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Enterprise GIS
I Definition:
An Enterprise GISis a geographic information systemthat is integrated
through an entire organization so that a large number of users can manage, share,
and use spatial data and related information to address a variety of needs, including
data creation, modification, visualization, analysis, and dissemination.
Enterprise GISevolved over the period of time and especially during 2005-2010.
Most of the leading !" vendors have had components that constitute an
Enterprise GISfor long time but, the efforts to have them all pac#aged together
and provide an end-to-end solution pic#ed up fast pace in the recent times. $o put
it in simpler terms, an Enterprise GISshould be capable of the follo%ing.
II. Capabilities
supporting huge number of simultaneous transactions
integrating %ith other &nterprise "ystems 'such as "A(, )illing "ystems
etc.,*
comply %ith + "tandards to enable easier integration %ith other systems
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displaying data in the same %ay 'styles symbols* for es#top, /eb and
Mobile users
'preferred* reusable functionality across es#top, /eb and Mobile
platforms
III. Objectives
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"uccessfully achieving the potential of !" in a comple enterprise 'such as
a ity or ounty government* involves agreeing upon some essential obectives.
&asily accessed !" on every des#top 'plus vehicles, etc.*
!" improving the organizations business processes
!" impacting the accomplishment of the organizations strategic obectives
3"patially-enabling4 the organizations other enterprise applications
on-redundant entry of updates
!" specialists maintain base data, standards, and enhancements
"upport for electronic transactions %ith the public
$angible return on !" investment.
IV. GIS USER NEED ASSESSMENT
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User Needs assessment is a systematic process for
determining and addressing needs, or "gaps" between current
conditions and desired conditions or "wants". The discrepancybetween the current condition and wanted condition must be
measured to appropriately identify the need. The need can be a
desire to improve current performance or to correct a deficiency
User needs assessment is an important part of the GIS
planning process, often used for improvement in individuals,
educationtraining, organi!ations, or communities. It can refineand improve a product such as training or service a client
receives. It can be an effective tool to clarify problems and
identify appropriate interventions or solutions. y clearly
identifying the problem finite resources can be directed towards
developing and implementing a feasible and applicable solution.
Gathering appropriate and sufficient data informs the process of
developing an effective product that will address the groups#
needs and wants
V. The old spatial data models
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. In many ways, the Spatial $ata management needs for an
%nterprise are little different than other data management needs.
Unfortunately, until very recently, GIS data models have not &eptpace with some of their more sophisticated '$(S cousins and
have traditionally been file based. )rom an %sri perspective, the
traditional geographic data models have included*
a. Coverages++ The basic spatial model for rcInfo. The
coverage is a very solid data model that has served us very well
for many years. The data model includes internal topology, and isvery rigorous about enforcing proper feature construction.
b. Shapefiles++ The basic spatial data model for rc-iew.
The Shape )ile model is much less rigorous about enforcing
feature integrity and relies on run+time calculation for topology.
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c. Librarian++ ibrarian layers are collections of coverage#s
which are ad/acent to each other. %ach coverage is referred to as
a 0tile0. The tiles are defined in an inde1 coverage which ispolygon coverage of /ust the space each tile ta&es up 2such as a
USGS map boundary3. Tiles do not have to be e4ual in si!e or
shape, but usually are. ll tiles have to conform to the tile
boundaries specified by the inde1 coverage. The inde1 coverage
contains an item for each layer in the library, the record for each
tile is merely the path to that tile. So rcInfo &nows to find the
library based on an entry in the system0s IN)5 file, then loo&s in
the library0s inde1 coverage to see what layers are in there, then
loo&s for the tiles wherever that is specified. The advantage of
libraries is that the whole layer is not rendered as you !oom in,
only the tiles within your e1tent + very similar to S$%0s use of
spatial inde1. The disadvantage is that it0s still built on the
coverage model and thus does not support 2very well, anyways3
multi+user editing and display. 5ur tests have shown that library
layer display comes to a crawl as more users are added.
d. GeoTIFFs and other spatiall! registered images"++
a file based spatial data model for rasters where each pi1el has a
spatial representation but rather little attribute depth.
e. G#IDs+ The rcInfo representation of a 'aster image
that allows for greater attribute depth for each pi1el in the file.
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f. Image Catalogs++ n image catalog is similar to a
library layer, but each catalog has its own database file. The
database file is nothing more than a table of min6, min7, ma16,ma17, and image location. It specifies the e1tent of an image and
where it is stored. In this manner, users can bring in image tiles
as an apparent mosaic without finding all the tiles and piecing
them together. Image catalogs were not supported at rc(ap
8.9.1, but are at 8.:.
There are several significant limitations to any file+based
data model. ;oncurrent user access typically degrades
performance dramatically and it is not possible to support
multiple concurrent users editing a single file. )urther, there are
limitations to the si!e of any physical layer in the file system. The
file si!e limit is largely a function of the density of the data
involved, but in many instances it becomes necessary to subset
large contiguous spatial datasets in order to obtain ade4uate
performance. The ibrarian structure was developed to streamline
some of the resulting problems inherent in tiling datasets, but it
remains a rather in+complete solution.
VI. The ne$ spatial data models
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5ver the course of the past five years or so, %sri and most
of the ma/or database vendors have begun the process of
developing spatial data models based upon 'elational and 5b/ect+'elational $atabase (anagement Systems. The aim of these
development efforts is to ta&e advantage of advances in relational
database technology in order to provide the %nterprise features
lac&ing in a file+based data model. Security, multiple concurrent
user access, and spatial inde1es are dramatic improvements to
the traditional spatial data models available through the new
Spatial $atabase models.
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a. SDE la!ersThe %sri Spatial $atabase %ngine 2S$%3 has
been around for several years now and has achieved great
performance advantages over file based spatial data models. S$%creates a multi+tiered spatial inde1 scheme on your spatial data
allowing a user to e1tract and render very 4uic&ly a subset of a
very large spatial data layer. This capability allows a spatial data
administrator to move away from the tiled spatial data model and
create seamless data layers for the entire geographic e1tent of
interest to the users.
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T!pe of &sers application of GIS $ithin the
efore one can develop an %nterprise GIS that fulfills users#
needs, one has to document what these needs are and
incorporate..
ii. 'ind of band$idth available
GIS datasets can be very large and dense. (oving even
subsets of these datasets across the %nterprise networ& for
manipulation or viewing purposes can have serious networ&
performance implications. high capacity networ& and arelatively small number of GIS users each with a relatively
powerful wor&station, then connecting each wor&station directly
to the %nterprise Geodatabase over the networ& is a very viable
solution.
iii. Capabilities of &sers( des'top machines s /ust
described, rcGIS re4uires a pretty substantial wor&station foroptimal performance. delivering a high performance software
pac&age on inade4uate hardware has to be avoided..
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iv. #e)&irement of &sing GIS data or services o&tside
internal net$or'*
It is very important to recogni!e that rcI(S is N5T a GIS
des&top application, but rather is a tool for publishing pre+defined
maps over the internet. rcI(S as a replacement for rc-iew.
Secondly, remember that rcI(S can utili!e S$% layers, but will
not be able to ta&e advantage of most of the sophisticated
capabilities of the Geodatabase. If you need to have access to
Geodatabase ob/ects from within rcI(S, you will need to dosome pretty sophisticated programming an utili!e rcGIS 8.: as a
Geo5b/ect server 2not something that is handled within the
current licensing language of rcGIS3.
b. Capacit! planning hard$are"
i. large and comple+ data*)eature ;lass. Spatial
database tuning is an interesting blend of art and science and
involves a lot of trial and error.
ii. ,resent n&mber of &sers*There is an e1cellent white
paper available on the %sri web site on System rchitecture
$esign by $ave ?eters of %sri. This paper will give you some good
guidelines for hardware capacity planning.
iii. 'ind of spatial operations - &sers $ant
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Users who are concurrently editing a networ&ed data layer
will re4uire more hardware resources than those that are
selecting and drawing points layers.
c. Sec&rit! ,lanning
i.
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'$(S e1perience with a particular %nterprise database in
house 2(S ccess is N5T an %nterprise database3 then this
vendor is most is the best choice to implement %nterpriseGeodatabase.
ii. 0o$ large the installation li'el! to get*
If the %nterprise Geodatabase is li&ely to get very large and
be distributed among several different offices, then 5racle and
I( probably offer the most scalable '$(S platforms supportingadvanced database replication.
iii.#e)&irement of spatial data $ith non-spatial
applications
If non+spatial database applications within the organi!ation
is scheduled be enhanced by GIS integration, then it ma&es the
most sense to &eep the '$(S platform consistent across all
applications.
e. GIS Soft$are SelectionA
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There are essentially three different categories of rcGIS to
choose from each implemented with different capabilities of
rc(ap, rc;atalog, and rcToolbo1. rc-iew 8.: is able to selectand analy!e data from an %nterprise Geodatabase, but is unable
to edit within this environment. rc-iew 8.: is only able to edit
shape files and personal geodatabases. rc%ditor is able to edit
data within an %nterprise Geodatabase, but does not have all of
the geo+processing tools available with rcInfo wor&station.
rcInfo 8.: is the full blown, top of the line product.
f. TrainingA
There is generic training on how to use the software
products available through %sri 2Introduction to rcGIS etc.3 but
%nterprise Geodatabases are very uni4ue installations and one
should plan on investing a fair amount of time and energy in
developing user training that is specific to the installation
VIII Enterprise GIS management.
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Storing all data in a centrali!ed geodatabase in a server
environment provides faster, more coordinated distribution of
accurate data to multiple emergency agencies. This results in
safer, more effective and more coordinated interagencyemergency response.
B Developing Efficient 4or'flo$s and &siness ,rocesses
The use of GIS can increase wor&flow and business process
efficiencies. enefits from efficiency include reduced costs and greater
productivity. ?roductivity is gained by*
C Grouping tas&s by location
C llocating resources in real time based on best or nearest available personnel
andor inventory
C (odeling and understanding of spatial distribution of resources by department
C Increasing communication and collaboration
5 Vis&ali6ation of Time-ased ,henomena From the Local to the Global
Scale
The use of GIS provides a better understanding of temporal
2time+based3 trends to support better decision ma&ing. etter+
informed decisions lead to cost and time savings
Table 1/ar'et and c&stomer anal!sis $ith and $itho&t GIS
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4itho&t GIS 4ith GIS
On-site, time-consuming manual
surveys, focus groups and analysis
Transportation and infrastructure
modeling, including drive time and physical
proximity of existing stores and/or facility location
to competitors, other services and population
densities representing potential customers
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High-cost physical visits to multiple
locations to initially determine viability
Comparison of existing
store/market/customer profile with potential
locations for new construction or renovation
using doens of demographic variables
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Tabular data used to derive
processes without ta&ing into
account complete, landscape+level
analysis of spatial phenomena, suchas pro1imity of resources to one
another
Geospatial analysis and
wor&flow optimi!ation based on
location intelligence for routing,
buffer, line of sight, overlay analysisand pro1imity analysis for
geographic grouping and routing of
wor& orders assignments to
dispatch maintenance management
and fleet vehicles
)unctionsdepartments within
an organi!ation are oftenfragmented across the physical
location based on space available
and assignments
Increased facility and
occupancy yield in pro/ects relatedto space utili!ation, facility
rationali!ation, ad/acencies and
fragmentation by space and facility
use and type
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