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EPSS 15: �Blue Planet
Introduction to Oceanography
Four storms in the Pacific, Sept. 2 2015. �http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?
id=86532&eocn=image&eoci=morenh �GOES-15 Satellite, Public Domain
Santa Monica Bay Observatory mooring station�UCLA image
The Big PictureWhy does the Earth have oceans? �What happens in and �around them?
How do the oceans affect our lives? How do we affect the oceans?Photo from Int’l Space Station, Jan. 17 2014�http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=83350 Public Domain
Los Angeles
You are here.
San Francisco
Monterey
Central Valley
Sier
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evad
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Mou
ntai
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Pacific Ocean
Mojave Desert
San Diego
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The Big Picture• Oceans affect us,
and we affect the oceans.
Tsunami damage, 2015 Illapel Earthquke, Chile. Photo by Sfs90, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:�
Barcos_varados_en_Coquimbo.JPGCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
Red tide, photo from NOAA.gov; Public Domain
Monterey sardine processing, 1908. �US Office of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.
Public Domain
Sea turtle entangled in a discarded net.NOAA image. Public Domain http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2429.htm
Introduction to Oceanography• Earth, Planetary & Space Sciences 15
(EPSS15)Webpages:https://ccle.ucla.edu/course/view/17S-EPSSCI15-1http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~schauble/EPSS15_Oceanography
– This is the primary resource for course info! Instructor: Professor Edwin Schauble3642 Geology [email protected] phone: 206-9292Office Hours: Mon./Tues. 3-4pm (or appt.)
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Teaching Assistants• Alex Sedlak [email protected]�
1I, 1J, 1M 3685 Geology
• Ashna Aggarwal [email protected]�1B, 1C, 1G 4665 Geology �
• Ashley Schoenfeld [email protected]�1F, 1N, 1O
Lecture Format• Lectures: Tues,Thurs 12:30pm - 1:45pm• Location: MOORE 100• Information
– Lecture exams cover lectures AND textbook. – Some material will be covered only in the
textbook or lab.– You are responsible for all material from
lectures, labs & assigned reading.
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Lecture Format• Lecture slides will be on put on the course
webpage before class (usually)
Webcastshttp://www2.oid.ucla.edu/webcasts/courses/#E�Video and audio available
Group Work• Group Work Policy: • You are encouraged to work and study
together on reading and lab exercises• Collaboration and copying are prohibited
on all exams and lab quizzes. You must do your own work.
• Using a cell phone as a calculator is OK for lab exercises, but not for quizzes or exams.
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Prerequisites• High school science background
– Math: algebra & geometry, powers of 10, graphs– Metric units
– Geography: maps, Earth’s major features, longitude & latitude
– Chemistry: elements, atoms, molecules, chemical equations
– Physics: matter, density, waves, velocity, energy, gravity
– Biology: classification, metabolism, evolution
Textbook• Invitation to Oceanography, (Pinet)��7th Edition (2014) – 6th Ed. is good, too
Image by Downtowngal -- Wikimedia, Creative Commons Share-Alike 3.0
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QUESTIONS?
Black Sea. �http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom�
Public domain
Grading Policy• Weekly Lab Quiz: 8 checks & quizzes,
worth 30%• Lab Section Final Exam: 10%• Two in-class exams: 35% total �
(First exam: 15%, 2nd: 20%)• Final Exam: 25%
NASA Blue marble image; Public Domain
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Laboratories• Room 3820 Geology Bldg.�
• All students must enroll in a lab section�
• Lab attendance is required: �You must attend SIX (6) or more labs to complete the course.�All Lab quizzes count towards final grade.
• Reading for labs available on class website.�Download, print and read before your section.
Laboratories• Check completion of lab exercise with TA each week.
– “check” grade given for successful completion• After first week, labs will begin with a short quiz
– based primarily on the previous week’s lab and reading material.
– chief grade for lab.• Lab checks & quizzes: 30% of your total grade• Each lab is worth about 4% of your final grade• Working through the in-lab exercise each week is key to getting
the best possible grade the next week’s quiz!
Attend a laboratory session next week! �TA’s can issue PTE #’s.
Permission to add or switch will be granted if lab section enrollments permit.�
Make sure your TA knows your status!
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Grading Policy• Curving: grades on exams are assigned relative
to the class average.– Mean for each exam is adjusted to 77.5 (B–)– Standard deviation adjusted to 10%.– The curve will never lower your grade.– My.ucla.edu will report curved exam scores.
Grade Scale: A+ > 96; A > 92; A– > 88B+ > 85; B > 81; B– > 77C+ > 75; C > 72; C–> 69D+ > 66; D > 62; D– > 59F ≤ 59
Grading PolicyLab scores usually are not curved�(class average ≈ B). Every quiz counts!�
Pass / No Pass:Pass = C and aboveNo Pass = C–
and below
Photo by E. Schauble
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Extra Credit• Three movies (more or less) shown during term.• Oceanography-related seminars are listed on class page.• Write a brief (1-2 page) summary of either, get 0.5%.• Email to instructor ([email protected])• Maximum: 2% total from Seminar/Movie extra credits.• Bigger projects/honors papers -- see instructor for approval.
QUESTIONS?
E. Schauble photo
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Ocean world(s?) The Earth & Planets
• Earth in space • Gross structure of the Earth
– Crust – Mantle – Core
• Origins of Earth’s water • Shapes of the ocean basins
Saturn’s moon Titan, Cassini Spacecraft NASA/JPL/SSI, Public Domain
Our Solar System (not to scale!)
• The Sun • Planets
and Moons • Dwarf Planets,
Minor Planets, Meteoroids, Comets Image by Harman Smith and Laura
Generosa, NASA/JPL, Public Domain
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How do solar systems form? Large clouds of gas between stars can collapse under their own gravity, especially when disturbed, for instance by a supernova explosion The collapse is a runaway process, leading to high-density clumps that become stars and solar systems
~ 1.2 light years 82,500 times the
Earth-Sun distance 1.1 x 1016 meters
Computer simulation by Matthew Bate, UK Astrophysical Fluids Facility, Non-profit use allowed, http://www.ukaff.ac.uk/starcluster/
Units! Scientific Notation!• 1.1 x 1016 meters! • What does that mean? �
Today: Meters (our unit of length)• Units define the meaning of a quantity, in
this case length.How tall are you? Just under 2.2. You’re short! No.
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Always understand the units.
Always include units
with a quantity.
You’re Kareem Abdul Jabbar.
2.18 meters
Photo by the LA Times, Oct. 19, 1965http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/
hb1s20045j/
UNITS!
• A common system of units makes discussions much easier to understand!
• Scientists use METRIC (S.I.) units
Photo by Stilfehler, Wikimedia, Public Domain
Inches
Centimeters
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SI UnitsLENGTH, meters• 1 meter = 100 centimeters (cm) = 1000
millimeters (mm) • 1000 m = 1 kilometer (km)
Stilfehler, Wikimedia, Public Domain
SI UnitsCompared to British Units:• 2.54 cm = 1 inch �
• 1 meter = 39.4” = 3.3 feet (= 1.1 yards)Stilfehler, Wikimedia, Public Domain
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SI UnitsCompared to “British” (American) Units:
1 km = 3281 feet�1 km = 0.62 miles �
(about 2/3 of a mile!)10 km = 6.2 milesMean Ocean Depth: ~ 3.7 km = 3700 m
1016 meters is a very large distance10,000,000,000,000,000 m
Birth of a solar system After collapse, each new star may
have an associated disc of leftover material trapped in its
gravity. Some condenses to make planets.
Artists image. ESO/L. Calçada, C.C. A. 3.0 Unported, http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0942a/
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We can see new solar systems forming today!
Proplyd (protoplanetary disk) around star HL Tau
ALMA Radio Telescope Array image [ALMA (NRAO/ESO/NAOJ); C. Brogan, B. Saxton (NRAO/AUI/NSF)], Creative Commons License CC BY 4.0, �
http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1436a/ http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/large/eso1436a.jpg
Our Solar System at the same scale
More proplyds in the Orion Nebula Hubble Space Telescope image, Public Domain, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap091222.html
Hubble Space Telescope image, Public Domain, �http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/
1994/24/image/b/
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Other Planetary Bodies with Oceans? • Probably water oceans on
Europa, Ganymede & Callisto (moons of Jupiter) Enceladus and Titan (moons of Saturn) Subsurface briny oceans with solid icy “crust” -- thin
• Lakes on Titan (largest moon of Saturn) – Liquid methane/hydrocarbon pools,
not water! • Ancient Mars?
– Flood channels & deep, flat N. hemisphere
• Definitely Earth
Hubble Telescope image, NASA/ESA/HST/STSCI, Public Domain
“All these worlds are yours, except Europa. Attempt no landings there.” (2010: Odyssey Two, Arthur C. Clarke)
Jupiter’s moon �Europa, Galileo
Spacecraft image, NASA Public Domain
What Planetary Bodies have Oceans? Europa – a moon of Jupiter.
Bright, icy surface lacking craters – evidence of recent resurfacing.
Geophysical and magnetic evidence of salty liquid water at depth.
Salt water is also likely present at depth inside Ganymede, another moon of Jupiter.
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NASA/JPL-Caltech image and art. Public Domain�http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/figures/
PIA19656_fig1.jpg
What Planetary Bodies have Oceans? Enceladus – a moon of
Saturn. Also has few craters It is spewing water into
space! Geysers may tap deep
ocean.
What Planetary Bodies have Oceans? Titan -- largest moon of Saturn. Persistent radar “dark spots”
near North & South Poles Consistent with liquid methane/
ethane
+South Pole
Images from Cassini Spacecraft (NASA),
Public Domain
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What Planetary Bodies have Oceans?
• Early Mars: Northern oceans? • Water ice found in soil! • Hydrous salts over “seeps”
NASA Images, Public Domain
MOLA Digital Altimetry
Gusev Crater (Spirit)
Meridiani Planum�(Opportunity)
Gale Crater(Curiosity)
(Phoenix)
Liquid water on Mars today?
Seasonal streaking inside Newton Crater, MarsMcEwen et al. 2011 (Science); Ohja et al. 2015 (Nature Geoscience). Images NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/gallery/gallery-index.html
Chevrier et al. 2009
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Extrasolar Planets • Evidence for planets around other stars
– 3607 confirmed, 610 systems with multiple planets, as of April 1, 2017 (+many unconfirmed, mostly from Kepler spacecraft)
Image of HR8799, a solar system� 129 light years away from Earth. �
By Ben Zuckerman, UCLAusing the Keck Observatory telescope
Animation by Daniel Fabrycky, NASA, as of Nov. 5 2013 ( > 3,000 planets) Public Domain See also http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/science/space/keplers-tally-of-planets.html?_r=0 for a
continuously updated animation of planetary systems.
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Most planets found so far are closer to their stars than Earth is to the Sun, and probably are too hot to have familiar oceans.
Water vapor has �been found in the �atmospheres of �some of these: �including �HD189733b (2007)� HAT-P-11b (2014)
12 “habitable zone”�extrasolar planets �now known(July, 2015) à liquid water may be stable at or near the surface.
Extrasolar Oceans?
Image R. Hurt, NASA Ames/JPL-CalTech. Public Domain.
“habitable zone”
What Planetary Bodies have Oceans?
• Definitely Earth!
NASA Image, Public Domain
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Where does Earth’s water come from?
1.5×10-5 m
5×10-4 m
Most water probably came from water-bearing minerals in accreted planetesimals and comets. Such minerals are common in meteorites found today.
Green serpentine�~Mg3Si2O5(OH)4
Murchison meteorite�U. Glasgow Earth Science Electron Microscopy lab.
Right-side images: M. Zolensky, NASA/JSC, Public Domain
Monahans meteorite fall fragment, held by Monahans, TX police officer Reggie Bailey. Photo by Mark Sterkel, Odessa American
Where does the ocean’s water come from? • Outgassing theory:
Earth incorporates meteorites containing water Early volcanism releases H2O vapor to the air
Pu’u O’o gas piston events, Kilauea, Hawaii�
USGS video, �http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/
gallery/kilauea/volcanomovies/� Public Domain
