTICISM
The Romantic Realm
The Journey- To get away from the corruption of civilization and the limits of rational thought, poets ran toward the integrity of nature and the freedom of the imagination.
Celebrating the mind- Romanticism emphasized feeling and intuition over reason, sought wisdom in natural beauty, and valued poetry above all other works of the imagination.
The Wilderness Experience
Looking to westward expansion and the development of the frontier of inspiration, American novelists broke away from European tradition.
The Biggies
Washington IrvingEdgar Allan Poe
The Fireside Poets
The Fireside Poets, immensely popular in their time, created some poems of lasting merit, but their essential literary conservatism prevented them from being truly innovative.
Fireside Poets
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow- The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls The Cross of Snow
John Greenleaf Whittier- Snow- Bound: A Winter Idyll
Oliver Wendell Holmes Old Ironsides
Which Unit
Term is this?
Realism
Regionalism
Naturalism
Romanticism
Transcendentalism
movement in the romantic traditionevery individual can reach ultimate
truths through spiritual intuitionGod is present in every aspect of
Natureeveryone is capable of
apprehending God through the use of intuition
all of Nature is symbolic of the spiritoptimistic view of the world as goodevil is nonexistent
TRANSCENDENTALISM
Basic Assumption
Instinct vs. Logic The intuitive ability, instead of the rational, became
the means for a conscious union of the individual psyche with the world psyche also known as the Oversoul, life-force, prime mover, and God
The Biggies
Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau
Which Unit
Term is this?
Realism
Regionalism
Naturalism
Romanticism
Transcendentalism
attempts to depict life accurately
void of idealism or romanticismconcentrates on contemporary
life focus on middle- and lower-
class lives in particularrejects extravagant languagein favor of simple, everyday
diction
REALISM
Principles Of Realism
Insistence upon and defense of "the commonplace".
Character more important than plot.
Attack upon romanticism and romantic writers.
Which Unit
Term is this?
Realism
Regionalism
Naturalism
Romanticism
Transcendentalism
emphasizes a specific geographic setting
reproduces the speech, behavior, and attitudes of the people who live in that area
REGIONALISM
The Local Color Movement (1865-1880)
• regional writers began to write about its various aspects. • American s wanted to know what their country looked like, and how the varied
races which made up their growing population lived and talked. It was the age of the first mappings and surveyings of the West; it was the age of the in which the rails of of the first transcontinental railroad had bound East and West.
• The East asked what kinds of people leading what kinds of life are at the end of those bands of iron?
• The Western regionalists answered: Men and women like yourselves, but dressed differently, speaking differently, with different social ways: fantastic deserts, mile deep canyons, mountains high enough to bear snow the year round, forests with trees as wide as man can stretch and wider, villages where the only woman was the town whore, camps where the only currency was gold-dust.
• Writers of the South told of swamps where the cypress grew out the green-scummed water and the moss grew down into it, and of the cities where the obsessive blood-consciousness of its inhabitants testified to the mingling of the races.
• Mid-western authors narrated the tales of the plains where a man could be lost in the dust or ruined by hailstorm; of cities where where fortunes were made or lost in a day's trading on the beef or grain exchanges.
• The literary map of America, so long a small corner of light in the east, with a glimmer on the southern coast, began to be totally illuminated.
Which Unit
Term is this?
Realism
Regionalism
Naturalism
Romanticism
Transcendentalism
an extension of Realismclaimed to portray life
exactly as it wasrelied heavily on the fields of
psychology and sociologydissects human behavior
with objectivityauthors of this period were
influenced by Darwinian theories of the survival of the fittest
NATURALISM
Two Approaches to the Concept Of Naturalism
That it is an extension or continuation of Realism with the addition of pessimistic determinism. "... no more than an emphatic and explicit philosophical position taken by some Realists ... (that position being one of) a pessimistic, materialistic determinism." - George J. Becker It is Realism with a "necessitation ideology." - Richard Chase
That it is different from Realism.
Modernism
Centers of Modernism
1. Stylistic innovations - disruption of traditional syntax and form.
2. Artist's self-consciousness about questions of form and structure.
3. Obsession with primitive material and attitudes.
4. International perspective on cultural matters.
Modern Attitudes
1. The artist is generally less appreciated but more sensitive, even more heroic, than the average person.
2. The artist challenges tradition and reinvigorates it.
3. A breaking away from patterned responses and predictable forms.
Modern Themes
1. Collectivism versus the authority of the individual.
2. The impact of the 1918 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.
3. The Jazz Age. 4. The passage of 19th Amendment in 1920 giving
women the right to vote. 5. Prohibition of the production, sale, and
consumption of alcoholic beverages, 1920-33. 6. The stock-market crash of 1929 and the
Depression of the 1930s and their impact.
The Biggies
E. E. CummingsWilliam Faulkner F. Scott FitzgeraldRobert FrostErnest HemingwayJohn Steinbeck
Harlem Renaissance
Common Themes
Alienation Marginality The use of folk materialThe use of the blues traditionThe problems of writing for an elite audience
THESIS•A PROPOSITION STATED OR PUT FORWARD FOR CONSIDERATION•TO BE DISCUSSED AND PROVED•TO BE MAINTAINED AGAINST OBJECTIONS
DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERM
ANTITHESIS•OPPOSITION; CONTRAST•THE DIRECT OPPOSITE
•Her behavior was the very antithesis of cowardly.
DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERM
•Undecided
•Resubmit
Choose the prefix of the following
words.
The opponent who struggles against or blocks the hero in a story
Can be a character or any other kind of obstacle
The central character in a story
The one who initiates or drives the action
May or may not be the story’s hero
Some are actually villains
NAME THESE TERMS!
ANTAGONISTANTAGONIST PROTAGONISTPROTAGONIST
The opponent who struggles against or blocks the hero in a story
Can be a character or any other kind of obstacle
The central character in a story
The one who initiates or drives the action
May or may not be the story’s hero
Some are actually villains
NAME THESE TERMS!
One who does not change much in the course of a story
Changes in some important way as a result of the story’s action
Types of Characters
One who does not change much in the course of a story
Changes in some important way as a result of the story’s action
Types of Characters
Dynamic/Round CharacterDynamic/Round CharacterDynamic/Round CharacterDynamic/Round Character
Static/Flat CharacterStatic/Flat Character
One who does not change much in the course of a story
Changes in some important way as a result of the story’s action
Has few personality traitsSummed up by a single
phrase (i.e. loyal sidekick)
Have more dimensions to their personalities
Complex like real people
Types of Characters
Dynamic Dynamic CharacterCharacterDynamic Dynamic
CharacterCharacter
Static CharacterStatic Character
One who does not change much in the course of a story
Changes in some important way as a result of the story’s action
Has few personality traitsSummed up by a single
phrase (i.e. loyal sidekick)
Have more dimensions to their personalities
Complex like real people
Types of Characters
Dynamic Dynamic CharacterCharacterDynamic Dynamic
CharacterCharacter Round CharacterRound CharacterRound CharacterRound Character
Static CharacterStatic Character Flat CharacterFlat Character
Direct or Indirect Characterization?
Tom used to sleep in the ally behind the bar and wore torn clothes. INDIRECT Implies that Tom is poor.
Sarah had golden hair and blue eyes, which made her stand out from the rest. DIRECT
Bill was a liar and a cheat, and no one respected him as a result. DIRECT
Samantha was not looking forward to wearing a frilly dress to the dance. INDIRECT Implies that Samantha is a
tomboy.
Internal or External Conflict?
Rachel can see the answer key on the teacher’s desk, but cannot decide if she should look at it. INTERNAL
Jonathan was late to work because his car would not start. EXTERNAL
Due to the thunderstorm, Andrew’s baseball practice was canceled. EXTERNAL
Allison does not know how to tell her parents that she is failing Algebra. INTERNAL
The attitude a writer takes toward the subject of a work, the characters in it, or the audience
Dependent on diction and style
How the reader feels about the plot, characters, and events while reading and after reading the work
How the author intends for the audience to feel and to react to the events and characters
TONE OR MOOD?
TONETONE MOODMOOD
The attitude a writer takes toward the subject of a work, the characters in it, or the audience
Dependent on diction and style
How the reader feels about the plot, characters, and events while reading and after reading the work
How the author intends for the audience to feel and to react to the events and characters
TONE OR MOOD?
The explicit or direct meaning of a word or expression
The “dictionary definition” of a word
The associations and emotional overtones that have become attached to a word or phrase
Connotation or Denotation?
DenotationDenotation ConnotationConnotationThe explicit or direct
meaning of a word or expression
The “dictionary definition” of a word
Benign - having a kindly disposition; gracious
Malignant - disposed to cause harm, suffering, or distress deliberately; feeling or showing ill will or hatred.
The associations and emotional overtones that have become attached to a word or phrase
Benign - used when describing tumors or growths that do not threaten the health of an individual
Malignant - used to describe cancerous tumors
Connotation or Denotation?
•A VERY BRIEF STORY•TOLD TO ILLUSTRATE A POINT OR SERVE AS AN EXAMPLE OF SOMETHING
ANECDOTE
NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM
•A BRIEF, CLEVERLY WORDED STATEMENT•MAKES A WISE OBSERVATION ABOUT LIFE
APHORISM
NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM
•A STATEMENT THAT APPEARS CONTRADICTORY BUT REVEALS A KIND OF TRUTH
PARADOX
NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM
•A TYPE OF WRITING THAT RIDICULES THE SHORTCOMINGS OF PEOPLE OR INSTITUTIONS IN AN ATTEMPT TO BRING ABOUT A CHANGE
SATIRE
NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM
A discrepancy between appearances and reality
Discrepancy between what is expected to happen and what does happen
Occurs when someone says one thing but really means something else
Occurs in a play when the audience knows something that the characters on stage do not
Types of Irony
Situational IronySituational IronySituational IronySituational Irony Dramatic IronyDramatic IronyDramatic IronyDramatic Irony
IronyIrony Verbal IronyVerbal Irony
Blank VerseBlank Verse Free VerseFree Verse
Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter
Poetry that does not conform to regular meter or rhyme scheme
An attempt to reproduce the natural rhythms of spoken language
Blank Verse vs. Free Verse
SLANT RHYME•A RHYMING SOUND THAT IS NOT EXACT
•FELLOW/FOLLOW•MYSTERY/MASTERY•HERE/THERE/WERE
DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERM
METER•A PATTERN OF STRESSED AND UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES IN POETRY•CREATES RHYTHM IN POETRY
DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERM
•A STORY OR POEM IN WHICH CHARACTERS, SETTINGS, AND EVENTS STAND FOR OTHER PEOPLE OR EVENTS OR FOR ABSTRACT IDEAS OR QUALITIES
ALLEGORY
NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM
•A VERY SHORT STORY TOLD IN PROSE OR POETRY THAT TEACHES A PRACTICAL LESSON ABOUT HOW TO SUCCEED IN LIFE
•THE TORTOISE AND THE HARE•THE BOY WHO CRIED WOLF•THE GOOSE THAT LAID THE GOLDEN EGGS
FABLE
NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM
•A WORK THAT MAKES FUN OF ANOTHER WORK BY IMITATING SOME ASPECT OF THE WRITER’S STYLE•OFTEN HUMOROUSLY EXAGGERATE CERTAIN FEATURES IN THE ORIGINAL WORK
•SCARY MOVIE•ROBIN HOOD: MEN IN TIGHTS
PARODY
NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM
•A THE USE OF HINTS AND CLUES TO SUGGEST WHAT WILL HAPPEN LATER IN A PLOT•CREATES SUSPENSE
FORESHADOWING
NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM
Identify the technique
used in each sentence.
Simile
Metaphor
Personification
Hyperbole
Allusion
Her eyes were shining stars. The rustling leaves whispered my
name. He was a real Romeo with the ladies. He was so excited that he exploded
with happiness. Her face drooped like a wilting flower. The rain on the rooftop sang a lullaby
to me. Chocolate was her Achilles’ heel. My mother eats like a bird. That chocolate chip cookie is calling
my name. He runs faster than a speeding bullet. The tall grass danced in the fields. The soft grass was a bed of silk.
EXTENDED METAPHOR•EXTENDED OR DEVELOPED OVER A NUMBER OF LINES OR WITH SEVERAL EXAMPLES
•“FAME IS A BEE. IT HAS A SONG – IT HAS A STING – AH, TOO, IT HAS A WING.”
•Emily Dickinson
DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERM
Identify the technique
used in each sentence.
Alliteration
Assonance
Analogy
Onomatopoeia
“Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you’re gonna get.” – Forrest Gump
But the sea, the sea in the darkness calls. – “The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls”
I could hear a buzzing in my ear.
The tide rises, the tide falls, the twilight darkens, and the curlew calls. – “The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls”
“Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before…” – Poe, “The Raven”
A enormous clap of thunder startled the crowd.
"Hear the lark and harden to the barking of the dark fox gone to ground“ - Pink Floyd
"Withdrawal of U.S. troops will become like salted peanuts to the American public; the more U.S. troops come home, the more will be demanded." – H. Kissinger in a Memo to President Nixon