Enhancing our Heritage Workbook
Context
Tool 1. Identifying Site Values and Management Objectives
Tool 2: Identifying Threats
Tool 3a and b: Relationships with Stakeholders/Partners
Tool 4: Review of National Context
Planning
Tool 5: Assessment of Management Planning
Tool 6: Design Assessment
Inputs
Tool 7: Assessment of Management Needs and Inputs
Processes
Tool 8: Assessment of Management Processes
Outputs
Tool 9: Assessment of Management Plan Implementation
Tool 10: Assessment of Work/Site Output Indicators
Outcomes
Tool 11: Monitoring and assessing the Outcomes of Management
Effectiveness
Appropriate-ness
Effectiveness
EfficiencyEconomyAppropriate-ness
StatusFocus of evaluatio
n
Impacts: effects of management in relation to objectives
Results of management actions
Services and products
Suitability of management processes
Resourcing of agency
Resourcing of site
PA legislation and policy
PA system design
Reserve design
Management planning
Significance
Threats
Vulnerability
National policy
Partners
Criteria
Outcomes
What did we
achieve?
Outputs
What were the
results?
Process
How do we go
about it?
Inputs
What do we need?
Planning
Where do we
want to be?
Context
Where are we now?
Contents of
evaluation
• Design and implementation of management effectiveness monitoring and assessment
• Advice on indicators and assessment methods
• Encourages modification to suit needs and circumstances
• Incorporate existing monitoring and assessment systems
Adaptable tools?• Not one assessment systems, but a
series of tools that provide a sound base for adaptive management through the assessment of management effectiveness
• Integrate with existing systems • Designed to be adaptable• Linked to management processes• Different levels of participation • Different frequencies, i.e. annual
assessment of inputs, 5 years assessment of outcomes
How where the tools developed?
• Adaptation and best practice• Working with sites during initial assessment• Adaptation following initial assessment
– Individual experiences of sites– Meeting of all site
• Reflection, adaptation and field testing• Specific workshops, i.e. Tool 11: Monitoring
and assessing the Outcomes of Management • Regional workshops before final assessment• Publish in 2007/8
Format of tools• Wording specific to World Heritage sites but
easily adaptable to any protected area• Most assessments are qualitative, based
on:– data sheets assessing strengths or
weaknesses – rating assessment against best practice
benchmarks – results should draw on monitoring results
• Quantitative data is used in assessments of inputs, outputs and outcomes
• All tools stress the need to include comment and explanation and clear recommendations and next steps
Context Tools
• Tool 1: Identifying Site Values and Management Objectives
• Background: Developed from TNC methodology for identifying priority conservation targets
• Concept: Define ‘key’ values and associated objectives which drive management and the assessment process
• Methodology and datasheet: guides sites through the process of identifying range of values for biodiversity cultural, economic, educational and social values
Bwindi
Management Objectives
World Heritage values reflected in objective
Additional values reflected in objective
Biodiversity Values
Mountain gorillas
Endangered species Population and health
Habitat Afro-montane, continuous forest
Lowland-medium to High altitude forest and high altitude wetlands.
Other endemic species
Species endemic and endangered that exist in BINP
Numbers, home-ranges
Other Natural values
Climate modification
Rainfall Humidity and temperature
Water catchments
Source of rivers for both domestic and wildlife use.
Water quality and quantity
Carbon sink Forest absorption of excess CO2
Vegetation
Scenery Landscape
Cultural/Social values
Revenue generation from tourism activities
Gorilla tracking, Bird watching, Nature walks
Non-timber forest Products
Resource off takes (Medicinal, weaving materials, honey)
Education and Research
Research Institutions, School study tours, and independent researchers.
• Tool 2: Identifying Threats • Background: Developed from work
carried out by TNC• Concept: Understanding the sources
and impacts of threats and the urgency of action
• Methodology and datasheet: Guidance on characteristics of current and potential threats for each value identified in tool 1 and summarise its impacts (area and intensity) and assesses the urgency of actions
Threats to Biodiversity Values (Refer to values identified in Tool 1)
Threat Sources of threat
Impact of threat
AreaIntensity
Urgency of action
Action
Current sources
Potential sources
• Tool 3 (a and b): Relationships with Stakeholders/Partners
• Background: a) draws on assessment developed in Australia; b) developed from work carried out by TNC
• Concept: Reviews the roles of stakeholder in management, rather than engagement in management
• Methodology and datasheet: identifies the diverse groups of stakeholders of the protected area and review their relationships with managers
• Tool 4: National Context• Background: Developed from the
WCPA Framework• Concept: Reviews how national and
international policies, legislation and government actions affect the effective management of a protected area
• Methodology and datasheet: Simple data sheet which looks at the strengths and weaknesses of policy and legislation
Context
• Tool 5: Assessment of Management Planning
• Background: Developed from best practice in protected area planning
• Concept: Reviews status of planning documents and assesses the primary decision making document
• Methodology and datasheet: decision-making framework; adequacy of information; needs and interests of any local and indigenous communities and other stakeholders
Planning
• Tool 6: Design Assessment • Background: Developed from best practice
in protected area design• Concept: How the size, location and
boundaries affect management • Methodology and datasheet: Assessment
of the strengths and weaknesses of design:– ecological integrity (key habitats, size,
external interactions and connectivity)– community well-being (cultural integrity
and livelihoods) – how design affects the ease of
management of the site (legal status and tenure, access points and neighbours)
Input Assessment• Tool 7: Assessment of Management Needs
and Inputs • Background: System developed in Australia
and datasheet developed by UWA for Bwindi• Concept: Evaluate management needs and
the resources going to the site • Methodology and datasheet:
– Model for carrying out a needs assessment structured around primary planning document (management plan)
– Assesments of available resources (staff, equipment, infrastructure and funding)
Staff category
Location
Required no. of staff
Current no. of staff
No. of trained staff
Type of training required
Level of training
Comments/Responses
Poor
Fair
Good
Very
g
ood
Exce
llen
t
• Tool 8: Assessment of Management Processes
• Background: Developed from an appendix in the first edition of the WCPA Framework and adapted following experiences developing the METT
• Concept: Define desired standards for management and assess current management practices against best practices
• Methodology and datasheet: Multiple choice questionnaire assessing performance (which should be adapted to site conditions) from poor to very good
Processes
Education and awareness programme
Is there a planned education programme?
There is no education and awareness programme
Poor
There is a limited and ad hoc education and awareness programme, but no overall planning for this
Fair
There is a planned education and awareness programme but there are still serious gaps either in the plan or in implementation
Good
There is a planned, implemented and effective education and awareness programme fully linked to the objectives and needs of the World Heritage site
Very good
• Tool 9: Assessment of Management Plan Implementation or Tool 10: Assessment of Work/Site Output Indicators
• Background: Fraser Island in Australia, Serengeti National Park
• Concept: Is the management plan and/or work programme being implemented and what are the results, or outputs, from the management process?
• Methodology and datasheet: System for ranking implementation status of activities outlined in primary planning document
Outputs
Ranking actions
• Action has been completed or policy is in place
• Action is making substantial progress in all areas
• Some work has commenced in all or some areas
• Policy and/or planning stages are complete but have not been implemented
• Planning is in progress • Work is only reactive and not to a set plan• Action has not commenced
General Management Plan implemetation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Completed Substantialprogress
Planningcomplete, work
commenced
Policy/planningcomplete
Planning inprogress
Reactive workonly
Not commenced
Status of actions in plan
Nu
mb
er o
f ac
tio
ns
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Serengeti: Management Zone Plan Implementation
Management Plan Implementation
Database• Database that mirrors the structure and
content of the management plan• Management plan in an electronic form
more accessible to managers for daily use• Track individual actions over time and effort
put into different management areas• Captures comments on adjustments to plan• Aids plan review and preparation of annual
plans and three-year rolling programme• Can search management plan for actions
relating to a particular topic
Outcomes• Tool 11: Monitoring and assessing the
Outcomes of Management • Background: Workshop on common
elements of systems developed by TNC, Parks Canada and Kruger National Park, field tested in Serengeti
• Concept: Assess if management is protecting the values for which the site was designated
• Methodology and datasheet: Developing a monitoring plan (or deciding if an existing one is good enough), assessment of outcomes using the results of monitoring
Ecological Integrity Assessment
Monitoring Report
Tanzania Carnivore Centre
SENAPA Ecological Monitoring
Serengeti Biodiversity Project Rhino Project
Information Iceberg
Step 1: Setting the management objectives (see tool 1) has already identified a group of attributes and agents of change that need to be monitored
Step 2: Make an initial choice of measures / indicators to reflect the management objectives
Step 5: Compare data needed with existing monitoring processes / data and identify gaps
Step 6: Develop detailed monitoring protocols
Step 8: Assessment of management outcomes (initially to establish a baseline and then to monitor against this baseline)
Step 7: Develop a data management system
Step 4: Finalise indicators
Step 3: Refine this draft list of indicators and determine their thresholds and power to detect change
Optional step 3a: identify responses to a breach of the thresholds
Conservation target 1: The migration
Traditional migratory routes
Population size of key species
Productivity / recruitment
Forage quality/spatial availability
Indicator: Seasonal migratory movements (in the west of the Grumeti River (Ikona WMA); East Kuka/West Loliondo route to Kenya; Salai Plains, Lake Victoria; Maswa, Grumeti and Ikorongo GR)Target: The Migration Key Ecological Attributes: Traditional migratory routesJustification for selection: Threats to the ecosystem which support the migration route, especially in the areas outlined above
Minimum integrity thresholds
Confidence level of threshold
Monitoring activity
Monitoring details (status, protocols, responsibilities etc)
Cost and funding source
Management options/implications
If there is a breakdown of traditional migratory routes
High Current: Ranger reports daily and anti-poaching patrol that follows migration
Need system to systemise and analyse information into GIS system
SNP, FZS Increasing the protection status for areas covered by the migration outside of the Park. Implementing Speke Bay corridor - migration route to Lake Victoria in dry season.Current:
Wildebeest Collars(suggest that this is probably not a cost-effective method of monitoring migratory routes)
Information from eight collars has been collected over the last # years but seven collars are no longer in operation. For this type of monitoring to be effective some 40 collars would need to be operating.
US$4,000 per collar
New: Mapping migratory routes through aerial point survey
Monthly surveys during times when migration is outside Park boundary
SNP, FZS, TAWIRI(affordable and staff have skills needed)
Ecological Integrity Assessment
Monitoring Report
Tanzania Carnivore Centre
SENAPA Ecological Monitoring
Serengeti Biodiversity Project Rhino Project
Information Iceberg
Target 1: The Migration
IndicatorMinimum integrity
thresholdStatus Trend
Seasonal migratory movements If there is a breakdown of traditional migratory routes
Concern Unchanged
Population size of large ungulates Major unexpected fluctuation Good Unchanged
Population size of key carnivores except lions
Major unnatural fluctuations Good (But leopards not surveyed)
Unchanged
Population size of lions Major fluctuations in populations Good Unchanged
Recruitment of key species Declining juveniles Good Unchanged
Mortality of key species Unexplained mortality Good Unchanged
Rainfall patterns and trends Increased frequency and severity of droughts
Good (But more data analysis needed)
Unchanged
Fire patterns and extent of dry season fires
Any fires in fire refuge areas Concern Unchanged
Trend in poaching off-take Increased trend in poaching off-take
Significant concern No trend established
Continuing popl. pressure and extent of cultivation near migratory routes
If human popl. pressure has major impacts on ecosystem integrity
Significant concern Deteriorating (but needs more monitoring)
Intact park boundary If there was major damage to park boundary beacons
Concern(But beacons not yet complete)
(Too early to see trends)
Agricultural are in the NCA Increasing trends in agriculture (Monitoring to be carried out)
(Monitoring to be carried out)
Ecological Integrity Assessment
Monitoring Report
Tanzania Carnivore Centre
SENAPA Ecological Monitoring
Serengeti Biodiversity Project Rhino Project
Information Iceberg
Ecological IntegrityA draft assessment measured against key
management targets
Overview of each target and a breakdown of status and trends of individual indicators
Ecological Integrity Assessment
Monitoring Report
Tanzania Carnivore Centre
SENAPA Ecological Monitoring
Serengeti Biodiversity Project Rhino Project
Information Iceberg
EoH Workbook
• Structured around the Framework• 11 tools which can assess a range of
indicators • Tools can be adapted to suit a site’s
individual needs:– supplement existing assessment activities – point of reference to develop new assessment
tools to meet site needs– build a complete assessment system from the
start