The Power Grid and Smart Transmission Technologies
Dr. Ram Adapa Technical Leader Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
NCEES 2010 Annual Meeting, DenverAugust 18, 2010
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US Power Grid
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North American Power Grid
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North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) Regions & Subregions
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NERC Regions & Subregions
ECAR - East Central Area Reliability Coordination AgreementERCOT - Electric Reliability Council of TexasFRCC - Florida Reliability Coordinating CouncilMAAC - Mid-Atlantic Area CouncilMAIN - Mid-America Interconnected NetworkMAPP - Mid-Continent Area Power Pool
MAPP U.S.MAPP Canada
NPCC - Northwest Power Coordinating CouncilQuebecOntarioMaritimeISO New EnglandNew York
SERC - Southeastern Electric Reliability CouncilTVASouthernVACAREntergy
SPP - Southwest Power PoolSPP NorthernSPP Southern
WSCC - Western Systems Coordinating CouncilCANWPPRMPAAZNMSNV
6© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
• Independent, non-profit, collaborative research institute, with full spectrum industry coverage
– Nuclear– Generation– Power Delivery & Utilization – Environment– Technology Innovation
• Major offices in Palo Alto, CA; Charlotte, NC; and Knoxville, TN
7© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Our Members…
• 450+ participants in more than 40 countries
• EPRI members generate more than 90% of the electricity in the United States
• International funding of more than 18% of EPRI’s research, development and demonstrations
• Programs funded by more than 1,000 energy organizations
8© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
BasicBasicResearchResearch
andandDevelopmentDevelopment
TechnologyTechnologyCommercializationCommercialization
CollaborativeCollaborativeTechnologyTechnology
DevelopmentDevelopmentIntegrationIntegrationApplicationApplication
National LaboratoriesUniversities
SuppliersVendors
EPRI
Help Move Technologies to the Commercialization Stage…
Our Role…
Technology Accelerator!
9© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI is a company that…
…brings together great people…
…with new and exciting ideas…
…to help energize the world!
The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
“Together…Shaping the Future of Electricity”
10© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Investor-Owned64%
International16%
Municipal6%
Cooperative4%
Independent PowerProducer
4%
Federal/State6%
December 31, 2008
EPRI Members BreakdownBy 2008 Annual Research Portfolio Funding
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Industry Expertise
Collaborative Value
EPRI provides its members and the electricity sector…
Thought Leadership
Our Value…
12© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI’s Prism / MERGE Analysis...
Roadmap for a low-carbon future…
• Detailed analysis of the pathway to reducing CO2 emissions across the electricity sector
• Provides guidance on the needed generation mix to slow, start and reverse global CO2 emissions
• Cited in numerous national and international publications
13© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI Portfolio Spans the Entire Power Industry
Nuclear Power EnvironmentPower Delivery & UtilizationGeneration
Material Degradation/Aging
Fuel Reliability
High-Level Waste and Spent Fuel Management
Nondestructive Evaluation and Material Characterization
Equipment Reliability
Instrumentation and Control
Risk and Safety Management
Advanced Nuclear Technology
Low-Level Waste and Radiation Management
Air Quality
Global Climate Change
Land and Groundwater
Occupational Health and Safety
T&D Environmental Issues
Water and Ecosystems
Distribution
Energy Utilization
Grid Operations and Planning
Substations and Asset Planning
Transmission and Increased Power Flow
Advanced Coal Plants, Carbon Capture and Storage
Combustion Turbines
Environmental Controls
Generation Planning
Major Component Reliability
Operations and Maintenance
Renewables
14© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CCS Using Chilled Ammonia and a Different Technology
Low-cost O2 Production
IGCC with CCS
Compressed Air Energy Storage
Smart Grids
Demonstration Projects
4. Coal-Based Generation Units with CO2 Capture and Storage
3. Advanced Light Water Reactors
2. Transmission Grids and Associated Energy Storage Infrastructures
1. Smart Grids and Communication Infrastructure
Technology ChallengesEnergy Efficiency
Industry Demonstration Projects . . . From Analysis to Action
15© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
Why Invest in CCS?• Electricity generation accounts for ~40% of total CO2emission in US.– More than 80% of these emissions come directly
from coal-fired plants• Near-term capture technologies will:
– Raise the cost of electricity 60-90%– Impose 25-30% parasitic loads on a plant
EPRI’s CCS Program will seek to increase the basic understanding of CO2 capture and accelerate
development to lower energy penalties and cost.
16© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI…the Power of Collaboration…
Delivering greater value for our members’ investment…• Collaborative model shares the ideas,
expertise, and valued experiences of EPRI membership
• Shares the costs and risks of technology development, delivery, and commercialization
• Financial leverage is enhanced with broader participation
• Ultimate goal is to ensure society’s energy needs are met cleanly, efficiently, and economically
17© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI’s Governance and Advisory Structure
Research Advisory Committee
Board of Directors
Generation Sector Council
Nuclear Sector Council
Power Delivery & Utilization Council
Environment Sector Council
Program Committees
Program Committees
Program Committees
ProgramCommittees
Advisory Council
Communications Council
Technology Management Committee
18© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Power Delivery & Energy Utilization SectorFrom Generator Bus Bar to End Use
Transmission Distribution End Use
Strong Collaborative: ~95 members ~75M Annual RD&D FundingTechnical Resources (Laboratories, 140 Technical Staff ) Extension of Member’s Staff
Collaboration…Technical Expertise…Thought Leader
19© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Comprehensive R&D Portfolio2010 Power Delivery and Utilization Portfolio
Distribution Efficient Use of EnergyEnergy Utilization
18: Electric Transportation170: End-Use Energy Efficiency and
Demand Response in a Low Carbon Future
Transmission Lines & Substations35: Overhead Transmission36: Underground Transmission37: Substations162: HVDC Systems
Grid Operations and Planning39: Grid Operations40: Grid Planning173: Integrating Variable Gen. and Controllable
Loads
TransmissionDistribution Lines & Systems30: Underground Distribution
Systems124: Smart Distribution Apps. And
Technologies128: Distribution Systems
Cross Cutting Technologies and Integration
1: Power Quality 172: Efficient Transmission and Distribution 94: Energy Storage 174: Integration of Distributed Renewables161: IntelliGrid
NOTE:• Full program engagement• Partial engagement • No engagement
R&D Portfolio changes every year based on utility needs
20© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Briefing Topics
• Smart Grid
• Energy Efficiency
• Electric Transportation and Electro-Technologies
• Renewable Integration
R&D Portfolio to Enable a Low-Carbon Future
21© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI’s Involvement in Smart Grid
• IntelliGrid Architecture– Designing the foundation of Smart Grid– Accelerate development of standards (PHEV, AMI/HAN
example) through content– NIST Project
• Smart Grid Demonstration– Integration of Distributed Energy Resources
• Example of Smart Grid Applications• Smart T&D sensors for inspection and condition
assessment• Enabling distributed PV• Distribution system applications
22© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Entire Electrical Power System From Generation to End Use
Highly Instrumented
with Advanced Sensors and Computing
Interconnected by a Communication Fabric
that Reaches Every Device
• Engaging Consumers• Enhancing Efficiency• Ensuring Reliability• Enabling Renewables
Sensors…Two Way Communication…Intelligence…ResponseMany Definitions – But All Roads Pointing to:
23© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Build the Foundation First
EPRI’s IntelliGrid Methodology is Focused on Helping Our Members Build the Right Foundation
AMI
CommunicationsInformation Management
Security
EnergyMarkets
Real-Time Contingency
OutageManagement
SCADA Protection
Smart Grid Foundation
Security
Information Management
Communications
Interoperability
Systems Engineering Methodology
24© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
NIST Smart Grid Interoperability Roadmap
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): Lead agency for coordinating the development of smart grid standards.
• NIST (in April 2009) contracted EPRI to develop an interim smart grid interoperability roadmap that includes:– the Smart Grid architecture;– priorities for interoperability and cyber security standards, and an
initial set of standards to support implementation; and– plans to meet remaining standards needs.
• Stakeholders workshop on May 19th and 20th; Interim roadmap delivered by Fall 2009.
NIST Selects EPRI Team to Develop Interim Smart Grid Interoperability Roadmap
25© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI’s Involvement in Smart Grid
• IntelliGrid Architecture– Designing the foundation of Smart Grid– Accelerate development of standards (PHEV, AMI/HAN
example) through content– NIST Project
• Smart Grid Demonstration– Integration of Distributed Energy Resources
• Example of Smart Grid Applications• Smart T&D sensors for inspection and condition
assessment• Enabling distributed PV• Distribution system applications
26© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Smart Grid Demonstrations
• Deploying the Virtual Power Plant
• Demonstrate Integration and Interoperability
• 8-10 regional demonstrations– Multiple
Levels of Integration
– Multiple Types of Distributed Energy Resources and Storage
27© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
International CollaborationSmart Grid Demonstration Participants (4/6/2009)
Integrys Energy Group
Exelon
Ameren
KCP&L
Southwest Power Pool
Southern California Edison
Salt River Project
PNM Resources
TVA
Entergy
Central Hudson Gas & Electric
PSE Operator
Con Edison
ESB Networks
FirstEnergy / JCP&L
Electricité de France
PSE&G
AEP
Duke
Southern
CollaboratorCollaborator / Host-SitePending Collaborator
28© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI’s Involvement in Smart Grid
• IntelliGrid Architecture– Designing the foundation of Smart Grid– Accelerate development of standards (PHEV, AMI/HAN
example) through content– NIST Project
• Smart Grid Demonstration– Integration of Distributed Energy Resources
• Example of Smart Grid Applications• Smart T&D sensors for inspection and condition
assessment• Enabling distributed PV• Distribution system applications
29© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Smart Sensor RD&DAutomate Inspection and Condition Assessment
Wireless Mesh On-Line FRA 3D AcousticsAntenna Array Backscatter
Tri-State
SCANA
Powerlink
CenterPoint
Alliant
TNB
PNM
Southern Company
TVA
NYPAATC
Con EdNational Grid
PSE&G
DukeFirstEnergy
30© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
What: Develop and Document Concepts for forte transmission line inspection concepts
Identify current technology status and gaps
Select and Demonstrate a single concept utilizing
Why: Improve reliability and lower O&M costs
How: Utilizing current or in development technologies with possible modification
Technical Challenges:System Development, communication and logistics
Status: Initial hardware developed and in CLT Labs – ready to try idea out in the field (First Energy)
What’s Next: See how it works in the field, develop image algorithms, develop new sensors / communications
Transmission Line Inspection of the Future: Development and Demonstration
31© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
What: Robots to Collect Data from Overhead Line Components and Sensors
Why: High Voltage and physically dangerous environment precludes human inspection and collection of data.
How: Robots that climb up insulator strings or along conductors
Technical Challenges:Robot Motion, Sensor Integration, Communication, Control, Environment
Status:Initial Technology Demonstrator of Insulator Robot
Functional Specification for Line Inspection Robot
What’s Next:Initial Testing of Insulator Robot – HV Environment
Detailed Motion Design of Line Inspection Robot plus test site development
Robotics for Data Collection in HV Environments
32© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
FACTS
FlexibleAlternatingCurrentTransmissionSystems
FACTS are a collectionof power transmissioncontrol technologiesbased on very highpower solid stateelectronic devices.
33© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Ever Challenge is
34© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
FACTS Technologies“Expands Laws of Physics”
P = V 1V2 s in (δ1-δ2)1X
V 1δ1 V2δ2P
Transm ission Line X
Line Load
Electronic generator toprovide reactive powerand extract real power
Electronic generator toprovide reactive powerand insert real power
Voltage Control
Line Impedance& Angle Control
35© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
FACTS can be used to provide “new” services
Taking Advantage of the Changes
Real Power
Reactive Supply*
Voltage Support*
Load Following
Capacity Increase
Metering and Billing
Load Management
Use Control
Frequency Control
System Stability
Power Quality
Standby Capacity
Dispatch
Brokering
Load Forecasting
36© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI Sponsored FACTS Installations
ThyristorControlled Series Capacitor (TCSC): “Line Impedance Controller”208 Mvar TCSC at Slatt Substation (BPA) 1993
FACTS Controller“Back-To-Back HVDC Tie”36 MW at Eagle Pass (CSW)2000
Convertible Static Compensator (CSC): “Flexible Multi-functional Compensator”± 200 MVA at Marcy Substation (NYPA)2000 & 2002
Control
Convertible Static Compensator Concept (CSC)
Optical link
- +
Inverter
HV
Optical link
- +
Inverter
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) : “Voltage Controller”± 100 Mvar STATCOM at Sullivan Substation (TVA) 1995
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC): “All Transmission Parameters Controller”± 160 MVA Shunt and ± 160 MVA Series at Inez Substation (AEP) 1998
UPFC
CSC
STATCOM
BTBTCSC
37© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
162.004: AC/DC Line Conversion
Evaluate DC capability of existing AC structures for upgrade to higher capacity. Demonstration to be done under supplemental funding
Pole 1
Pole 2
Pole 3
+
-
+/-
a
b
c
A
B
C
38© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Range of Conversion Gains
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800Prior ac Voltage - kV
Gai
n in
pat
h M
W -
pu o
f prio
r ac
circ
uit M
W
Horizontal Vertical Delta X Hybrid + 2 Ckt dc
39© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Briefing Topics
• Smart Grid
• Energy Efficiency
• Electric Transportation and Electro-Technologies
• Renewable Integration
R&D Portfolio to Enable a Low Carbon Future
40© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
100
electricity
~ 67% loss [1] ~ 1.5% loss [2]
Generation Transmission
~ 33
~ 3.7% loss [2]
Distribution
electricity
~ 32.5
electricity
~ 31.3
~ 88% loss(incandescentlight example)
End-UseUtilization
~4
[1] Based on weighted average efficiency of KCPL coal fleet, derived from 2006 data[2] Source: KCPL (“Building the Delivery System of the Future”, November 2005)[3] Compares favorably to national average estimates of 6 - 8 %
~ 5.2% T&D loss [3]
Coal
Quantifying Energy Losses Along KCPL Electricity Value Chain
41© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
PDU Strategic Areas: Energy Efficiency and Demand Response
• End to End Energy Efficiency and Demand Resource– Transmission Efficiency
• Launching transmission efficiency initiative on April 30th, 2010
– Distribution Efficiency• Green Circuit Project• Voltage and Reactive
Var Management– End-Use Efficiency
• Technology Assessment• Analytics and Consumer Behavior
42© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Shaping Transmission Efficiency Initiative in 2010: Industry Engagement
Commissioner Jon Wellinghoff, Chairman, FERCArshad Mansoor, VP, EPRI
US Executive Steering Committee Members:Nick Brown, President, & CEO Southwest Power PoolTerry Boston, President & CEO, PJM InterconnectionSteve DeCarlo, Sr. V.P. Transmission, New York Power AuthorityMike Hervey, V.P. T&D Operations, Long Island Power AuthorityMike Heyeck, Sr. V.P. Transmission, American Electric PowerRob Manning, Executive V.P. Power Systems, Tennessee Valley AuthorityYakout Mansour, President & CEO, California ISOPedro Pizarro, Exec V.P. Power Operations, Southern California EdisonJohn McAvoy, SVP, Consolidated EdisonLeslie Sibert, V.P. Transmission, Georgia PowerSteve Whitley, President & CEO, New York Independent System Operator
International Steering Committee Members:Barry MacColl, Technology Strategy & Planning, ESKOMMagdalena Wasiluk-Hassa, Director, Innovation, PSE OperatorIan Welch, R&D Strategy Manager, National Grid
Six Regional Workshops in
2009
Led by Industry Executive
Leadership Team
43© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
West CoastWorkshop (TBD)Hosted by CAISO, SCEExecutive Champions: Yakout Mansour (CAISO), Pedro Pizarro (SCE)
Mid Atlantic or Ohio Workshop (May 4, 2009)Hosted by PJM and AEPExecutive Champions: Terry Boston (PJM), Michael Heyeck (AEP)
Dallas Workshop (May 20, 2009)Hosted by SPP, AEPExecutive Champions: Nick Brown (SPP), Mike Heyeck, AEP)
Northeast Workshop (April 29, 2009)Hosted by NYISO, Con Ed, NYPA, LIPAExecutive Champions: Steve Whitley (NYISO), Steve DeCarlo (NYPA), Lou Rana (Con Ed), Mike Hervey (LIPA)
Southeast Workshop (June 15, 2009)Hosted by Rob Manning (TVA) and Leslie Sibert (Southern)
International Workshop (June 2, 2009)Hosted by PSE Operator, ESKOM, National GridExecutive Champions: Magda Wasiluk Hassa (PSE Operator), Barry MacColl (ESKOM), Ian Welch (NG), Michael Heyeck (AEP)
FERC Commissioner Jon Wellinghoff Leading
the Executive Leadership Team
Regional Transmission Efficiency Projects Industry Workshops May/June 2009
44© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
2. Reduce Line/Equipment Losses
3. Increasing Line/System Utilization
1. Reduce System Losses
Transmission Efficiency Improving
Opportunity
From Workshop to ActionTransmission Efficiency Initiative (2010-2012)
Transmission Efficiency Initiative was launched on April 30th in Chairman Wellinghoff’s Office
“This is a timely initiative in that it comes as the government and industry work together to improve the efficiency of the transmission system,” said Wellinghoff. “Clearly, implementing new technologies on the bulk power system would benefit both the industry and consumers, while at the same time, reducing the sector’s carbon footprint.”
– Quote from Chairman Wellinghoff in Nov 4, 2009 Press Release
~30 Worldwide Demonstration Projects under EPRI’s Transmission Efficiency Initiative
45© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI Distribution System Efficiency Initiative
• Develop and demonstrate consistent method to quantify losses
• Compile empirical data to quantify the costs, benefits and risks of using energy efficiency and loss mitigation as part of planning
• Demonstrate loss mitigation options and validate realized loss reduction
• Demonstrate use of AMI collected data for loss reduction
46© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Distribution Efficiency: On-Going EPRI Distribution Green Circuits Project
Version 8: 07/01/09
Developing Basis for Performance Assessment
and Measurement and Verification
47© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Load ResponseEvaluation for Integrated Distribution Volt/Var Control
Issue• The Green Circuit Project identified Volt/Var
control as a key candidate for reducing overall energy use and demand
• More research is necessary to understand the impact of this method on end-use devices
Project Objectives• Develop understanding of response to voltage
changes at the equipment level (demand and energy).
• Develop recommendations for assessing energy savings and demand reduction benefits using planning tools and models
Value• Understand the factors that determine the load and
energy savings as a result of voltage optimization• Standard protocol to determine energy and load savings may enable
inclusion of this methods in energy efficiency calculations
48© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Briefing Topics
• Smart Grid
• Energy Efficiency
• Electric Transportation and Electro-Technologies
• Renewable Integration
R&D Portfolio to Enable a Low Carbon Future
49© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Energy Security…Energy Efficiency…Reduced CO2
Benefits of Electric Transportation and Electro-Technologies
20 Miles PHEV
50© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
PDU Strategic Areas: Electric Transportation
• Bridging Two Industry – Collaborative program with auto industry– Environmental impact assessment
• Grid Interconnection– Distribution system impact– Charging infrastructure/renewable
integration
• Communication standards– Smart charging – Vehicle to grid communication
51© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Ford-EPRI PHEV Program1st OEM—Utility Demo of PHEV
Courtesy: Ford
• Fleet of 20 Escape PHEV prototypes– 3 ½ year demo– SCE, DTE,
Progress, NYPA, Con Edison, Southern, National Grid, AEP, Pepco, Hydro-Quebec + NYSERDA, DOE
• Ford and participants are testing one of the industry’s first vehicle-to-electric grid communications
52© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
TVA/EPRI Solar Assisted EV Charging Stations
• Combines vehicle charging with solar power and battery storage along with smart grid interface– First of it’s kind in U.S.
53© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
02
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810
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b Mar Ap
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ay Jun Ju
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g Sep Oct Nov D
ec
010002000300040005000600070008000900010000
KW
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Month
EPRI PHEV Distribution System Impacts –Modeling/Simulation Analytical Framework
Regulator
900kvar
900kvar300kvar
900kvar
900kvar
900kvar
Capacitor
Substation
• Flexibility in Model DevelopmentHigh-fidelity distribution feeder modelsSpatial and temporal variation of circuit loads and PHEV LoadsDynamic simulation of full electrical model serving PHEV loads through annual load cycle
Detail Model using EPRI’s Distribution System Simulator
54© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Distribution System Impacts
• Evaluate localized impacts of PHEVs to utility distribution systems
• Participants – ConEd, AEP, Hydro-Quebec, Dominion, TVA, Southern, NU, BC Hydro, SRP, Duke, PG&E,
• Thermal Loading• Losses• Voltage• Imbalance• Harmonics• Protection System
Impacts• Advanced Metering• EE devices
Distribution ImpactsDistribution Impacts Plug-In CharacteristicsPlug-In Characteristics
• Plug-in vehicle type and range
• PEV market share and distribution
• Charge profile and power level
• Charger behavior
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23Ja
n Mar M
ay
Jul Se
p Nov
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
1000011000
kW
HourMonth
Total Loading on Feeder Under Study (2007) kW
10000-110009000-100008000-90007000-80006000-70005000-60004000-50003000-40002000-30001000-20000-1000
Peak - Jan and July and AugustPeak Period @ July/Aug - 1pm - 8pmPeak Period @ Jan - 8am - 11am & 5pm-9pmPeak - 10.4MW @ July 27th, 2007 @ 5pm
55© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Electro-Technology Update
• EPRI releases study on “The Potential to Reduce CO2Emissions by Expanding End-Use Applications of Electricity”
• Potential realistic estimate of CO2 reduction greater than PHEV deployment
• Technology demonstration and assessment will be key to raise stakeholder awareness
56© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Technical Potential
Cumulative Decrease in Energy-Related CO2 Emissions Between 2009 and 2030 by Sector and Efficient Electric End-Use Technology
57© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Briefing Topics
• Smart Grid
• Energy Efficiency
• Electric Transportation and Electro-Technologies
• Renewable Integration
R&D Portfolio to Enable a Low Carbon Future
58© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
RenewablesEnabling Large-Scale Renewable Generation
Why Invest in Renewables?
Significant Challenges:• Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)• 100 GW by 2030• Grid parity (PV) by 2012• 20% wind by 2030• Zero carbon footprint by 2050
• Accelerate innovation to increaseutilization of large-scale renewable generation.
59© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Wind Variability and Predictability
60© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Wind Generation in ERCOT (Percent of Total Generation), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
Hour, Beginning 12:00am, March 18, 2009
Perc
ent W
ind
ERCOT Market Clearing Price ($ per MWh), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009
-50
-40
-30
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-10
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20
30
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50
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
48 Hour Period Beginning 12:00am, March 18, 2009Pr
ice
North
South
West
Houston
Where to Dispose Energy During Night Time When We Have 20% Wind and 64GW of New Nuclear?
Wind Generation in ERCOT (Percent of Total Generation), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009
ERCOT Market Clearing Price ($ per MWh), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009
Get Paid to Charge your PHEV
Night Time Over Generation – CT’s Won’t Help …PHEVs Might
61© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Technology Development and Innovation
Testing, Validation and Demonstration
Technology Assessment & Evaluation
Short-Term Long-Term
Fuel Cells and Flow Batteries Li-ion Batteries
Li-ion Battery NaS Battery ZnBr Battery
Novel Energy Storage Systems
Nano materials for energy storage
ES & PV in Smart Grid
Hybrid Fuel Cells Compressed Air: Adiabatic
Mobile Storage Systems
5-10 yr Technology Strategic R&D Plan
EPRI Energy Storage R&D Portfolio
62© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 2 4 6 8 10Discharge Duration (hours)
Cap
ital C
ost (
$/kW
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 2 4 6 8 10Discharge Duration (hours)
Cap
ital C
ost (
$/kW
)
Pumped Hydro
Aboveground CAES
Lead-Acid Batteries
NaS BatteriesLithium Ion:Most cost-effective for short durations
CAES:Most cost-effective for long durations
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 2 4 6 8 10Discharge Duration (hours)
Cap
ital C
ost (
$/kW
)
Lithium Ion:Most cost-effective for short durations
CAES:Most cost-effective for long durations
Lithium Ion (Projected, 2020)
All costs in 2010 DollarsCosts are installed costs and include all necessary power electronics and balance of plant
Underground CAES
Energy Storage Plants: Estimated Capital Cost Comparisons
Data from Electric Energy Storage: Technology Options(EPRI White Paper 2009)
63© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Time of First Introduction1860 1910 1960 2010
Lead-Acid25 – 45
Nickel-Iron30 – 40
Nickel-Cadmium35 – 60
Lithium Ion110 – 140
Nickel-Metal Hydride50 – 75
Ene
rgy
Den
sity
(Wh/
kg)
?
100
0
50
400
2020
Technology Innovation:Future Battery Technologies
Cou
rtesy
Am
priu
s, In
c.
Silicon Nanowire Anodes
Cou
rtesy
ReV
olt,
Inc.
.
Zinc Air
64© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Advanced Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Demonstration Project
Demonstrate advanced CAES design and assess its performance when using under/above ground air store
Belowground CAES– Plant Size: ~ 300 MW with 10 hr. storage– Assess and Demonstrate Adv. CAES Using
Salt, Porous Rock/Aquifer or Hard Rock Air Storage Systems
Aboveground CAES– Plant Size: ~ 15 MW with 2 hr. store– Assess and Demonstrate Adv. CAES using
Pipe and/or Vessel-Based Aboveground Air Storage System
– Assess corrosion impact on vessel/pipe air store due to cycling temperature and pressure
Belowground Geologic Opportunities
Aboveground Air Piping Opportunities
65© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Summary: Smart and Green Technologies
• Smart Grid
• Energy Efficiency
• Electric Transportation and Electro-Technologies
• Renewable Integration
R&D Portfolio to Enable a Low Carbon Future
66© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.Image from NASA Visible Earth