Environmental Management Bureau Environmental Management Bureau Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act / Republic Act 9003
Clean Air Act / Republic Act 8749
Toxic Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Law / Republic Act 6969
Pollution Control Law / Presidential Decree 984
Environmental Impact Statement System / Presidential Decree 1586
Air QualityAir Quality
What is Air Pollution?
- any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the atmosphere making air harmful, detrimental, or injurious to public health and environment.
What is the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999?
Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the Philippine Clean Air Act, is a comprehensive air quality management policy and program which aims to achieve and maintain healthy air for all Filipinos.
Mobile Sources
• Cars
• Trucks
• Jeepneys
• Buses• Tricycles
• Motorcycles
• Vans
• other Vehicles
Stationary Sources
• Industrial Firms
• Smokestacks of Power Plants
• Hotels
• other Establishments
• Smoking
• Burning of Garbage
• Dust from Construction
• Unpaved Grounds
• emissions other than the two
Area Sources
Common Air Pollutants
• Solids and metals• Sulfur compounds• Nitrogen
compounds • Volatile organic
compounds• Oxygen compounds• Halogen compounds• Radioactive
compounds• Odors
Criteria Pollutants
• Total suspended particulates
• Particulate matter (PM10)
• Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Ozone (O3)
• Lead (Pb)
National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines for Criteria Pollutants
Pollutant Averaging Time Standard (ug/m3)
TSP 24 hr. average 230 1 year 90
PM10 24 hr. average 150 1 year 60
Sulfur dioxide 24 hours 180 1 year 80
Nitrogen dioxide 24 hr. average 150
Photochemical oxidants 1 hour 140 (e.g. ozone) 8 hours 60
Carbon monoxide 1 hour 35 8 hours 10
Lead 3 month 1.5 1 year 1.0
Pollutant Mobile (2000)
Stationary (1997)
TOG 1,358,840 -
VOC - 8
CO 924,426 121
NOx 114,539 1,526
SOx 11,263 14,993
PMex 22,862 1,968
PMtw 5,499 -
PM10 19,561 1,764Estimated Air Pollution Load in Metro
Manila (metric tons)
DENR Memorandum Circular 2002-01(Metro Manila Airshed)
METRO MANILA
Region III Region IV-A National Capital Region
Designated Airsheds
Metro Cebu airshed thru MC 2002-11
Geothermal Airshed thru MC 2002-13
Davao Airshed thru MC 2003-02
BLIST Airshed thru MC 2003-03
Agusan del Norte Airshed thru MC 2003-09
Naga City Airshed thru MC 2003-13
Cagayan de Oro Airshed thru MC 2003-17
Zamboanga Airshed thru MC 2003-20
Metro Manila Polluting Firms
As of 2000,
No. of firms that pollute air only 620 with permit to operate (PTO) 329 without PTO 291
No. of firms that pollute both air/water 402 with PTO for air 222 without PTO for air
180
No. of non-air polluting firms 339
Total number of firms monitored 1361
Source: EMB NCR
1,358,840.41
924,425.92
114,538.51
11,263.3122,862.295,499.2219,560.88
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
Em
issio
n L
oad
(to
ns/y
ear)
TOG CO NOx SOx *Pmex **PMtw PM10Parameters
National Capital Region (NCR) Mobile Source Emission Inventory 2000
(Gas/Diesel All Vehicles Type)
Series1
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Number of Registered Vehicles in the Philippines
Source: LTO
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999
Number of Motor Vehicle Registration in Metro Manila, 1971-2000
Average annual increase, 1971-2000: 5.43% per year
Source: LTO
Testing of Alternative Fuel for Vehicles
• Sulfur content of automotive diesel fuel reduced from 0.20% to 0.05%
• Benzene content of unleaded gasoline reduced from 4% to 2%
Standards for Fuels and Additives, 2003
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000
Erm
i ta
Erm
ita
Erm
ita
Erm
ita
Erm
ita
Qu
iap
oC
ub
ao
Pas
ay
Pas
ayP
asay
Pas
ay
Qu
ezo
n C
ity
Val
enzu
ela
Val
enzu
ela
Val
enzu
ela
Val
enzu
ela
Val
enzu
ela
Val
enzu
ela
Co
ng
ress
ion
al A
ve.
Co
ng
ress
ion
al A
ve.
Metro Manila location with highest TSP historical levels, 1973-2001Standard: ug/Ncm over 24 hours
TS
P a
vera
ge
Source: NPCC, DENR/ EMB Regional Offices
0
0.0050.01
0.0150.02
0.025
0.030.035
0.04
0.0450.05
1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002
Erm
ita
Erm
ita
Erm
ita
Erm
itaErm
ita
Erm
itaE
rmit
a
Erm
ita
Erm
itaErm
ita
Gra
ce P
ark
Gra
ce P
ark
Gra
ce P
ark
Cu
bao
Cu
bao
Qu
iap
o
Pas
ig
Val
enzu
ela
Man
ila
Mem
ori
al P
ark
Metro Manila location with highest sulfur oxide levels, 1975-2001Standard: 0.030 ppm
Source: NPCC, DENR/ EMB Regional Offices
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network
Manila Observatory, Ateneo de Manila University
Valenzuela
NAMRIA, Fort Bonifacio
Airforce City, CDC
BPI, Los Banos, Laguna
Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite
PUP, Sta. Mesa
Provincial Agrovet, Brgy. Bolboc, Batangas City
Bureau of Correction, Muntinlupa*
Valle Verde, Pasig*
*for installation of equipment
2003 CAA Milestone Outputs
• Developed the Air Quality Framework. Prescribed in the DENR Administrative Order No. 2000-82, it sets emission reduction goals using acceptable standards and control strategies within a specified time.
• Designated airsheds throughout the Philippines. To date, 10 airsheds have been officially designated, including the establishment of respective governing boards.
• Establishment of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network. A total of 10 electronic stations are being established to measure both criteria and non-criteria pollutants.
2003 CAA Milestone Outputs
• Conducted emission inventory of stationary, mobile and area sources of pollution. An ongoing activity, both in Metro Manila and other parts of the country through the EMB field offices.
• Set emission standards for motor vehicles. Emission standards of hydrocarbons for motorcycles and tricycles have already been set in DENR Administrative Order No. 2003-25 and emission standards for in-use motor vehicles have been revised and contained in DENR Administrative Order No. 2003-51.
2003 CAA Milestone Outputs
• Conducted emission testing of motor vehicles prior to registration. To augment government efforts, private emission testing centers are established, duly authorized and accredited by the Department of Transportation and Communication and Department of Trade and Industry, respectively.
• Improved fuel quality. Reduced sulfur content in automotive diesel oil from .20% to .05% and lowered benzene and aromatics content in gasoline.
• Expanded promotion of use of alternative cleaner fuels. Efforts are directed on the availability and use of biodiesel, liquefied petroleum gas, and compressed natural gas.
2003 CAA Milestone Outputs
• Launched the Smoke-Free EDSA Project. Supported by government agencies, civil society and some local government units in Metro Manila, the project aims to reduce the level of air pollution from particulate matter by 20% at the end of 2003.
• Established an Air Quality Monitoring Board. An air quality monitoring display board is put up along Katipunan Avenue, Quezon City for an intensified public monitoring of air quality in the area. At least 10 more air quality monitoring boards are set to be installed initially all over Metro Manila by next year.
2003 CAA Milestone Outputs
• Released the first National Air Quality Status Report. As provided in the Clean Air Act, the DENR has prepared the 2002 National Air Quality Status Report which summarizes the extent of air pollution in the country, per type of pollutant and per type of source. It includes an analysis of the current situation and identifies trends in air pollution. It identifies critical areas, activities or projects which need closer monitoring or regulation.
• Stepped up public information and education.
Next Steps…
• Expand Ambient Air Monitoring Network nationwide
• Designate additional airsheds nationwide• Designate attainment and non-attainment
areas in airsheds• Prepare guidelines for mass emission fees• Designate guidelines on tax incentives to
reduce air pollution from stationary sources
Next Steps…
• Harmonize emission standards for stationary sources with ASEAN standards
• Establish guidelines for emissions averaging and emissions trading
• Operationalize the Air Quality Management Fund
• Expand Air Quality Monitoring Boards
• Continue public information and education
Water QualityWater Quality
Inland Waters
Rivers LakesCoastal watersHousehold water supply
The Philippines Major Rivers
• Cagayan River
• Pampanga River
• Agno River
• Agusan River
• Rio Grande de Mindanao
• Laguna de Bay
• Lanao Lake
• Mainit Lake
• Taal Lake
• Lake Naujan
• Buluan Lake
The Lakes of the Philippines
Critical Urban Regions in terms of water quality and
quantity:
• National Capitol Region (Metro Manila)
• Central Luzon• Southern Tagalog• Central Visayas
Source : Philippines Environment Monitor, 2003
The most common water pollutants in the Philippines
• Oil
• Phosphates
• Nitrates
• Heavy metals
• Plastics
• Human and animal wastes
• Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
• Suspended solids
Major Sources of Water Pollutants in the Philippines
• households (domestic sewage)
• commercial establishments
• farms (agricultural run-offs)
• tourism sites
• industries
As of 2000,
No. of water polluting firms 146 with permit to operate (PTO) 58 without PTO 88
No. of firms that pollute both air/water 402 with PTO for air 222 without PTO for air
180 with PTO for water 192 without PTO for water
210
No. of water-polluting firms 548 No. of non-water-polluting firms 813 No. of firms monitored 1361
SOURCES
COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS INDUSTRIES HOUSEHOLDS TOURISM SITES FARMS
Actual water pollutant sources in the country:
Parameters for measuring Water Quality
• Total phosphorus
• PH
• Dissolved oxygen
• Turbidity
• Total dissolved solids
• Fecal coliform
• Biochemical oxygen demand
• Nitrates
• Temperature
Nearly 2.2 million metric tons of organic pollution are
produced annually by domestic (48 percent), agricultural (37 percent), and industrial (15
percent) sectors.Source : Philippines Environment Monitor, 2003
The Philippine Drinking Water Standard for Human Health
Inorganic constituents Constituents Maximum Level (mg/L)
Antimony 0.005
Arsenic 0.01
Barium 0.7
Cadmium 0.003
Chromium 0.05
Cyanide 0.07
Fluoride 1
Lead 0.01
Mercury 0.001
Nitrate as NO3 50
Nitrate as NO2 6
Selenium 0.01
Organic constituents (Pesticides)
Constituents Maximum Level (mg/L)
Aldrin and Dieldrin 0.06
Chlordane 0.5
DDT 2
Endrin 0.2
Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide 0.03
Lindane 2
Methoxychlor 20
Petroleum oils and grease nil
Toxyphane 5
2, 4-D 30
2, 3, 5-T 9
The Philippine Drinking Water Standard for Human Health
ClassClass
AA 3 0.5%
A 15122.8%
B 9814.8%
C 19128.9%
D 17 2.6%
Classified 460 69.5%
Unclassified 202 30.5%
Total Rivers 662 100% Reported
National Water Quality Status
• 36 percent of the river sampling points have been classified as public water supply sources
• about 60 percent of the country’s population live along coastal areas and contribute to discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater from inland
• preliminary data indicate that up to 58% of groundwater intended for drinking water supplies are contaminated with total Coliform and would need treatment; and
• 31 percent of illnesses for a five-year period was from water-related diseases.Source : Philippines Environment Monitor, 2003
Solid WasteSolid Waste
SOURCESResidential
Household wastes, generated at home
Commercial- Industrial
Includes wastes generated by restaurants, eateries, offices, markets, talipapa, plants, mills and factories
Farm and Agricultural Wastes
Includes animal manure and crop residues
Institutional Wastes
Coming from hospitals, schools, churches and prisons
Miscellaneous and Specialized Wastes
Residues of sewage treatment plants, ash from incinerators and residues from combustion fuels, street sweepings and debris from disasters, demolition and construction rubble
Mining Wastes
Includes slag heaps, coal refuse piles and mine tailings
Hazardous Wastes
Pollutants
• Organic matter
This includes kitchen and garden wastes
• Paper
• Plastics
• Metals
• Medical Wastes
• Toxic and other hazardous wastes
• other Non-biodegradables (e.g.)
• Disposables
• Non-recycables
Waste Generation Estimates, 2000
Location Population Amount
Baguio, Benguet 250,000 0.38
Laoag, Ilocos Norte 94,000 0.5
San Fernando, La Union 102,000 0.35
Santiago, Isabela 110,000 0.5
Olongapo, Zambales 194,000 0.41
San Pablo, Laguna 205,000 0.58
Batangas City, Batangas 245,000 0.41
Cavite City, Cavite 111,042 0.63
Puerto Princesa, Palawan 160,000 0.39
Roxas, Capiz 126,000 0.29
Iloilo City, Iloilo 366,000 0.34
Location Population Amount
Bacolod, Negros Occidental 429,000 0.41
La Carlota, Negros Occidental 56,000 0.5
Silay, Negros Occidental 108,000 0.5
Kabankalan, Negros Occ. 150,000 0.5
Passi, Iloilo 67,000 0.5
Sagay, Negros Occidental 130,000 0.37
Talisay, Negros Occidental 130,000 0.5
Dumaguete, Negros Oriental 106,979 0.48
Lapu-lapu, Cebu 200,000 0.44
Tacloban, Leyte 179,000 0.59
A study of the composition of Metro Manila’s solid waste, 1999
High income
41%
14%12%
17%
4%12%
Kitchen Waste
Paper
Plastic
Grass and Wood
Metal
Others
Middle income
57%
11%
13%
5%4%
10% Kitchen Waste
Paper
Plastic
Grass and Wood
Metal
Others
Low income
44%
10%16%
8%
5%
17%Kitchen Waste
Paper
Plastic
Grass and Wood
Metal
Others
Waste composition in Metro Manila in dry season, by percentage
Restaurant
57%
13%
12%
5%6% 7% Kitchen Waste
Paper
Plastic
Grass and Wood
Metal
Others
other Shops
28%
26%16%1%
5%
24%Kitchen Waste
Paper
Plastic
Grass and Wood
Metal
Others
Institution
21%
44%
15%
2%5%13%
Kitchen Waste
Paper
Plastic
Grass and Wood
Metal
Others
Market
63%15%
12%4%1% 5%
Kitchen Waste
Paper
Plastic
Grass and Wood
Metal
Others
Street sweeping
10%9%
9%
45%
1%
26%
Kitchen Waste
Paper
Plastic
Grass and Wood
Metal
Others
River
8% 1%
67%
11%1% 12%
Kitchen Waste
Paper
Plastic
Grass and Wood
Metal
Others
actual expenditures
434.30
296.90234.90
405.90303.70
136.5073.40
0 100 200 300 400 500
1994
1996
1998
2000
MMDA Expenditures (in million pesos) for solid wastes
Average composition of solid wastes in the Philippines, % by weight
33.5
12.911.5
11
10.2
9.84.1 3.3 1.9 1.8
yard and field waste fines and inert
wood food waste
paper and cardboard plastic and petroleum products
textiles metals
glass leather and rubber
City budgets allocated for Solid Waste Management, 2001
City Per Capita Allocation
Dagupan 87.17
Antipolo 148.66
Iloilo 12.50
Tagaytay 151.51
Samal Island 85.39
Dipolog 60.69
San Fernando,La Union 162.97
Marikina 192.55
Valenzuela 76.84
Muntinlupa 250.45
Roxas 23.21
% of total (peso 2001 Budget) 4.1
11.6
7
1.2
3.47
10.8
3.9
9.81.4
2.1Dagupan AntipoloIloilo TagaytaySamal Island DipologSan Fernando, La Union MarikinaValenzuela MuntinlupaRoxas
Region Open Dumpsite
Controlled Dumpsite
Proposed Controlled Dumpsite
Proposed Sanitary Landfill
NCR 18 6 - 20
Region 1 28 2 32 1
Region 2 51 2 8 1
Region 3 88 7 8 15
Region 4A 88 27 5 3
Region 4B 23 4 11 10
Region 5 48 3 4 5
Region 6 37 1 6 7
Region 7 109 10 1 10
Region 8 31 1 8 2
Region 9 32 - - 2
Region 10 25 - -
Region 11 28 - 2 2
CARAGA 66 - 11 1
CAR 38 - - 1TOTAL 721 63 111 84
Waste Disposal Facilities in the Philippines, as of December 2002
Toxic and Hazardous
Wastes
Toxic and Hazardous
Wastes
Hazardous Waste generation by HW type, tons/ year
Type of waste Amount generated
Alkali wastes 545,631
Oil 491,623
Inorganic chemical wastes 335,014
Acid wastes 177,127
Plating waste 174,945
Reactive organic wastes 169,721
Organic chemicals 155,201
Putrescible organic wastes 140,489
Miscellaneous wastes 53,869
Organic solvents 49,265
Containers 37,036
Textile 851
National Total 2,410,281 tons/year
Major Sources
Distribution of HW generators by industrial category
Industrial category Amount generated
Manufacturing 1,356,435
Elect., gas and water supply 684,678
Public admin. and defense 159,765
Wholesale trade 138,653
Agricultural industries 34,028
Mining 26,582
Construction 7,925
Financial services 1,597
Transportation services 618
National Total 2,410,281 tons/year
Regional distribution of HW generators (tons/ year)
Region Amount generated
NCR 828,883
Southern Tagalog 642,985
Central Visayas 210,789
Central Luzon 195,014
Western Visayas 97,393
Southern Mindanao 71,994
Bicol 57,656
Central Mindanao 52,288
Region Amount generated
Ilocos 50,959
Northern Mindanao 43,653
CAR 38,051
Cagayan Valley 31,282
Western Mindanao 30,142
CARAGA 29,405
Eastern Visayas 25,556
ARMM 4,231
National Total 2,410,281 tons/year
Region % share
NCR 34.4
Southern Tagalog 26.7
Central Visayas 8.7
Central Luzon 8.1
Western Visayas 4.0
Southern Mindanao 3.0
Bicol 2.4
Central Mindanao 2.2
Region % share
Ilocos 2.1
Northern Mindanao 1.8
CAR 1.6
Cagayan Valley 1.3
Western Mindanao 1.3
CARAGA 1.2
Eastern Visayas 1.1
ARMM 0.2
Regional distribution of HW generators (tons/ year)
National Total 100.0 %
% share NCR
Southern Tagalog
Central Visayas
Central Luzon
Western Visayas
NCR Southern Tagalog Central VisayasCentral Luzon Western Visayas Southern MindanaoBicol Central Mindanao IlocosNorthern Mindanao CAR Cagayan ValleyWestern Mindanao CARAGA Eastern VisayasARMM
Treatment Method Amount Treated
% share
Recycle 627,203 26.0
Storage 373,973 15.5Unclassified treatment 359,914 14.9
Disposal 340,918 14.1
Lagoon 275,447 11.4
Chemical treatment 263,258 10.9
Off-site treatment 67,025 2.8
Export 38,502 1.6
Incineration 29,321 1.2
Biological treatment 22,331 0.9
Oil separator 12,343 0.5
Effluent 45 0.0
TOTAL 2,410,280 100.0
Estimated Hazardous Wastes by Treatment Method (tons/year)