Download - Ernest P. Moyer: Spirit Entry Into Human Mind

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PGHOC AL NAIPCIP

Nbgvpcx Pmpoc Vgj

Aic G Zgximij Lxae Kc~s~ Ghasp pbc Ci` al pbc Gjc

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NBGVPCX AIC

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al lcooaz Kcz~1 Pbc ~pgpcecip pbgp bm~ laooazcx~ zaso` hc pbxazi asp al pbc

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Pbc xcegxd ~baz~ xcomjmas~ vcx~cnspmai/ iap ~cnsogx avvxc~~mai) Pbc ~asxnc

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pbc ~svva~c` ~cx|mnc m~ pa Ja`/ gi` iap pa vgjgi ja`~/ iax pa bsegi xcvxc~ci%

pgpm|c~ al pba~c vgjgi ja`~)

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cgxo} nbsxnb bm~paxmgi~/ Mxcigcs~ gi` Cs~chms~/ Kabi om|c` mipa pbc xcmji al Pxgkgi/

=2%77: G@) Pbc mimpmgo Kczm~b vcx~cnspmai~ zcxc vg~p)

Pbc Kcz~ zcxc pbci g ~ngppcxc` vcavoc/ zmpbasp g baec ogi`/ gi` zmpbasp

pbc vxc~cinc/ gspbaxmp}/ ax vazcx al pbc ^gibc`xmi) ^sh~cwscip Kczm~b vcx~cns%pmai~ mi`cc` naipmisc`/ hsp pbc} zcxc ~vaxg`mn gi` m~aogpc`/ h} oango jxasv~ mi

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bg|c bg` ia icc` pa xcnax` xcegxd~ h} Kc~s~ zbmnb bc dicz vcxpgmic` pa pba~c

}cgx~ jaic h}) Mi lgnp/ zgximij~ ghasp pbc ci` al pbc gjc mi pbc ~}iavpmn ja~vco~/

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y8y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

Kczm~b Vcx~cnspmai~

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Gnp~ 0;>l N Giig~ gi` Ngmgvbg~ gxxc~pc` Vcpcx gi` Kabi hcngs~c al pbc

bcgomij al g nxmvvoc hsp xcocg~c` pbce)

Gnp~ 3;72l N Pbc} zcxc gxxc~pc` gjgmi lax vcx~m~pmij mi pbcmx pcgnbmij) Jgegomco

mipcxnc`c`) Pbc bmjb vxmc~p bg` pbce hcgpci gi` ocp pbce ja)

Gnp~ < N Hcomc|cx~ jxcgpo} esopmvomc`)

Gnp~ <%: N ^pcvbci zg~ gnns~c`) Bc zg~ nai`ceic` pbxasjb lgo~c zmp%

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Gnp~ 2;7 N

Ai pbgp `g} g ‟jxcgp vcx~cnspmai― gxa~c gjgmi~p pbc nbsxnb/ zmpb~ngppcxmij mipa pbc nasipx}~m`c al Ks`cg gi` ^gegxmg/ hsp pbc gva~poc~ zcxc

sieaoc~pc`)

Gnp~ 2;> N ^gso xg|gjc` pbc nbsxnb/ cipcxmij bas~c glpcx bas~c/ `xgjjmij

all eci gi` zaeci gi` naeemppmij pbce pa vxm~ai)

Gnp~ =;7 N Bc ~asjbp ocppcx~ pa pbc ~}igjajsc~ al @geg~ns~ pa hxmij pbce

hasi` pa Kcxs~goce)

Gnp~ 78 N Bcxa` ogm` |maocip bgi`~ ai ~aec zba hcoaijc` pa pbc nbsxnb)

Bc dmooc` Kgec~ [chc`cc) Bc gxxc~pc` Vcpcx `sxmij Vg~~a|cx/ hsp Vcpcx c~ngvc`

pbxasjb emxgnsoas~ bcov)

Gnp~ 8<;76 N ^gso ~bsp egi} sv mi vxm~ai/ gi` ng~p bm~ |apc lax pbcmx `cgpb)

Gnp~ 8<;77 N Vgso ~pgpc~ pbgp bc zg~ mi xgjmij lsx} gjgmi~p pbce4 bc vcx~c%

nspc` pbce c|ci pa laxcmji nmpmc~)

Jgo 7;7> N Vgso vcx~cnspc` pbc nbsxnb |maocipo} gi` pxmc` pa `c~pxa} mp) Glpcx bm~ nai|cx~mai crvcxmcinc bc `m` iap ja pa Kcxs~goce ~ccdmij pbc gvvxa|go al pbc

gva~poc~/ hsp xgpbcx mipa pbc `c~cxp al Gxghmg) Bc xcpsxic` pa @geg~ns~ gi` pbci/

glpcx pbxcc }cgx~/ bc zcip sv pa Kcxs~goce zbcxc bc |m~mpc` zmpb Vcpcx gi` Kgec~)

Bc ~pg}c` lax lmlpcci `g}~)

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ecip eg} bg|c hcci aic al mipcip/ iap gnpsgo lsolmooecip) Bm~ `c~mxc zg~ nsp ~baxp

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egdc~ mi Gnp~ 8<;77)

Pbc pmec al Vgso”~ nai|cx~mai ngi hc `cpcxemic` lxae Jgogpmgi~ 7;73%72/ 8

Nax) 77;>7/ gi` Ka~cvbs~” Gxnbcao) 72;3;7;>) Zbci Vgso oclp @geg~ns~ pa xcpsxi

pa Kcxs~goce pbc nmp} zg~ mi pbc va~~c~~mai al pbc Gxghmgi dmij/ Gxcpg~) Gnnax`%

mij pa Ka~cvbs~ g zgx hcpzcci Gxcpg~ gi` pbc Xaegi~ hcjgi mi pbc }cgx Pmhcxms~

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oce/ ghasp >2 ax >= G@)



7% G Zgximij Lxae Kc~s~ y>y

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pbc ocg`cx~ sieaoc~pc`1 Pbc ~pgpcecip~ al hapb Gnp~ 2;>/ gi` 8<;76%77 ~cce

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zaso` Kczm~b gspbaxmpmc~ ~ngppcx ghxag` pbc laooazcx~ al pbc icz ~cnp hsp vcxemp

pbc ocg`cx~ pa xcegmi sieaoc~pc` mi Kcxs~goce1

Glpcx 70 }cgx~/ mi 38 ax 3> G@/ Vgso gjgmi jac~ sv pa Kcxs~goce/ Jgo 8;7/

zbcxc bc |m~mpc` zmpb Vcpcx/ Kgec~ gi` Kabi) Gjgmi/ pbc gva~poc~ gxc om|mij siea%

oc~pc` si`cx pbc |cx} c}c al pbc ^gibc`xmi gi` pbc bmjb vxmc~p~)

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ax c|ci mipcxemppcip)

Gnp~ =;>7 N Glpcx Vgso”~ nai|cx~mai pbc nbsxnb bg` jxcgp vcgnc)

Gnp~ 87;2 N Vbmomv/ aic al ~c|ci cocnpc` g~ lmx~p ocg`cx~ al pbc nbsxnb/ Gnp~

<;3/ c|gijcom{c` lxae Ngc~gxcg/ zmpbmi pbc pcxxmpax} al Bcxa`/ gi` bg` g jxasv al

`m~nmvoc~ 87;7< ) Zbmoc pbc nmp} eg} bg|c hcci si`cx Xaegi naipxao Kczm~b gs%

pbaxmpmc~ ncxpgmio} naso` xcgnb mi`m|m`sgo~ pbcxc)

Gnp~ 87;76 N Gjghs~/ g Nbxm~pmgi vxavbcp/ vxc~segho} om|c` gi` pgsjbp

sieaoc~pc` mi Ks`cg)

Zc à iap diaz baz esnb Vgso”~ nai|cx~mai eg} bg|c ~cx|c` pa `gevci

pbc vsxva~c al Kczm~b gspbaxmpmc~) Bc zg~ pbcmx lgmx%bgmxc` ha}) Bc bg` ocppcx~ al

naeem~~mai `mxcnpo} lxae pbc ^gibc`xmi) Bc zg~ zcoo c`sngpc` gi` gxpmnsogpc)

Bc bg` `ceai~pxgpc` jxcgp cipbs~mg~e) Bc zg~ ai lmxc pa comemigpc pbc icz

~cnp) ^s``cio} bc psxi~ ghasp) Lax goo pbc lcx|ax bc `m~vog}c` pa ~svvxc~~ pbc icz

~cnp/ pbgp esnb bc iaz psxi~ pa ~svvaxp mp) Kczm~b ocg`cx~ ncxpgmio} zcxc `seh%lasi`c`/ zmpb vocip} al `chgpc gi` ~vcnsogpmai) Vcxbgv~ pbc} lcgxc` naeemppmij

apbcx xc~asxnc~) Vgso”~ nai|cx~mai/ nasvoc` zmpb apbcx emxgnsoas~ c|cip~/ Gnp~

3;72l/ Gnp~ 78;0l / Gnp~ 7<;8>l / vxahgho} nxcgpc` jxcgp nails~mai gi` mxxc~aospmai

geaij pbce)

G~ M om~pc` gha|c/ ~c|cxgo cvm~a`c~ mi Gnp~ bg|c hcci s~c` pa moos~pxgpc vcx~c%

nspmai) Hsp nai~m`cx nmxnse~pginc~) [cgoap~ gi` apbcx xchco lgnpmai~ eg} bg|c

bg` esnb pa à zmpb pbc lcgx al pbc Kczm~b ocg`cx~) Sioc~~ pbc} emi`c` pbcmx

xcogpmai~bmv zmpb Xaegi gspbaxmpmc~ pbc} zcxc mi `gijcx al oa~mij pbcmx nm|mo gs%

paiae}) Naincxi h} Kczm~b ocg`cx~ ncipcxc` ai nm|mo pbxcgp~/ iap ai xcomjmas~

naipc~p~)

Kabi 72;70 N Kc~s~ zg~ crcnspc` lax vaompmngo crvc`mcin})

Pbc Xaegi~ `m` iap zgip pa hcnaec mi|ao|c` mi mipcxigo xcomjmas~ `m~vspc~)Zmpic~~ Vmogpc”~ bc~mpgpmai)

Gnp~ 8>;8= N Pbc Xaegi Pxmhsic `m` iap xcnajim{c ~cxmas~ nbgxjc~ gjgmi~p

Vgso crncvp lax naincxi~ al nm|mo `m~ahc`mcinc)

Gnp~ 80;7%= N Gigimg~ gi` Pcxpsoos~ lxgec` pbcmx nbgxjc~ gjgmi~p Vgso hc%

laxc Lcomr/ pbc ja|cxiax/ mi nm|mo pcxe~/ iap xcomjmas~ `clmginc)




Mi bm~ `clci~c Vgso nocgxo} cevbg~m{c` pbc ahc`mcinc al pbc icz ~cnp pa nm|mogspbaxmp}) Xclcx go~a pa pbc ocjgo bcgxmij~ hclaxc Lc~ps~ gi` Gjxmvvg/ Gnp~ 83 gi`

8< ) Pbm~ nai`snp ai pbc vgxp al Kczm~b gspbaxmpmc~ ~baz~ pbcmx ~pxsjjoc pa egmi%

pgmi pbce~co|c~ gjgmi~p pbc icz xcomjmas~ ~cnp) Pbc} `m` iap gnp g~ g vcavoc zba

zcxc mi ~sxc naeegi`)

Si`cx crgemigpmai pbc ~svva~c` Kczm~b xcomjmas~ vcx~cnspmai~ gvvcgx g~

iap esnb eaxc pbgi ~anmgo xcvxc~~mai)

âec naeecipgpax~ bg|c ~sjjc~pc` pbgp vcx~cnspmai si`cx ~cx|mnc pa Ja`

emjbp minos`c pba~c glpcx pbc lmx~p ncipsx}) Cs~chms~ gi` apbcx cgxo} Nbxm~pmgi

bm~paxmgi~ xcnax` mi`m|m`sgo~ zba ~sllcxc` egxp}x `cgpb~ gp pbc bgi`~ al Kcz~ gi`

Xaegi~) Pbc~c minos`c Mjigpms~/ hm~bav al Gipmanb/ n776%n772G@/ Vao}ngxv al

ê}xig/ n733G@/ Ks~pmi/ n733G@/ gi` ~a ai) Apbcx~ bg|c ~sjjc~pc` pbgp Kczm~b

vcx~cnspmai~ `sxmij pbc Hgxbanbhg svxm~mij/ 7>8 pa 7>3G@/ emjbp crvogmi pbc

xcegxd h} Kc~s~) Hsp pbc~c ~sjjc~pmai~ gxc oaij vg~p gva~paomn cllaxp~4 pbc} gxc

s~c` pa ks~pml} g ~pgpcecip zbmnb bg~ vs{{oc` pbc jcicxgpmai~)

Xaegi Vcx~cnspmai~

Zbmoc mp m~ pxsc pbgp Vgso”~ zaxd mi Cvbc~s~ vxa|adc` g xmap/ pbm~ cvm~a`c zg~

mi~pmjgpc` h} naeecxnmgo pxg`cx~ a|cx pbcmx naincxi lax naipxmhspmai~ pa pbc ja`%

`c~~ Gxpcem~/ Gnp~ 7=) Pbc gnnasip m~ iap g jaa` moos~pxgpmai al vcx~cnspmai si`cx

~cx|mnc pa Ja`) Mi lgnp/ iaic al pbc Xaegi vcx~cnspmai~ zcxc àic si`cx ~cx|mnc

pa Ja`) Pbc} zcxc àic pa vxc~cx|c pbc ~pgps~ gi` gspbaxmp} al pbc vgjgi Ce%

vcxax ja`~)

Ginmcip xcomjmai~ `cxm|c` lxae g vgxpmnsogx vcavoc gi` ~pgpc/ ks~p g~ pbc Kcz%

m~b xcomjmai zg~ simwsc pa pbc vcavoc al M~xgco) Geaij pbc Xaegi~ pbc ogz~ al pbcPzco|c Pghoc~ xcwsmxc` pbgp gi} xcomjmas~ zax~bmv iap vshomno} ~ginpmaic` zg~

vcigoo} laxhm``ci/ xcomjma moomnmpg) Zbmoc pbc xcomjmai al Xaec zg~ pbc aio} allmnmgo

xcomjmai ~bc naso` iap bao` naipxao a|cx bcx |g~p àegmi~ zmpbasp ~ginpmaimij pbc

xcomjmai~ al goo naiwscxc` igpmai~) Pbs~ Xaegi ogz zg~ oc~~ pbgi gh~aospc) Gn%

ncvpginc al egi} `mllcxcip vgjgi xcomjmai~ isxpsxc` g bmjbo} paocxgip ci|mxai%

ecip)

Xaegi vgjgi xcomjmas~ ah~cx|ginc~ pbxasjbasp pbc }cgx `cegi`c` pbgp

c|cx}aic jm|c ahcm~ginc pa pbc ja`~) Nmpm{ci~ al apbcx vgjgi nasipxmc~ `m` iap

ahkcnp4 pbc} ecxco} pxgi~ogpc` pbcmx ja`~ gi` ja``c~~c~ pa pbc cwsm|gocip~ mi

Xaec) Hsp pbm~ Kcz~ gi` Nbxm~pmgi~ xcls~c` pa à) ^pmoo/ pbc Xaegi~ vcxemppc`

Kczm~b xcomjmas~ ah~cx|ginc~)

Nbxm~pmgi xcomjmai zg~ simwsco} `mllcxcip) Naipxgx} pa Kczm~b lgmpb mp `m` iap

bg|c g igpmaigo goocjmginc4 mp bg` ia pcevoc/ gopgx/ ax ~gnxmlmnc mi Kcxs~goce ax

apbcx bao} nmp}) Mp crnos`c` goo apbcx xcomjmai~) Gi` mp bg` gi mi|minmhoc hcomcl pbgp

pbcxc zg~ aio} aic Ja`/ mi bcg|ci/ gi` pbgp ia bsegi hcmij naso` xcvxc~cip

pbgp Ja`/ ax hcnaec pbc ahkcnp al zax~bmv) Pbs~ Nbxm~pmgi hcomcl gi` vxgnpmnc~

gxas~c` `ccv ~s~vmnmai geaij pbc cevcxax~/ zba zcxc nai~m`cxc` g~ ja`~/ gi`

geaij pbc jcicxgo vavsognc)




G~ c|m`cinc al pbc sincxpgmip} zmpb zbmnb Xaegi cevcxax~ jxccpc` pbc icz

xcomjmai/ nai~m`cx pbc laooazmij crgevoc~) Pcxpsoomgi " Gvaoajcpmns~ 3;87- xcogpc~pbgp Pmhcxms~/ svai xcncm|mij g xcvaxp lxae Vmogpc ghasp pbc xc~sxxcnpmai al Kc~s~/

vxava~c` pa pbc Xaegi ^cigpc pbgp Kc~s~ ~baso` hc cixaooc` geaij pbc `ca~

Xaegis~/ hsp pbc ^cigpc xcls~c`) Gnnax`mij pa ^scpaims~ "Nogs`ms~ 83-/ gi`

Gnp~ 72;8/ Nogs`ms~ naeegi`c` pbgp goo Kcz~ ocg|c Xaec) Egi} al pbc cgxo}

Xaegi Nbxm~pmgi~ zcxc Kcz~4 pbs~ pbc} zcxc ~shkcnp pa pbgp c`mnp) Pbc lmx~p ~c|cxc

Nbxm~pmgi vcx~cnspmai paad vognc si`cx Icxa "30%<2-) Zbci Xaec hsxic` bc

gnns~c` pbc Nbxm~pmgi~ al ~pgxpmij pbc nailogjxgpmai) H} pbm~ pmec pbc jcicxgo

vavsognc/ `ccvo} ~s~vmnmas~/ xcg`mo} hcomc|c` pbc zax~p) Ginmcip mi~nxmvpmai~ ~sj%

jc~p pbgp pbc vcx~cnspmai~ ~vxcg` mipa pbc vxa|minc~) Mp zg~ `sxmij pbm~ vcxma` pbgp

Vgso gi` Vcpcx ~sllcxc` pbcmx egxp}xàe/ gi` eg} bg|c hcci pbc vcxma` al Kabi”~

crmoc pa Vgpea~) Gnnax`mij pa Pcxpsoomgi gi` Bcjc~mvvs~/ @aempmgi vogiic` g

vcx~cnspmai gjgmi~p Nbxm~pmgi~ hsp `m` iap crcnspc mp) Svai bcgxmij pbc vbxg~c

‟dmijàe al Nbxm~p― bc ~seeaic` pza al pbc xcogpm|c~ al Kc~s~ pa Xaec lax

crgemigpmai hsp ~aai xcocg~c` pbce svai lmi`mij pbgp pbc} zcxc iap ~s~vmnmas~

vcx~ai~) Pbc ‟jaa`― cevcxax Icx|g "=<%=2- xcngooc` pba~c zba bg` hcci crmoc`

lax xcomjmas~ vsxva~c~/ gooazc` iaic al bm~ ~shkcnp~ pa hxmij gnns~gpmai~ gjgmi~p

giapbcx/ gi` c~vcnmgoo} laxhg`c pbc xcncvpmai al nbgxjc~ hxasjbp h} ~og|c~ gjgmi~p

pbcmx eg~pcx~) Ogpcx vcx~cnspmai~ h} pbc cevcxax~ zcxc ~vaxg`mn/ egi} bgol%

bcgxpc`) Pbc} zcxc iap àic g~ g ~cx|mnc pa Ja`4 pbc} zcxc àic pa svbao`

xc~vcnp lax pbc vgjgi ja`~ zba ngec si`cx minxcg~mij vxc~~sxc) ^ngppcxc` hc%

pzcci pba~c cevcxax~ zba gnpm|co} vsx~sc` Nbxm~pmgi vcx~cnspmai zcxc apbcx~

zba mjiaxc` pbc icz xcomjmai/ ax c|ci zconaec` mp)

C|ci ml pbc Xaegi~ dmooc` egi} pbas~gi`~ al Kcz~ g~ vgxp al pbc pxashoc~

gxasi` :6 G@/ ax c|ci pbas~gi`~ al Nbxm~pmgi~/ zc ngiiap ocjmpmegpco} xcjgx`

Xaegi vcx~cnspmai~ g~ lsolmoomij pbm~ vxc`mnpmai h} Kc~s~)Ml zc oaad lax xcomjmas~ vcx~cnspmai~ ogpcx mi bm~pax} pa lsolmoo pbm~ laxcng~p ngi

zc ~g} pbgp pbc Vxapc~pgip Xclaxegpmai `clmic~ pbgp vcxma`1 Zcxc Kagi al Gxn/

zba gvvcgxc` g~ g `m|mic vxavbcpc~~ pa pbc Lxcinb hsp g~ g ~axncxc~~ pa Cijom~b

~ao`mcx~/ ax Zmoomge P}i`goc/ zba jg|c s~ pbc lmx~p Cijom~b pxgi~ogpmai al pbc Hmhoc/

hapb al zbae zcxc hsxic` gp pbc ~pgdc/ vcx~cnspc` si`cx ~cx|mnc pa Ja`1 M~ pbgp

zbgp Kc~s~ ecgip1

Gxc zc pa ~g} pbgp goo xcomjmas~ vcx~cnspmai~ paad vognc mi pbc vg~p/ gi` pbgp

~snb zgximij~ naso` iap va~~mho} xclcx pa s~1 Pbc pzcipmcpb ncipsx} bg~ ~cci pbc

ea~p baxxciàs~ vcx~cnspmai~ al goo pmec) Bmpocx ~}~pcegpmngoo} dmooc` emoomai~ al

Kcz~ pa ~ao|c ‟pbc Kczm~b vxahoce)― ^pgomi dmooc` emoomai~ al bm~ lcooaz nasipx}eci

mi ax`cx pa ~pmloc |amnc~ gjgmi~p bm~ gspbaxmpgxmgi xsoc) Pbc laxnc~ al c|mo pa`g} gxc

lgx ~pxaijcx pbgi gi} pmec mi pbc vg~p/ laxnc~ egi} al s~ bg|c hcci sizmoomij pa

gèmp)



y<y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

‟Zbci Pbcmx Basx Naec~―

Gi c~~cipmgo lcgpsxc al pbc laxcng~p m~ pbc egiicx mi zbmnb Kc~s~ lxgec` bm~

xcegxd~) Bc ~gm` g ‟pmec― m~ naemij/ pbgp mp zaso` pgdc vognc gp g ncxpgmi ‟basx)―

Mi`cc`/ bm~ vbxg~mij cevbg~m{c` pbc `mllcxcinc hcpzcci crvso~mai lxae pbc ~}ig%

jajsc~ gi` apbcx vcx~cnspmai)

H} ~pgpmij pbgp ‟g pmec m~ naemijF bc ~bgxvcic` bm~ xcegxd~ mi ax`cx pbgp zc

goo vg} gppcipmai) Bm~ ~pgpcecip zg~ `c~mjic` pa `m~pmijsm~b hcpzcci vcx~cns%

pmai~ svai bm~ gva~poc~ h} Kczm~b gspbaxmpmc~ gi` ogpcx vcx~cnspmai~) Silaxps%

igpco}/ pbc igpsxc al pbc xcegxd~ nxcgpc` ~snb vs{{ocecip lax pbc jcicxgpmai~

pbm~ ~cvgxgpmai al pbasjbp bg~ cllcnpm|co} ~eapbcxc` asx si`cx~pgi`mij) Pbc pxgi~%

ogpax~ omidc` pbc pbasjbp~ pajcpbcx h} kamimij pbce mipa aic ~cipcinc) Naeeci%

pgpax~ gi` mipcxvxcpcx~ bg|c sim|cx~goo} osevc` pbc xcegxd~ mipa aic bm~paxmn |mcz)Nai~m`cx baz pbc zax` ‟basx― m~ s~c` mi pbc Icz Pc~pgecip/ gi` c~vcnmgoo}

h} Kabi)

Egpp 80;>< ‟Hsp al pbgp `g} gi` basx ia aic diaz~ ) ) )―

Egpp 80;00 ‟Pbcxclaxc/ }as es~p go~a hc xcg`}4 pbc âi al Egi m~

naemij gp gi basx }as à iap crvcnp)―

Osdc 78;0< ‟) ) ) pbc eg~pcx al pbgp ~cx|gip zmoo naec ai g `g} zbci

bc àc~ iap crvcnp bme gi` gp gi basx bc àc~ iap diaz ) ) )―

Kabi 8;0 ‟Ab/ zaegi/ zbgp bg|c }as pa à zmpb ec1 E} basx bg~ iap

}cp naec)―

Kabi 0;87 ‟Zaegi/ hcomc|c ec/ pbc basx m~ naemij zbci icmpbcx ai

pbm~ easipgmi iax mi Kcxs~goce zmoo }as zax~bmv pbc Lgpbcx)―

Kabi :;>6 ‟) ) ) hsp ia aic ogm` bgi`~ ai bme/ hcngs~c bm~ basx bgìap }cp naec)―

Kabi 7<;7 ‟) ) ) pbc basx m~ naemij zbci zbac|cx dmoo~ }as ) ) )―

M bg|c om~pc` pbc~c vbxg~c~ pa ~baz pbc `xgegpmn naipcrp al pbc zax` basx )

Pbc zax` bg` g ecgimij zbmnb m~ iap oa~p ai ea`cxi jcicxgpmai~/ crncvp pa

cxs`mpc ~nbaogx~ zba gxc giia}c` gp pbc ~mjimlmnginc al pbc pcxe) Pbc} ~pxsjjoc

a|cx ea`ml}mij zax`~/ ax Jxccd vbxg~caoaj}/ mi gppcevp pa `ci} mp~ nxm~m~ vaxpcip)

Zbcpbcx zc zaso` pxgi~ogpc Jxccd axg g~ ‟basx― ax ‟pmec/― pbc mevomngpmai m~ iap

oa~p)

Pbc s~c al basx g~ g vxc`mnpm|c pcxe m~ iap ~aec oaa~c ax bg{} nog~~mlmngpmai

hsp gi mi`mngpax al ~vcnmlmn pmec) Mp m~ alpci g~~anmgpc` pbxasjb pbc vbxg~c ‟al pbgp

`g} gi` basx/― ncxpgmio} `ciapmij g bmjb `cjxcc al oangomp} mi pmec) Mp allcx~ g

ecpba` lax mi`mngpmij pbgp gi c|cip/ g nai`mpmai/ gi crvcnpgpmai/ ax g eaecip al

lsolmooecip zmoo naec gnnax`mij pa pbc silao`mij al `c~pmi}/ gnnax`mij pa pbc ~nbc`%

soc~ al Ja`)

Pbcmx basx m~ iap g `c~mjigpmai lax lcchoc gppcevp~ h} Kcz~ a|cx ~c|cxgo

jcicxgpmai~ pa comemigpc gi sv~pgxp Nbxm~pmgi ~cnp) Iax m~ mp g `c~nxmvpmai al pbxcc

bsi`xc` }cgx~ al Xaegi vcx~cnspmai~ svai pbc xm~mij pm`c al Nbxm~pmgimp}) Iax m~ mp



7% G Zgximij Lxae Kc~s~ y:y

g ecgi~ pa nbgxgnpcxm{c ncipsxmc~ al xcomjmas~ bgxg~~ecip h} pbc Xaegi Ngpbaomn

nbsxnb) Mp m~ g vxcnm~c `c~nxmvpmai lax g zaxo` eaecip al xcomjmas~ pxspb) Gi` pbgpxcnajimpmai al pxspb zmoo naec zbci goo al s~ hcnaec pbc pgxjcp al `cgpb/ g `cgpb

zxasjbp h} pba~c zba hcomc|c pbc} gxc ~cx|mij Ja`/ hsp pxso} gxc iap)

Pbcmx basx zmoo hcoaij pa pbce/ goo pba~c zba gxc ngooc` pa gi crpxcemp} al

bsegi ~gnxmlmnc/ g vxajxge pa comemigpc Ja`”~ vcavoc lxae pbc lgnc al pbc cgxpb)

Pbc zaxo` bg~ ic|cx zmpic~~c` pbgp zbmnb m~ ghasp pa naec àzi svai goo al s~)

Va~~mhoc Nails~mai mi pbc Ja~vco Xcnax`

Mi asx gppcevp pa si`cx~pgi` pbc naipcrp al Kc~s~” xcegxd~ zc es~p `m~pmi%

jsm~b hcpzcci pba~c ~pgpcecip~ zbmnb vcxpgmi

g- pa pbc xmjax~ al icz xcomjmas~ hcomcl gi` pbc nai~cwscip vcx~cnspmai mi`m%

|m`sgo~ emjbp crvcxmcinc zbmoc om|mij mi gi mimemngo hsp axjgim{c` zaxo`/ pbc pxg`m%pmaigo bm~paxmn naipcrp/ gi`

h- pa pbgp ~sllcxmij zbmnb Kc~s~ crvcnpc` pa annsx gp g jxcgp zaxo` crpxcemp}/

zbci ogz gi` ax`cx zaso` hxcgd àzi/ gi` zbci ~anmgo nai~ci~s~ al vxavcx

bsegi hcbg|max zaso` hcnaec nbgapmn)

Bm~paxmngoo}/ Kcz~/ Xaegi~ gi` Ngpbaomn~ goo xc~vcnpc` ~anmgo iaxe~4 pbc

zaxo` bg~ iaz oa~p mp~ lasi`gpmai mi ~anmgo ~pgi`gx`~) Ea~p gi}pbmij jac~ pbgp lgoo~

zmpbmi pbc hasi`~ al ea`cxi ~cnsogx ogz)

Kc~s~ ~vadc al ~snb g pmec) Bc xc~cx|c` xcegxd~ ai ~snb egppcx~ pa pbc

ci` al bm~ cgxpbo} omlc hcngs~c/ g~ bc ~gm`/ ‟M zg~ zmpb }as)― Iaz bc zg~ ocg|mij

gi` bc zgipc` pa vxa|m`c zgximij~ pa pba~c zba zaso` om|c mi ~snb zaxo` crpxce%

mp})

Zbgp zg~ pbc naipcrp al pba~c xcegxd~1 Ngi zc `cpcxemic lxae naevgxm%

~ai geaij pbc lasx ja~vco~ eaxc crgnpo} zbgp Kc~s~ ecgip/ gi` g pmec al lsolmoo%ecip1

Pza ~cvgxgpc `m~nasx~c~ eg} bg|c hcnaec nails~c` mi asx xcnax`~) Pbc

lmx~p naipgmic` xcegxd~ bc eg`c pa pbc g~~cehoc` jxasv Psc~`g} c|cimij ai pbc

Easip al Aom|c~4 pbc ~cnai` naipgmic` pba~c xcegxd~ bc eg`c Pbsx~`g} c|cimij

gp pbc Og~p ^svvcx)

Pbc lmx~p `m~nasx~c zg~ vxa|adc` h} ~aehcx c|cip~ Psc~`g} mi Kcxs~goce

zbci Kc~s~ ~c|cxco} xchsdc` pbc ~nxmhc~ gi` Vbgxm~cc~/ Egpp 87%8>) Pa nbccx

pbce~co|c~/ gi` pa xcna|cx ~aec bavc pbgp Kc~s~ emjbp iaz vxancc` pa pgdc sv

pbc pbxaic al M~xgco/ pbc gva~poc~ vamipc` asp pbc joax} al pbc pcevoc g~ pbc}

`cvgxpc` lxae Kcxs~goce/ Egpp 80;7/ Egxd 7>;7/ Osdc 87;3) Kc~s~ wsmndo} `g~bc`

pbcmx bavc~ pa pbc jxasi`) Iap aic ~paic zaso` hc oclp ~pgi`mij svai giapbcx)

Pbc} zcxc g àzing~p oap g~ pbc} xcpsxic` pa pbc Easip al Aom|c~) Ogpcx pbgp

c|cimij pbc} g~dc` bme zbgp bc ecgip)

Zc ~baso` iapc pbgp pbc gva~poc~ vxa|adc` pbc miwsmx} ghasp pbc ci` al pbc

gjc/ Kc~s~ `m` iap) Pbc} naso` naincm|c al pbc naevocpc `c~pxsnpmai al pbc pcevoc

aio} si`cx g jxcgp vogicpgx} c|cip) Pbc} si`cx~paa` pbgp pbcxc es~p hc/ h} Ja`”~

icnc~~mp}/ gi ci` pa pbc vogicpgx} gjc) Gp pbgp pmec Ja` zaso` ~se sv pbc gjc/

zaso` g~~c~~ mp~ gnnaevom~becip~/ zaso` crgemic mp gjgmi~p bm~ jago~/ gi` zaso`




`cnxcc pba~c gnpmai~ icnc~~gx} pa xcpxmc|c bm~ zaxo`) Pbcxc zaso` hc g `m|mic

ks`jecip) Egi} ginmcip vcavoc si`cx~paa` ~snb egppcx~4 ea~p ea`cxi emi`~à iap)

E} Arlax` c`mpmai al X^\ bg~ g laapiapc ghasp Egpp 80;7%0;

‟Pbc~c |cx~c~/ pajcpbcx zmpb pbc m~nasx~c pbgp laooaz~/ ~cce

pa ecxjc pcgnbmij~ ghasp gi meec`mgpc c~pxsnpmai al Kcxs~g%

oce zmpb cpgmo~ g~~anmgpc` mi nxmvpsxc zmpb pbc ci` al bsegi

bm~pax}) Pbc~c pcgnbmij~ zcxc ~cp àzi h} pbc C|gijcom~p mi

pbc omjbp al c|cip~ hcpzcci G@ >6 gi` :6) Mp m~ `mllmnsop pa hc

ncxpgmi zbgp pbc axmjmigo laxe al Kc~s~” zax` zg~)―

Pbm~ laapiapc m~ zcoo ~pgpc`/ crncvp pbc m`cg pbgp bsegi bm~pax} zmoo naec pa

gi ci` m~ g `m~paxpmai al hmhomngo pcgnbmij) M~gmgb 03;72 m~ crvomnmp;

‟Lax pbs~ ~g}~ pbc OAX@/ zba nxcgpc` pbc bcg|ci~ "bc m~ Ja`-

zba laxec` pbc cgxpb gi` eg`c mp "bc c~pghom~bc` mp- bc `m`

iap nxcgpc mp g nbga~4 bc laxec` mp pa hc mibghmpc`)―

Gjgmi/ mi V~goe :8 zc ~cc pbgp gi m`cg al g zaxo` ci` m~ gi cxxax) G xa}go ~ai

zmoo xcmji svai pbc cgxpb lax sipao` gjc~ al pmec)

‟Eg} bc om|c zbmoc pbc ~si ci`sxc~/ gi` g~ oaij g~ pbc eaai/

pbxasjbasp goo jcicxgpmai~' Eg} bc hc omdc xgmi pbgp lgoo~ ai pbc

eazi jxg~~/ omdc ~bazcx~ pbgp zgpcx pbc cgxpb' Mi bm~ `g}~

eg} xmjbpcas~ic~~ loasxm~b/ gi` vcgnc ghasi`/ pmoo pbc eaai

m~ ia eaxc) Eg} bc bg|c àemimai lxae ~cg pa ~cg/ gi` lxaepbc Xm|cx pa pbc ci`~ al pbc cgxpb)―

Pbc Jxccd zax` lax gjc s~c` mi pbc Icz Pc~pgecip m~ gmai/ gi` mp~ g`kcnpm|c

laxe/ gmaia~) Mp m~ pbc ~asxnc al asx Cijom~b zax` gcai) Mi \mic”~ Crva~mpax} @mn%

pmaigx} gmai ‟~mjimlmc~ g vcxma` al mi`clmimpc `sxgpmai/ ax pmec |mczc` mi xcogpmai pa

zbgp pgdc~ vognc mi pbc vcxma`)― Pbc `mnpmaigx} pbci jac~ ai pa ~g} pbgp gmaia~

`ciapc~ pbgp zbmnb m~ cpcxigo mi naipxg~p pa vxa~dgmxa~/ pbgp zbmnb m~ pcevaxgo)

Bazc|cx/ pbm~ xcegxd ngxxmc~ pbc ecgimij al pbc pcxe gmaia~ paa lgx) G eaxc

naxxcnp si`cx~pgi`mij zaso` hc mi pbc naincvp al ‟`m~vci~gpmai~/― pmec ~pxsn%

psxc` gnnax`mij pa jago~ al `m|mic gèmim~pxgpmai/ g vsxva~c gnnax`mij pa Ja` mi

xcogpmai pa zbgp pgdc~ vognc `sxmij pbgp ~vcnmlmn/ c|ci ml oaij/ vcxma`)

Baz pxso} silaxpsigpc pbgp DK\ pxgi~ogpc` pbc vbxg~c g~ ci` al pbc zaxo` )

Pbm~ `cvci`c` ai pbc si`cx~pgi`mij al pbc Dmij Kgec~ pxgi~ogpax~ gp pbc hcjmi%imij al pbc ~c|cipccipb ncipsx}/ hsp nai`mpmaic` egi} laooazmij jcicxgpmai~ pa

pbc m`cg pbgp pbc zaxo` zaso` ci`) Pbc ginmcip~ `m` iap |mcz pmec g~ naemij pa gi

ci`) C|ci mi 8 Vcpcx > pbc m`cg al pbc bcg|ci~ hcmij ai lmxc/ gi` pbc cocecip~

ecopmij gzg} zmpb lcx|cip bcgp oc` pa xciczgo) Icz bcg|ci~ gi` g icz cgxpb zcxc

crvcnpc` zbcxcmi zaso` `zcoo xmjbpcas~ic~~) Zc pgdc pbc~c ~vcnpgnsogx `c~nxmv%



7% G Zgximij Lxae Kc~s~ y=y

pmai~ al isnocgx ghaemigpmai~ xgmimij lmxc lxae pbc ~d}/ ompcxgoo} ecopmij pbc coc%

ecip~ al pbc cgxpb si`cx pbcmx ~naxnbmij bcgp/ gi` pxgi~va~c pbce mipa gi m`cgpbgp Vcpcx hcomc|c` aic jxgi` nailogjxgpmai zaso` ci` goo nxcgpmai)

Zmpbasp wsc~pmai/ Kc~s~ zgxic` bm~ laooazcx~ ghasp pbc naemij `c~pxsnpmai

al Kcxs~goce) Bc `m` iap zgip bm~ loc`jomij loand pa hc `c~pxa}c` mi pbc vaompmngo

psxeamo al pbc icgx lspsxc) Icmpbcx `m` bc zgip pbce pa hc mjiaxgip al c|cip~ al

pbc lgx lspsxc) Bm~ meec`mgpc gva~poc~ gi` `m~nmvoc~ icc`c` zgximij4 bm~ vcavoc

al pbc lgx lspsxc icc`c` zgximij go~a) Pbc~c pza nxm~m~ vcxma`~ eg}/ mi`cc`/ bg|c

hcnaec nails~c` mi pbc ^}iavpmn ja~vco~) Hsp Kabi zg~ iap pbs~ nails~c`) Mi

bm~ ja~vco bc `m` iap vxa|m`c gi gnnasip al Kc~s~” xcegxd~ ghasp pbc `c~pxsnpmai

al Kcxs~goce) Bc bg` ia icc` pa à ~a) Lmx~p/ zbci bc zxapc gp pbc ci` al pbc lmx~p

ncipsx} pbc `c~pxsnpmai al Kcxs~goce mi :6 G@ zg~ oaij vg~p4 bm~ gs`mcinc bg` ia

icc` lax ~snb zgximij) ^cnai`/ c|cip~ al pbc lgx lspsxc zcxc `c~nxmhc` mi bm~

Gvango}v~c) Lsxpbcx naeecipgx} mi bm~ ja~vco zg~ siicnc~~gx}) Pbcxclaxc/ bc

`m` iap xclcx pa pbc ci` al pbc gjc g~ ~snb) Bc ecxco} jg|c gi gnnasip al Kc~s~”

xcegxd~ gi` naincipxgpc` ai pba~c ~shkcnp~ zbmnb naso` hc mi~pxsnpm|c pa pbc

lspsxc) Pbc lgnp pbgp bc `m` iap xcvaxp ai pbc Psc~`g} c|cimij `m~nasx~c ~baz~

pbgp bc lcop mp siicnc~~gx}4 bc vognc` pbc ci`%al%pbc%gjc zgximij mipa pbc `m~%

nasx~c gp pbc Og~p ^svvcx)

Zc es~p crgemic Kabi”~ xcnax` mi pbc naipcrp al va~~mhoc nails~mai geaij

pbc `m~nasx~c~ al Kc~s~/ pbc omempgpmai~ Kabi meva~c` svai bme~col mi pbc laxes%

ogpmai al bm~ xcegxd~/ pbc `xgegpmn igpsxc al pbc ~pgpcecip~ h} Kc~s~/ gi` pbc

xcnajimpmai h} Kabi pbgp bc zg~ ocg|mij mevaxpgip milaxegpmai pa pbc lspsxc) Zc

es~p c~vcnmgoo} xcecehcx pbgp bm~ ogpcx zaxd zg~ nai`mpmaic` h} bm~ |m|m` crvcxm%

cinc ai pbc m~ogi` al Vgpea~

Ja~vco Vgxgooco~

M ~bgoo iaz vxancc` pa ja~vco vgxgooco~) M ~bgoo `ceai~pxgpc pbgp pbc xcegxd~

h} Kc~s~ zbmnb Kabi vognc~ gp pbc Og~p ^svvcx zcxc gnpsgoo} vgxp al pbc `m~nasx~c

ghasp pbc ci` al pbc gjc ai Psc~`g} c|cimij) Mi`cc`/ Egxd gi` Osdc egdc pbc~c

vgxp al pbc Psc~`g} c|cimij `m~nasx~c/ Egxd 7>;=%7>/ gi` Osdc 87;78%7: ) Silax%

psigpco}/ pbc Ja~vco al Egppbcz mipxa`snc~ c|ci eaxc `mllmnsop} mi pbgp mp `m|m`c~

pbc~c zgximij~ mipa pza `mllcxcip ~cnpmai~/ vgxp al pbc Psc~`g} c|cimij `m~nasx~c

g~ zmpb Egxd gi` Osdc/ Egpp 80;=%70/ gi` vgxp al gi cgxomcx crbaxpgpmai pa pbc

pzco|c gva~poc~ pa pcgnb geaij pbc Kczm~b vcavoc/ Egpp 76;72%80 ) Lax vsxva~c~

al `m~ns~~mai bcxc M s~c pbc vg~~gjc~ lxae Kabi 73;72%8: gi` 7<;7%0) M xc~pxmnp

xclcxcinc pa apbcx vgxp~ al pbc xc~vcnpm|c vg~~gjc~ pa omemp pbm~ meec`mgpc `m~ns~%

~mai) M go~a xcoangpc mi`m|m`sgo vbxg~c~ pa `xgz asp pbc vgxgooco~)




Kabi 73;72 Ml pbc zaxo` bgpc~ }as/ diaz pbgp mp bg~ bgpc` ec hclaxc mp

bgpc` }as)Kabi 73;87 Hsp goo pbc~c pbmij~ pbc} zmoo à sipa }as hcngs~c al e}

igec/ hcngs~c pbc} à iap diaz bme zba ~cip ec)

Egpp 76;88 ) ) ) }as zmoo hc bgpc` h} goo hcngs~c al e} igec)

Egxd 77;7> ) ) ) }as zmoo hc bgpc` h} goo hcngs~c al e} igec)

Osdc 87;7: ) ) ) }as zmoo hc bgpc` h} goo hcngs~c al e} igec)

Vgxp al e} vsxva~c mi pbc~c `m~ns~~mai~ m~ pa `ceai~pxgpc pbc pcrpsgo `mllm%

nsopmc~ zc cinasipcx mi g ~cxmas~ gppcevp pa si`cx~pgi` ec~~gjc~ lxae pbc Hmhoc)

Pbc vogncecip h} Kabi al `cpgmo~ mipa pbc Og~p @m~nasx~c/ zbmoc Egxd gi` Osdc

vognc pbce ai pbc Easip al Aom|c~ Psc~`g} c|cimij/ gi` lxgjecipmij al pbc

~gec xcegxd~ h} Egppbcz mipa pza `mllcxcip ~ncic~/ nocgxo} ~baz bsegi mipcx%

vxcpgpmai zbmnb gllcnp~ asx pxg`mpmaigo pcrp) @mllcxcip zxmpcx~ bg` `mllcxcip eapm|c~

zmpb ah|mas~ `mllcxcinc mi si`cx~pgi`mij al Kc~s~” vsxva~c) ^snb bsegi lgnpax~

ea`ml} baz zc si`cx~pgi`)

Kabi crvgi`~ svai pbc pbasjbp~) Zbmoc pbc ~}iavpmn ja~vco~ ~pgpc ~mevo}

pbgp zc zmoo hc bgpc` hcngs~c al Kc~s~” igec/ Kabi lcop mevcooc` pa coghaxgpc) Bc

ng~p~ pbc xcegxd~ mipa g vcx~aigo omjbp/ ncipcxc` ai Kc~s~/ gi` xcvcgpcò} mipxa%

`snc~ pbc Lgpbcx g~ gi mevaxpgip vgxp al pbc ec~~gjc) Zc ngi cg~mo} nainos`c

pbgp bc zg~ naincxic` pbgp pbc bcgxp al Kc~s~” ec~~gjc iap hc oa~p mi pbc milax%

egpmai) Pbgp bcgxp zg~ Kc~s~” oa|c lax s~/ gi` baz bc bg` jm|ci al bme~col hc%

ngs~c al bm~ oa|c) Zbci asx pxmgo~ naec zc ~baso` xcecehcx pbgp bc oa|c~ s~)

Kabi”~ pcnbimwsc ~baz~ pbgp bc bg` pbc ~}iavpmn pcrp~ zmpb bme/ gi` xc%

lcxxc` pa pbce/ g~ bc naeva~c` bm~ ànsecip) Bc zg~ `m~~gpm~lmc` zmpb pbcmx

~mevomnmp} gi` ognd al si`cx~pgi`mij) Bc iap aio} àc~ gzg} zmpb pbc Psc~`g}

c|cimij `m~nasx~c4 bc xclxgec~)Mi ~vmpc al pbm~/ zc à iap oa~c pbc c~~cipmgo ec~~gjc) Kc~s~” vcavoc ~baso`

iap crvcnp avci gxe~ lxae pbc zaxo`4 pbc zaxo` zaso` bgpc pbce/ iap hcngs~c

pbc} xcvxc~cipc` `gxdic~~ gi` c|mo/ hsp hcngs~c pbc} xcvxc~cipc` omjbp gi` pxspb)

Pbc zaxo` àc~ iap zgip pa diaz pxspb)

Mi pbc |cx~mai~ pbc vbxg~c m~ pxgi~ogpc` g~ lax e} igec”~ ~gdc) Zbgp àc~

pbgp ecgi1 Ompcxgoo}/ mi Jxccd/ mp m~ ai gnnasip al pbc igec al ec/ ax/ mi ea`cxi

Cijom~b/ hcngs~c al e} igec) Mp ~cce~ xm`mnsoas~ pbgp pxgi~ogpax~ zaso` ngxx}

~snb gipmwsc crvxc~~mai~ mipa g ea`cxi zaxo` zbcxc pbc} à ~a esnb pa nai%

ls~c) Kc~s~ zg~ zgximij pbgp gi}aic zba zaso` m`cipml} zmpb bm~ igec zaso`

~sllcx vcx~cnspmai) Pbc} zaso` `mc ml pbc} crvxc~~c` oa}gop} pa bme) Mi g zaxo`

zbmnb zg~ ~a lgemomgx pa s~ lax mp~ jxcgp lxccàe~/ sipao` isehcx~ al vcavoc bgpc

pbc igec al Kc~s~) Ea`cxi emi`~ à iap zgip pa xcnajim{c ax crvxc~~ ~vmxmpsgo

oa}gopmc~) Pbc} gxc iap xc~vai~mhoc pa gi}aic) Pbc} `cegi` xcomjmas~ lxccàe)Hsp pbc~c zgximij~ zcxc lgx eaxc pbgi pbc xcomjmas~ ~svvxc~~mai al pbc nci%

psxmc~) Pbc~c zgximij~ zcxc lax pbc gnspc gi` baxxmhoc vcx~cnspmai~ iaz ghasp pa

naec àzi svai s~)




Kabi 73;86g ‟Xcecehcx pbc zax` pbgp M ~gm` pa }as/ fG ~cx|gip m~ iap

jxcgpcx pbgi bm~ eg~pcx)”―Egpp 76;80 ‟G `m~nmvoc m~ iap gha|c bm~ pcgnbcx/ iax g ~cx|gip gha|c

bm~ eg~pcx ) ) )―

Kabi 73;86h Ml pbc} vcx~cnspc` ec/ pbc} zmoo vcx~cnspc }as ) ) )

Egpp 76;8> Zbci pbc} vcx~cnspc }as mi aic pazi/ locc pa pbc icrp ) ) )

Osdc 87;78 Hsp hclaxc goo pbm~ pbc} zmoo og} pbcmx bgi`~ ai }as gi`

vcx~cnspc }as ) ) )

Kc~s~ zg~ zgximij pba~c zba zaso` pgdc sv bm~ ~cx|mnc iaz/ gp pbc ci` al

pbc gjc) Pbc} ~baso` crvcnp pa hc pxcgpc` g~ bc zg~) Pbc vxmnc al ~cx|mnc pa Ja`

zg~ vcx~cnspmai) Pbc ecgimij al pbc Jxccd zax` m~ pa vsp pa lomjbp ax pa vsx~sc)

Mp ~sjjc~p~ gi crpxcec ~anmgo gnpmai4 pbc vcx~cnspc` gxc iap gooazc` pa vcxlaxe

pbcmx ~cx|mnc zmpb lxccàe) Pbc ecgimij m~ esnb eaxc pbgi icmjbhax~ ~vsximij

aic giapbcx hcngs~c pbc} gppci` `mllcxcip nbsxnbc~) Pbc~c mi`m|m`sgo~ gxc ~sh%

kcnp pa gnpm|c vsx~smp gi` gvvxcbci~mai) Lsxpbcxeaxc/ ml Kc~s~ ~sllcxc` vsx~smp/

bm~ laooazcx~ ~baso` crvcnp pa ~sllcx vsx~smp) Ml bc zg~ dmooc` mi ~cx|mnc pa bm~

Lgpbcx/ bm~ ~cx|gip~ ~baso` crvcnp pa hc dmooc` mi ~cx|mnc pa bme)

Egi} Kcz~ gi` Nbxm~pmgi~ pa`g} hcomc|c pbc} ~sllcx vcx~cnspmai) Gi` mi`cc`/

Kcz~ ~sllcxc` ~c|cxc vcx~cnspmai mi pbm~ ncipsx} mi |gxmas~ nasipxmc~) Hsp zc

ngiiap nai~m`cx pbgp pbc |g~p ha`} al Nbxm~pmgi~ pbxasjbasp pbc zaxo` bg|c ~sl%

lcxc` vcx~cnspmai zmpbmi xcncip ncipsxmc~) Ncxpgmio} iap glpcx ogxjc ~cjecip~ al

zc~pcxi nm|mom{gpmai hcngec omhcxgpc` lxae pbc Xaegi Ngpbaomn nbsxnb/ gi` xcom%

jmas~ lxccàe~ milmopxgpc` zc~pcxi nsopsxc) Emjxgpmai~ lxae Csxavc pa pbc Icz

Zaxo` pa c~ngvc xcomjmas~ vcx~cnspmai~ hxasjbp gi ci` pa pbgp cxg) Pbc ~a%ngooc`

zc~pcxi nasipxmc~ gxc iaz ~anmgoo} Nbxm~pmgi4 pbcmx ja|cxiecip~ gi` ~anmgo iaxe~

`cxm|c lxae Nbxm~pmgi vxminmvoc~ gi` ~pgi`gx`~) Pbc} bg|c jxcgp xcomjmas~ paocx%ginc) Nbxm~pmgimp} pa`g} naeva~c~ pbc ha`} al ea`cxi zc~pcxi nsopsxc/ lxae pbc

~vcnpxse al ompsxjmngo gi` egmiomic nai~cx|gpm|c nbsxnbc~ pa lsi`gecipgom~p jxasv~)

Pba~c Nbxm~pmgi jxasv~ gi` mi`m|m`sgo~ zba nomij pa gi` c~vas~c pbc nsxxcip nm|mo

ax`cx ngiiap nogme vcx~cnspmai mi xcncip ncipsxmc~) Pbc} gxc pbc gnncvpc` ~anmgo

iaxe)

Iax zaso` pbc} hc pbc aic~ pa hxmij vcx~cnspmai mi pbc ~ci~c mi`mngpc` h}

Kc~s~) Pbc ea`cxi Nbxm~pmgi zaxo` m~ bmjbo} paocxgip4 mp zaso` iap mi~pmpspc vcx~c%

nspmai~ lax ecxc xcomjmas~ `mllcxcinc~) Pbcxclaxc/ ml zc gxc pa si`cx~pgi` pbm~

vg~~gjc zc es~p oaad lax gnpm|mp} zbmnb lgoo~ asp~m`c gnncvpc` ~anmgo Nbxm~pmgi

iaxe~) Ml pbc laooazcx~ al Kc~s~/ ncxpgmio} iap ea`cxi Kcz~/ gxc pa hc vcx~cnspc`

gp pbc ci` al pbc gjc pbc vcx~cnspmai ngiiap naec g~ vgxp al pa`g}”~ gnncvpc`

~anmgo xcjmec) Mp ngiiap hc ax`migx} Nbxm~pmgi/ al gi} nog~~)

Egi} lsi`gecipgom~p Nbxm~pmgi jxasv~/ mi ax`cx pa ~go|gjc pbm~ vxc`mnpmai h}Kc~s~/ pbci naincm|c g ~anmgo ax`cx zbmnb naec~ si`cx pbc `mxcnp ~svcx|m~mai al

‟pbc @c|mo)― Pbc} hcomc|c pbm~ m~ pbc axmjmi al pbc ~a%ngooc` ‟icz zaxo` ax`cx― ax

‟aic zaxo` ja|cxiecip/― hxasjbp ghasp h} mi`m|m`sgo~ mi vazcxlso cnaiaemn ax

nm|mo va~mpmai~ nai~vmxmij pa ahpgmi zaxo` naipxao) Pbcmx naincvp m~ aic al vaompmngo

vcx~cnspmai h} egomnmas~ ~gpgimn ja|cxiecip~) Mi ax`cx pa ~bgvc pbm~ m`cg pa pbc




hmhomngo vxc`mnpmai~ pbc} naincm|c pbgp pbm~ egomnmas~ zaxo` xsoc zmoo `cegi` ahcm%

~ginc pa ~gpgimn vcx~aigompmc~ zba pgdc vazcx) Ml pbc} gxc ‟Ja`”~ vcavoc― pbc} zmooxcls~c ~snb ahcm~ginc4 bcinc pbc vcx~cnspmai zmoo hc svai pbce)

Hcngs~c al pbcmx nails~mai mi si`cx~pgi`mij pbcmx lxgeczaxd m~ gzx}) Pbc}

bg|c iap gxxm|c` gp pbc va~~mhmomp} pbgp pbc~c vcx~cnspmai~ gxm~c asp~m`c pbc ~navc

al nm|mo xcjmec~/ hc}ai` pbc naipcrp al ~anmgo iaxe~)

âecpbmij papgoo} sicrvcnpc` m~ ghasp pa annsx/ hsp ia aic/ lxae pbc ea~p

omhcxgo ~anmgo ~nbaogx pa pbc ea~p g`gegip lsi`gecipgom~p jxasv/ bg~ hcci ghoc

pa vcicpxgpc pbm~ laxcng~p h} Kc~s~/ ax pa vcxncm|c ax vxc`mnp pbgp zbmnb m~ ghasp pa

silao`)

Kabi 73;8: Gi` }as go~a gxc zmpic~~c~/ hcngs~c }as bg|c hcci zmpb

ec lxae pbc hcjmiimij)

Egppbcz 76;72 Gi` }as zmoo hc `xgjjc` hclaxc ja|cxiax~ gi` dmij~

lax e} ~gdc/ pa hcgx pc~pmeai} hclaxc pbce gi` pbc igpmai~)

Egxd 7>;= Hsp pgdc bcc` pa }asx~co|c~4 lax pbc} zmoo `com|cx }as sv pa

nasinmo~4 gi` }as zmoo hc hcgpci mi ~}igjajsc~4 gi` }as zmoo ~pgi`

hclaxc ja|cxiax~ gi` dmij~ lax e} ~gdc/ pa hcgx pc~pmeai} hclaxc pbce)

Osdc 87;78 ) ) ) `com|cxmij }as sv pa pbc ~}igjajsc~ gi` vxm~ai~/ gi`

}as zmoo hc hxasjbp hclaxc dmij~ gi` ja|cxiax~ hcngs~c al e} igec)

Zc es~p dccv mi emi` pbc nmxnse~pginc~ zbmnb nai`mpmaic` Kc~s~” xcegxd~)

Ml bc zcxc pa ~vcgd al lspsxc Nbxm~pmgi jcipmoc jxasv~/ gi` pbc} zcxc iap vgjgi/

bc naso` iap s~c pbc zax` pcevoc) Pbgp zaso` `ciapc vgjgi xcomjmas~ zax~bmv)

Bc `m` iap bg|c pbc zax` nbsxnb4 bc bg` aio} pbc zax` ~}igjajsc) Pbm~ s~c bg~

laxnc` hmhomngo ~ps`cip~/ ~nbaogx~/ gi` pbcaoajmgi~ pa hcomc|c pbgp Kc~s~ ~vadc al

Kczm~b vcx~cnspmai~ svai pbc icz xcomjmai) Pbm~ ognd al vcxncvpmai bg~ pbxazipbce hgnd mipa cgxo} gva~paomn `g}~ lax pbcmx pmec xclcxcinc) G~ g nai~cwscinc/

jxcgp nails~mai bg~ gxm~ci asp al pbc~c laxcng~p~/ g nails~mai zbmnb oclp gi mi`co%

mhoc mevxmip svai goo Nbxm~pmgi si`cx~pgi`mij) Ml Kc~s~ zcxc vognmij bm~ laxcng~p~

mipa pbc ci` al pbc gjc pbc zax` ~}igjajsc es~p ecgi nbsxnb) Vcx~cnspmai h}

Kcz~ m~ iap xcgom~pmn mi pbm~ ea`cxi cxg) Pbc~c zmpic~~c~ eg} hc hxasjbp sv pa

~}igjajsc~ lax pbcmx pc~pmeai}/ hsp pbc} zmoo hc hxasjbp sv c|ci eaxc pa zmpic~~

mi Nbxm~pmgi nbsxnbc~)

Pbc ~navc al pbm~ gnpm|mp} m~ mi`mngpc` lsxpbcx h} pbc zmpic~~c~ hcmij hxasjbp

sv hclaxc ja|cxiax~ gi` dmij~ gi` nasinmo~) Pbc} gxc iap hxasjbp sv pa pba~c

nm|mo gspbaxmpmc~ hcngs~c pbc} gxc si`cx nxmemigo mi`mnpecip4 pbc} gxc hxasjbp sv

hcngs~c pbc} gxc zmpic~~mij pa g vbciaeciai zbmnb pba~c ja|cxiax~ gi` dmij~

à iap si`cx~pgi`) âecpbmij ~a `xgegpmn m~ pgdmij vognc mp àc~ iap lmp ax`migx}

bsegi si`cx~pgi`mij) Pbci pbc hcgpmij mi ~}igjajsc~ 5 nbsxnbc~ gxm~c~ hc%ngs~c al pbc crpxcec `m~psxhginc Nbxm~pmgi~ "gi` Kcz~- lcco ghasp pbm~ pc~pmeai})

Pbm~ |mcz ~baso` hc gi mi`mngpax pa pba~c zba ~ccd xcnasx~c mi nai~vmxgn}

pbcaxmc~) G zaxo` ja|cxiecip/ si`cx pbc `mxcnp ~svcx|m~mai al pbc @c|mo/ ax gi} al

mp~ `m|m~mai~/ zaso` iap hc ~aomnmpmij pc~pmeai} lxae Ja`”~ vcavoc/ iax zaso` pbc}

hc paocxgip al ~snb pc~pmeai} ml mp zcxc allcxc` |aosipgxmo})



7% G Zgximij Lxae Kc~s~ y7>y

Zmpb naevgxm~ai gjgmi~p pbc ~}iavpmn ja~vco~ Kabi”~ ~pgpcecip~ iaz pgdc

ai g `mllcxcip naevocrmai) Pbc naeecip~ h} Kc~s~ ghasp zmpic~~mij gvvcgx pa hc `mxcnpc` crnos~m|co} pa bm~ vcx~aigo gva~poc~/ hcngs~c pbc} bg|c hcci zmpb bme

lxae pbc hcjmiimij )

Xcjgxòc~~ baz zc eg} oaad gp pbm~/ zc ~baso` iapc pbgp asx xcnax` `m~vog}~

g nails~mai mi gnnasip~/ gi` pbgp Kabi”~ naeva~mpmai àc~ iap icnc~~gxmo} xclocnp

Kc~s~” gnpsgo `m~nasx~c) Xgpbcx/ mp ~cce~ pa xclocnp pbc lgnp pbgp Kc~s~ eg`c ~snb

xcegxd~/ pbgp Kabi zg~ `m~~gpm~lmc` zmpb pbc ~}iavpmn xcnax`/ gi` pbgp bc xc%

`xglpc` pa ~smp giapbcx vsxva~c) Pbc egi} vgxgooco~ gxc esnb paa vazcxlso g

pc~pmeai} pa pbc lgnp pbgp Kc~s~ eg`c ~snb xcegxd~) Zc gxc oclp zmpb pbc mevax%

pgip wsc~pmai zb} pbc ~}iavpmn xcnax` zaso` gvvo} pbc~c xcegxd~ pa pbc ci` al

pbc gjc/ zbmoc Kabi zaso` vognc pbce mi gva~paomn `g}~) Pbc ~pxcijpb al pbc

vgxgooco~ ~sjjc~p pbgp bc g`gvpc`) Pbm~ m~ lsxpbcx gppc~pc` h} apbcx vgxgooco~)

Kabi 73;8< Hsp zbci pbc Nasi~coax naec~/ zbae M ~bgoo ~ci` pa }as

lxae pbc Lgpbcx/ c|ci pbc ^vmxmp al Pxspb/ zba vxancc`~ lxae pbc Lg%

pbcx/ bc zmoo hcgx zmpic~~ pa ec)

Egpp 76;7=%86 Lax zbci pbc} `com|cx }as sv/ à iap hc girmas~ baz

}as gxc pa ~vcgd ax zbgp }as gxc pa ~g}4 lax zbgp }as gxc pa ~g} zmoo hc

jm|ci pa }as mi pbgp basx4 lax mp m~ iap }as zba ~vcgd/ hsp pbc ^vmxmp al

}asx Lgpbcx ~vcgdmij pbxasjb }as)

Egxd 7>;77 Gi` zbci pbc} hxmij }as pa pxmgo gi` com|cx }as sv/ a iap

hc girmas~ hclaxcbgi` zbgp }as gxc pa ~g}4 hsp ~g} zbgpc|cx m~ jm|ci

}as mi pbgp basx/ lax mp m~ iap }as zba ~vcgd/ hsp pbc Bao} ^vmxmp)

Osdc 87;7>%73 Pbm~ zmoo hc g pmec lax }as pa hcgx pc~pmeai}) ^cppoc mp

pbcxclaxc mi }asx emi`~/ iap pa ec`mpgpc hclaxcbgi` baz pa gi~zcx4 lax

M zmoo jm|c }as g easpb gi` zm~àe/ zbmnb iaic al }asx g`|cx~gxmc~zmoo hc ghoc pa zmpb~pgi` ax naipxg`mnp)

Bcxc m~ pbc nxsr al pbc xc|cogpmai) Pbc nmxnse~pginc m~ aic lax zbmnb ia

vxcvgxgpmai ngi hc eg`c) Pbc~c gxc iap pbcaoajmngo `m~~cxpgpmai~/ gi` pbc} gxc

iap ~cxeai~ lxae g vsovmp) Zmpic~~mij zmoo hc mi ~cnsogx g~ zcoo g~ xcomjmas~ ci|m%

xaiecip~/ ~vaipgicas~ lxae pbc bcgxp/ g~ jm|ci h} Ja`”~ Bao} ^vmxmp/ gi` pbc

^vmxmp al Pxspb)

Egppbcz gi` Egxd allcx nailmxegpmai al pbgp basx ) Pbc xc|cogpmai àc~ iap

~vcgd al pza pbas~gi` }cgx~ al Nbxm~pmgi ~pxsjjoc/ iax al naevogncip ~anmgo xcom%

jmai) Pbc vg~~gjc~ ~baz g pmec al crpxcec zaxo` nai`mpmai/ pa gvvcgx gp g hxmcl

eaecip al zaxo` `c~pmi}) Gjgmi zc ~cc baz Kabi `mllcx~ lxae pbc ~}iavpmn~) Bc

s~c~ g simwsc pcxe/ pbc vgxgnompa~) Mi Jxccd pbm~ ecgi~ gi g`|m~ax ax nasi~coax)

Mp àc~ iap ecgi aic zba naelaxp~) Pbm~ m~ g ~vmxmp bcovcx zba naec~ `mxcnpo}lxae pbc Lgpbcx pa pcgnb s~ mi pbgp basx al icc`) Pbc zax` vicseg5~vmxmp s~c`

mi pbc ~}iavpmn~ àc~ iap ngvpsxc pbc pxsc mipcip al Kc~s~” xcegxd) Kabi gppcevpc`

pa ~cp pbc xcnax` ~pxgmjbp) Ja`”~ vcavoc zmoo ~cc ~vcnmgo bcov/ eaxc pbgi pbc ecxc

~vmxmp al Ja`)




Iaz zc ngi naec pa g lgx jxcgpcx mi~mjbp mipa pbc crpxcec nmxnse~pginc~ al

pbc zgximij~)

Kabi 7<;8 Pbc} zmoo vsp }as asp al pbc ~}igjajsc~) Mi`cc`/ pbc basx m~

naemij zbci zbac|cx dmoo~ }as zmoo pbmid bc m~ allcxmij ~cx|mnc pa Ja`)

Egpp 76;87 Hxapbcx zmoo `com|cx hxapbcx pa `cgpb/ gi` pbc lgpbcx bm~

nbmo`/ gi` nbmo`xci zmoo xm~c gjgmi~p vgxcip~ gi` vsp pbce pa `cgpb)

Egpp 80;= Pbci pbc} zmoo com|cx }as pa pxmhsogpmai/ gi` vsp }as pa cgpb4

gi` }as zmoo hc bgpc` h} goo igpmai~ hcngs~c al e} igec)

Egxd 7>;78 Gi` hxapbcx zmoo com|cx hxapbcx pa cgpb/ gi` pbc lgpbcx bm~

nbmo`/ gi` nbmo`xci zmoo xm~c gjgmi~p vgxcip~ gi` vsp pbce pa `cgpb)

Osdc 87;7< ]as zmoo hc hcpxg}c` h} vgxcip~ gi` hxapbcx~ gi` xcogpm|c~

gi` lxmci`~/ gi` ~aec al }as pbc} zmoo vsp pa `cgpb)

Mi Egppbcz gi` Egxd pbc pxgi~ogpax~ s~c` pbc vbxg~c gi` bg|c pbce vsp pa

`cgpb) Pbm~ xclocnp~ pbc iapmai pbgp `com|cx} zmoo hc pa nm|mo gspbaxmpmc~4 xcogpm|c~ gi`

lxmci`~ zmoo hxmij nbgxjc~ gjgmi~p pbce mi nxmemigo nasxp~)

Gjgmi zc bg|c aic al pba~c silaxpsigpc ng~c~ al pxgi~ogpmai nai`mpmaic` h}

pbc iapmai~ al pbc pxgi~ogpax~) Pbc pxgi~ogpax~ gopcxc` pbc pci~c al pbc Jxccd

|cxh~) Pbc vbxg~c mi Jxccd m~ ncxpgmi; gi` vsp pbce pa `cgpb) Pbc bgi` al `cgpb

zmoo hc `mxcnpo} h} xcogpm|c~ gi` lxmci`~/ iap h} ja|cxiecip gjcinmc~) Pbc vbxg~c

]as zmoo hc `com|cxc` sv jm|ci mi ~aec pxgi~ogpmai~/ xgpbcx pbgi ]as zmoo hc hc%

pxg}c` / gjgmi lgo~co} ~sjjc~p~ pbc ~gec naincvp al `com|cx} pa nm|mo gspbaxmpmc~/ iap

`com|cx} sv pa `cgpb)

Pbc `mllmnsop} zbmnb lgnc` pbc pxgi~ogpax~ zg~ pbm~ vcx~cnspmai sipa `cgpb h}

xcogpm|c~ gi` lxmci`~) Zbcxc mi bm~pax} `m` ~snb gnpmai pgdc vognc1 Zc emjbp nmpc

isecxas~ bm~paxmn cvm~a`c~ zbcxc xcogpm|c~ gi` lxmci`~ hxasjbp gnns~gpmai~ gjgmi~ppba~c zba hcomc|c` mi Kc~s~/ hsp gozg}~ pba~c gnns~gpmai~ zcxc pbxasjb nm|mo

nbgiico~) ^sjjc~pmai al ~snb bm~paxmn naipcrp m~ giapbcx gppcevp pa si`cx~pgi` g

laxcng~p zbmnb bg~ vs{{oc` pbc jcicxgpmai~) Pbm~ vcx~cnspmai gp pbc ci` al pbc

gjc zmoo naec `mxcnpo} lxae pbc bgi` al pba~c zbae zc diaz gi` oa|c) Hxapbcx

zmoo dmoo hxapbcx4 ~ai gi` `gsjbpcx zmoo dmoo eapbcx gi` lgpbcx4 lxmci` zmoo dmoo lxmci`)



8 % Pbc Hmppcx Bgx|c~p al Jaòc~~ic~~ y73y

NBGVPCX PZA

Pbc Hmppcx Bgx|c~p al Jaòc~~ic~~

Zc bg|c hcci sizmoomij pa gnncvp pbgp zc hxmij asx azi ks`jecip~) Zc à

iap bao` asx~co|c~ gnnasipghoc lax asx azi gnpmai~)

Ml pbc lgpc al pbc zaxo` m~ ks`jecip h} xcomjmas~ vcx~cnspmai pbci zc gnpc` pa

hxmij pbgp vcx~cnspmai) Zc vcxemppc` g ~anmgo ci|mxaiecip mi zbmnb pbc @c|mo

naso` zaxd) Ja` zmoo iaz `cpcxemic zba gxc bm~ pxsc vcavoc) Bc zmoo ~cvgxgpc pbc

zbcgp lxae pbc nbgll) Bc m~ s~mij pbc @c|mo pa à mp)

Pbm~ ea`cxi jaòc~~ jcicxgpmai `cpc~p~ vxc|mas~ jcicxgpmai~ zba zcxc ~amipaocxgip) Pbc} vcxncm|c ~pxmnp eaxgo gi` xcomjmas~ ~pgi`gx`~ g~ \mnpaxmgi gi`

gignbxaim~pmn) Pbc} pgdc pbc zcgdic~~c~ al pba~c jcicxgpmai~ g~ ks~pmlmngpmai lax

nai`ceigpmai/ iap xcnajim{mij pbgp eaxgo gi` xcomjmas~ ~pxsnpsxc zg~ pbc josc

zbmnb dcvp nm|mom{gpmai pajcpbcx/ mi ~vmpc al mevcxlcnpmai~)

Cgxomcx jcicxgpmai~ lans~c` ai Ja`4 pbgp lans~ jg|c omlc `mxcnpmai) Pbc} bg`

vsxva~c/ pbc} bg` zaxpb/ gi` pbc} bg` bavc) Zbcpbcx pbc} zcxc compc iahoceci

ax vcg~gip zaxdcx~ pbc} om|c` `gmo} zmpb naincipxgpmai pazgx` pbgp sopmegpc jago)

Zbci zc pbxcz Ja` gzg} zc oa~p lans~4 zc oa~p `mxcnpmai4 zc oa~p zaxpb4 zc oa~p

bavc) Zc pbci `cjcicxgpc` mipa ecxc loc~bo} gi` egpcxmgo jxgpmlmngpmai~)

Pbc ea`cxi jcicxgpmai ~ccd~ lxccàe) Lxccàe ecgi~ paocxginc) Ea~p

gi}pbmij jac~4 pbcxc gxc ia ~pxmnp ~pgi`gx`~ al nai`snp) ânmgo hcbg|max m~ iaz

nai`mpmaic` h} omhcxgo nai~ci~s~/ iap h} xmjaxas~ vxminmvoc~)

Hsp egi} vcavoc ~pmoo bg|c g `c~mxc lax Ja`) Pbc} xcgoo} gi` pxso} zaso` omdcpa hxmij g pxgi~laxegpmai) Silaxpsigpco}/ zbci pbc} zcxc `m~naiicnpc` lxae pbc

ao` laxe~ pbc} ~asjbp icz laxe~)

Pbm~ m~ g icz gjc) Pbc ao` gjc~ gi` pbc ao` lg~bmai~ bg|c vg~~c` gzg}) Pbc

bsegi xgnc m~ iaz omhcxgpc` lxae pbc ao` iai~ci~c)

Pbm~ m~ @c|mo pmec) Bc mipxa`snc~ mipa pbc zaxo` g xcisinmgpmai al pba~c vxmi%

nmvoc~ zbmnb vxa|m`c zbaoc~aec mipcjxmp} al ~anmcp}) Bm~ vsxva~c m~ pa nxcgpc gi

ci|mxaiecip mi zbmnb bc ngi ngxx} ai lxcc mipcxnasx~c zmpb eci) Bc isxpsxc~ pbc

~vmxmpsgo emomcs al ‟lxccàe gi` omhcxp})― Pbm~ vxa|m`c~ ~anmgo nai`mpmai~ zbmnb

vcxemp bme pa jgmi cipx} mipa bsegi emi`)

H} nxcgpmij g icz gjc ci|mxaiecip/ zmpb mp~ jxcgp paocxginc al gi} ~vmxmpsgo

crvoaxgpmai/ bsegi `ghhomij mi naeesimngpmai zmpb pbc ^vmxmp~ m~ ia oaijcx si%

`cx ~anmgo xc~pxgmip) Mp ia oaijcx ngxxmc~ pbc ~pxaij ~anmgo ~pmjeg zbmnb gppgnbc` mi

vxmax gjc~) Egi} eaxc bsegi hcmij~ hcjmi pa ~cc g icz ~vmxmpsgo gjc) Pbc} ngi

iaz naeesic `mxcnpo} zmpb pbc ~vmxmp xcgoe~) Pbc} ngi xcncm|c ec~~gjc~ lxae

gha|c) Pbc} ngi hc pgsjbp pbc ea~p `c|mas~ gi` mi~m`mas~ naincvp~ al bsegi

vsxva~c) Gi` pbc} ngi bg|c pbcmx emi`~ nai`mpmaic` pa @c|mo5~ zaxd)

^snb m~ pbc lxgeczaxd lax pbc naemij ~vmxmpsgo ks`jecip al egidmi`) Zc

zgipc` icz ~vmxmpsgo lxccàe~4 zc ~bgoo xcgv pbc xczgx`~ al ~vmxmpsgo gva~pg~})



y7<y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

Ml zc bg` xcegmic` xmjbpcas~/ ml zc bg` bco` pxsc pa Ja`/ gi` pa g lmxe zmoo

al bm~ vsxva~c/ zc zaso` iap bg|c avcic` asx~co|c~ pa pbc @c|mo) Hsp zbci zcomhcxgpc` asx~co|c~ zc ~cp sv nai`mpmai~ lax asx azi ks`jecip) G~ Ja` vxa|m`c`

pbc xc~asxnc~ lax egpcxmgo vazcx/ gi` pbc naemij vb}~mngo ks`jecip/ ~a bc vxa%

|m`c` pbc xc~asxnc~ lax ~vmxmpsgo vazcx/ gi` pbc naemij ~vmxmpsgo ks`jecip) Asx

laxecx Vxminc xcegmic` ai pbm~ vogicp gp pbc ecxn} al Ja`4 bc zmoo iaz crcnspc

bm~ egomnmas~ ~nbcec~ ~mevo} hcngs~c zc `m` iap xcegmi pxsc pa Ja`) Bc zmoo

hxmij pbc ks`jecip4 zc vcxemppc` bme pa à ~a)

Egpp 7>;80%0> Giapbcx vgxghoc bc vsp hclaxc pbce/ ~g}mij/ ‟Pbc dmij%

àe al bcg|ci eg} hc naevgxc` pa g egi zba ~azc` jaa` ~cc` mi

bm~ lmco`4 hsp zbmoc eci zcxc ~occvmij/ bm~ cice} ngec gi` ~azc`

zcc`~ geaij pbc zbcgp/ gi` zcip gzg}) a zbci pbc vogip~ ngec sv

gi` haxc jxgmi/ pbci pbc zcc`~ gvvcgxc` go~a) Gi` pbc ~cx|gip~ al pbc

bas~cbao`cx ngec gi` ~gm` pa bme/ f^mx/ m` }as iap ~az jaa` ~cc` mi

}asx lmco`1 Baz pbci bg~ mp zcc`~1” Bc ~gm` pa pbce/ fGi cice} bg~

àic pbm~)” Pbc ~cx|gip~ ~gm` pa bme/ fPbci à }as zgip s~ pa ja gi`

jgpbcx pbce1” Hsp bc ~gm`/ fIa/ oc~p mi jgpbcxmij pbc zcc`~ }as xaap sv

pbc zbcgp goaij zmpb pbce) Ocp hapb jxaz pajcpbcx sipmo pbc bgx|c~p4

gi` gp bgx|c~p pmec M zmoo pcoo pbc xcgvcx~/ Jgpbcx pbc zcc`~ lmx~p gi`

hmi` pbce mi hsiòc~ pa hc hsxic`/ hsp jgpbcx pbc zbcgp mipa e} hgxi)”―

) ) ) Pbci bc oclp pbc nxaz`~ gi` zcip mipa pbc bas~c) Gi` bm~ m~nmvoc~

ngec pa bme/ ~g}mij/ ‟Crvogmi pa s~ pbc vgxghoc al pbc zcc`~ al pbc

lmco`)― Bc gi~zcxc`/ ‟Bc zba ~az~ pbc jaa` ~cc` m~ pbc âi al egi4

pbc lmco` m~ pbc zaxo`/ gi` pbc jaa` ~cc` ecgi~ pbc ~ai~ al pbc dmij%

àe4 pbc zcc`~ gxc pbc ~ai~ al pbc c|mo aic/ gi` pbc cice} zba

~azc` pbce m~ pbc `c|mo4 pbc bgx|c~p m~ pbc noa~c al pbc gjc/ gi` pbcxcgvcx~ gxc gijco~) Ks~p g~ pbc zcc`~ gxc jgpbcxc` gi` hsxic` zmpb

lmxc/ ~a zmoo mp hc gp pbc noa~c al pbc gjc) Pbc âi al egi zmoo ~ci` bm~

gijco~/ gi` pbc} zmoo jgpbcx asp al bm~ dmijàe goo ngs~c~ al ~mi gi` goo

c|moàcx~/ gi` pbxaz pbce mipa pbc lsxignc al lmxc4 pbcxc eci zmoo zccv

gi` jig~b pbcmx pccpb) Pbci pbc xmjbpcas~ zmoo ~bmic omdc pbc ~si mi pbc

dmijàe al pbcmx Lgpbcx) Bc zba bg~ cgx~/ ocp bme bcgx)

Zc ~baso` iap ksev pa pbc nainos~mai pbgp/ ~aecbaz/ ml zc hcomc|c mi Ja`/

zc ~bgoo c~ngvc pxmhsogpmai) Ia vcx~aigo |mcz naso` hc eaxc `cncvpm|c) Egpp

80;>6%>7 gi` vgxgooco~ ~baz nocgxo} pbgp pbc ~mji al pbc âi al Egi mi pbc bcg|%

ci~/ gi` pbc gvvcgxginc al bm~ gijco~/ zmoo hc glpcx pbc Jxcgp Pxmhsogpmai) Goo

egidmi` svai pbm~ vogicp es~p ~sllcx pbc~c zac~) Pbcxc m~ ia bsegi hcmij om|mij

pa`g} zba m~ zaxpb} al xc~nsc lxae pbc ks`jecip~ iaz ghasp pa naec àzisvai s~)

Xc|cogpmai :;=l m~ go~a nocgx) Pbc jxcgp esopmps`c ~pgi`mij hclaxc pbc pbxaic

al Ja` zcxc pba~c zba ngec asp al pbc Jxcgp Pxmhsogpmai) Pbc} `m` iap zg~b pbcmx

xahc~ gi` egdc pbce zbmpc crncvp pbxasjb pbgp nocgi~mij lmxc)



8 % Pbc Hmppcx Bgx|c~p al Jaòc~~ic~~ y7:y

Gi mibcxcip vgxp al Ja`”~ ecxn} m~ pa jm|c c|cx} bsegi eaxpgo gi avvaxps%

imp} pa `ceai~pxgpc ~vmxmpsgo goocjmginc/ nocgxo} gi` sicwsm|angoo}) Eci ngiiap à~a sioc~~ pbc} naec si`cx crpxcec ~vmxmpsgo pxmgo) Pbc naevogncip ci|mxaiecip

al g ~pghoc ~anmgo ax`cx àc~ iap hxmij bsegi eaxpgo~ pa ~vmxmpsgo pxmgo4 mp ecxco}

allcx~ avvaxpsimp} pa `m~vog} ~anmgo goocjmginc~)

Zc ~baso` xcnajim{c pbgp pbc Vxminc bg~ naec/ m~ iaz mi bm~ vazcx/ gi` bg~

vogipc` bm~ ~cc` geaij egidmi`) Bc `m` ~a zbmoc egidmi` ~ocvp) Pbc zcc`~

jxaz zmpb pbc zbcgp/ gi` nacrm~p/ ~m`c h} ~m`c) Pbc} gxc xcogpm|c~/ lxmci`~ gi`

icmjbhax~)

Mp bg~ hcci ns~paegx} lax Nbxm~pmgi~ pa naincm|c al pbm~ nacrm~pcinc g~ pba~c

zba vshomno} c~vas~c g `c|apmai pa Kc~s~/ gi` pba~c zba à iap) Hsp ~snb vshomn

`m~vog} m~ ecxc ~anmgo gvvcgxginc) Silaxpsigpco}/ lax pbcmx ~g` `m~gvvamipecip/

pbc laxnc~ iaz ~bgvmij gxasi` s~ gxc iap ~a icgpo} `clmic`) Pbc laxnc~ gxc lgx

eaxc mi~m`mas~ gi` `cgò})

Ml `cgpb naec~ lxae lgemo} ecehcx~/ xcogpm|c~/ lxmci`~/ gi` icmjbhax~/ h}

zbgp vxcva~pcxas~ ~pxcpnb al pbc megjmigpmai naso` ~snb c|cip pgdc vognc1 Zbgp

zmoo hxmij ax`migx} eci gi` zaeci/ goo pba~c oa|co} gi` oa|c` aic~/ goo pba~c

jcipoc zaeci gi` dmi` eci/ pa gi crpxcec zbmnb xcgnbc~ hc}ai` gi} naincm|%

ghoc bsegi va~~mhmomp}1

Mi pbm~ ncipsx} zc bg|c hcnaec gnns~paec` pa jcianm`c gi` vcx~cnspmai

sipa `cgpb al cipmxc ~cjecip~ al vavsogpmai) Zbcpbcx mp zg~ Jcxegi}/ ax Xs~~mg/

ax Ngeha`mg/ ax apbcx vxajxge~ al eg~~ bsegi crpcxemigpmai zc bg|c zmp%

ic~~c` mi pbc vg~p bsi`xc` }cgx~/ zc ngiiap xgm~c asx megjmigpmai pa pbc va~~mhmo%

mp} pbgp eg~~ bsegi esx`cx zmoo iaz naec h} pbc bgi`~ al ~ccemijo} ~gic

naexg`c~ gi` ka|mgo naevgimai~ om|mij mi pbc em`~p al s~)

Pbc dc} pa si`cx~pgi`mij zg~ vxa|m`c` h} Kabi) Mp m~ ~svva~c` ~cx|mnc pa

Ja`) Pbc~c mi`m|m`sgo~ zmoo hcomc|c pbgp pbc} gxc ahc}mij pbc mi~pxsnpmai~ al Ja`)Pbc} zmoo hc jm|ci pbc xcg~ai~ gi` pbc ~vmxmpsgo miloscinc pa hcomc|c pbc} gxc allcx%

mij g ~cx|mnc pa Ja`)

Pbm~ pxso} `mghaomngo gnpmai zmoo naec asp al icz gjc vcx~ai~ zba bg|c vognc`

pbce~co|c~ si`cx pbc v~}nbmn gi` ~vmxmpsgo miloscinc al pbc @c|mo) Pbc} `m` iap

bg|c pbcmx bcgxp~ ncipcxc` ai Ja`4 pbc} dicz icmpbcx Kc~s~ iax pbc Lgpbcx) Pbc}

zcxc glpcx icz ~vmxmpsgo crvcxmcinc~ gi` naeesimngpmai~4 pbc} gxc iaz xcncm|mij

pbce zmpb pxsc |cijcginc)

Cecxjmij pa`g}/ gxasi` asx vogicp/ gxc ogxjc eg~~c~ al vcavoc zba crvcxm%

cinc icz v~}nbmn vbciaecig) Pbc} bcgx wsmcp |amnc~ zmpbmi pbcmx emi`~) Pbc}

vxa`snc g ompcxgo loaa` al icz xc|cogpmai~ lxae pba~c |amnc~) Gi` pbc} crvcxmcinc

mipmegpmai~ al icz ~vmxmpsgo hom~~ zbmnb pbc} bcgxpmo} hcomc|c m~ naemij `mxcnpo}

lxae Ja`)

Egxd Lgxoc}/ al Nax|goom~/ Axcjai/ eg`c pbc laooazmij ~pgpcecip mi pbc ~vxmijal 7==0)

‟Gi` ~a M ~pgxpc` e} wsc~p lax e} pcgnbcx) M mì”p bg|c gi} jsm`comic~

~a M ks~p eg`c sv c|cx}pbmij g~ M zcip goaij) @sxmij pbc basx pbgp M

naeespc` cgnb zg} pa zaxd M hcjgi pgodmij pa e} pcgnbcx gi` om~pci%




mij lax gi~zcx~) M bgol crvcnpc` pa bcgx gs`mhoc |amnc~/ c|ci pbasjb

apbcx pxgi~emppcx~ bg` pao` ec pbgp pbc pcgnbcx~” |amnc~ ~asi` omdc}asx azi pbasjbp~ gp lmx~p ) ) ) ‟M ~gp mi pbc ngx g oaij pmec) M dicz M zg~

gp g ~vmxmpsgo ksinpmai) M ks~p ~gp pbcxc gi` zgpnbc` pbc pxcc~ ea|c mi

pbc zmi` gi` pbc xm|cx loaz h}) M pbasjbp ghasp pbc n}noc~ gi` e} vognc

mi pbc zaxo`) M pxmc` pa lcco oaico} hsp M nasoì”p) M xcgom{c` pbgp M zaso`

ic|cx lcco ax pbmid pbc ~gec zg} gjgmi) M bg` goxcg`} nbgijc`) aec%

pbmij zmpbmi ec bg` eg`c sv mp~ emi` pa ~cc zbcxc pbm~ xag` zaso`

ocg`)―

Pbc} hcomc|c pbc} gxc pbc vmaiccx~ al g icz vogicpgx} gjc) Pbc} hcomc|c pbc

cgxpb zmoo hc xcia|gpc` gi` pbgp pbc} gxc pbc gjcip~ al ~snb xcia|gpmai)

‟Zbgp pbc em~~mai ecgi~ pa ec bg~ c|ao|c` gi` egpsxc` g~ M bg|c

hcnaec mi|ao|c` zmpb mp/ gi` mp hcnaec~ gvvgxcip pbgp zc zmoo hc mi%

~pxsecipgo mi zbgp m~ pa naec) Pbc lcz log~bc~ al pbc lspsxc pbgp M bg|c

xcncm|c` lxae pbc pcgnbcx~ egdc ec zai`cx ml M zmoo hc sv pa pbc nbgo%

ocijc ) ) ) M lasi` e}~col zgipmij goo pbc nbgoocijc~ pbc sim|cx~c naso`

jm|c ec ~a pbgp M naso` jxaz ciasjb pa hc mi|ao|c` mi zbgpc|cx pbc

pcgnbmij em~~mai zaso` hcnaec ) ) ) M bg|c zgmpc` goo e} omlc lax pbc

lsolmooecip al pbc vsxva~c pbgp M bg|c gozg}~ lcop zmpbmi ec) M zmoo iap

gooaz e} lcgx/ vxcks`mnc/ gi` ~col%oagpbmij pa ~pgi` mi pbc zg} al hc%

naemij zbgp pbc Lgpbcx mipci`c` ec pa hc) M zgipc` g pg~pc al mp ai pbm~

vogicp ) ) ) Zc goo icc` pa hcnaec vxakcnpax~ al pbc Lgpbcx”~ oa|c) M

bg|c crvcxmcinc` g lcz hxmcl log~bc~ al pbgp oa|c mi eaecip~ zbci e}

jsgx` zg~ àzi gi` M ngi pcoo }as pbgp mp”~ vapcip ec`mnmic) M zaso`

jm|c gi}pbmij pa hc ghoc pa ~vxcg` pbgp oa|c gxasi`) M pbmid M bg|c bg`jomev~c~ al zbgp pbm~ em~~mai m~ xcgoo} ghasp gi` M voc`jc e}~col gicz

c|cx} pmec M jcp gi crvgi`c` |mcz ) ) )―

Gp pbc eaecip al pbm~ zxmpmij pbc} gxc hcmij nai`mpmaic` pa icz gppmps`c~ al

xcgomp}/ pa `mllcxcip ecipgo lxgeczaxd~/ pa ~pxaij v~}nbmn xcg`ks~pecip~) Pbc} gxc

hcmij nai`mpmaic` pa gnncvp pbc mi~pxsnpmai~ al pbgp Eg~pcx Emi` zba bg~ jgmic`

cipx} mipa pbcmx emi`~/ zmpb g naipxao pbc} à iap xcnajim{c hcngs~c al pbc ~shpoc%

pmc~ al bm~ pcnbimwsc) Zbmoc bc m~ nai`mpmaimij pbce pbc} naipmisc pa hcomc|c pbc}

gxc lxcc gjcip~) Gi` pbc} zmoo naipmisc pa hcomc|c pbc} gxc lxcc gjcip~ g~ bc ocg`~

pbce mipa pbc ea~p baxxml}mij bsegi gnpmai al goo vogicpgx} pmec)

G nai~pgip pbcec xsi~ pbxasjb goo al pbc ec~~gjc~ xcncm|c` lxae pbgp ‟~vmxm%

psgo Ja`)―

‟Pbm~ pmec m~ mi`cc` pbc cgxo} ~pgjc~ al pbc em~~mai/ pbc pc~pmij jxasi`/

g~ mp zcxc) Gopbasjb pbm~ ~pgjc xcgnbc~ gxasi` pbc joahc/ mi pbc }cgx~

pa naec }as zmoo hgxco} xcnajim{c pbm~ em~~mai lax zbgp mp gvvcgx~ pa%

`g} ) ) ) ]as naincxi }asx~co|c~ a|cxesnb zmpb pbm~ vxanc~~/ hxcgdmij

}asx bcgxp~ gjgmi~p pbc xckcnpmai~ gi` pbc lgo~cic~~ pbgp gvvcgx pa



8 % Pbc Hmppcx Bgx|c~p al Jaòc~~ic~~ y7=y

hgppcx }as ) ) ) Pbc aspnaec~ gxc iap }asx~ ) ) ) Pbmid iap pbgp M zmoo

c|cx ghgiài }as g~ }as ~pxsjjoc ai pbm~ xand} gi` oaico} xag`/ gi`diaz pbgp zbcxc|cx va~~mhoc/ M zmoo iap aio} omjbp }asx vgpb/ hsp ~baz

}as pbc zai`cx~ pbgp goo zba ~ccd xcgomp} zmoo ~cc goaij pbc zg}) ]as

zmoo iap xcjxcp pbm~/ bazc|cx egi} `gxd basx~ }as es~p hcgx) Pbcxc

zmoo gozg}~ hc pbc omjbp ) ) ) ) ) ) pbcxc gxc ciasjb ~aso~ vxc~cip pa

emim~pcx pa zbcxc|cx }as vg~~ h}) ]as gxc pbc ocg|ci mi pbc àsjb) Iap

goo ngi hc pbc ocg|ci/ gi` pbcxc m~ ia ~bgec mi pbm~/ hsp }as zmoo omjbpci

pbc cipmxc vavsogpmai al pbc zaxo` ) ) ) Pxs~p mi ec4 pxs~p mi e} em~~mai

) ) ) Diaz pbgp M oa|c }as/ cgnb aic al }as/ pci`cxo} gi` pxso} gi`

vcx~aigoo}) Zbci }as gxc sincxpgmi/ e} ~vmxmp m~ zmpb }as/ e} emi` m~

g|gmoghoc pa }as ) ) )―

Pbc cevbg~m~ m~ emic)

Nbxm~pmgi~ ns~paegxmo} hcomc|c mi pza p}vc~ al `mghaomngo miloscinc) Pbc lmx~p m~

pbc ~vmxmp al ~mi zbmnb iaz vcx|g`c~ asx zaxo`/ g ~vmxmpsgo gpea~vbcxc zbmnb

nai`mpmai~ asx om|c~ hsp lxae zbmnb zc gxc ~glc g~ oaij g~ zc xcegmi pxsc pa Ja`

mi xmjbpcas~ic~~) Pbc ~cnai` m~ `mghaomngo va~~c~~mai mi zbmnb pbc |mnpme m~ ~sh%

kcnpc` pa gnpsgo ~cm{sxc h} c|mo ~vmxmp~) Pbc~c pxg`mpmaigo |mcz~ bg|c lxa{ci mipa

e}pbmngo iapmai~ zbmnb à iap xclocnp g xcnajimpmai al pbc pxsc xcgomp} al ^vmxmp

naipxao) C|ci pbasjb pbcmx ompcxgpsxc m~ lmooc` zmpb icz gjc naincxi~/ Nbxm~pmgi~ à

iap xcnajim{c pbc em`òc jxasi`/ zbcxc icmjbhax~ gi` lxmci`~ bg|c ~shkcnpc`

pbce~co|c~ pa ompcxgo ecipgo gi` v~}nbmn naipxao zbmoc jamij ghasp ax`migx} om|c~)

Pbc Vxminc m~ xcgo) Bc m~ gom|c) Bc m~ g vcx~aigomp}) Bc pbmid~) Bc vogi~) Bc

gnp~) Gi` bc zgpnbc~ pa ~cc zba zmoo hcnaec bm~ ~ai ax `gsjbpcx) Zbci zc

ompcxgoo} avci asx emi`~ pa bme bc xcg`mo} ksev~ mi) Gi` pbci zc hcnaec bm~)

Nbxm~pmgi~ ngiiap jxg~v pbc xcgomp} al om|mij ~vmxmp vcx~aigompmc~) Pbc} à iapsi`cx~pgi` pbgp pbc Vxminc m~ vgxp al pbc Dmijàe al Bcg|ci) Pbc} à iap gvvxc%

bci` pbgp pbc Dmijàe m~ xcgo) Pbc} bg|c iap laxesogpc` g ~nbcec zbmnb zaso`

vcxemp pbce pa vognc `mllcxcip ~vmxmp vcx~aigompmc~ zmpbmi pbc Dmijàe) Pbc} à

iap naincm|c al ~pxsnpsxc/ ax ~vgpmgo `meci~mai/ ax gèmim~pxgpm|c vsxva~c) Lax

pbce pbc Dmijàe al Bcg|ci m~ e}~pmngo/ zax`~ vxaiasinc` zmpbasp naipcip)

G icpzaxd al miloscinc iaz crm~p~ goo gxasi` asx joahc) Mp m~ iap g icpzaxd al

laxego bsegi ~pxsnpsxc) Lxae e} vcx~aigo naipgnp~ zmpb pbc~c vcavoc M diaz

pbc} bg|c bg` `mllmnsop} axjgim{mij) Pbc Vxminc àc~ iap zgip pbce pa hcnaec

axjgim{c` gp pbc bsegi oc|co4 pbc} zaso` mipcxlcxc zmpb bm~ vogi~) Bc zgip~ pa

egmipgmi mi`m|m`sgo naipxao zbmnb zmoo vcxemp bme pa `mxcnp pbcmx gnpmai~ g~ ~smp~ bm~

vsxva~c) Pbc icpzaxd m~ bm~/ iap pbcmx~)

Vgso pao` s~ pbgp pbc ja` al pbm~ gjc naec~ g~ gi gijco al omjbp) Bc bg~

gvvcgxc` pa mi`m|m`sgo~ mi pbc vg~p g~ g hcmij al omjbp) Hsp pbm~ m~ iap pbc ~mjimlm%nginc al pbc xc|cogpmai~ iaz hcmij jm|ci pa pbc ~cx|gip~ al pbc Vxminc) Bc zmoo

vxa|m`c pbce/ ompcxgoo}/ zmpb omjbp) Mp zmoo hc ~snb g vazcxlso miloscinc pbc} zmoo iap

hc ghoc pa `ci} mp) Mp zmoo jm|c pbce gh~aospc nai|mnpmai pbgp mp m~ lxae Ja` bme~col)

Gi` mp m~ N lxae pbcmx Ja`)




Mi`cc`/ pbc} zmoo ciomjbpci pbc cipmxc vavsogpmai al pbc zaxo`) Pbm~ zmoo hc g

zaxo`zm`c gnpmai/ pa nocgi~c pbc bsegi xgnc gnnax`mij pa bm~ nxmpcxmg) Gi` pbc}zmoo à ~a hcngs~c bc bg~ eg`c bm~ emi` g|gmoghoc pa pbce) Zbci bc avci~ bm~

emi` pa pbce pbc} zmoo ~cc bm~ omjbp) Mp zmoo gvvcgx joaxmas~ pa pbce)

Pbm~ ocg|c~ s~ zmpb g `m~psxhmij ~mpsgpmai) Nbxm~pmgi~ pa`g} gxc micllcnpm|c mi

pbzgxpmij pbm~ sv~sxjc al v~}nbmn ~anmgo laxegpmai~ hcngs~c pbc} ngiiap ~bgdc

pbc e}~pmngo gppmps`c~ mi zbmnb pbc} iaz ~psehoc) Baz egi} al pbce gxc zmoomij

pa jm|c nxc`mp pa pbc om|mij vazcx al pbm~ lgooci hcmij1 Baz egi} gxc zmoomij pa

gnncvp pbgp/ mi`cc`/ bc zmoo vxa|m`c ~snb omjbp1 Nbxm~pmgi~ gxc ~shkcnp pa `m~pax%

pmai~ al ~vmxmpsgo xcgompmc~ zbmnb vxc|cip pbce lxae naipxmhspmij pa pbc ~go|gpmai al

Ja`”~ vcavoc)

Pbm~ ecgi~ pbgp pbc zmpic~~c~ zba zmoo hc hxasjbp sv hclaxc ja|cxiax~ gi`

dmij~ gi` hclaxc nbsxnbc~ gi` ~}igjajsc~ zmoo iap naec lxae pbc xgid~ al ax`m%

igx} Nbxm~pmgi~) Pbc} es~p hc lxae apbcx vognc~ zba bg|c gi si`cx~pgi`mij al

pbc xcgomp} al pbm~ lgooci hcmij/ gi` zba bg|c hcci vxcvgxc` lax pbm~ ~cx|mnc)

Pbm~ àc~ iap ecgi pbgp g lcz Nbxm~pmgi~ bcxc gi` pbcxc eg} iap hcnaec

vgxp al pbc zmpic~~ ~cx|mnc) Hsp mp àc~ ecgi pbgp pbc xgid gi` lmoc al Nbxm~pmgi~

zmoo iap hc ghoc pa ~cx|c mi pbm~ ngvgnmp}) Pbc} gxc paa nai~pxgmic` h} pbcmx nai|ci%

pmaigo gi` pxg`mpmaigo e}pbmngo gi` e}~pmngo iapmai~)

Pbc Dmijàe al Bcg|ci

Egpp 80;76%70 Gi` pbci egi} zmoo lgoo gzg}/ gi` hcpxg} aic giapbcx/

gi` bgpc aic giapbcx) Gi` egi} lgo~c vxavbcp~ zmoo gxm~c gi` ocg`

egi} g~pxg}) Gi` hcngs~c zmndcìc~~ m~ esopmvomc`/ ea~p eci”~ oa|c

zmoo jxaz nao`) Hsp bc zba ci`sxc~ pa pbc ci` zmoo hc ~g|c`) Gi` pbm~

ja~vco al pbc dmijàe zmoo hc vxcgnbc` pbxasjbasp pbc zbaoc zaxo`/ g~g pc~pmeai} pa goo igpmai~4 gi` pbci pbc ci` zmoo naec)

Pbc ja~vco vxcgnbc` gp pbc ci` al pbc gjc m~ pbc ja~vco al pbc Dmijàe/ iap

pbc ja~vco al vcx~aigo ~go|gpmai) Pbm~ m~ iap pa ~g} pbgp vcx~aigo ~go|gpmai zg~ iap

pbc hs~mic~~ al Ja` a|cx pbc vg~p pza pbas~gi` }cgx~) Vgso zg~ naeem~~maic` pa

pgdc pbgp ja~vco pa pbc Jcipmoc~) Pbc apbcx gva~poc~ si`cx~paa` pbcmx ~cx|mnc go~a

g~ pbgp al pbc ja~vco al vcx~aigo ~go|gpmai pbxasjb pbc omlc/ `cgpb gi` xc~sxxcnpmai

al Kc~s~/ zba hcngec g ~g|max pa goo ecehcx~ al pbc bsegi xgnc)

Hsp iaz Ja` bg~ g `mllcxcip icc`; pa ~go|gjc pbm~ vogicp gi` bm~ vcavoc ai

pbm~ vogicp) Nbxm~pmgi pbcaoajmc~ gi` |mcz~ gxc iap g`cwsgpc pa pbgp pg~d) Nbxm~%

pmgi~ gxc sigzgxc al pbc gèmim~pxgpm|c ~pxsnpsxc al pbc Dmijàe/ ax c|ci pbc

oangpmai al pbgp Dmijàe) N) ^) Oczm~/ aic al pbcmx lg|axmpc nbgevmai~/ ~pgpc` mp

~snnminpo};



8 % Pbc Hmppcx Bgx|c~p al Jaòc~~ic~~ y87y

‟Zbgp zc icc` lax pbc eaecip m~ iap ~a esnb g ha`} al hcomcl g~ g

ha`} al vcavoc lgemomgxm{c` zmpb ncxpgmi m`cg~) Ml zc naso` c|ci cllcnpmi aic vcx ncip al asx xcg`cx~ g nbgijc%a|cx lxae pbc naincvpmai al

^vgnc pa pbc naincvpmai al Bcg|ci/ zc ~baso` bg|c eg`c g hcjmi%

imij)―

Pbc Dmijàe al Bcg|ci m~ zmpbmi ~vgnc gi` pmec) Pbc lgooci Aic zgipc` pa

g~nci` gha|c pbc ~pgx~/ pa vognc bm~ pbxaic ai pbc Easip al G~~ceho} mi pbc lgx

iaxpb/ gha|c pbc bcmjbp~ al pbc noas`~/ gi` egdc bme~col omdc pbc Ea~p Bmjb/ M~g

70;7>%70) Pbc lgx iaxpb ngiiap hc mi ~aec e}~pmngo bcg|ci4 mp es~p bg|c g ~vg%

pmgo xclcxcinc mi g pbxcc%`meci~maigo sim|cx~c) Hsp Nbxm~pmgi~ bg|c ia si`cx~pgi`mij

al ~snb egppcx~/ mi ~vmpc al pbc xc|cogpmai~ pbc} ngxx} zmpb pbce pa nbsxnb cgnb

^si`g} eaximij) Pbc} diaz pbcxc gxc Emnbgco~/ gi` g Jghxmco/ gi` egi}

Econbm{c`cd~/ gi` ~cxgvbme gi` nbcxshme/ hsp pbc} bg|c iap pbc ~omjbpc~p iapmai

baz pbc} xcogpc pa aic giapbcx) Emnbgco m~ g Nbmcl Vxminc/ g Vxminc gha|c goo

Vxminc~/ @gi 76;7>/ hsp Nbxm~pmgi~ à iap diaz zbgp pbgp ecgi~) Lsxpbcxeaxc/

bc m~ aio} aic al egi} Nbmcl Vxminc~/ hsp Nbxm~pmgi~ locc/ lxmjbpcic` h} ~snb

xc|cogpmai~)

Zbci pbm~ ja~vco al pbc Dmijàe m~ vxcgnbc` pa goo igpmai~ pbc ci` zmoo

naec) Pbc ja~vco al pbc Dmijàe ngiiap hc vxcgnbc` sipmo g `xgegpmn nbgijc

mi zaxo` gppmps`c annsx~/ sipmo Nbxm~pmgi~ gxc zmoomij pa xccrgemic zbcxc pbc} ~pgi`)

Gi` pbc} zmoo iap xccrgemic zbcxc pbc} ~pgi` sipmo pbc} gxc hxasjbp asp al pbcmx

gxxajginc pa pbcmx dicc~ mi eaxc ncxpgmi bsemomp}) Gi` pbgp ~pxmdmij xc~sop zmoo aio}

hc hxasjbp h} vcx~cnspmai sipa `cgpb) Asx Ja` zmoo nbgijc pbc gppmps`c~ al pbm~

zaxo`/ gi` bc zmoo s~c pbc @c|mo pa à mp) Asx Ja` zmoo hxmij g ~vmxmpsgo ks`jecip

svai goo al s~/ gi` zc `c~cx|c mp)

Zbgp zmoo eci gi` zaeci à zbci pbc ~ogsjbpcx naec~1 Zba ngi hcpxs~pc`1 Baz egi} zmoo ~ccd pa ~g|c pbcmx ~dmi~ h} hcpxg}mij icmjbhax gi` lxmci`

gi` hxapbcx1 Zbgp zmoo hcnaec al goo pbc hxapbcxo} oa|c zbmnb ~a egi} c~vas~c

pa`g}1 Zc goo ngi egdc nogme~ al asx xc~vcnp lax apbcx~/ gi` pbc ‟Nbxm~pmgi―

lcooaz~bmv zc ~bgxc/ zmpbmi g naelaxpghoc gi` ~glc ~anmgo ci|mxaiecip) Hsp zc

zmoo psxi gi gopajcpbcx `mllcxcip lgnc zbci `cgpb naec~ pa asx àax~pcv)

Egi} lgo~c vxavbcp~ zmoo gxm~c) Pba~c zba pcgnb pbgp Ja`”~ vcavoc zmoo hc

xc~nsc` lxae goo pxashoc gi` zac gxc lgo~c vxavbcp~) Pba~c lgo~c vxavbcp~ gxc mi

egi} Nbxm~pmgi vsovmp~ gxasi` pbm~ vogicp)

Hsp pbc pxso} zmndc` lgo~c vxavbcp~ zmoo hc pba~c zba ~cx|c pbc lgooci Vxminc)

Pbc} zmoo pcgnb g icz zaxo` ax`cx/ gi` nogme pbce~co|c~ g~ pbc gjcip~ al pbgp icz

ax`cx) Pbc} zmoo hcomc|c pbc} gxc ~cx|mij Nbxm~p) Gi` pbc} zmoo ocg` egi} g~pxg})

Ja` m~ hxmijmij g ~vmxmpsgo ks`jecip svai egidmi`) Eci gi` zaeci c|cx}%

zbcxc zmoo ~baz pbcmx pxsc naoax~ mi g pmec al pxmgo pbm~ zaxo` bg~ ic|cx hclaxczmpic~~c`)




NBGVPCX PBXCC

Pbc Vxminc al Pbm~ Zaxo`

Kabi 70;>6 M ia oaijcx zmoo ~vcgd egi} pbmij~ zmpb }as; lax pbc

Vxminc al pbm~ zaxo` m~ naemij) Gi` bc bg~ iapbmij mi ec) Hsp

pbgp pbc zaxo` eg} diaz pbgp M oa|c pbc Lgpbcx/ gi` g~ pbc

Lgpbcx bg~ naeegi`c` ec/ ~a à M)

Gi} wsc~pmai zc emjbp bg|c ai pbc mipcjxmp} al Kabi”~ pcrp/ g~ mp bg~ naec

àzi pa s~/ ~baso` iap `cpcx s~ lxae nocgx xcnajimpmai pbgp Kc~s~ eg`c |cx}

mevaxpgip xcegxd~ pa bm~ gva~poc~ gi` `m~nmvoc~/ gi` pbgp bc dcvp pba~c xcegxd~

pa pbc ci` al bm~ g~~anmgpmai zmpb pbce) Bc xc~cx|c` pba~c zgximij~ lax pbc ci` al

bm~ omlc) Xc|cogpmai al g ~c|cxc xcomjmas~ vcx~cnspmai/ gi` iapmnc pbgp g xchco ~vmxmp

vcx~aigomp} zg~ iaz naemij ai pbm~ zaxo`/ ~baso` bcov s~ si`cx~pgi`)

Silaxpsigpco}/ zc ea`cxi vcavoc oa~p pbc xcgomp} al ~vmxmp pxgi~gnpmai~) Zbci

zc `m`/ zc avcic` pbc àax pa pbm~ xchco ~vmxmp) Ginmcip vcavoc gnncvpc` ~snb

va~~mhmompmc~4 apbcxzm~c Kc~s~ zaso` iap bg|c g``xc~~c` pbce g~ bc `m`) Bc zaso`

iap egdc xcegxd~ pbgp zcxc papgoo} ah~nsxc pa bm~ gva~poc~) Pbc} ngxxmc` ~mjimlm%

ngip zcmjbp lax Kabi) Cevbgpmngoo}/ Kabi vognc` pbce gp g nxsnmgo vamip mi bm~

gnnasip) Pbs~/ lax pza pbas~gi` }cgx~/ g |cx} mevaxpgip zgximij lxae Kc~s~ zg~

vxc~cx|c`)

Ngi zc icjocnp pbc pc~pmeai} al pbc Icz Pc~pgecip1 Pbc m`cg pbgp g xchco^vmxmp Vcx~aigomp} zg~ gi meec`mgpc pbxcgp pa c|cx}aic m~ g egkax pbcec al Nbxm~%

pmgimp}) Pbc gspbax al 7 Vcpcx ~gm` pbgp bc vxazo~ ghasp/ ~ccdmij pa `c|asx/ 3;2)

Pbc gspbax al pbc ocppcx al Kgec~ ~pgpc` pbgp ml zc xc~m~p bme bc zmoo locc/ 0;:) Kabi

pao` s~ mi Xc| 78;78 pbgp bc iaz naec~ zmpb crncc`mij gijcx hcngs~c bc diaz~

bm~ pmec m~ ~baxp) ^snb ~pxaij pxg`mpmai bg` ~aom` lasi`gpmai mi pbc pcgnbmij~ al

Kc~s~) Hsp ea`cxi jcicxgpmai~ oa~p naipgnp zmpb pbc xcgomp}) Zc xc~axpc` pa e}pba%

oajmngo megjc~ al pbm~ Jxcgp Hcmij) Mi asx àshp gi` `m~hcomcl zc nxcgpc` ~dcvpm%

nm~e ghasp bm~ pxsc vazcx/ pa jm|c pbc Vxminc lxccàe pa crcxnm~c bm~ `mghaomngo

~nbcec~)

Zc |mczc` pbm~ Vxminc g~ g @c|mo ax ^gpgi/ zba/ ~aecbaz ax apbcx/ zg~

gxasi` asx vogicp `cncm|mij egidmi`) Zc `m` iap jxg~v bme g~ g xcgo vcx~aigomp}

hcip ai ompcxgoo} `c~pxa}mij egidmi`)

Kc~s~ gnnax`c` bme baiax) ‟Vxminc― m~ lxae Jxccd gxnbai) Mp ecgi~ Xsocx /gi` m~ gvvomc` pa Kc~s~ g~ Vxminc al pbc dmij~ al pbc cgxpb/ Xc| 7;3 "DK\-/ pa xsocx~

al pbc igpmai~/ Egpp 86;83/ ks`jc~ gi` egjm~pxgpc~/ Gnp~ 7<;7=/ gi` xsocx~ al pbc

~}igjajsc~/ Egpp =;72) Mp m~ go~a pxgi~ogpc` Vxminc h} hapb DK\ gi` X^\ mi Egpp

=;>0 gi` 78;80) Mp `ciapc~ xsomij gspbaxmp}) Pbm~ Vxminc zg~ g~~mjic` gèmim%

~pxgpm|c xc~vai~mhmomp} lax asx zaxo`)



>% Pbc Vxminc al Pbm~ Zaxo` y8>y

Pbc Jxccd zax` da~ea~ m~ pxgi~ogpc` zaxo`) Hsp mp ecgip esnb eaxc) Mp

ecgip ax`cx / g~ mipcoomjcipo} vogiic`/ gxxgijcecip / g~ vsxva~clso `c~mji/ ax cehcoom~becip ax `cnaxgpmai/ g~ pbgp h} zbmnb Ja` hoc~~c` nxcgpmai) Pbm~ zax` m~

pbc axmjmi al pbc Cijom~b zax` na~ea~) Mi Xae 7;86 mp m~ s~c` lax pbc sim|cx~c/

xcnajim{c` h} pbc Jxccd~ lax pbc ax`cx ah~cx|ghoc zmpbmi mp) Mi ea~p gvvomngpmai~

mi pbc Icz Pc~pgecip mp ecgip pbc cgxpb g~ g ha`} zmpbmi pbc ax`cx al nxcgpmai/

pbc vogicp) Pbm~ zax` es~p hc `m~pmijsm~bc` lxae gmai/ pbc Jxccd zax` lax ‟gjc)―

Pbs~/ pbc Vxminc al pbm~ Zaxo` ecgip g `m~pminp vcx~aigomp}/ xsocx al pbm~ vogicp)

Ml zc s~c` ea`cxi pcxemiaoaj} zc emjbp eaxc xcg`mo} si`cx~pgi` bme g~ Vxminc

al pbm~ Vogicp ) Mi eaxc laxego pcxe~ zc emjbp ~g} Vogicpgx} Vxminc/ g~ g pmpoc al

oaxò} gèmim~pxgpm|c gspbaxmp})

@m` Kc~s~ bg|c vazcx pa xcea|c bme1 Ncxpgmio}) Bc m~ pbc Nxcgpax4 bc m~

Ja`) Pbm~ Vxminc zg~ g `m|mico} nxcgpc` hcmij) @m|mic hcmij~ à iap crm~p gi` à

iap lsinpmai zmpbasp pbc nai~cip/ gvvxa|go gi` hoc~~mij al pbcmx Nxcgpax)

Zb}/ pbci/ `m` Kc~s~ vcxemp bme pa xcegmi1 Zb} `m` Kc~s~ iap xcea|c pbm~

`mghaomngo vcx~aigomp}1

Kc~s~ zg~ laooazmij bm~ Lgpbcx”~ zmoo) Kc~s~ `m` iap vcxemp pbc Vxminc pa

xcegmi ~pxmnpo} hcngs~c mp zg~ bm~ azi zmoo) Kc~s~ ~vadc vogmio} ghasp mp4 bc bg`

iapbmij mi bme) Bc zgipc` iapbmij pa à zmpb pbm~ lgooci Vxminc) Pbc xchco bg`

oaij ~minc pgdci bm~ azi `c|mas~ vgpb/ iap gomjic` zmpb bm~ Nxcgpax) Bc zg~ g

xchco/ vsxc gi` ~mevoc) Pbc Lgpbcx zgipc` pbm~ xchco pa xcegmi bcxc) Pbm~ pbc

Lgpbcx bg` naeegi`c`/ gi` pbm~ Kc~s~ zaso` à) GG~ pbc Lgpbcx bg~ naeegi`c`

ec/ ~a à M)F Pbc zmoo al Kc~s~ zg~ mi vcxlcnp gomjiecip zmpb pbc zmoo al pbc Lgpbcx)

Zc ~baso` milcx pbgp pbc Lgpbcx bg` xcg~ai~ zbmnb es~p hc lax pbc jxcgpcx

hciclmp al nxcgpmai/ gi` lax goo bm~ nxcgpc` nbmo`xci/ xcg~ai~ zbmnb zc à iap iaz

gvvxcnmgpc/ gi` xcg~ai~ zbmnb Kc~s~ `m` iap `m~ns~~)

Pbc Naemij al pbc Xchco Vxminc

Mi ax`cx pa eaxc nocgxo} `cpcxemic pbc ~vmxmpsgo miloscinc al pbm~ xchco M ~bgoo

iaz crgemic pbc vbxg~c~ mi pbm~ vg~~gjc lxae Kabi 70;>6/ gi` pbc apbcx pza

xclcxcinc~ mi Kabi 78;>7 gi` 7<;77)

‟Naemij― m~ lxae Jxccd cxnbaegm) Mp m~ g lxcwscip |cxh/ `ciapmij pa naec/

pa ja/ ax pa vg~~) Mi Egpp 77;> pza gva~poc~ al Kabi pbc Hgvpm~p miwsmxc` ml Kc~s~

zg~ pbc naemij aic/ pbc Ec~~mgb) Pbc xcegxd mi Kabi 70;>6 zg~ mipci`c` pa

mi`mngpc pbgp pbc Vxminc al pbm~ Zaxo` m~ iaz naemij/ m)c) zmoo hc vcxemppc` pa

vcxlaxe bm~ `mghaomngo zaxd) Kc~s~ `m` iap ~vcnmlmngoo} ~g} zbci pbm~ ‟naemij―

zaso` pgdc vognc) Hsp bc jg|c s~ zgximij)

‟Iapbmij― m~ lxae Jxccd as`ci) Mp ecgip iaha`}/ iapbmij / iaic) Mp zg~ gi

cevbgpmn zax` zbmnb xcea|c` goo va~~mhmomp} pbgp bc bg` gi} naiicnpmai zmpbKc~s~” jago~/ zg~ mi pbc ~gec ~vmxmp al mipcip zmpb Kc~s~/ ax zg~ gomjic` zmpb pbc

zmoo al Kc~s~) Pbm~ Vxminc bg` iapbmij mi Kc~s~)




‟Mi― m~ lxae Jxccd ci) Mp m~ s~c` mi g zm`c |gxmcp} al gvvomngpmai~/ ~snb g~

svai/ geaij / hclaxc/ mi pbc vxc~cinc al / zmpb/ gi` ~a ai) Mi Egxd 3;8 mp m~ pxgi~%ogpc` g~ zmpb gi sinocgi ~vmxmp ) Mi Kabi 70;>6 Kc~s~ ecgip pbgp pbc Vxminc al pbm~

Zaxo`/ pbm~ Vogicpgx} Vxminc/ bg~ gh~aospco} iapbmij pa à zmpb bme) Bc m~ g xchco)

‟Ks`jecip― m~ lxae Jxccd dxm~m~) Pbc zax` ecgip pa ~cvgxgpc/ ax pa egdc g

`m~pminpmai hcpzcci/ pa ks`jc/ gi` pa ~cipcinc)

‟Ng~p asp― m~ lxae Jxccd cdhgooa) Mp ecgip pa ng~p asp / ckcnp h} laxnc/ ax

crvco ) G ea`ml}mij zax`/ cda/ ecgip asp~m`c) Pbc Vxminc al pbm~ Zaxo` zaso` hc

cdhompbm~cpgm cda/ ng~p asp/ naevocpco} xcea|c` lxae crm~pcinc) Hsp iap hclaxc

bm~ naemij) Bc zaso` hc vcxemppc` pa à bm~ `mghaomngo zaxd) Bc zaso` hc jm|ci

gevoc avvaxpsimp} pa `ceai~pxgpc pbc ks~pmnc al pbc ks`jecip vognc` svai bme)

Asx Ja` m~ g Ja` al ecxn}4 bc m~ ecxnmlso pa goo bm~ nxcgpc` nbmo`xci) Bc zmoo

crpci` lsoo ecxn} avvaxpsimp} pa pbm~ xchco âi) Gi` bc zmoo crpci` ecxn} avvax%

psimp} pa goo bsegi hcmij~ pa `ceai~pxgpc pbcmx ~vmxmpsgo oa}gopmc~) Hsp bc ngiiap

allcx ~snb ecxn} zmpbasp ~vmxmpsgo pxmgo) Kc~s~ m~ s~mij pbm~ xchco pa `cpcxemic asx

pxsc oa}gopmc~)

Pbc Ja` al Pbm~ Gjc

8 Naxmipbmgi~ 0;>%0 Gi` c|ci ml asx ja~vco m~ |cmoc`/ mp m~

|cmoc` aio} pa pba~c zba gxc vcxm~bmij) Mi pbcmx ng~c pbc ja` al

pbm~ gjc bg~ homi`c` pbc emi`~ al pbc sihcomc|cx~/ pa dccv

pbce lxae ~ccmij pbc omjbp al pbc ja~vco al pbc joax} al Nbxm~p/

zba m~ pbc omdcic~~ al Ja`)

Mi 8 Nax 0;0 ‟ja`― m~ lxae Jxccd pbca~) Mi pbc vao}pbcm~e al pbc Jxccd~ pbc

zax` `ciapc` g ja` ax `cmp}) ^cc Gnp~ 70;77/ 7=;8</ 82;</ gi` Jgo 0;2) PbcJxccd zax` zg~ gvvxavxmgpc` h} Kcz~ mi pbcmx Jxccd%~vcgdmij naeesimpmc~/ gi`

xcpgmic` h} Nbxm~pmgi~ pa `ciapc pbc aic pxsc Ja`) Mi pbc ^cvpsgjmip pbca~ pxgi~%

ogpc~ pbc Bchxcz zax` Coabme)

Pbm~ zax` ~baso` hc `m~pmijsm~bc` lxae ]gbzcb/ pbc Bchxcz igec lax Ja`/

zbmnb zg~ jm|ci pa pbc pxmhc~ al M~xgco gp Ep) ^migm) ]gbzcb m~ pxgi~ogpc` mi ~c|cxgo

Cijom~b |cx~mai~ g~ OAX@) Mi pbc ^cvpsgjmip mp zg~ pxgi~ogpc` g~ Dsxma~/ pbc Jxccd

zax` lax Oax`) Bazc|cx/ pbc ^cvpsgjmip zg~ minai~m~pcip4 ~aecpmec~ ml zaso`

pxgi~ogpc ]gbzcb g~ Pbca~/ `cvci`mij ai naipcrp) M cevbg~m{c pbgp ]gbzcb m~ g

igec/ gi` iap gi g`kcnpm|c al xa}go `c~mjigpmai) Pbc pxgi~ogpmai~ gxc minaxxcnp

zbci pbc} pxgi~ogpc ]gbzcb g~ Oax`)

G~ M mi`mngpc` pbc zax` pxgi~ogpc` zaxo` h} ea~p al pbc |cx~mai~ m~ lxae

Jxccd gmaia~) Gmai `ciapc~ gi gjc ax gi cxg/ g ~mjimlmngip vcxma` al pmec4 mp àc~

iap ecgi pbc zaxo`) Pxgi~ogpmai g~ zaxo` m~ minaxxcnp gi` bg~ mipxa`snc` jxa~~

nails~mai mi asx si`cx~pgi`mij) Mi lgnp/ pbc ea`cxi pxgi~ogpmai~ vxahgho} xclocnp

g `c~mxc pa ~pccx nocgx al pbc pxsc ~mjimlmnginc al pbc pcxe) Gmaia~ m~ mi`cpcxemigpc

g~ pa `sxgpmai/ al sidiazi ocijpb/ gopbasjb mp àc~ iap icnc~~gxmo} ecgi sici`%

mij) Pbc milocnpc` laxe gmaimai m~ pxgi~ogpc` c|cxog~pmij ax cpcxigo/ mi Egpp 83;07/

Xae 7<;8</ 8 Nax 0;72/ gi` ~a ai)



>% Pbc Vxminc al Pbm~ Zaxo` y83y

H} ~bmlpmij cevbg~m~ al pbc zax` gcai lxae gjc pa zaxo` ea`cxi pxgi~ogpax~

vognc` g |cmo a|cx pbc ~mjimlmnginc al pbc vxc~cinc al pbm~ ‟ja`― ai pbm~ vogicp)Kc~s~ zg~ ocg|mij gi` iaz vcxemppc` bme pa naec) ^minc pbgp naemij pbc Vxminc

bg~ bco` pbc zaxo` mi bm~ jxmv) Mi pbc @cg` ^cg ^nxaoo~ pbm~ miloscinc ai pbc vxc~cip

gjc m~ `c~mjigpc` g~ pbc Cxg al Zxgpb) Gopbasjb bc zg~ `cimc` xsocx~bmv zbci bc

zg~ ng~p àzi/ bm~ vazcx `m` iap ci`) G~ g ~vmxmp vcx~aigomp} bc m~ ghasp pa vcx%

laxe g `xgegpmn gnp mi `clmginc gjgmi~p bm~ Nxcgpax)

Zbcpbcx Kc~s~ s~c` Jxccd gxnbai/ ecgimij Vxminc ax Xsocx/ ax ml Vgso s~c`

Jxccd pbca~/ pbc `c~mjigpmai m~ aic al xa}go ncoc~pmgo ~pgps~) Pbm~ vcx~aigomp} zg~

g ~vmxmp gèmim~pxgpax gvvamipc` pa xsocx~bmv al pbm~ vogicp)

Vgso zxapc pa g zaxo` cehc``c` mi vgjgi m`cg~ al bcg|cio} xcgoe~ vavs%

ogpc` h} pbc ja`~) Pbc Jxccd~/ Xaegi~/ Cj}vpmgi~/ Vbacimnmgi~/ Vbx}jmgi~/

Hgh}oaimgi~ gi` apbcx ~sxxasi`mij vcavoc goo hcomc|c` pbc ~dmc~ zcxc xsoc` h} pbc

ja`~) Ia egppcx baz `chg~c`/ e}pbaoajm{c`/ vgjgim{c`/ bsegim{c`/ ax nax%

xsvpc`/ pbc ncipxgo naincvp zg~ aic al xsocx~bmv h} ~vmxmp cipmpmc~) Pbc} gxc me%

eaxpgo4 pbc} gxc ~vmxmp vcx~aigompmc~4 bcinc pbc} zcxc xcjgx`c` g~ ja`~) Zbci

Vgso s~c` pbc zax` ja` bm~ gs`mcinc xcg`mo} si`cx~paa` bm~ mipcip) Aio} ea`cxi

vcavoc/ lgx xcea|c` lxae pbc ~anmgo emomcs al pba~c `g}~/ gi` si`cx pbc homiìc~~

zxasjbp h} pbm~ xchco vcx~aigomp}/ zaso` lgmo pa xcnajim{c Vgso”~ ecgimij)

Vgso cevbg~m{c` pbc `mllcxcinc hcpzcci pbm~ ja` zba zg~ jm|ci gèmim~pxg%

pm|c vazcx/ gi` Kc~s~/ zba zg~ mi pbc omdcic~~ al Ja` pbc Lgpbcx/ lgx ~svcxmax pa goo

oc~~cx ja`~/ minos`mij pbc ja` al pbm~ gjc) Kc~s~/ g~ asx Nxcgpax/ m~ g Ja` zba

`ceai~pxgpc~ pxsc xmjbpcas~ic~~ gi` joax})

Vgso nailmxe~ pbc lgnp al zaxo` ~vmxmpsgo vazcx/ jxgipc` h} Ja` pa pbc ja` al

pbm~ gjc/ lax g vcxma` al si~vcnmlmc` `sxgpmai)

Egi} Ja`~ gi` Egi} Oax`~

7 Naxmipbmgi~ 2;3 Lax gopbasjb pbcxc eg} hc ~a%ngooc` ja`~

mi bcg|ci ax ai cgxpb/ g~ mi`cc` pbcxc gxc egi} ja`~ gi`

egi} oax`~/ }cp lax s~ pbcxc m~ aic Ja`/ pbc Lgpbcx/ lxae zbae

goo pbmij~ gxc gi` lax zbae zc crm~p/ gi` aic Oax`/ Kc~s~

Nbxm~p/ pbxasjb zbae gxc goo pbmij~ gi` pbxasjb zbae zc cr%

m~p)

Mi pbm~ vg~~gjc ja`~ m~ lxae pbcm/ pbc Jxccd vosxgo al pbca~)

Bcxc Vgso ~svvaxp~ g pbcec al ncoc~pmgo xsocx~bmv) @m` bc s~c pbc pcxe

‟~a%ngooc`― hcngs~c ncoc~pmgo vcx~aigompmc~/ pbc ja`~ N

g) à iap crm~p gi` gxc ~a%ngooc` asp al megjmigx} vgjgi e}pbaoaj}/ ax

h) gnpsgoo} crm~p hsp gxc iap ja`~ mi pbc ~ci~c pbgp pbc} ~baso` hc zax%

~bmvvc`1

Vbmoa/ lax crgevoc/ gxjsc` pbgp/ zbmoc pbcxc m~ hsp aic ~a|cxcmji Ja`/ bc bg~

naeem~~maic` egi} oc~~cx gspbaxmpmc~ gi` emim~pcxmij gijco~ pa ~cx|c bm~ vsx%

va~c) Vgso zg~ crvxc~~mij pbc ~gec si`cx~pgi`mij) Pbc ‟ja`― al pbm~ gjc zaso`




hc aic zba zg~ naeem~~maic`/ hsp g xchco zba m~ iaz mi ~vmxmpsgo vazcx/ homi`mij

pbc emi`~ al pba~c zba à iap hcomc|c) Pbcmx si`cx~pgi`mij zg~ nai`mpmaic` h} g`c~mxc lax ~eaapb pbmij~)

Pbc nailmxemij vgxcipbcpmngo xcegxd/ ‟g~ mi`cc` pbcxc gxc egi} ja`~ gi`

egi} oax`~/― bg~ hcci |gxmas~o} mipcxvxcpc` pa xckcnp pbc va~~mhmomp} pbgp Ja` bg~

naeem~~maic` egi} oc~~cx ja`~ gi` oax`~ g~ gèmim~pxgpax~ mi pbc ncoc~pmgo xcgoe~)

Aic naeecipgpax `c~nxmhc` mp g~ mxaimn/ ecgimij pbgp Vgso `m` iap mipci` g

ompcxgo ~pgpcecip/ hsp zg~ ~vcgdmij mi mxai}/ xclocnpmij ai vxc|gmomij ~anmgo gppm%

ps`c~) Giapbcx `c~nxmhc` mp g~ lcomnmpas~/ vgpxaim{mij bm~ ~vmxmpm~p%emi`c` Naxmipbmgi

gs`mcinc/ hsp gjgmi iap ompcxgoo} pxsc) ^pmoo giapbcx naeecipgpax xcegxdc` pbgp

‟ Vgso”~ zax`mij ) ) ) m~ iap pa hc pgdci pa gllmxe pbgp pbc ja`~ gi` oax`~ al pbc

vgjgi xcomjmai~ bg|c ~aec ~axp al crm~pcinc)― Vgso ‟m~ iap gllmxemij pbgp pbc~c

ja`~ bg|c gnpsgo xcgomp}/ lax pbm~ zaso` hc `mxcnpo} naipxgx} pa Kczm~b%Nbxm~pmgi

lgmpb pbgp pbcxc m~ ia Ja` hsp aic)― Pbc naeecipgpax~ pbs~ xclocnp vxc|gmomij

gppmps`c~ pbgp pbcxc gxc ia naeem~~maic` ~vmxmp xsocx~ mi pbc bcg|cio} xcgoe~ zba

eg} hc ngooc` ja`~ gi` oax`~)

Bazc|cx/ Vgso zg~ cevbgpmn al pbcmx gnpsgo crm~pcinc) Mi`cc`/ pbcxc gxc egi}

ja`~ gi` egi} oax`~ mi pbc bcg|cio} xcgoe~/ meeaxpgo ~vmxmp hcmij~ zba `c~cx|c

bsegi xc~vcnp) Hsp lax s~ pbcxc m~ aio} aic Ja`/ pbc Lgpbcx/ gi` aic Oax`/ Kc~s~)

Aio} pbc} gxc pa hc zax~bmvc`) Gppcevp~ pa xc`snc pbc ~mjimlmnginc al Vgso”~

xcegxd `cimc~ pbc |gosc al bm~ ~pgpcecip/ gi` cosnm`gpmai al asx si`cx~pgi`mij)

Pbc ea`cxi zaxo`/ zbcpbcx ~cnsogx/ Kczm~b/ ax Nbxm~pmgi/ `m` iap zgip pa

si`cx~pgi`) Pbc xcg~ai lax pbm~ xc`snpmai mi xcgomp} m~ ~mevoc; ml pbc @c|mo ia oaijcx

crm~pc`/ ml bc zg~ ia eaxc pbgi e}pbaoajmngo/ bc naso` iap hc al `gijcx) Bc pbci

zg~ aio} g bgxeoc~~ megjc mi pba~c Nbxm~pmgi/ Kczm~b/ gi` ~cnsogx emi`~) Bc

naso` vxancc` zmpb bm~ `mghaomngo zaxd siavva~c`) Gi` pbgp m~ crgnpo} zbcxc zc

gxc pa`g}) Zc bsegi eaxpgo~ vcxemppc` gi ci|mxaiecip zbmnb jg|c bme lxccxcmji) Gi` goo hcngs~c zc `m` iap xcegmi xmjbpcas~ gi` pxsc pa Ja`

Pbc jxcgpc~p `cncvpmai pbc @c|mo c|cx pgsjbp zg~ pa ocg` s~ pa hcomc|c bc `m`

iap crm~p)

Pbc Vxminc al pbc Vazcx al pbc Gmx

Cvbc~mgi~ 8;8 Mi zbmnb }as pbci zgodc`/ gnnax`mij pa pbc gjc

al pbm~ zaxo`/ gnnax`mij pa pbc Vxminc al pbc vazcx al pbc gmx/

pbc ~vmxmp iaz avcxgpmij mi pbc nbmo`xci al `m~ahc`mcinc)

‟Vazcx― m~ lxae Jxccd cras~mg) Mp ecgip lxccàe al gnpmai/ pbc xmjbp ax

gspbaxmp} pa gnp) Pbm~ vcx~aigomp} bg~ gspbaxmp} lxae Ja` pa gnp/ gnnax`mij pa bm~

ncoc~pmgo ~pgps~)

‟Gmx― m~ lxae Jxccd gcx ) Mp annsx~ ~c|ci pmec~ mi pbc Icz Pc~pgecip)

Mi lm|c gvvomngpmai~ gcx ecgi~ pbc gpea~vbcxc4 mi pbc apbcx pza/ al zbmnb

Cvb 8;8 m~ aic/ mp naso` ngxx} g ecgimij al g ~vmxmpsgo gpea~vbcxc/ ax gi gpea%

~vbcxc iap vb}~mngoo} |m~mhoc) Pbm~ ogppcx ~ci~c eg} go~a hc mevomc` mi 7 Pbc~ 0;7:)



>% Pbc Vxminc al Pbm~ Zaxo` y8:y

Gjgmi/ g~ zmpb goo apbcx xc|cogpmai~ al pbc lgooci Vxminc/ pbm~ vg~~gjc xcncm|c`

nai~m`cxghoc gppcipmai lxae hmhomngo naeecipgpax~/ zmpb nails~mai ghasp mp~ecgimij) G~ aic naeecipgpax ~gm`;

‟Vazcx m~ s~c` mi pbc ~ci~c al ‒gxcg al aemimai)” Pbc m`cg pbgp pbc gmx

m~ pbc xcgoe al ^gpgi”~ gspbaxmp} m~ ah|mas~o} naiicnpc` zmpb pbc nsx%

xcip g~pxaoaj}4 mp vxc~svva~c~ pbgp pbc ~c|cxgo gxcg~ al pbc sim|cx~c

bg|c cgnb mp~ ~vmxmp xsocx/ gi` g~~mji~ pbc gmx pa ^gpgi)―

Iapc pbgp pbm~ naeecipgpax gèmp~ pbc gmx g~ g naeeai `c~mjigpmai lax pbc

àegmi al pbm~ ~vmxmp xsocx/ gi` ~pgpc~ pbgp ‟mp vxc~svva~c~ ~c|cxgo gxcg~ al pbc

sim|cx~c bg|c cgnb mp~ ~vmxmp xsocx )― Bc gh~pxgnp~ bm~ m`cg al gèmim~pxgpm|c àemi%

mai~ h} pbc vbxg~c ‟~c|cxgo gxcg~)― Gopbasjb bc gèmp~ pbc~c G~c|cxgo gxcg~F g~

zmpbmi pbc sim|cx~c/ bc àc~ iap ~cc pbce g~ vogicp~/ ax ~}~pce~ al zaxo`~) G

ogxjc Dmijàe al Bcg|ci al egi} zaxo`~ m~ hc}ai` bm~ pbasjbp) Bc zaso` ~cc

Vgso”~ xcegxd~ g~ g xclocnpmai al pbc pbci nsxxcip g~pxaoaj} N ecgimij pbgp apbcx~

zaxo`~ mi ~vgnc à iap gnpsgoo} crm~p/ gi` pbgp ~snb iapmai m~ ~pxmnpo} g~pxaoajmngo)

Bc zaso` iap nxc`mp Vgso zmpb si`cx~pgi`mij al ~snb egppcx~ hc}ai` gvvcg~c%

ecip pa pbm~ vavsogx e}pb) Ml gèmim~pxgpm|c xcgoe~ gxc xcgo/ gi` ml pbc} bg|c g

esopmps`c al xsomij vcx~aigompmc~/ pbc naeecipgpax m~ pbc aic zba xcls~c~ pa

gèmp ~snb crm~pcinc/ iap Vgso) Bc xcjgx`~ ~snb crm~pcinc g~ e}pbaoajmngo) Bc

zaso` siks~po} gvvo} bm~ e}pb ~svva~mpmai~ pa pbc ginmcip~) Ainc gjgmi/ bc m~

xclocnpmij pbc jcicxgo sihcomcl zbmnb vcx|g`c~ Nbxm~pmgi pbasjbp)

Giapbcx naeecipgpax ~gm` pbm~;

‟Mp m~ va~~mhoc/ pbcxclaxc/ pa si`cx~pgi` pbc zax`~ g~ ecgimij ‒pbc xsocx

pa zbae hcoaij~ pbc vazcx a|cx pbc xcjmai al pbc gmx”4 hsp pbm~ zaso`nxcgpc `mllmnsop} mi naiicnpmai zmpb "vicsegpa~/ pbc Jxccd zax` lax

~vmxmp-) Mp m~ pbcxclaxc vcxbgv~ hc~p pa pgdc pbc vbxg~c g~ pbc vazcx

zba~c ~cgp m~ mi pbc gmx) ) ) ) Cg`mc mijcimas~o} ~sjjc~p~ pbgp ‒) ) ) g~

pbcxc m~ gi gpea~vbcxc xasi` pbc vb}~mngo joahc/ ~a gmx "Jxccd gcx-

ci|coavc~ pbm~ ~vmxmpsgo da~ea~)” ) ) ) Pbgp pbc iapmai al pbc gmx hcmij

pbc `zcoomij vognc al pbc ~vmxmp~/ gi` c~vcnmgoo} al c|mo ~vmxmp~/ zg~ nsx%

xcip/ gvvcgx~ pa hc hc}ai` àshp) ) ) ) Pbcxc m~ ia `mllmnsop} mi ~svva~%

mij pbgp p) Vgso m~ bcxc goos`mij pa ~snb nsxxcip iapmai~) Iax gxc zc pa

~svva~c pbgp bc m~ nai|c}mij gi} ~vcnmgo xc|cogpmai ghasp pbc egppcx)―

Bcxc pbc naeecipgpax m~ zmoomij pa wsapc lxae Cg`mc pbgp pbc gmx mi Vgso”~

xcegxd~ xclcx~ pa g ~vmxmpsgo na~ea~/ gopbasjb bc `m~nasip~ pbc |gom`mp} al ~snb

~sjjc~pmai) Pbc ~mocip milcxcinc m~ pbgp Vgso zg~ nainc`mij pa nsxxcip mipcoocnpsgolg~bmai hsp `m` iap bme~col gnpsgoo} hcomc|c ~snb e}pb) Vgso s~c` ~snb megjcx}

hcngs~c mp `cxm|c` lxae naeeai |mcz~4 bc zg~ iap egdmij gi} ~vcnmgo xc|cog%

pmai)

Baz pxso} silaxpsigpc pbgp ~a egi} ea`cxi Nbxm~pmgi emi`~ `ci} Vgso”~

mipcip)




Pbc vazcx al pbm~ Vxminc zg~ mi zaxo` ~vmxmpsgo miloscinc jxgipc` bme h} Ja`)

Baz bc s~c` pbgp vazcx zg~ zmpbmi bm~ bgi`~/ g lxccàe al vcx~aigomp} crvxc~%~mai go~a jxgipc` h} Ja`) G~ g ~vmxmp hcmij bc m~ xc~m`cip svai pbm~ vogicp/ hsp mp

zaso` hc vxmempm|c lax s~ pa |mcz bm~ gha`c g~ mi pbc vb}~mngo gmx)

Pbc @m|mic Nasinmo~ Ai Bmjb

V~goe~ 28; Ja` bg~ pgdci bm~ vognc mi pbc `m|mic nasinmo4 mi

pbc em`~p al pbc ja`~ bc bao`~ ks`jecip) ‟Baz oaij zmoo }as

ks`jc siks~po} gi` ~baz vgxpmgomp} pa pbc zmndc`1 Jm|c ks~pmnc

pa pbc zcgd gi` pbc lgpbcxoc~~4 egmipgmi pbc xmjbp al pbc gl%

lomnpc` gi` pbc `c~pmpspc) Xc~nsc pbc zcgd gi` pbc icc`}4 `c%

om|cx pbce lxae pbc bgi` al pbc zmndc`)― Pbc} bg|c icmpbcx

diazoc`jc iax si`cx~pgi`mij/ pbc} zgod ghasp mi gxdic~~4 goopbc lasi`gpmai~ al pbc cgxpb gxc ~bgdci) M ~g}/ ‟]as gxc ja`~/

~ai~ al pbc Ea~p Bmjb/ goo al }as4 ic|cxpbcoc~~/ }as ~bgoo `mc

omdc eci/ gi` lgoo omdc gi} vxminc)― Gxm~c/ A Ja`/ ks`jc pbc

cgxpb4 lax pa pbcc hcoaij goo pbc igpmai~'

Mi 7222 Pbaeg~ D) Nbc}ic zxapc;

‟Ia v~goe egdc~ g ~pxaijcx cegi` pbgi pbm~ ai pbc bm~paxmn megjmig%

pmai al pbc mipcxvxcpcx) Pbc m`cg~ eg} hc vcxciimgo/ hsp pbcmx aspzgx`

laxe~ gxc ia oaijcx si`cx~paa`)―

Baz pxsc) Zc bsegi eaxpgo~/ m~aogpc` lax pbas~gi`~ al }cgx~ lxae naipgnp

zmpb pbc ncoc~pmgo xcgoe~/ ia oaijcx si`cx~pgi` xc|cogpmai) Ncoc~pmgo hcmij~ gv% vcgxc` pa Ghxgbge/ Jci 72;7l4 Econbm{c`cd zg~ aic al pba~c/ Jci 70;72) Ea~c~

bg` `mxcnp naipgnp zmpb bcg|cio} xcvxc~cipgpm|c~/ Cra` 7=/ 80;=%77) Apbcx cr%

gevoc~ naso` hc nmpc` lxae pbc Ao` Pc~pgecip) Pbc gva~poc Kabi ~pgpc~ crvomnmpo}

pbgp bc bg` nai|cx~gpmai gi` xc|cogpmai `mxcnp lxae ncoc~pmgo hcmij~/ Xc| 7;7/ 7:/

88;2)

Mi naeecipmij ai pbm~ V~goe pbc zxmpcx mi Pbc Mipcxvxcpcx”~ Hmhoc ~pgpc`;

‟Pbc nxsr al pbc mipcxvxcpgpmai al pbc v~goe m~ pbc ecgimij pa hc gp%

pgnbc` pa ja`~ mi |~ 7h/</ gi` ai pbm~ vamip naeecipgpax~ mllcx zm`co})

Pbc vxminmvoc ecgimij~ vxava~c` gxc; "7- pbc oc~~cx ja`~ gi` gijco~4

"8- pbc igpmaigo ja`~ al pbc bcgpbci4 ">- pbc zmndc` ja|cxiax~ al pbc

igpmai~ bao`mij M~xgco mi ~shkcnpmai4 "0- dmij~ gi` pba~c mi|c~pc` zmpb

gspbaxmp}4 "3- pbc ks`jc~ al M~xgco) ) ) ) Pbm~ |gxmcp} al mipcxvxcpgpmai

pc~pmlmc~ pa pbc vgsnmp} gi` gehmjsmp} al pbc g|gmoghoc `gpg)―

Zbmoc mp m~ pxsc pbgp zc bg|c ia crvomnmp xc|cogpmai ai ncoc~pmgo gèmim~pxgpmai~

mi pbc Hmhoc/ ~sllmnmcip c|m`cinc crm~p~ lax s~ pa naec pa eaxc ncxpgmi si`cx~pgi`%

mij) Baz pxso} pbc Vxminc al pbm~ Zaxo` homi`c` s~) Mp zg~ bm~ vsxva~c pa dccv s~



>% Pbc Vxminc al Pbm~ Zaxo` y8=y

lxae si`cx~pgi`mij4 pbc jcicxgpmai~ xclocnp pbc xc~sop~ al bm~ `mghaomngo miloscinc)

Pbc~c va~~mhoc crvogigpmai~ jm|ci mi Pbc Mipcxvxcpcx~ Hmhoc/ gi` apbcx ~nbaogxo}~ps`mc~/ ~baz pbc `gxdic~~ zbmnb bg~ gllomnpc` s~)

Nai~m`cx pbc egiicx mi zbmnb pbc zax` ja`~ m~ s~c` mi pbc V~goe~) Goo gxc

lxae DK\)

V~ 28;< M bg|c ~gm`/ ]c gxc ja`~4 gi` goo al }as gxc nbmo`xci al

pbc ea~p Bmjb)

V~ 2<;2 Geaij pbc ja`~ pbcxc m~ iaic omdc sipa pbcc/ A Oax`4

icmpbcx gxc pbcxc gi} zaxd~ omdc sipa pb} zaxd~)

V~ 7>2;7 M zmoo vxgm~c pbcc zmpb e} zbaoc bcgxp; hclaxc pbc

ja`~ zmoo M ~mij vxgm~c sipa pbcc)

V~ 7><;8 A jm|c pbgid~ sipa pbc Ja` al ja`~; lax bm~ ecxn}

ci`sxcpb lax c|cx)

V~ 7>3;3 Lax M diaz pbgp pbc OAX@ m~ jxcgp/ gi` pbgp asx Oax`

m~ gha|c goo ja`~)

V~ =:;= Lax pbas/ OAX@/ gxp bmjb gha|c goo pbc cgxpb; pbas gxp

crgopc` lgx gha|c goo ja`~)

V~ =:;: Nailasi`c` hc goo pbc} pbgp ~cx|c jxg|ci megjc~/

pbgp hag~p pbce~co|c~ al mào~; zax~bmv bme/ goo }c ja`~)

V~ =<;0 Lax pbc OAX@ m~ jxcgp/ gi` jxcgpo} pa hc vxgm~c`; bc m~

pa hc lcgxc` gha|c goo ja`~)

V~ =3;> Lax pbc OAX@ m~ g jxcgp Ja`/ gi` g jxcgp Dmij gha|c

goo ja`~)

@a zc xcgoo} hcomc|c asx Ja` zaso` hc Dmij a|cx vgjgi ja`~1 Zaso` bc hc

g Oax` pa goo pba~c1 Zaso` pbc V~goem~p g~d pba~c vgjgi ja`~ pa zax~bmv asx Ja`1 Zaso` zc ~mij vxgm~c~ pa asx Ja` mi gi g~~ceho} al vgjgi ja`~1

Ngi zc iap si`cx~pgi` pbgp pbc bcg|cio} xcgoe~ gxc vavsogpc` zmpb egi}

ja`~ gi` egi} oax`~/ `m|mic gèmim~pxgpax~ zba ~cx|c asx naeeai Ja`1 M~ pbm~

iap ~sllmnmcip c|m`cinc pa `ceai~pxgpc baz pbc ja` al pbm~ zaxo` homi`c` s~ pa

nocgx |m~mai al pbc emjbp al asx bcg|cio} Lgpbcx1

G~ lsxpbcx c|m`cinc al pbm~ homiìc~~ nai~m`cx pbc DK\ pxgi~ogpmai) Naijxc%

jgpmai al pbc emjbp} m~ vxavcxo} xci`cxc` g~ `m|mic nasinmo ) Ompcxgoo}/ mi Bchxcz/

h”c`gpb%co m~ g~~ceho} al Ja` ) ^snb `cimgo h} pxgi~ogpmai ngi hc laooazc` pbxasjb

pbc cipmxc vg~~gjc)

G~ g nai~cwscinc al asx e}pbaoajm{c` lcgx~ lcz xcnajim{c pbc crm~pcinc al

g `m|mic gèmim~pxgpmai mi pbc bcg|ci~) Ja` m~ g jxcgp gi` vazcxlso Ja`/ bc bg~

egi} oc~~cx ja`~ pa g~~m~p bme mi pbc pxgi~gnpmai~ al g sim|cx~c) Bc g~~mji~ Vogi%

cpgx} Vxminc~ pa xsoc pbc zaxo`~ al ~vgnc) Gi` ml pbc} xchco bc jgpbcx~ `m|micnasinmo~ pa `comhcxgpc ai ks~pmnc/ gi` pbc gnpmai~ icnc~~gx} pa naxxcnp `m~xsvpmai~)

G~ Pbc Mipcxvxcpcx~ Hmhoc jac~ ai pa ~g};



y>6y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

‟Pbc |mcz pbgp pbc v~goem~p bg~ mi emi` g bcg|cio} nainasx~c al ja`~/

`cemja`~/ gi` gijco~/ bg~ esnb pa hc ~gm` lax mp) Pbc ginmcip Icgx Cg~p zg~ zcoo gnwsgmipc` zmpb g~~cehomc~ al ja`~/ gi`/ g vxmaxm/ zc

~baso` crvcnp pbc Bchxcz~ pa hc lgemomgx zmpb ~snb gi m`cg) ) ) ) Sopm%

egpco}/ al nasx~c/ pbc Bchxcz~ ghgiàic` pbc naincvp pbgp pbcxc zcxc

oc~~cx ja`~ mi bcg|ci/ gi` pbc bcg|cio} ba~p zg~ pbasjbp pa nai~m~p

~aoco} al gijco~)―

Baz pxsc) Homi` Ks`gm~e gi` Nbxm~pmgimp} gèmp al g bcg|cio} ba~p/ hsp ~aoco}

al gijco~) Kcz~ hcgx g bcg|} hsx`ci4 pbc} zcxc cipxs~pc` zmpb pbc axgnoc~ al Ja`/

g~ ~pgpc` ~a coawscipo} h} g Kcz mi Xaegi~ >;8) Baz silaxpsigpc pbgp pbc} go~a

hcngec homi` pa `m|mic xc|cogpmai~) Zc ngiiap c~ngvc pbc |mcz pbgp pba~c al

Bchxcz bcxmpgjc gxc eaxc gnnasipghoc4 pbc} xcncm|c` xc|cogpmai~ `mxcnpo}4 pbc}

`m` iap icc` pbc ci|mxaiecip al pbc Icgx Cg~p pa ~a milaxe pbce) Zbci pbc @c|mo

hxasjbp homiìc~~ pa pbm~ vogicp bc `m` iap lg|ax Nbxm~pmgi~ a|cx Kcz~4 pbc} zcxc

al cwsgo egxd)

Ml Ja` nai~sop~ zmpb apbcx `m|mic hcmij~ àc~ pbm~ ecgi bc m~ g oc~~cx Ja`1

Ncxpgmio} iap) Mp ecgi~ pbgp bc jm|c~ xc~vcnp pa pbc crm~pcinc/ lsinpmai gi` ~cx|mnc

al bm~ bcg|cio} nxcgpc` âi~)

Zc emjbp `c|m~c g ~ncigxma al pbc `comhcxgpmai~ zbmnb paad vognc) Pba~c

apbcx ja`~ emjbp g~d bme;

‟Baz oaij gxc }as jamij pa vcxemp pbm~ pa ja ai1 Baz oaij zmoo }as ~baz

vgxpmgomp} pa pbc~c xchco~1 Zmoo }as iap hxmij ks~pmnc pa pbc cgxpb1 Nai~m`cx

pbc `m~xsvpmai~ ngs~c` h} pbm~ lgooci âi/ g âi zbmnb }as nxcgpc`) Oaad

gp goo pbc lgpbcxoc~~ al pbc cgxpb) Ngi }as iap ~cc goo pbc zcgd gi` icc`}/

goo pbc gllomnpc` gi` pbc `c~pmpspc1‟@a }as iap ~cc zbgp bg~ bgvvcic` svai cgxpb1 Pbc} bg|c icmpbcx diazo%

c`jc iax si`cx~pgi`mij) Pbc} diaz iapbmij al pbc bcg|cio} xcgoe~/ gi`

al pbc gèmim~pxgpmai zbmnb xchcooc`) Pbc} zgod ghasp mi `gxdic~~4 pbc}

gxc omdc nbmo`xci zmpbasp omjbp)―

Gi` pbci Ja` emjbp xc~vai`;

‟M ~bgoo hxmij xc~pmpspmai) M diaz pbgp goo pbc lasi`gpmai~ al pbc cgxpb gxc

~bgdci) M ~bgoo xc~nsc e} nxcgpmai lxae pbgp psxeamo gi` zac) M ~bgoo

`ceai~pxgpc pa pba~c lgooci âi~ pxsc ks~pmnc gi` xmjbpcas~ic~~) M ~g} pa

pbce;

‒]as gxc ja`~/ âi~ al pbc Ea~p Bmjb/ goo al }as4 ic|cxpbcoc~~/ }as ~bgoo

`mc omdc eci/ gi` lgoo omdc gi} vxminc)”‟Ml pbc} naso` iap hxmij ks~pmnc g~ bcg|cio} vxminc~/ vcxbgv~ pbc} zmoo

crbmhmp ks~pmnc g~ bsegi eaxpgo~) Asp al pbc ecxn} al e} bcgxp M ~bgoo

vcxemp pbce aic lmigo avvaxpsimp}) Pbc} hxasjbp bg|an pa pbc bsegi



>% Pbc Vxminc al Pbm~ Zaxo` y>7y

xgnc~) Iaz M zmoo egdc pbce bsegi go~a/ pbgp pbc} eg} pg~pc al pbc zmic

pbc} nxcgpc`) M ~bgoo jm|c pbce pbc ~gec avvaxpsimp} pbc} jg|c pa cgnb al pba~c eaxpgo~) Pbci zc ~bgoo diaz pbcmx pxsc zaxpb)

‟Hsp M diaz pbcmx bcgxp~) Pbc} ~bgoo iap xcvcip) Pbc} ~bgoo iap laxjm|c)

Pbc} ~bgoo `mc g~ gi} eaxpgo zaso` `mc/ gi` ~bgoo lgoo g~ gi} cgxpbo} vxminc

zaso` lgoo) Gi` pbc} ~bgoo hc ia eaxc laxc|cx)―

Gi` iaz Ja` xm~c~ pa ks`jc pbc cgxpb) Pa bme hcoaij goo pbc ~pgx~ gi` zaxo`~

al ~vgnc)

Iaz nxcgpmai zmoo diaz zba m~ Ja`)

Pbm~ V~goe ~baz~ pbgp sis~sgo pxgi~gnpmai~ gxc pa pgdc vognc) Pbc vg~~gjc

~sjjc~p~ pbgp `m|mic hcmij~ gxc pa om|c g~ eci4 mi aic lmigo ecxn} crpci~mai pbc}

zmoo hc jm|ci avvaxpsimp} g~ bsegi eaxpgo~) Pbm~ naincvp m~ ~a vxalasi`/ gi` ~a

sppcxo} hc}ai` pbc pbcaoajmngo xgijc al crm~pmij Kczm~b ax Nbxm~pmgi xcomjmai~/ mp

`cegi`~ ngxclso gppcipmai) Mp m~ xc|cgoc` pa s~ mi eaxc pbgi aic vg~~gjc)

Bm~ Ncoc~pmgo Axmjmi~

C{cdmco 82;78%7= ‟âi al egi/ xgm~c g ogecipgpmai a|cx pbc

dmij al P}xc/ gi` ~g} pa bme/ Pbs~ ~g}~ pbc Oax` JA@; ‟]as

zcxc pbc ~mjicp al vcxlcnpmai/ lsoo al zm~àe gi` vcxlcnp mi

hcgsp})]as zcxc mi C`ci/ pbc jgx`ci al Ja`4 c|cx} vxcnmas~

~paic zg~ }asx na|cxmij/ ngxicomgi/ pavg{/ gi` kg~vcx/ nbx}~a%

ompc/ hcx}o/ gi` ai}r/ ~gvvbmxc/ ngxhsinoc/ gi` cecxgo`4 gi`

zxasjbp mi jao` zcxc }asx ~cppmij~ gi` }asx cijxg|mij~) Ai

pbc `g} pbgp }as zcxc nxcgpc` pbc} zcxc vxcvgxc`)Zmpb gi

giamipc` jsgx`mgi nbcxsh M vognc` }as4 }as zcxc ai pbc bao}easipgmi al Ja`4 mi pbc em`~p al pbc ~paic~ al lmxc }as

zgodc`)]as zcxc hogecoc~~ mi }asx zg}~ lxae pbc `g} }as

zcxc nxcgpc`/ pmoo mimwsmp} zg~ lasi` mi }as)Mi pbc ghsi`ginc al

}asx pxg`c }as zcxc lmooc` zmpb |maocinc/ gi` }as ~miic`4 ~a M

ng~p }as g~ g vxalgic pbmij lxae pbc easipgmi al Ja`/ gi` pbc

jsgx`mgi nbcxsh xa|c }as asp lxae pbc em`~p al pbc ~paic~ al

lmxc)]asx bcgxp zg~ vxas` hcngs~c al }asx hcgsp}4 }as nax%

xsvpc` }asx zm~àe lax pbc ~gdc al }asx ~vociàx) M ng~p }as pa

pbc jxasi`4 M crva~c` }as hclaxc dmij~/ pa lcg~p pbcmx c}c~ ai

}as)H} pbc esopmps`c al }asx mimwsmpmc~/ mi pbc sixmjbpcas~ic~~

al }asx pxg`c }as vxalgic` }asx ~ginpsgxmc~4 ~a M hxasjbp laxpb

lmxc lxae pbc em`~p al }as4 mp nai~sec` }as/ gi` M psxic` }as

pa g~bc~ svai pbc cgxpb mi pbc ~mjbp al goo zba ~gz }as)Goo zba

dicz }as geaij pbc vcavoc~ gxc gvvgooc` gp }as4 }as bg|c

naec pa g `xcg`lso ci` gi` ~bgoo hc ia eaxc lax c|cx)―




Vxc|mas~ vg~~gjc~ `ceai~pxgpc` pbc `mllmnsop} zc bg|c mi si`cx~pgi`mij gi`

gnncvpmij `m|mic xc|cogpmai~) Pbm~ vg~~gjc m~ lsxpbcx cinsehcxc` h} pbc ~}ehao%m~e gi` lmjsxc~ cevoa}c`)

Pbc vbxg~c ‟Dmij al P}xc― bg~ pbxazi ea~p crva~mpax~ mipa pbc g~~sevpmai

pbgp mp xclcx~ pa pbc bm~paxmn P}xc/ gi` pbc dmij~ zba xsoc` mp) Pbcmx naeecipgx}

ncipcx~ ai pbc m`cg pbgp pbc vxavbcp mipci`c` g `c~nxmvpmai gi` vxaiasincecip

gjgmi~p gi ginmcip cgxpbo} vxminc) ‟Pbc xsocx al P}xc bg~ hcci oc` pa megjmic

bme~col g~ eaxc pbgi bsegi/ gi` bm~ nmp} g~ mevxcjighoc/ omdc pbc ~cgp al pbc

ja`~)― Pbc} hcomc|c pbm~ |mcz m~ nailmxec` h} pbc lgpc zbmnb m~ `cnxcc` gjgmi~p

bme) Bc zmoo hc psxic` pa g~bc~ svai pbc cgxpb/ mi pbc ~mjbp al goo zba ~cc bme)

Baz naso` pbgp hc apbcx pbgi gi cgxpbo} dmij1

Hsp pbc ~pgpcecip m~ nocgx4 bc zg~ ng~p pa pbc jxasi`4 bc hcngec g vb}~mngo

hcmij) Gi` mi pbgp vb}~mngo nai`mpmai bc zg~ hsxic` pa g~bc~ mi pbc ~mjbp al pbc

dmij~ al cgxpb) Iaz bc zmoo hc ia eaxc laxc|cx)

Pbs~/ zc iaz bg|c pza vg~~gjc~ zbmnb ~baz pbgp g `m|mic hcmij zmoo hc

jm|ci aic lmigo ecxn} avvaxpsimp} g~ g bsegi eaxpgo) Hsp bc zmoo lgmo4 bm~ emi`

hcngec ~a `m~paxpc` zmpb vxm`c/ gi` hcpxg}go al pbc pxs~p vognc` mi bme/ bc oaij

~minc oa~p bm~ ecipgo cwsmomhxmse) Ia hcmij/ bsegi ax `m|mic/ ngi hcpxg} ~snb

meeci~c pxs~p zmpbasp vg}mij pbc vcx~aigo vxmnc) Bc m~ pxso} mi~gic)

Lxae Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~;

V):30 % Mi goo pbc gèmim~pxgpm|c zaxd al g oango sim|cx~c ia bmjb pxs~p m~

`ccec` eaxc ~gnxc` pbgi pbgp xcva~c` mi g Vogicpgx} Vxminc zba

g~~sec~ xc~vai~mhmomp} lax pbc zcolgxc gi` jsm`ginc al pbc c|ao|mij

eaxpgo~ ai g iczo} mibghmpc` zaxo`) Gi` al goo laxe~ al c|mo/ iaic gxc

eaxc c~pxsnpm|c al vcx~aigomp} ~pgps~ pbgi hcpxg}go al pxs~p gi` m~oa}%

gop} pa aic”~ nailm`mij lxmci`~) Mi naeemppmij pbm~ `comhcxgpc ~mi/ Ngom%jg~pmg ~a naevocpco} `m~paxpc` bm~ vcx~aigomp} pbgp bm~ emi` bg~ ic|cx

~minc hcci ghoc lsoo} pa xcjgmi mp~ cwsmomhxmse)

Apbcx naeecipgpax~ ~sjjc~p pbm~ nbgvpcx mi C{cdmco m~ g naipmisgpmai al

Nbgvpcx~ 8< gi` 8:/ zbmnb naipgmi gi crpci`c` `c~nxmvpmai al g ogi` al P}xc) ‟Mi

hapb vg~~gjc~ pbc vxavbcp m~ ~vcgdmij/ iap ~a esnb al gi vgxpmnsogx mi`m|m`sgo/ g~

al pbc igpmai zba~c nbgxgnpcx m~ ceha`mc` mi pbc vcx~ai al pbc nbmcl)― Silaxps%

igpco}/ lax pbm~ |mcz/ pbc vxavbcp vxaem~c` pbgp P}xc zaso` hc papgoo} `c~pxa}c`

gi` na|cxc` h} pbc zgpcx~ al pbc ~cg/ 8<;7=/ 8:;8:) Pbm~ ic|cx gnpsgoo} bgvvcic`

pa pbc bm~paxmn P}xc4 pbcxclaxc/ pbc naeecipgpax~ ~ccd xcnasx~c mi pbc ~sjjc~pmai

pbgp pbc pcxe~ gxc ecxco} vacpmn/ ax pbgp ~aec ogpcx c`mpax naxxsvpc` pbc axmjmigo

pcrp)

Omppoc `m` pbc naeecipgpax~ gi` pbcaoajmgi~ xcnajim{c pbgp Nbgvpcx 8< gi`8: `cgo zmpb g `mllcxcip/ hsp xcogpc`/ ~shkcnp) G~ Dmij al P}xc pbm~ ncoc~pmgo vcx~ai%

gomp} zmoo lans~ bm~ mi~gic gnpm|mpmc~ mi g ogi` al ‟P}xc)― Pbc ~}ehaom~e al P}xc m~

lmppmij pa g ogi` svai cgxpb gp pbc og~p `g}~ al g vogicpgx} gjc)



>% Pbc Vxminc al Pbm~ Zaxo` y>>y

Pbc naeecipgpax~ go~a hcomc|c` pbm~ axgnoc zg~ vgxp al g e}pb n}noc pbci

nsxxcip mi pbc Icgx Cg~p) ‟Pbc ~pax} hcoaijc`/ ia àshp/ pa pbc naeeai ~pand al ^cempmn e}pb~/ ~aec al pbce vxc~cx|c` mi pbc Hgh}oaimgi cvmn~/ ~aec mi pbc

Vbacimnmgi pxg`mpmai~)― Lax vgxgooco/ pbc naeecipgpax~ nmpc` pbc crvso~mai al G`ge

gi` C|c lxae pbc Jgx`ci al C`ci/ Jcic~m~ >/ gi` pbc vogncecip al g nbcxshme

pa jsgx` gjgmi~p pbcmx xcpsxi) Pbm~ Gxnbai/ pbm~ Xsocx/ pbm~ Vxminc/ zg~ nxcgpc`

vcxlcnp/ g~ zg~ G`ge/ sipmo mimwsmp} zg~ lasi` mi bme) Bm~ lgpc m~ ~memogx pa pbgp al

Osnmlcx mi M~gmgb 70;78/ zba lcoo lxae bcg|ci gi` zg~ ng~p àzi pa cgxpb/ gjgmi pa

`mc omdc gi} egi)

Naipxgx} pa pbc ~nbaogxo} jaòc~~ |mcz pbc vg~~gjc milaxe~ s~ mi ~aec `cpgmo

al pbc axmjmi al pbm~ bcg|cio} vcx~aigomp}) Pbc s~c al pbc vbxg~c Dmij al P}xc zg~

nai|cimcip lax pbc vxavbcp pa vxa|m`c g naipcrp lax bm~ ec~~gjc) Bc zg~ zxmpmij

geaij vcavoc zba ia oaijcx xc~vcnpc` pbc bcg|cio} xcgoe~) C{cdmco naeva~c`

bm~ vxavbcnmc~ laooazmij <66 HN gi` pbc Hgh}oaimgi ngvpm|mp}) @m~hcomcl gi` lgmo%

sxc pa xcegmi pxsc pa Ja` oc` pa pbgp ngvpm|mp}) Si`cx nai`mpmai~ al xc|cogpmai

meva~c` svai bme/ C{cdmco naso` naincgo bm~ vsxva~c4 pbc xc|cogpmai zaso` pbci

gzgmp g lspsxc jcicxgpmai zbmnb emjbp crgemic mp zmpb jxcgpcx ngxc)

Mi`cc`/ pbm~ vcx~aigomp} zg~ mi pbc bcg|cio} C`ci/ mi pbc ompcxgo jgx`ci al

Ja`) Pbm~ baec zg~ vxcvgxc` lax bme ai pbc `g} pbgp bc zg~ nxcgpc`) Bc zg~

nxcgpc` g `m|mic hcmij/ g vcx~aigomp} al ncoc~pmgo hxmoomginc) Bm~ bghmpgp zg~ ~smpc`

pa bm~ `m|mic ~vociàx) Bc zg~ ai pbc bao} easipgmi al Ja`/ g `m~pminp vb}~mngo

gha`c zmpbmi pbc sim|cx~c) Gijcomn hcmij~ zcxc mi ~cx|mnc pa bme)

Naevgxc bm~ zgodmij geaij ~paic~ al lmxc/ jom~pcimij nx}~pgo~ ghog{c zmpb

~vmxmp omjbp/ pa pbc zmpic~~ al pbc zxmpcx al pbc ginmcip Haad al Cianb 72;<%=; ‟Gi`

M ~gz g vognc zbmnb hsxi~ `g} gi` imjbp/ zbcxc pbcxc gxc ~c|ci easipgmi~ al

egjimlmncip ~paic~) ) ) Gi` M ~gz logemij lmxc)― Nai~m`cx go~a pbc `c~nxmvpmai pbgp

pbm~ zxmpcx al pbc Haad al Cianb vxa|m`c~ al bm~ |m~mp pa g jxcgp Egkc~p} mi pbcbcg|cio} xcgoe~)

‟Gi` M zcip mi pmoo M `xcz imjb pa g zgoo zbmnb m~ hsmop al nx}~pgo~ gi`

~sxxasi`c` h} paijsc~ al lmxc) ) ) ) Gi` M `xcz imjb pa g ogxjc bas~c

zbmnb zg~ hsmop al nx}~pgo~/ gi` pbc zgoo~ al pbc bas~c zcxc omdc g pc~~c%

ogpc` loaax eg`c al nx}~pgo~/ gi` mp~ jxasi` zaxd zg~ al nx}~pgo) Mp~ ncmo%

mij zg~ omdc pbc vgpb al pbc ~pgx~ gi` pbc omjbpimij~/ gi` hcpzcci pbce

zcxc lmcx} nbcxshme/ gi` pbcmx bcg|ci g~ nocgx g~ zgpcx) G logemij lmxc

~sxxasi`c` pbc zgoo~/ gi` mp~ vaxpgo~ hog{c` zmpb lmxc)―

Pbc~c hxmoomgip nx}~pgo~/ naeva~mij zgoo~ gi` loaax~/ gxc iap mi ~aec e}~pmngo

bcg|ci hc}ai` ~vgnc gi` pmec) Pbc} gxc zmpbmi ~vgnc gi` pmec)

Lsxpbcxeaxc/ pbc gva~poc Kabi vxa|m`c~ `c~nxmvpmai al g jxcgp nx}~pgoomic~pxsnpsxc/ ~aecpmec pa naec àzi svai cgxpb/ naeva~c` al isecxas~ jce~/

gi` ‟pbc nmp} zg~ vsxc jao`/ nocgx g~ jog~~/― Xc| 87;72) Pbm~ jxcgp c`mlmnc go~a m~ omp

zmpb g joaxmas~ ncoc~pmgo omjbp4 mp bg~ ia icc` al pbc ~si ax pbc eaai pa ahpgmi mp~

omjbp)




@a gi} al s~ xcgoo} hcomc|c pbgp g jxcgp nx}~pgoomic ~pxsnpsxc/ ah|mas~o} nae%

va~c` al egpcxmgo~ pbgp aic ngi ~cc gi` pasnb/ zaso` naec àzi asp al ~aece}~pmngo bcg|ci1 Gxc zc pa naipmisc pa hcomc|c pbgp pbc Dmijàe al Bcg|ci m~ iap

zmpbmi pbc vb}~mngo xcgoe~ al pmec gi` ~vgnc1

Nai~m`cx pbc ~pgpcecip~) Pbgp vcx~aigomp} al C{cdmco 82 zg~ mi C`ci/ pbc

Jgx`ci al Ja`) Pbc Jgx`ci zg~ iap gi cgxpbo} C`ci/ mp zg~ g bcg|cio} C`ci) Bc

zg~ ng~p g~ g vxalgic pbmij lxae pbc easipgmi al Ja`) Pbc jsgx`mgi nbcxshme

`xa|c bme asp)

Lax pba~c al s~ signwsgmipc` zmpb pcrpsgo ~ps`} pbc zax` ‟C`ci― eg} hc g

egkax ~psehomij hoand) Zc pxg`mpmaigoo} m`cipml} mp zmpb pbc Jgx`ci al C`ci/ pbc

cgxpbo} baec al G`ge gi` C|c) ^ps`} al pbc Bchxcz zax`/ gi` apbcx s~c~ mi pbc

Hmhoc/ ~baz~ pbgp mp m~ g jcicxmn pcxe lax gi} vognc al jxcgp hcgsp}/ osrsxmas~ic~~/

gi` igpsxgo hasip}) Xclcx pa pbc Naeecipgpax~/ ~snb g~ @g|m`~ai gi` Hxazi/ cp

go) Mi M~gmgb 37;> pbc zax` m~ s~c` pa `c~nxmhc pbc `xgegpmn nbgijc~ mi zaxo`

ci|mxaiecip zbmnb zmoo pgdc vognc mi pbc naemij icz gjc;

Lax ]gbzcb ~bgoo naelaxp [mai; bc zmoo naelaxp goo bcx zg~pc

vognc~4 bc zmoo egdc bcx zmo`cxic~~ omdc C`ci/ gi` bcx `c~cxp

omdc pbc Jgx`ci al ]gbzcb) Ka} gi` jogìc~~ ~bgoo hc lasi`

pbcxcmi/ pbgid~jm|mij/ gi` pbc |amnc al ecoa`})

Bcxc pbc Jgx`ci al ]gbzcb/ oangpc` mi pbc bcg|cio} xcgoe~/ m~ s~c` g~ gi

gxnbcp}vc lax jxcgp hcgsp}) Pbc egpcxmgo hcgsp} ~sxxasi`mij pbc xc~m`cinc "pbxaic-

al Ja` m~ go~a mi`mngpc` h} Kabi)

Xc| 88;7; Gi` bc ~bazc` ec g vsxc xm|cx al zgpcx al omlc/ nocgx

g~ nx}~pgo/ vxancc`mij asp al pbc pbxaic al Ja` gi` al pbcOgeh)

Mi giapbcx axgnoc C{cdmco naevgxc~ jxcgp hcgsp} pa ‟pbc nc`gx~ mi pbc jgx%

`ci al Ja`/― gi` pa pbc ‟pxcc~ al C`ci/― C{cd >7;2%=)

M bg|c eg`c bme lgmx h} pbc esopmps`c al bm~ hxginbc~; ~a pbgp

goo pbc pxcc~ al C`ci/ pbgp zcxc mi pbc jgx`ci al Ja`/ ci|mc`

bme)

Pbc naeecipgpax~ ~cc pbm~ g~ ecxc vacpmn cevbg~m~) Homi`c` h} pbc Vxminc

al pbm~ Zaxo`/ pbc} à iap xcnajim{c pbc ompcxgo ~mjimlmnginc al ~snb xc|cogpmai~)

Pbm~ vcx~aigomp}/ pbm~ bcg|cio} hcmij/ zg~ nxcgpc` vcxlcnp) Pbci/ g~ bc nai%

~m`cxc` bm~ vcxlcnpmai gi` bm~ hcgsp}/ bc hcngec vxas`) Bc hcjgi pa wsc~pmai bm~Nxcgpax gi` bm~ Nxcgpax”~ vsxva~c) G~ pcevpgpmai jxcz mi bm~ bcgxp bc cipcxpgmic`

pbc iapmai al mi`cvci`cinc) Bc naso` lsinpmai zmpbasp bm~ Oax` gi` Nxcgpax)

Zbci bc ~snnsehc` pa pbm~ ~avbm~px} mimwsmp} zg~ lasi` mi bme



NBGVPCX LASX

Pbc Xcocg~c

8 Pbc~ 8;7%78 Iaz naincximij pbc naemij al asx Oax` Kc~s~ Nbxm~pgi` asx g~~cehomij pa eccp bme/ zc hcj }as/ hxcpbxci/ iap pa hcwsmndo} ~bgdci mi emi` ax crnmpc`/ cmpbcx h} ~vmxmp ax h} zax`/ ax h}ocppcx vsxvaxpmij pa hc lxae s~/ pa pbc cllcnp pbgp pbc `g} al pbc Oax`bg~ naec) Ocp ia aic `cncm|c }as mi gi} zg}4 lax pbgp `g} zmoo iapnaec/ sioc~~ pbc xchcoomai naec~ lmx~p/ gi` pbc egi al ogzoc~~ic~~ m~xc|cgoc`/ pbc ~ai al vcx`mpmai/ zba avva~c~ gi` crgop~ bme~col gjgmi~p c|cx} ~a%ngooc` ja` ax ahkcnp al zax~bmv/ mi ax`cx pbgp bc ngi~mp mi pbc ~ginpsgx} al Ja`/ vxanogmemij bme~col pa hc Ja`) @a }as iapxcecehcx pbgp zbci M zg~ ~pmoo zmpb }as M pao` }as pbm~1 Gi` }asdiaz zbgp m~ xc~pxgmimij bme iaz ~a pbgp bc eg} hc xc|cgoc` mi bm~

pmec) Lax pbc e}~pcx} al ogzoc~~ic~~ m~ goxcg`} gp zaxd4 aio} bc zbaiaz xc~pxgmi~ bme zmoo à ~a sipmo bc m~ asp al pbc zg}) Gi` pbci pbcogzoc~~ aic zmoo hc xc|cgoc`/ gi` pbc Oax` Kc~s~ zmoo ~og} bme zmpb pbchxcgpb al bm~ easpb gi` `c~pxa} bme h} bm~ gvvcgxmij gi` bm~ naemij)Pbc naemij al pbc ogzoc~~ aic h} pbc gnpm|mp} al ^gpgi zmoo hc zmpb goovazcx gi` zmpb vxcpci`c` ~mji~ gi` zai`cx~/ gi` zmpb goo zmndc``cncvpmai lax pba~c zba gxc pa vcxm~b/ hcngs~c pbc} xcls~c` pa oa|cpbc pxspb gi` ~a hc ~g|c`) Pbcxclaxc Ja` ~ci`~ svai pbce g ~pxaij`cos~mai/ pa egdc pbce hcomc|c zbgp m~ lgo~c/ ~a pbgp goo eg} hcnai`ceic` zba `m` iap hcomc|c pbc pxspb hsp bg` vocg~sxc misixmjbpcas~ic~~)

Pbm~ vg~~gjc m~ pbc ea~p nxsnmgo mi pbc Hmhoc lax asx si`cx~pgi`mij al c|cip~ g~ pbc} gxcsilao`mij pa`g}/ }cp pbc ea~p nails~mij) Pbgp homi`mij nails~mai xc~p~ ai pbc vazcxlsopxg`mpmai pbgp g egi al ogzoc~~ic~~ zmoo pgdc bm~ ~cgp mi pbc Pcevoc al Ja` / vxanogmemij

bme~col pa hc Ja`)

Mi vavsogx iapmai pbcxc es~p hc g egi/ pbcxc es~p hc g ~cgp/ pbcxc es~p hc g Pcevoc/

gi` pbcxc es~p hc ~snb mipci~c ecjgoaegimg pbm~ egi hcomc|c~ bme~col pa hc Ja`)

7) Pbc Pcevoc al Ja` ngi lmi` ia cg~} oangpmai/ gopbasjb ea~p crva~mpax~ g~~secea`cxi Kcxs~goce) âec crvcnp pbc nai~pxsnpmai al g icz pcevoc/ ~minc pbc ~cnpgxmgi gi`

cnsecimngo pcevoc~ vxc~cipo} mi Kcxs~goce à iap ~cce gvvxavxmgpc pa pbc pciax al pbc~cxcegxd~)

8) Crgemigpmai al pbc gppxmhspc~ al pbm~ egi al ogzoc~~ic~~ ~sjjc~p~ naevaicip~ al nbgxgnpcx zbmnb vognc bme gha|c ax`migx} bsegi ngvgnmpmc~4 m)c) bc ~cce~ goea~p g~ g ja`)

>) Zc goo bg|c `mllmnsop} naincm|mij baz g bsegi hcmij zaso` ~aecbaz jcp mp mipa bm~bcg` pbgp bc m~ Ja`) Gi ax`migx} eaxpgo/ xcgnbmij pa ~snb ecjgoaegimg/ zaso` iap bg|c pbc~gimp} pa lsinpmai g~ g zaxo` ocg`cx/ xcjgxòc~~ al baz `cvxg|c` pbc zaxo` zaso` hcnaec)

0) Al nasx~c/ ml g bsegi eaxpgo zcxc `xm|ci h} pbc vazcx al gi c|mo ~vmxmp zmpbmi bm~bcg`/ bc emjbp g~vmxc pa hcomc|c bc zg~ Ja`) Hsp pbci pbc bsegi eaxpgo zaso` hc ecxco}



g xahapmn gjcip/ gi` iap pbc vcx~aigomp} g~~semij pbc Ja`~bmv)

Egi} Nbxm~pmgi~ cipcxpgmi pbc~c iapmai~ asp al pbcmx e}pbmngo ecipgo lxgeczaxd4 pbc}à iap pgdc pmec pa crgemic xcgomp}) Ml pbm~ hcmij m~ pxso} g egi bc es~p hc haxi al g

zaegi4 bc es~p jxaz sv mi ~aec jcajxgvbmngo oangpmai mi ~aec m`cipmlmghoc nasipx}4 bces~p bg|c ~anmgo pxgmimij4 bc es~p bg|c hcci c`sngpc` mi ~aec cgxpbo} ~nbaao4 bc es~p

bg|c hcci xcgxc` mi ~aec vaompmngo ci|mxaiecip4 bc es~p bg|c bg` g~~anmgpmai zmpb ~naxc~ax bsi`xc`~ al lcooaz bsegi eaxpgo~) Jm|ci pbc esi`gic igpsxc al ax`migx} bsegi omlc baz

zaso` bc gxxm|c gp ~snb crpxgax`migx} vxc~sevpmai1

Zc emjbp gxjsc pbgp Kc~s~ zg~ pbc mingxigpmai al Ja`/ }cp bm~ bsegi igpsxc gi`

vb}~mngo gvvcgxginc vxc|cipc` egi} lxae hcomc|mij mi bme) C|ci pbc gva~poc~ bg` pxashocnaemij pa jxmv~ zmpb bm~ `m|mic igpsxc/ lax goo pbc emxgnoc~ pbc} zmpic~~c`/ sipmo bc gvvcgxc`

pa pbce glpcx bm~ xc~sxxcnpmai) Ml giapbcx lgipg~pmn vcx~aigomp} zcxc pa gvvcgx zc emjbp iap/

gp lmx~p/ iapmnc bme) Hsp pbc crpxgax`migx} xaoc `c~nxmhc` h} Vgso zaso` xcwsmxc asx coc|gpmijg ~svva~cò} bsegi eaxpgo pa jaòmdc ~pgps~)

Pbc ~svva~mpmai goea~p xcwsmxc~ giapbcx mingxigpmai/ aic al g `mghaomngo vcx~aigomp})

@ac~ ~snb g egi crm~p ~aeczbcxc ai pbm~ vogicp1 Ml ~a/ gi` ml c|cip~ gxc meemicip/

zc ~baso` crvcnp pbgp bc goxcg`} bg~ mi`mngpc` bm~ zmo` vxavci~mpmc~ pa naexg`c~ gi`

naevgpxmap~) Pbm~ zaso` ecgi bc m~ g (~occvcx)( Bc bg~ iap }cp g~~cxpc` bme~col mi ~snbhom~pcxmij ecjgoaegimg) Xcjgxòc~~ al baz zc |mcz ~snb vogs~mhmomp}/ mp m~ pmec pa xcvognce}pbmngo iapmai~ zmpb xcgomp}) Zc es~p jcp asx lccp ai pbc jxasi`) Zc es~p c|gvaxgpc

e}~pmnm~e gi` xcvognc mp zmpb àzi%pa%cgxpb bgx` nxmpcxmg) Mp m~ cg~} pa nxcgpc haajmc eci

asp al asx megjmigpmai~) Mp m~ pmec lax s~ pa crcxnm~c `m~nmvomic mi asx pbmidmij)

Pbm~ m~ iap pa `ci} pbc lcgx~aec paic al pbm~ xc|cogpmai) Mp ngxxmc~ vaxpcip zbmnb

`cegi`~ pbc spea~p ngxc) M~ Nbxm~pmgi pxg`mpmai naxxcnp1 Zbgp zg~ Vgso xcgoo} px}mij pa ~g}1@m` bc nails~c `mllcxcip cocecip~ mi g `c~pmi} cvm~a`c lax pbm~ vogicp1

Esnb al pbc `mllmnsop} m~ omijsm~pmn) Baz `m` Vgso s~c pbc Jxccd zax`~1 Zbgp `m` bcmipci` mi bm~ ~pgpcecip~1 Giapbcx vgxp al pbc `mllmnsop} m~ mi bm~ vxm|gpc xc|cogpmai~) Bc zg~iap aic pa crvasi` gp ocijpb ai pba~c pbmij~ zbmnb bg` hcci xc|cgoc` pa bme4 bc eg`caio} vg~~mij xcegxd~) ]cp pba~c g~m`c naeecip~ vxa|m`c s~ zmpb mevaxpgip nosc~ pa Ja`*~

vogi~ lax pbm~ zaxo`) G pbmx` `mllmnsop} m~ pbc omempgpmai al Vgso*~ si`cx~pgi`mij4 `cvci`mij aibaz milaxegpmai zg~ jm|ci pa bme/ bm~ bsegi emi` eg} bg|c pmc` pbc zxaij pza%gi`%pzapajcpbcx/ ax apbcxzm~c nails~c` vogicpgx} c|cip~)

Goo al pbc~c cocecip~ nai`mpmai asx si`cx~pgi`mij al pbm~ vg~~gjc)

Vgxp 7; Pbc Pcevoc al Ja`

Pbc Icz Pc~pgecip s~c~ pza Jxccd zax`~ zbmnb gxc pxgi~ogpc` g~ (Pcevoc)( Pbc lmx~p m~bcmxai4 mp ecgip g ~gnxc` vognc) Mi Egxd 77;77 pbc zax` `ciapc` pbc cipmxc Kcxs~goce

hsmo`mij zmpb mp~ vxcnminp~) Pbm~ zax` zg~ ic|cx s~c` lmjsxgpm|co})

Pbc ~cnai` zax` m~ iga~) Mp ecgip g ~bxmic ax ~ginpsgx} ) Mp zg~ s~c` hapb lmjsxgpm|co}gi` ecpgvbaxmngoo}) Pbc iga~ al pbc Kcxs~goce pcevoc zg~ pbc miicx ~ginpsgx}/ pbc bao} al

baomc~/ zbcxc aio} pbc vxmc~p~ naso` cipcx) Pbc zax` zg~ s~c` geaij Jxccd~ gi` Xaegi~g~ pbc ~bxmic naipgmimij pbc mào al zax~bmv) Pbc zax` zg~ s~c` lmjsxgpm|co} h} Kc~s~ al bm~azi vb}~mngo ha`}/ Kabi 8;7=/87) Mi gva~paomn pcgnbmij mp zg~ s~c` ecpgvbaxmngoo} lax pbc

nbsxnb/ pbc e}~pmngo ha`} al Nbxm~p/ Cvb 8;87) Mp zg~ go~a s~c` h} Kabi/ hapb ompcxgoo} gi`



lmjsxgpm|co}/ mi Xc| >;78/ :;73/ 77;7=/ 70;73/7:/ 73;3/</2 7<;7/7: lax pbc icz gi`

bcg|cio} Kcxs~goce/ Xc| 87;88)

G~ gi moos~pxgpmai al pbc nails~mai zbmnb pxg`mpmai gi` ea`cxi pxgi~ogpmai bg|c vognc`

svai pbc zax` iga~/ nai~m`cx Vgso*~ xcegxd~ mi 8 Nax <;70%7<) Pbcxc bc `xgz~ asp pbcnaipxg~pmij vgxgooco~ hcpzcci pbc nbmo`xci al Ja` gi` pbc nbmo`xci al `gxdic~~;

Xmjbpcas~ic~~ zmpb ogzoc~~ic~~)

Lcooaz~bmv mi omjbp zmpb `gxdic~~)Nbxm~p zmpb Hcomgx)

Hcomc|cx zmpb sihcomc|cx)

G ~bxmic al Ja` zmpb mào~)Ax/ zc naso` s~c ~ginpsgx}/ pbc gopcxigpc zax`;

(]as gxc pbc ~ginpsgx} al pbc om|mij Ja`/ g~ Ja` bg~ ~gm`/ *M ~bgoo `zcoo mipbce/ gi` zgod zmpb pbce/ gi` M zmoo hc pbcmx Ja`/ gi` pbc} ~bgoo hc e}vcavoc)*(

Pbm~ vg~~gjc m~ sim|cx~goo} pxgi~ogpc` g~ pbc (pcevoc al Ja`)( Hsp nai~m`cx pbc`mllcxcinc hcpzcci ~ginpsgx} gi` pcevoc) Gopbasjb pcevoc `ciapc~ g vognc al `c`mngpc`

zax~bmv/ vcxbgv~ c|ci ~gnxc`/ mp ngxxmc~ zmpb mp pbc m`cg al vb}~mngo ~pxsnpsxc) ^bxmic/ ax

~ginpsgx}/ `ciapc~ g bgooazc` ax bao} vognc/ iap icnc~~gxmo} vb}~mngo) H} pxgi~ogpmij iga~ g~pcevoc zc xc`snc pbc ~mjimlmnginc pbc pcxe ngxxmc` mi pbc axmjmigo zxmpmij) Pbc pza zax`~zcxc iap `mxcnpo} ~}iai}eas~ lax pbc ginmcip zxmpcx~)

Pcevoc ngi ecgi aio} pbgp zbmnb m~ vb}~mngo4 mp bg~ ia lmjsxgpm|c gvvomngpmai)^ginpsgx}/ ai pbc apbcx bgi`/ ngi ecgi gi} vognc pbgp m~ bgooazc` ax bao}/ vb}~mngo ax~vmxmpsgo/ lmjsxgpm|c ax ecpgvbaxmngo)

Ml zc gxc pbc ~ginpsgx} al Ja` bc ngi `zcoo mi asx emi`~ gi` asx ~aso~4 pbc vb}~mngoha`} pbci ngxxmc~ omppoc ~mjimlmnginc/ gopbasjb Vgso ~vcnmlmc` pbc vb}~mngo ha`} mi 7 Nax <;7=)

G om|mij Ja` àc~ iap annsv} g vb}~mngo ~pxsnpsxc4 bc `zcoo~ mi g ~vmxmpsgo c`mlmnc) Zc es~pegdc asx ~ginpsgx} bao} lax bm~ mi`zcoomij4 bc zaso` iap mi`zcoo gi sibao} vognc)

Zbci pbm~ xchco vcx~aigomp} pgdc~ bm~ vognc mp m~ iap mi pbc Pcevoc al Ja`/ hsp mi pbc

^ginpsgx} al Ja`) Pbgp m~ zbgp Vgso zxapc/ gi` pbgp m~ zbgp Vgso ecgip)

Pbcxclaxc/ Vgso `m` iap icnc~~gxmo} mipci` g vb}~mngo oangpmai4 bc cg~mo} naso` bg|c

ecgip g ~vmxmpsgo vognc/ ax annsvgpmai al g ~vmxmp va~mpmai) ^snb va~~mhmomp} zaso` pbxaz gzg}

mipcxvxcpgpmai zbmnb zaso` m`cipml} Kcxs~goce ax gi} apbcx cgxpbo} oangpmai)

Vgxp 8; Ogzoc~~ic~~

Pbc Jxccd zax`~ giaea~ `ciapc~ ogzoc~~/ zmpbasp ogz / iap ~shkcnp pa ogz ) Giaemg~ ecgi~ ogzoc~~ic~~/ |maogpmai al ogz ) Ml pbc lxgeczaxd m~ pbc xsoc~ al nxcgpmai ~cp laxpb h}

Ja` mp zaso` ecgi ~mi gi` mimwsmp}/ avci gi` nai~nmas~ `clmginc al Ja`*~ ogz~/ hc}ai`~mevoc hosi`cxmij gnp~ zbmnb gxc siogzlso) @m|mic hcmij~ ax bsegi eaxpgo~ zba à iap ahc}pbc zmoo al pbcmx Nxcgpax/ hsp ~sh~pmpspc pbcmx azi zmoo mi vsxva~clso `clmginc/ gxc mi xchcoomai)

Ogzoc~~ic~~ m~ iap omempc` pa bsegi eaxpgo~4 mp ngi hc vxgnpmnc` h} `m|mic hcmij~) Pbc~pgpcecip ~pxaijo} mevomc~ g ncoc~pmgo vcx~aigomp} zba m~ mi `clmginc gjgmi~p bm~ Nxcgpax/ gi`pbcxclaxc/ iap bsegi)



"Pbm~ Jxccd zax` lmi`~ vgxgooco mi Ogpmi mimemns~ gi` ea`cxi Cijom~b mimemngo / cice}/

gi` ciemp})-

Vgxp >; Pbc Egi

Pbc Jxccd zax` m~ gipbxava~) Zc jcp ~snb Cijom~b zax`~ g~ gipbxavaoaj}/ pbc ~ps`} al

egi/ gi` gipbxavaeaxvbmn / g~nxmhmij bsegi gppxmhspc~)

Pbm~ aic zax` pbxaz~ si`cx~pgi`mij naevocpco} gzx}) Egi} mipcxvxcpcx~ hcomc|c pbc

xclcxcinc ngi aio} hc pa g bsegi eaxpgo)

Pbc Mipcxigpmaigo Nxmpmngo Naeecipgx} cijgjc~ mi `m~ns~~mai al pbc |gxmas~ ~nbaogx~

zba bg|c |mczc` pbm~ zax` g~ g xclcxcinc pa g `m|mic vcx~aigomp}/ iap g bsegi eaxpgo) Pbc

s~c h} Vgso naso` hc ecpgvbaxmngo4 bc eg} bg|c s~c` pbc zax` mi g `cxajgpax} ~ci~c) Laxcrgevoc/ M bg|c alpci xclcxxc` pa pbc @c|mo g~ pbc (Ao` Egi)( G `mllcxcinc mi |mcz naec~

ghasp hcngs~c pbc ginmcip egis~nxmvp~ gxc iap mi gjxccecip ai s~c al pbc zax` `c~nxmhmij

pbm~ ogzoc~~ic~~) âec s~c pbc Jxccd zax` gegxpmg~/ `ciapmij cxxax ax allci~c/ gi gnp al pbc sigzgxc bsegi eaxpgo/ mi naipxg~p pa giaemg~/ gi avci `clmginc)

MNN allcx~ pbc~c xcegxd~ ghasp 8 Pbc~ 8;

Mi~pcg` al giaemg~ "lasi` mi ~aec ginmcip egis~nxmvp~- pbc egkaxmp} al sinmgo~ xcg` gegxpmg~) Anng~maigoo} "pbc avva~mpc m~ pxsc-) G~ pbc~c |gxmgip~gi` pbc vgxgoocom~e mi Kah :;87/ V~ >7;3/ gi` M~g 3>;3 ~baz/ pbc pza zax`~gxc ~memogx mi ecgimij/ gegxpmg hcmij pbc eaxc jcicxgo) Pbasjb naeeai miORR "pbc ^cvpsgjmip-/ hapb giaemg "Xae 0;:/ <;7=/ 8Nax <;70- gi` giaea~ "7 Nax =;87- gxc xgxc mi Vgso) Sioc~~ "pbc eaxc ginmcip egis~nxmvp~ zcxc-xc|m~c` mi pbc omjbp al |cx~c~ :%2/ ax ~sh~pmpspc` giaemg~ lax gegxpmg~ miomjbp al gi crcjc~m~ zbmnb si`cx~paa` (pbc egi al ~mi( pa hc Hcomgo/ pbceaxc ~vcnmlmn giaemg~ m~ pbc vxclcxghoc xcg`mij) Mp m~ pcevpmij pa m`cipml}pbc lmjsxc `c~nxmhc` mi pbc lasx vbxg~c~ zmpb Hcomgo "Hcomgx-/ pbasjb zc

ngiiap hc ~sxc pbgp Vgso zaso` g~~cip pa pbm~ m`cipmlmngpmai)

MNN jac~ ai zmpb g |cx} mevaxpgip xcegxd;

"X) B)- Nbgxoc~ iapgho} m`cipmlmc~ (pbc egi al ogzoc~~ic~~( zmpb Hcomgo hspcoghaxgpc~ gi b}vapbc~m~ pa gnnasip lax pbc Gipmnbxm~p g~ bc gvvcgx~ mi Vgsogi` mi ogpcx I) P) ompcxgpsxc) Pbc Giaea~ al Vgso/ g ja`%avva~mij egi/ gbsegi ~a|cxcmji gxec` zmpb emxgnsoas~ vazcx/ m~ pbc xc~sopgip al g ls~maial pza ~cvgxgpc gi` axmjmigoo} mi`cvci`cip pxg`mpmai~/ pbgp al pbc Gipmnbxm~pgi` pbgp al Hcomgx) Pbc Gipmnbxm~p m~ iap/ g~ Has~~cp ~svva~c~/ axmjmigoo} pbcmingxigpc @c|mo hsp g ja`%avva~mij hcmij al bsegi axmjmi) Pbc lmx~pbm~paxmngo vcx~ai pa hc m`cipmlmc` zmpb Gipmnbxm~p m~ Gipmanbs~ Cvbmvbgic~4gi` pbc ogijsgjc gvvomc` pa bme (xcngoo~/ pbasjb mp eg} hc sinai~nmas~o}/pbc ao` Hgh}oaimgi ~gjg al pbc @xgjai*~ g~~gsop ai pbc ja`~ al bcg|ci)(Hcomgx/ ai pbc apbcx bgi` m~ g vsxco} ^gpgimn hcmij) (Mp m~ pbxasjb pbc Hcomgxnai~pmpscip al pbc `c|coavc` Gipmnbxm~p e}pb pbgp pbc ao` @xgjai ~gjg lxaeHgh}oai jgmic` cipxginc mipa pbc c~nbgpaoajmc~ al Ks`gm~e gi` Nbxm~pmgimp})Pbm~ ls~mai al Gipmnbxm~p zmpb Hcomgx (gvvcgx~ pa bg|c hcci gllcnpc` aiNbxm~pmgi ~amo hclaxc 36 G) @)/( gi` m~ gppc~pc` h} 8 Pbc~ 8;7%78)

Pbc~c xcegxd~ zcoo `c~nxmhc pbc ~mpsgpmai lgnmij s~) Mi`cc`/ pza cvm~a`c~ gxc ls~c`

pajcpbcx/ aic iaz silao`mij mi asx `g}/ gi` pbc apbcx pa naec gp pbc ci` al pbc emoociimse)



Zc icc` iap xc~axp pa Hgh}oaimgi e}pb ax ah~nsxc cgxo} Nbxm~pmgi c~nbgpaoaj} pa ~baz pbm~

nails~mai) ^sllmnc mp bcxc pa ~g} pbgp ~c|cxgo xc|cogpmai~ ~baz xchco ncoc~pmgo vcx~aigompmc~ mi

bsegi mingxigpmai; M~g 70;78%86/ C{cd 82;72%7=/ V~goe 28;<%:/ gi` C{cd >2%>= zmpb Xc|86;:%76)

Xcpsximij pa |cx~c lasx zc ngi crgemic pbc gppxmhspc~ al gxxajgip nbgxgnpcx zbmnb

ocg` s~ pa g~~mji pbc~c gnpmai~ pa g ncoc~pmgo vcx~aigomp}/ iap gi mingxigpc vcx~aigomp}) Bc m~iap gi mingxigpc @c|mo mi asx azi `g}/ dccvmij mi emi` pbgp pbc `c~mjigpmai egi m~ vgxp al

pbc ls~mai lxae pza `mllcxcip xc|cogpmai~)

7) Bc m~ mevmas~; (pbc aic zba avva~c~ gi` crgop~ bme~col gjgmi~p c|cx} ~a%ngooc`

ja` ax ahkcnp al zax~bmv)( Bcxc Vgso m~ pcoomij s~ pbgp bc m~ g xchco4 bc ~g}~ pa goo pbc oa}go~vmxmp vcx~aigopmc~/ goo pba~c ~a%ngooc` ja`~/ pbgp bc zmoo ia oaijcx ahc} pbc ogz~ al Ja`)

Gopbasjb pbc pxgi~ogpc` zax` ahkcnp àc~ iap ngvpsxc pbc ~ci~c al `m|mic vcx~aigomp}/ pbc

ahkcnp al zax~bmv es~p hc aio} pba~c zba eg} hc zax~bmvc`/ pbc Lgpbcx gi` Kc~s~)

8) Bc bg~ g ~vmxmp al ~col%crgopgpmai; (~a pbgp bc ~mp~ mi pbc ~ginpsgx} al Ja` )( Pbgp

m~/ bc pgdc~ bm~ ~vmxmp vognc goaij zmpb goo pbc apbcx ncoc~pmgo vcx~aigompmc~ zba gxc oa}go pa

Ja`/ gi` pbc} es~p ~sllcx bm~ mi~aocinc)

>) Bc m~ hog~vbceas~; vxanogmemij bme~col pa hc Ja` )( Bc vxcpci`~ pa hc g ja` al

~svcxmax vazcx gi` emjbp) Xclcx pa ogpcx `m~ns~~mai~ ai pbc GNbxm~pF nbgiicoc` h} ~a egi}vcavoc)

Vgso jg|c s~ vxcnc`cip lax pbc vbxg~c ~a%ngooc` ja` mi 7 Nax 2;3 zbcxc bc s~c` pbc

~gec zax`) Bc ecgip goo pba~c oa}go ja`~ gi` oax`~ al pbc bcg|cio} xcgoe~) Pbc vcx~aigomp}al pbm~ vg~~gjc avva~c~ pba~c ja`~ gi` crgop~ bme~col gha|c pbce) Bc xgid~ bme~col zmpbpbce hsp pbmid~ bc m~ hcppcx pbgi pbc}) Bc zmoo iap gnncvp bm~ `m|mico} g~~mjic` xaoc mi

nxcgpmai) G bsegi eaxpgo zaso` iap xgid bme~col zmpb pbc ja`~ al pbc bcg|cio} xcgoe~)Aio} g ncoc~pmgo vcx~aigomp} zaso` vxc~sec pa ~snb na~emn gxxajginc)

Zc emjbp hcomc|c pbgp Vgso eg`c xclcxcinc pa vgjgi ja`~/ iap aio} lxae s~c al pbczax` ~a%ngooc` / hsp go~a zbci bc s~c~ pbc vbxg~c ahkcnp al zax~bmv) Lax pbc pxsc ~ai gi``gsjbpcx al Ja` pbcxc m~ aio} aic vognc lax asx zax~bmv/ pbc Lgpbcx gi` pbc âi) Vgso ecgippbgp pbc ~a%ngooc` ja`~ zcxc ahkcnp~ al zax~bmv pa vgjgi vcavoc4 gjgmi/ pbc} xcg`mo}

si`cx~paa` bm~ xclcxcinc) Bc zg~ zxmpmij pa vcavoc zba hcomc|c` mi gi` zcxc ~sxxasi`c` h}vgjgi ja`~4 pbc} bg` hcci nai|cxpc` lxae pba~c hcomcl~) Vgso*~ xcegxd~ eg} xclocnp g~pxsjjoc zmpb pbcmx bghmp al emi` zbmnb si`cx~paa` oc~~cx hcmij~ al pbc bcg|cio} xcgoe~ g~

zaxpb} al zax~bmv)

Vgxp 0; Pbc ^cgp

G~ g lsxpbcx crgevoc al baz zc bg|c hcci lgo~co} miloscinc` h} cgxo} Nbxm~pmgigppmps`c~/ "gi` em~si`cx~pgi`mij-/ gi` baz Nbxm~pmgi pxg`mpmai bg~ hcnaec nbgmic` pa pba~ccgxo} gppmps`c~/ nai~m`cx pbc pxgi~ogpmai (~a pbgp bc pgdc~ bm~ ~cgp mi pbc Pcevoc al Ja` )(

Pbm~ vbxg~c bg~ g ~shkcnp (bc(/ g |cxh (pgdc~/( gi` gi ahkcnp (~cgp)(

Pbc |cxh gi` pbc ahkcnp à iap crm~p mi pbc Jxccd pcrp) Pbc} gxc milcxxc` lxae pbc laxeal pbc Jxccd vbxg~c/ gi` asx |mcz al Vgso*~ mipcip)

Ompcxgoo}/ lxae Jxccd pa Cijom~b;

aa~pc 5 ~a g~



gspai 5 bme

cm~ 5 mi

pai 5 pbcigai 5 ~ginpsgx}

pas 5 %%%Pbcas 5 al Ja`

dgpbc~gm 5 pa ~mp

Pbc |cxh (dgpbc~gm/( pa ~mp/ m~ gi gaxm~p milmimpm|c) Gi gaxm~p |cxh crvxc~~c~ gnpmaizmpbasp lsxpbcx omempgpmai ax mevomngpmai)

Gi milmimpm|c m~ g |cxhgo ~sh~pgipm|c/ zbmnb ecgi~ mp m~ iap g |cxh mi pbc lsoo ~ci~c4 mp m~ g|cxhgo iasi) Pbc milmimpm|c pbci oc` pa pbc m`cg al g ~cgp)

Nai~m`cx baz pbc m`cipmngo zax` (dgpbc~gm( m~ pxgi~ogpc` mi Gnp~ 2;>7)

(Gi` bc mi|mpc` Vbmomv pa naec sv gi` ~mp zmpb bme)(

Gjgmi/ pbc m`cipmngo zax` (dgpbc~gm( m~ pxgi~ogpc` mi Xc| >;87)

(Bc zba a|cxnaec~/ M zmoo jxgip bme pa ~mp zmpb ec ai e} pbxaic ) ) )(

^mevo}/ pbc zax` ecgi~ (pa ~mp)( Pbc Jxccd ~g}~ iapbmij ghasp pgdmij g ~cgp) Pbcpxgi~ogpmai al |cx~c 0 m~ vxavcxo} xci`cxc` g~ (Zba avva~c~ gi` crgop~ bme~col gjgmi~p

c|cx} ~a%ngooc` ja` gi` ahkcnp al zax~bmv/ mi ax`cx pa ~mp mi pbc ~ginpsgx} al Ja` ) ) )(

Iaz zc ngi si`cx~pgi` baz pbc ~ginpsgx} gi` pbc ~mppmij pgdc ai g `mllcxcipecgimij)

Pbc ~ginpsgx} icc` iap hc g vb}~mngo ~pxsnpsxc mi g jcajxgvbmngo oangpmai svai cgxpb)Xgpbcx/ mp m~ g ~vmxmp ncipcx) Pbgp ~vmxmp ncipcx m~ pbc iga~/ pbc ~ginpsgx} al Ja`) Bc

vxc~sec~ gjgmi~p Ja` mi ax`cx pa ~mp pbcxc) Bc zg~ ng~p àzi hsp àc~ iap xc~vcnp bm~ ks`jecip)

Pbc m`cg al Ja`*~ ~ginpsgx} ngxxmc~ ~c|cxgo va~~mhoc mevomngpmai~)

7) Pbc ~ginpsgx} allcx~ vxapcnpmai lxae apbcx ~vmxmp hcmij~) Pba~c apbcx hcmij~xc~vcnp pbc ~ginpsgx}/ ks~p g~ pbc Kcz xc~vcnp~ pbc miicx ~ginpsgx} al pbc Pcevoc/ pbc bao}

al baomc~) Pbm~ hcmij m~ s~mij pbm~ ~ginpsgx} g~ g ecgi~ al vxapcnpmai/ mi xchcoomai gjgmi~p

Ja`/ gi` gjgmi~p pbc ogz~ al pbc sim|cx~c) Pbc ~ginpsgx} eg} hc iapbmij eaxc pbgi Ja`*~naeegi` pa (ocg|c bme hc)F

8) Pbc ~ginpsgx} eg} ngxx} g lsinpmaigo g`|gipgjc) H} ~mppmij mi mp bc eg} hc ghoc panaipgnp pbc emi`~ al bsegi eaxpgo~ eaxc `mxcnpo}) Bc m~ s~mij Ja`*~ ~vmxmp ci|mxaiecip pa

vxa~cnspc bm~ zmndc` vsxva~c) Bc m~ g xchco4 bc bg~ ia xc~vcnp lax baomic~~)

>) (^ginpsgx}( eg} hc s~c` ecpgvbaxmngoo}/ g~ alpci mi pbc Icz Pc~pgecip)Gopbasjb bc zg~ (ng~p àzi( bc vxc~sec~ pa bm~ laxecx ~pgps~/ cwsgo pa pbgp al oa}go

hcmij~)

0) Ax/ bc vxcpci`~ pa g ~pgps~ cwsgo pa oa}go hcmij~/ pbgp bsegi eaxpgo~ eg} hcomc|cbc avcxgpc~ lxae pbc ~gec bao} c~pgpc)



Lxae pbgp ~ginpsgx} bc avcio} hog~vbcec~ gjgmi~p Ja`) Bc vxanogme~ bme~col pa hc

Ja`)

Zc es~p jcp g pmjbp jxmv ai asx gppmps`c~) Zc es~p xcnajim{c pbgp goo oa}go `m|mic

hcmij~ diaz bc m~ iap Ja`) Aio} ~s~ncvpmhoc bsegi eaxpgo~ gxc iap ghoc pa `m~nxmemigpc) Bm~vxanogegpmai g~ Ja` pbcxclaxc ngi aio} hc pa laaobgx`} bsegi dmi`)

Ml pbm~ vcx~aigomp} m~ `m|mic/ gi` iap bsegi/ pbc vxanogegpmai g~ Ja` iaz pgdc~ ai

eaxc ~ci~c) Zc icc` iap va~psogpc g bsegi ~ncigxma pa mipcxvxcp pbc vg~~gjc) Bc m~ iapiaz g `cos`c` bsegi eaxpgo4 bc m~ g ~vmxmp hcmij zba m~ px}mij pa `cos`c egidmi`) Vcxbgv~

bc m~ px}mij pa xcnogme pbc xc~vcnp bc va~~c~~c` g~ asx laxecx vogicpgx} xsocx/ asx vogicpgx}

ja`/ hsp zbmnb bc oa~p zbci bc xchcooc`) Bco` sv gjgmi~p pbc xcgomp} al Nxcgpmai bm~ gnpmai~gxc pxso} mi~gic)

Bm~ vxcpci~c pbgp bc m~ Ja` egdc~ bsegi hcmij~ ~s~ncvpmhoc pa hcomcl pbgp bc m~ Ja`)Pbxasjb pbm~ ecnbgim~e bc zmoo ocg` pa pbc eg~~ ~ogsjbpcx ghasp pa hsxjcai laxpb ai asxzaxo`)

Mi g vxcnc`mij nbgvpcx M wsapc` g ~pgpcecip eg`c h} pbm~ xchco vcx~aigomp} pa EgxdLgxoc}) Pbcxc bc vxcpci`c` pa hc Emnbgco/ g~ Ja`) Nsxxcip ~vmxmpm~p naeesimngpmai~/ iaz

xgevgip gxasi` pbm~ vogicp/ gxc xmlc zmpb pbc~c vxcpci~c~ gi` mevcx~aigpmai~ g~ Ja`) G

jaa` crgevoc m~ pbc (Nbxm~p( al G Nasx~c mi Emxgnoc~) Omppoc `m` zc xcnajim{c baz pbm~vxc`mnpmai h} Vgso zaso` hc lsolmooc`) Asx e}pbaoajmngo megjc~ vxc|cip s~/ c|ci iaz/ gp pbcog~p basx/ lxae si`cx~pgi`mij pbc `cgò} pxgi~gnpmai~ hcmij vxa~cnspc` hclaxc asx |cx}

c}c~/ h} icmjbhax~/ lxmci`~ gi` xcogpm|c~) Pbc nsxxcip `c|coavecip al ~vmxmpm~p jxasv~ mi goo

naxicx~ al pbc ogi` m~ pbc vxgnpmngo lsolmooecip al Vgso*~ vxc`mnpmai) Pbm~ xchco àc~ iap gvvcgxg~ ~aec e}~pmngo lmjsxc/ pgdmij bm~ ~cgp mi ~aec e}pbmngo pcevoc/ ~baspmij pa pbc zaxo` pbgpbc m~ Ja`) Bc gvvcgx~ mi pbc emi`~ al bsegi eaxpgo~ vxanogmemij pbgp bc m~ Ja`) Gi`

pbc} hcomc|c bme)

Vgxp 3; Pbc Xc~pxgmip

Xcpsxi iaz pa |cx~c~ ~mr%cmjbp) Pbc~c eg} hc pbc ea~p nx}vpmn mi pbc Hmhoc/ ~mevo}hcngs~c Vgso xclcx~ pa nai|cx~gpmai~ bc bg` zmpb pbc Pbc~~goaimgi~ mi zbmnb bc vxa|m`c`

`cpgmo~ gi` g naipcrp/ hsp zbmnb bc àc~ iap xcog} pa s~) Pbc Pbc~~goaimgi~ eg} bg|cdiazi zbgp zg~ xc~pxgmimij ax zmpbbao`mij (bme(4 zc à iap)

^vcnsogpmai bg~ ~agxc` gxasi` pbm~ vg~~gjc) Egi} gi` `m|cx~c ~sjjc~pmai~ bg|c hcci

vxallcxc` lax pbc m`cipmp} al pbc ogzoc~~ aic/ zba ax zbgp m~ xc~pxgmimij bme/ zbci bc zmoo hc

xc|cgoc`/ gi` pbc naipcrp al pbc gnpmai~) Esnb al pbgp ~vcnsogpmai s~c~ vaompmngo ~ncigxma~/cmpbcx al cgxo} Nbxm~pmgi `g}~/ ax apbcx~ àzi pbxasjb pbc ncipsxmc~) âec mipcxvxcpcx~

hcomc|c mp zg~ Icxa zba zg~ àmij pbc xc~pxgmimij4 apbcx~ ~sjjc~p apbcx Xaegi cevcxax~)

Vcx~ai~ mi ogpcx ncipsxmc~ ~sjjc~pc` g Vavc/ ax vaompmngo ocg`cx~/ ax igpmaigo `mnpgpax~/ gi` ~aai) Goo gxc mi cxxax) Pbc naipcrp m~ xcomjmas~/ iap vaompmngo) Pbc~c gxc `m|mic pxgi~gnpmai~4 iapbsegi cgxpbo} gnpm|mpmc~) Pbc naipcrp m~ bcg|cio}4 pbc ci|mxaiecip m~ iap jcavb}~mngo/

vaompmngo/ ax naeecxnmgo) Pbc~c gxc na~emn pxgi~gnpmai~)

Pbxasjb bcg|cio} vxanc~~c~ sidiazi pa s~/ Ja` bco` pbc @c|mo mi nbcnd) Ja` omempc`bm~ ghmomp} pa lsinpmai) Ja` vognc` xc~pxgmip~ svai bme) Iaz pba~c xc~pxgmip~ bg|c hcci

xcea|c`) Pbc ~pgpcecip(Bc zba xc~pxgmi~ bme zmoo à ~a sipmo bc naec~ asp al pbc em`~p( m~~a nails~mij hcngs~c Vgso zg~ omempc` mi bm~ |anghsogx}) Pbc (em`~p( eg} hc pbc ~ginpsgx})Ax mp eg} hc g ~vmxmp ci|mxaiecip iap `m~ncximhoc pa bsegi dmi`) Ax mp eg} hc g ~vmxmp

xc~pxgmip zbmnb Ja` bg~ iaz omlpc`)



Pbc e}~pcx} al ogzoc~~ic~~ m~ pbc vcxem~~mai h} Ja` pbgp pbc @c|mo xcegmi ai pbm~ zaxo`

pa vxa~cnspc bm~ c|mo `c~mji~) Zc à iap bg|c g nocgx vcxncvpmai zb} Ja` zaso` gooaz pbm~4bcinc mp m~ g e}~pcx}) G~ Kc~s~ ~pgpc`/ mp zg~ iap bm~ zm~b pbgp pbm~ xchco xcegmi/ hsp bc

zaso` à pbc zmoo al pbc Lgpbcx)

Zbci Vgso ~gm` pbc e}~pcx} al ogzoc~~ic~~ zg~ goxcg`} gp zaxd bc ecgip pbc ecpba`~cevoa}c` h} pbm~ xchco pa `c~pxa} pbc zaxo`)

Vxmax pa pbc vxc~cip xcocg~c pba~c ecpba`~ zcxc al pza dmi`~;

g- pbc gipgjaim~pmn gi` `cncvpm|c ~vmxmpsgo ci|mxaiecip pbc @c|mo nxcgpc`/ pbc aic~vadci al h} pbc gva~poc~ gi` Nbxm~pmgi~ àzi pbxasjb pbc ncipsxmc~/ gi`

h- vbciaecig `m~vog}c` si`cx pbc jcicxgo `c~mjigpmai al ~vmxmpsgom~e)

Zc zcxc meesic pa pbc ci|mxaiecipgo miloscinc g~ oaij g~ zc xcegmic` xmjbpcas~/g~ oaij g~ asx bcgxp~ zcxc ncipcxc` pa Ja`) Hsp zbci pbc zaxo` hcngec jaòc~~ zc avcic`

pbc zg} pa gi c|cx eaxc vazcxlso miloscinc zbmnb iaz vcx|g`c~ asx nsxxcip ~anmgo ax`cx)

Zc hcngec minxcg~mijo} ~shkcnp pa bm~ ~o} ~sjjc~pmai~)

Lsxpbcxeaxc/ ~vmxmpsgom~e zg~ omempc` mi nsopsxgo vazcx/ gopbasjb mp zg~ vsx~sc`

minxcg~mijo} gp egi} oc|co~ `sxmij pbc vg~p 736 }cgx~) Lax crgevoc/ Egx} Pa`` Ominaoi/ pbczmlc al Ghxgbge Ominaoi/ ~asjbp asp ~vmxmpsgom~p vbciaecig/ g~ `m` egi} xcvspghoc~nmcipm~p~)

Pbc naemij al pbc ogzoc~~ aic m~ pbc ~gec zax` g~ s~c` lax pbc naemij al Kc~s~) PbcJxccd vcxas~mg ecgi~ (g vxc~cinc)( Bm~ naemij zmoo hc gnnax`mij pa bm~ ncoc~pmgo ~pgps~/ mivazcx/ zmpb egi} ~mji~ gi` o}mij zai`cx~) Pbc `ceai~pxgpmai al bm~ vazcx zmoo xcgnb

hc}ai` gi} pxg`mpmaigo |mcz/ lgx hc}ai` pbc nsxxcip naincvpsgo xgijc al Kcz ax Nbxm~pmgi)Ghasp pa silao` svai pbm~ vogicp m~ gi cvm~a`c pbgp c~ngvc~ pbc ea~p cxs`mpc xcomjmas~pbcaxcpmnmgi/ pbc ea~p ~avbm~pmngpc` pbcaoajmgi/ pbc ea~p vcxncvpm|c Xghhm/ gi` pbc ea~p

g`gegip lsi`gecipgom~p Vxcgnbcx)

Mi ax`cx pa `ceai~pxgpc baz pbm~ xcocg~c m~ si`cx~paa` h} pbm~ xchco Vxminc/ M wsapc~pgpcecip~ bc eg`c pa g ~vmxmpm~p jxasv mi Zaa`~ Nxa~~/ Spgb) Bc eg`c pbc~c xcegxd~

pbxasjb pbc emi` al Kgi Ec~~cijcx/ g ecehcx al pbgp jxasv)

]as gxc g ~egoo emiaxmp}) Ea~p zaso` ic|cx gnncvp ax si`cx~pgi` pbc~cpxgi~gnpmai~) ]cp/ pbc} zmoo nbgijc zmpbmi) Asx jago/ em~~mai m~ pzalao`) Mpnai~m~p~/ lmx~po}/ mi pxgi~laxemij pbc mi`m|m`sgo~/ mi`m|m`sgo~ mi|ao|c` mi/ zmpbpbc~c naeesimngpmai~) ^cnaiò}/ mp nai~m~p~ al ~vxcg`mij/ ~bgxmij/egmipgmimij pbc ~vmxmpsgo vxajxc~~ eaecipse al pbc eg~~c~) Pbm~ jcicxgo~vmxmpsgo oc|co bg~ iap icnc~~gxmo} mevxa|c` lax egi} }cgx~/ gi` iaz pbcpmec bg~ naec pa naxxcnp pbm~ gi` hcjmi pa ciogxjc pbc ~vmxmpsgo ngvgnmp} gi`xcncvpm|mp} al egidmi` mi jcicxgo) Pbm~ m~ annsxxmij `sc pa ~vmxmpsgo laxnc~ al g eaxc jcicxgom{c` igpsxc) Pbc ^svxcec Hcmij m~ gnpmij mi gi a|cxgoovgppcxic` egiicx ghasp pbm~ gxcg mi pmec ~vgnc)

) ) ) Pbcxclaxc/ pbm~ jcicxgom{c` ~vmxmpsgo laxnc nxcgpc~ vxc~~sxc svaibsegidmi` zbmnb bsegidmi` xcgnp~ pa gi` zmoo bcov pa nxcgpc pbcgpea~vbcxc ax vxcvgxc pbc zg} lax pbc xcncvpmai/ xcncm|mij al pbc~cpcgnbmij~) Gi` lsxpbcxeaxc/ goo pbc~c laxnc~ zmoo jcipo} gi` ngxclsoo} xc|cgoJa`*~ oa|c pa bsegidmi`/ hsp iap aio} pbm~ lcooaz ~bgxmij gi` xc|cgomij oa|c



al Ja` m~ pbc ea~p ~svxcec laxe al vocg~sxc) Pbm~ vxcvgxgpmai zmoo hcppcx}asx vogicp mi egi} gxcg~ al omlc/ mi ci|mxaiecip/ mi pcnbiaoaj}/ mi ~anmgonsopsxc gi` vaompmngo ~pxsnpsxc) Pbc~c xclmicecip~ zmoo jxg`sgoo} ocg` pbm~zaxo` ~pcv%h}%~pcv pazgx`~ omjbp gi` omlc) M~ pbm~ si`cx~paa`1

) ) ) Pbc jxg|mp} al pbc âi/ pbc Cpcxigo âi pbgp m~/ bg~ pxceciàs~ vazcx

gi` zcmjbp) ]asx ~vmxmpsgo ~ci~mpm|mp} gi` ngvgnmp} lax xcncvpm|mp} zmoominxcg~c iapmncgho}) Bm~ `xgzmij vazcx m~ siem~pgdghoc pa pbc ~vmxmp/ pa pbc~aso/ zbmnb zmoo minxcg~mijo} xc~vai` pa pbm~ lccomij) Naeesimngpmai ~snb g~pbm~ zmoo minxcg~c zaxo`zm`c ~vxcg`) Egi} vcavoc zmoo xc~vai`)

Pbc~c ~pgpcecip~ gxc lsoo al vaxpcip/ hsp pbc bsegi hcmij~ al pa`g} pa zbae pbc} zcxcjm|ci `m` iap xcnajim{c pbc ~mjimlmnginc)

]cp pbc} zmoo nbgijc zmpbmi

Bm~ bsegi gjcip~ bg|c iaz hcci nai`mpmaic` pa bm~ vxc~cinc gi` pa bm~ vazcx/ hsp iap

pbgp pbc} gxc nai~nmas~o} gzgxc) Pbs~ bc m~

pxgi~laxemij pbc mi`m|m`sgo~ mi|ao|c` mi bm~ ~vmxmp pxgi~laxegpmai~

~vxcg`mij/ ~bgxmij/ egmipgmimij pbc ~vmxmpsgo vxajxc~~ eaecipse al pbc eg~~c~

H} pbm~ bc ecgi~ bm~ minxcg~mij miloscinc svai pbc jcicxgo eg~~ al egidmi` pbxasjbxcnxsmpecip mipa bm~ `mxcnp ecipgo naeesimngpmai/ zbmnb bc ~p}oc~ g~ (G vxajxc~~

eaecipse)(

Pbm~ jcicxgo ~vmxmpsgo oc|co bg~ iap icnc~~gxmo} mevxa|c` lax egi} }cgx~/ gi` iaz pbcpmec bg~ naec pa naxxcnp pbm~ gi` hcjmi pa ciogxjc pbc ~vmxmpsgo ngvgnmp} gi` xcncvpm|mp} al

egidmi` mi jcicxgo)

H} egi} }cgx~ bc ecgi~ pbc egi} emoociimg al gjc~ jaic h}/ zbci bc `m` iap bg|c

~snb vazcx) Iaz bc bg~ hcci xcocg~c` pa ~snb vazcx)

Pbm~ m~ annsxxmij `sc pa ~vmxmpsgo laxnc~ al g eaxc jcicxgom{c` igpsxc) Pbc ^svxcecHcmij m~ gnpmij mi gi a|cxgoo vgppcxic` egiicx ghasp pbm~ gxcg mi pmec ~vgnc)

Bcxc bc crvomnmpo} ~pgpc~ pbgp Ja` bg~ avcic` pbc jgpc~ lax bme pa crcxnm~csivxcnc`cipc` vazcx/ iaz ai pbm~ zaxo`)

) ) ) Pbcxclaxc/ pbm~ jcicxgom{c` ~vmxmpsgo laxnc nxcgpc~ vxc~~sxc svai bsegidmi` zbmnbbsegidmi` xcgnp~ pa gi` zmoo bcov pa nxcgpc pbc gpea~vbcxc ax vxcvgxc pbc zg} lax pbcxcncvpmai/ xcncm|mij al pbc~c pcgnbmij~)

Iaz/ sioc~~ eci gi` zaegi gxc crpxceco} ngxclso/ pbc} eg} lgoo mipa pbc vcx~sg~m|c

vazcx al pbm~ xchco) Ja` bg~ avcic` pbc ~vmxmpsgo jgpc~)

Gi` lsxpbcxeaxc/ goo pbc~c laxnc~ zmoo jcipo} gi` ngxclsoo} xc|cgo Ja`*~ oa|c pabsegidmi`/ hsp iap aio} pbm~ lcooaz ~bgxmij gi` xc|cgomij oa|c al Ja` m~ pbc ea~p ~svxcec

laxe al vocg~sxc)

Pbm~ m~ bm~ jxcgp `cncvpmai) Bc bg~ nai`mpmaic` bm~ bsegi gjcip~ pa hcomc|c pbgp bchxmij~ g xcia|gpc` egidmi`/ gi` pbgp goo m~ àic asp al oa|c) Bc pbci vxava~c pa pbce

zbcxc pbm~ zmoo ocg`) Hsp goo mi `cncvpmai)



Pbm~ vxcvgxgpmai zmoo hcppcx }asx vogicp mi egi} gxcg~ al omlc/ mi ci|mxaiecip/ mi

pcnbiaoaj}/ mi ~anmgo nsopsxc gi` vaompmngo ~pxsnpsxc) Pbc~c xclmicecip~ zmoo jxg`sgoo} ocg` pbm~ zaxo` ~pcv%h}%~pcv pazgx`~ omjbp gi` omlc) M~ pbm~ si`cx~paa`1

Bc pbci jac~ ai/ ks~pml}mij pbc egiicx mi zbmnb bm~ vazcx m~ iaz hcmij crcxnm~c` mi

pbcmx emi`~)

) ) ) Pbc jxg|mp} al pbc âi/ pbc Cpcxigo âi pbgp m~/ bg~ pxceciàs~ vazcx gi` zcmjbp) ]asx ~vmxmpsgo ~ci~mpm|mp} gi` ngvgnmp} lax xcncvpm|mp} zmoo minxcg~c iapmncgho})

Bm~ `xgzmij vazcx m~ siem~pgdghoc pa pbc ~vmxmp/ pa pbc ~aso/ zbmnb zmoo minxcg~mijo}

xc~vai` pa pbm~ lccomij) Naeesimngpmai ~snb g~ pbm~ zmoo minxcg~c zaxo`zm`c ~vxcg`)Egi} vcavoc zmoo xc~vai`)

Zmpb `sc xcjgx` pa pbc ngspmai pbgp bm~ vsxva~c m~ pa `cncm|c/ pbm~ ~pgpcecipvxahgho} zcoo ngvpsxc~ pbc igpsxc al pbc ~vmxmpsgo pxgi~gnpmai~ pxgi~vmxmij ai asx zaxo`pa`g}) Bc m~ iap glxgm` pa `m~ns~~ pbc~c cocecip~ hcngs~c bc icc`~ ks~pmlmngpmai lax pba~c

mi`m|m`sgo~ zba gxc iaz laooazmij bme) Pbc} eg} zai`cx baz pbm~ m~ iaz naemij ghasp/

zb} pbc crgnp laxe al pbm~ vbciaecig zg~ iap diazi mi vxmax bm~paxmngo pmec~)

Pbc xcg~ai m~ ~mevoc4 g ~vmxmpsgo xcocg~c bg~ iaz naec) ^minc pbm~ |mcz al icz

~vmxmpsgo pxgi~gnpmai~ m~ papgoo} asp~m`c pbc vsx|mcz al Kcz~ gi` Nbxm~pmgi~/ iap minos`c` mipbcmx pbcaoajmc~ ax vavsogx iapmai~ al Ja`*~ naipxao al pbm~ vogicp/ mp naso` iap bg|c naec aspal pbc sinai~nmas~ emi` al Kgi Ec~~cijcx) Pbc~c naincvp~ gxc laxcmji pa gi} bm~paxmngo |mcz

gi` naso` iap bg|c bsegi axmjmi)

E} vsxva~c m~ iap pa vxa|m`c ks~pmlmngpmai lax pbc gspbcipmnmp} al pbc~c xcegxd~) Cgnbal s~ es~p `cnm`c lax asx~co|c~ pbc |gom`mp} al pbc milaxegpmai hcmij jm|ci pa s~/ zbcpbcx

lxae bao} gi` xmjbpcas~ ~asxnc~/ ax lxae pbc |moc Vxminc) Zc ~baso` xcecehcx pbgp bcemrc~ pxspb zmpb omc~) C|cx}pbmij bc ~g}~ m~ iap lgo~c4 apbcxzm~c laaom~b bsegi dmi` zaso`wsmndo} ~cc pbxasjb bme) Pbc vazcx al bm~ gvvcgo m~ mi bm~ ks`mnmas~ emrmij al lgo~c naincvp~

zmpb pxspblso ~pgpcecip~) Gi` c|ci bm~ lgo~c naincvp~ gxc ncipcxc` mi pbc zm~blso pbmidmij al egi) Bc s~c~ pbcmx zcgdic~~c~ pa gvvcgo pa pbce) Bc m~ |cx} `c|mas~)

Asx zaxo` m~ ghasp pa cipcx g ~vmxmpsgo ks`jecip/ pbc omdc~ al zbmnb bg|c ic|cx hclaxc

pgdci vognc mi Ja`*~ nxcgpmai) Gi` zc bsegi eaxpgo~ iaz om|mij zmoo xc~vai` gnnax`mij paasx mi`m|m`sgo xcogpmai~bmv~ zmpb Ja`) Zbcpbcx zc zgip pa ax iap/ zc gxc vgxpmnmvgip~ mi gsimwsc na~emn cvm~a`c)

M ~bgoo iaz ja ai pa apbcx bm~paxmn xc|cogpmai~ naincximij pbc~c c|cip~)

Sinocgi ^vmxmp~

Egxd 7<; "70%73- (Gi` pbc} crns~c` pbce~co|c~/ ~g}mij pbgp pbm~ gjcal ogzoc~~ic~~ gi` sihcomcl m~ si`cx ^gpgi/ zba/ pbxasjb pbc gjcin}al sinocgi ~vmxmp~/ àc~ iap gooaz pbc pxsc vazcx al Ja` pa hcgvvxcbci`c`) Zbcxclaxc/ pbc} ~gm` pa Nbxm~p/ *xc|cgo iaz Pb}xmjbpcas~ic~~)* Gi` Nbxm~p ~gm` pa pbce/ *Pbc omemp al pbc }cgx~ al ^gpgi*~ gspbaxmp} bg~ hcci lsolmooc`/ hsp apbcx pcxxax~ `xgz icgx/ gi` Mge `com|cxc` sv al `cgpb ai hcbgol al pba~c pbgp bg|c ~miic`/ pbgppbc} eg} hc psxic` pa pbc pxspb gi` ~mi ia eaxc/ ~a pbgp pbc} eg}mibcxmp pbc ~vmxmpsgo gi` minaxxsvpmhoc joax} al xmjbpcas~ic~~ mibcg|ci)*(



]as zmoo iap lmi` pbm~ pcrp mi }asx Hmhoc) Mp m~ iap vshom~bc` mi gi} ea`cxi c`mpmai) Pbxcc

xcg~ai~ crm~p)

Lmx~p/ pbc pcrp àc~ iap gvvcgx mi egi} al pbc ea~p ginmcip egis~nxmvp~4 mp gvvcgx~ miogpcx egis~nxmvp~)

^cnai`/ pbc nbgxgnpcx al pbc zxmpmij gvvcgx~ crva~mpax}/ g ogpcx Nbxm~pmgi naeecipgx}/

iap g~ ~aecpbmij pbgp zg~ vgxp al Egxd5~ axmjmigo ja~vco)

Pbmx`/ pbc vg~~gjc m~ bmjbo} `m~psxhmij4 mp egdc~ ~vcnmlmn g~~mjiecip al pbc gnpm|mpmc~ al

pbc @c|mo/ gi` pbgp g~~mjiecip m~ mi pbc ~ax`m` vxgnpmnc~ al ~vmxmpsgom~e ax ~vmxmpm~e/ pbxasjbpbc gjcin} al sinocgi ~vmxmp~)

Pbm~ hxmcl vg~~gjc/ oangpc` hcpzcci |cx~c~ 7<;70 gi` 7<;73/ m~ aio} vgxp al pbc pcrpsgovxahoce~ lasi` gp pbc ci` al pbc Ja~vco al Egxd) \gxmas~ |cx~mai~ annsx mi `mllcxcip ginmcipegis~nxmvp~) Pbc~c gxc ~seegxm{c` mi ea~p c`mpmai~ al X^\) Pbc Icz Arlax` Giiapgpc`

"X^\- Hmhoc/ 7=:>/ g``~ pbc xcegxd pbgp () ) ) g lcz gspbaxmpmc~ mi~cxp g``mpmaigo egpcxmgo

glpcx |cx~c 70/( hsp àc~ iap wsapc pbc pcrp)

Pbm~ pcrp m~ wsapc` mi pbc Mipcxigpmaigo Nxmpmngo Naeecipgx} si`cx pbc ~cnpmai `cgomij

zmpb Kabi 7<;77) Mp go~a gvvcgx~ mi pbc crbgs~pm|c nxmpmngo c`mpmai al Pbc Jxccd Icz Pc~pgecip h} Dsxp Gogi`/ Egppbcz Hognd/ Ngxoa Egxpmim/ Hxsnc Ecp{jgx/ gi` Gooci Zmdjxci/vshom~bc` h} pbc Simpc` Hmhoc ânmcpmc~/ 7=<2) Pbc naeecipgpax mi MNN jac~ ai pa xcegxd

pbgp;

(Pbc mevci`mij *pcxxax~* eg} hc pbc vcx~cnspmai~ laxcpao` mi Kabi 7<;8%>)(

Mi`cc`/ pbgp m~ crgnpo} zbgp m~ jamij ai)

Pbm~ pcrp ngxxmc~ esopmvoc vaxpcip)

7) Pbc Vxminc al pbm~ Zaxo` gnp~ pbxasjb pbc gjcin} al (sinocgi ~vmxmp~)( Ax/ ~pgpcàpbcxzm~c/ pbxasjb (~c`snmij ~vmxmp~)( ^cc 7 Pme 0;7) Pbgp m~ pbc aio} ecnbgim~e g|gmoghocpa bme) Pbc ~vmxmp~ gxc sinocgi hcngs~c pbc} mi|g`c pbc ~gnxcìc~~ al bsegi emi`) Pbc

~vmxmp~ gxc ~c`snmij hcngs~c pbc} hcpxg} egi)

8) Pbxasjb pbm~ gjcin} pbc pxsc vazcx al Ja` ngiiap hc gvvxcbci`c`) Pbc gjcin} al

(sinocgi ~vmxmp~( ngeaslogjc~ g pxsc xcogpmai~bmv zmpb Ja`) Pbm~ Ja` cllcnpm|co} `m|cxp~ bm~

hcomc|cx~ pa lgo~c `mxcnpmai~)

>) Pbc vcx~cnspmai~ bc zmoo hxmij pbxasjb pbc gjcin} al (sinocgi ~vmxmp~( gxc xcnajim{c`

lax pbcmx pcxxax naipcip) Gopbasjb bc eg} bg|c hxasjbp pcxxax pa vxc|mas~ zaxo` xcjmec~/jxcgpcx baxxax~ `xgz icgx)

Goo xc~m`cip~ al pbm~ vogicp zmoo crvcxmcinc g pxsc ~vmxmpsgo ks`jecip)

Pbm~ ~egoo ~cnpmai/ gi` mp~ bm~pax} `c`snc` lxae ~sx|m|mij egis~nxmvp~/ g``c` ~aec

pmec glpcx pbc lmx~p ncipsx}/ `ceai~pxgpc~ pbgp diazoc`jc/ `m~ns~~mai/ gi` nai~m`cxghoc

mipcxc~p mi Kc~s~* vxc`mnpmai zg~ nsxxcip mi cgxo} Nbxm~pmgi `g}~4 mp zg~ vgxp al pbc ha`} al cgxo} Nbxm~pmgi pbasjbp) G~ pbc ncipsxmc~ vg~~c` pbc ~mjimlmnginc al Kc~s~* xcegxd~ hcngec`mospc`/ zbmoc vxgnpmngo hcomcl al @c|mo*~ zaxd lg`c` si`cx minxcg~mij ~dcvpmnm~e) Pbc @c|mo

jgmic` c|cx pmjbpcx jxmv ai pbc gppmps`c~ al eci)



G~ zc gvvxagnbc` pbm~ ncipsx} pbc |gom`mp} al pba~c xcegxd~ zcxc minxcg~mijo}

`m~nasipc`) Pba~c lsi`gecipgom~p jxasv~ zba naipmisc` pa hcomc|c mi pbc @c|mo zcxc hsxmc`hcicgpb pbc `chxm~ al e}pbaoaj} gi` e}~pmnm~e) Bcinc/ pbc lcgxlso paic gi` gvvxcbci~m|c

igpsxc al pbc Egxd gvvci`c` pcrp ngs~c` mp pa hc crnos`c` lxae ea`cxi c`mpmai~) Jaòc~~jcicxgpmai~ `m~nasip pbc xcgomp} al ~vmxmp vcx~aigompmc~4 pbc} à iap hcomc|c pbc @c|mo zaso`

bg|c ~snb vazcx) Pbm~ ~svvxc~~mai m~ gi crncoocip mi`mngpax al baz pbm~ Vxminc bg~ homi`c`pbc emi`~ al xcncip jcicxgpmai~)

Zbgp m~ ecgip h} sinocgi ~vmxmp~1

Mi egi} ng~c~ mi pbc Icz Pc~pgecip mp ecgip `ceaimn va~~c~~mai/ pbc gnpsgo~cm{sxc al ncxpgmi bsegi eaxpgo~ h} xchco ~vmxmp~) ^cc Egxd 7;8>l/ >;77/ :;83/ Osdc =;08/

Gnp~ 2;:/ gi` ~a ai) Mi ~aec ng~c~ pbc naipcrp m~ sincxpgmi4 mp naso` ecgi ~vmxmp~ zba à

iap gnpsgoo} va~~c~~ bsegi eaxpgo~/ hsp ecxco} naeesimngpc zmpb pbce mi pbcmx emi`~) ^ccEgxd <;:/ Osdc <;72/ Gnp~ 3;7</ gi` ~a ai) Iapgho}/ xclcxcinc~ pa sinocgi ~vmxmp~ à iapgvvcgx mi Kabi*~ ja~vco)

Pbc lgnp al `ceaimn va~~c~~mai m~ zcoo gppc~pc` mi pbc xcnax` vxmax pa Kc~s~*xc~sxxcnpmai) Mp m~ iap zcoo gppc~pc` glpcx bm~ xc~sxxcnpmai) Pbc ginmcip @xsm`~/ pbc vxmc~pbaa`

al pbc Ncopmn vcavoc/ svai bcgxmij xcvaxp~ al Kc~s~* xc~sxxcnpmai/ xcnajim{c` pbgp goo `ceaimn

~vmxmp~ bg` hcci xcea|c` lxae pbc vogicp gp pbgp pmec) Ml `ceaimn va~~c~~mai crm~pc` }cppa`g} mp zaso` hc lgx eaxc vxc|gocip) Xcncip ng~c~ zbmnb bg|c xcncm|c` jxcgp iapaxmcp} ngihc crvogmic` pbxasjb ceapmaigo ax ecipgo mooic~~) Ax/ mi ~aec xgxc ng~c~/ ncxpgmi bsegi

eaxpgo~ bg|c ~shemppc` pbcmx emi`~ gi` ha`mc~ pa gnpsgo @c|mo va~~c~~mai)

Ml pbm~ c|m`cinc m~ mi`mngpm|c al pbc nsxxcip vogicpgx} xcjmec mp zaso` ecgi pbgp~vmxmp~ ngvghoc al mi|aosipgx} `ceaimn va~~c~~mai gxc ia oaijcx zmpb s~4 goo ~vmxmpm~p gnpm|mpmc~

pa`g} axmjmigpc zmpb pbc lgooci Vxminc) Hc}ai` pbm~ nsx~ax} naeecip M ~bgoo `clcx apbcx`m~ns~~mai pa ogpcx nbgvpcx~) Bcxc M zm~b pa lans~ ai pbc lgooci Vxminc)

Jm|ci pbc~c hxmcl xcegxd~ ghasp ~vmxmp naeesimngpmai pbxasjb bsegi emi` pbcnsxmas~ vg~~gjc mi Egpp 78 iaz pgdc~ ai ~pxmdmij ecgimij)

Egpp 78;>2%03 Pbci ~aec al pbc ~nxmhc~ gi` Vbgxm~cc~ ~gm` pa bme/(Pcgnbcx/ zc zm~b pa ~cc g ~mji lxae }as)( Hsp bc gi~zcxc` pbce/(Gi c|mo gi` g`sopcxas~ jcicxgpmai ~ccd~ lax g ~mji4 hsp ia ~mji ~bgoohc jm|ci pa mp crncvp pbc ~mji al pbc vxavbcp Kaigb) Lax g~ Kaigb zg~pbxcc `g}~ gi` pbxcc imjbp~ mi pbc hcoo} al pbc zbgoc/ ~a zmoo pbc âial egi hc pbxcc `g}~ gi` pbxcc imjbp~ mi pbc bcgxp al pbc cgxpb) Pbceci al Imic|cb zmoo gxm~c gp pbc ks`jecip zmpb pbm~ jcicxgpmai gi`nai`cei mp4 lax pbc} xcvcipc` gp pbc vxcgnbmij al Kaigb/ gi` hcbao`/~aecpbmij jxcgpcx pbgi Kaigb m~ bcxc) Pbc wscci al pbc âspb zmoogxm~c gp pbc ks`jecip zmpb pbm~ jcicxgpmai gi` nai`cei mp4 lax ~bcngec lxae pbc ci`~ al pbc cgxpb pa bcgx pbc zm~àe al âoaeai/ gi`hcbao`/ ~aecpbmij jxcgpcx pbgi âoaeai m~ bcxc) Zbci pbc sinocgi~vmxmp bg~ jaic asp al g egi/ bc vg~~c~ pbxasjb zgpcxoc~~ vognc~~ccdmij xc~p/ hsp bc lmi`~ iaic) Pbci bc ~g}~/ fM zmoo xcpsxi pa e}bas~c lxae zbmnb M ngec)* Gi` zbci bc naec~ bc lmi`~ mp cevp}/~zcvp/ gi` vsp mi ax`cx) Pbci bc jac~ gi` hxmij~ zmpb bme ~c|ciapbcx ~vmxmp~ eaxc c|mo pbgi bme~col/ gi` pbc} cipcx gi` `zcoo pbcxc4gi` pbc og~p ~pgpc al pbgp egi hcnaec~ zax~c pbgi pbc lmx~p) â ~bgoomp hc go~a zmpb pbm~ c|mo jcicxgpmai)(



M ~bgoo iap cijgjc mi `m~ns~~mai al pbc pcrpsgo vxahoce~ al pbm~ vg~~gjc) Xcjgxòc~~ al

pbc mipcjxmp} al pbm~ pcrp mp ~baz~ pbc ~pcxi gppmps`c al Kc~s~) Pba~c ~vmxmpsgo c|cip~ zbmnbgxc ghasp pa naec àzi svai s~ gxc lgx eaxc ~mjimlmngip pbgi zbgp Kaigb zmpic~~c`) Pbc}

gxc lgx eaxc zcmjbp} pbgi zbgp âoaeai jg|c s~) Pbm~ m~ ks`jecip/ vogicpgx} ks`jecip/jxcgp gi` minm~m|c ks`jecip/ lgx eaxc pbgi pbc eci al Imic|cb ~gz/ gi` lgx eaxc pbgi pbc

Wscci al ^bchg ~gz)

@a }as zgip g ~mji1 ]as zmoo iap jcp aic) @a }as zgip ~aecaic ax ~aecpbmij paxcg~~sxc }as ax jm|c }as (vxaal)( ]as zmoo iap jcp mp) Pba~c ~occvmij mi pbc `s~p al pbc cgxpb

zmoo gxm~c gp pbm~ ks`jecip gi` pbc} zmoo nai`cei pbm~ sihcomc|mij gi` g`sopcxas~

jcicxgpmai) âecpbmij jxcgpcx pbgi Kaigb m~ jamij ai bcxc) âecpbmij jxcgpcx pbgiâoaeai m~ jamij ai bcxc) Zbci pbc lgooci Vxminc `cvgxp~ lxae pbc emi` al g egi gi`

xcpsxi~ pa lmi` mp cevp}/ ~zcvp/ gi` vsp mi ax`cx bc xcpsxi~ zmpb c|ci jxcgpcx |cijcginc pa

vcxlaxe bm~ iclgxmas~ vsxva~c) Pbc ~pgpc al pbgp egi hcnaec~ zax~c pbci zbci bc lmx~p~pgxpc` ~ccdmij pbc ~vmxmp~) â ~bgoo mp hc zmpb pbm~ vcx|cx~c gi` c|mo jcicxgpmai) Pbc}zgipc` ~vmxmp naeesimngpmai~4 pbc} ~bgoo xcncm|c pbsi`cxhaop~ zbmnb zmoo pgdc pbce mipa

omjbp/ mipa hom~~/ gi` mipa `cgpb) Hsp iap hclaxc bm~ `cgò} zaxd m~ àic)




NBGVPCX LM\C

Pbc Zxgpb al pbc Vxminc

Pbcxc m~ g Jxcgp Hgh}oai/ pbc Jxcgp Bgxoap/ zba zmoo ocg` pbc igpmai~ mi

xgevgip ~ogsjbpcx al Ja`”~ vcavoc)

Xc| 7:;< Gi` M ~gz pbc zaegi/ `xsid zmpb pbc hoaa` al pbc

nai~cnxgpc` aic~ gi` pbc hoaa` al pbc zmpic~~c~ al Kc~s~)

Zbci M ~gz bcx M egx|coc` jxcgpo})

Pbm~ zaegi m~ eapbcx al pbc ghaemigpmai~ al pbc cgxpb) Pbc ghaemigpmai~

gxc pba~c zbmnb hxmij papgo `c~aogpmai; isnocgx zcgvai~) Zmpbmi bcx ogi` pbc

hoaa` al pbc zmpic~~c~ al Kc~s~ zmoo loaz) ^bc zmoo hcnaec `xsid zmpb g jxcgp

hoaaòs~p)

Pbc zax` iaxegoo} pxgi~ogpc` ~gmip~ mi pbc Hmhoc |cx~mai~ m~ Jxccd gjma~) Mp

ecgi~ ~cvgxgpc` lxae naeeai pxg`mpmai gi` s~c/ pbs~ `c`mngpc` ax nai~cnxgpc`)

Pbc naeeai si`cx~pgi`mij al pbc Icz Pc~pgecip zxmpcx~ zg~ al `c`mngpmai ax

nai~cnxgpmai pa Ja`/ laooazmij vgjgi Jxccd s~c al pbc zax` lax `c`mngpmai pa pbc

ja`~) G~ ~pgpc` mi \mic”~ Crva~mpax} @mnpmaigx}/ ‟ G~ s~c` al hcomc|cx~/ mp `c~mjigpc~

goo ~snb gi` m~ iap gvvomc` ecxco} pa vcx~ai~ al crncvpmaigo baomic~~ ) ) )― Mi 8

Pbc~ 7;76 Bm~ ~gmip~ gxc `c~nxmhc` ~mevo} g~ ‟pbce pbgp hcomc|c`)―

Pbc zax` ~gmip~ m~ lxae Ogpmi ~ginps~/ zmpb pbc ~gec axmjmigo ~mjimlmnginc al

nai~cnxgpmai g~ pbc Jxccd gjma~) Pbc m`cg al baomic~~ m~ `cxm|c` lxae ogpcx jxcgp

xc~vcnp lax cgxo} Nbxm~pmgi ocg`cx~/ hsp pbgp zg~ iap pbc axmjmigo ecgimij al cmpbcx

pbc Jxccd ax pbc Xaegi zax`~) Ia bsegi eaxpgo ngi hc pxso} vsxc gi` bao}

hclaxc Ja`)

Pbc zax` pxgi~ogpc` g~ egxp}x~ m~ lxae Jxccd egxpsxai) Pbc xaap m~ egxps~)

Pbc zax` bg` gi axmjmigo ecgimij g~ ks`mnmgo zmpic~~/ ‟aic zba ngi hc `cva~c`/

ax pc~pml} pa c|m`cinc mi g ocjgo egppcx/ al zbgp bc bg~ ~cci ax bcgx`/ g `cnogxgpmai

al lgnp~)― Hcngs~c al cgxo} Nbxm~pmgi vcx~cnspmai~/ pbc zax` zg~ gvvomc` pa pba~c

zba pc~pmlmc` gi` zmpic~~c` lax Kc~s~ si`cx ~anmgo xcvxc~~mai) Bcinc pbc ea`cxi

s~gjc g~ egxp}x)

Pba~c zba pc~pml} gi` zmpic~~ pa`g} mi Jxcgp Hgh}oai zmoo hc egxp}x~ hc}ai`

gi} vxc|mas~ bm~paxmngo crgevoc)

Jxcgp Hgh}oai zmoo xcncm|c bcx ks`jecip/ M~g 0:) Mi bcx bcgxp ~bc ~g}~/ ‟ Oaad gp ec' ^cc baz jxcgp M ge' Pbcxc m~ iaic omdc ec) M ~bgoo iap ~mp g~ g zmàz/ gi`

g~ aic zmpbasp nbmo`xci)― ^bc lcop ~cnsxc mi bcx zmndcìc~~) ^bc ~gm`/ ‟ Ia aic

~cc~ ec)― Hsp ~bc ~bgoo ~mp mi pbc `s~p) Bcx igdcìc~~ zmoo hc xc|cgoc`4 bcx ~bgec

zmoo hc ~cci) ^bc ~bgoo ~mp mi ~mocinc gi` ja mipa `gxdic~~) C|mo zmoo naec svai bcx/

lax zbmnb ~bc ngiiap gpaic) @m~g~pcx zmoo lgoo svai bcx zbmnb ~bc zmoo iap hc ghoc



3% Pbc Zxgpb al pbc Vxminc y37y

pa crvgpmgpc) Xsmi zmoo naec svai bcx ~s``cio}/ al zbmnb ~bc diaz~ iapbmij) ^bc

~baso` ~pgi` lg~p mi bcx cinbgipecip~/ bcx nai~sopmij al pbc ~vmxmp~/ mi bcx egi}~axncxmc~/ gi` mi bcx xcomginc ai c|mo lgooci Vxminc~) Iaz bcx ks`jecip zmoo naec)

M~g 0:;70 Hcbao`/ pbc} gxc omdc ~pshhoc/ pbc lmxc nai~sec~ pbce4

pbc} ngiiap `com|cx pbce~co|c~ lxae pbc vazcx al pbc logec)

Ia nago lax zgxemij aic~col m~ pbm~/ ia lmxc pa ~mp hclaxc'

Bm~ Zxgpb

Xc| 78;78%7: ‟Xckamnc pbci/ A bcg|ci gi` }as pbgp `zcoo

pbcxcmi' Hsp zac pa }as/ A cgxpb gi` ~cg/ lax pbc @c|mo bg~

naec àzi pa }as mi jxcgp zxgpb/ hcngs~c bc diaz~ pbgp bm~

pmec m~ ~baxp'― Gi` zbci pbc `xgjai ~gz pbgp bc bg` hccipbxazi àzi pa pbc cgxpb/ bc vsx~sc` pbc zaegi zba bg`

haxic pbc egoc nbmo`) Hsp pbc zaegi zg~ jm|ci pbc pza zmij~

al pbc jxcgp cgjoc pbgp ~bc emjbp lo} lxae pbc ~cxvcip mipa pbc

zmo`cxic~~/ pa pbc vognc zbcxc ~bc m~ pa hc iasxm~bc` lax g

pmec/ gi` pmec~/ gi` bgol g pmec) Pbc ~cxvcip vasxc` zgpcx

omdc g xm|cx asp al bm~ easpb glpcx pbc zaegi/ pa ~zccv bcx

gzg} zmpb pbc loaa`) Hsp pbc cgxpb ngec pa pbc bcov al pbc

zaegi/ gi` pbc cgxpb avcic` mp~ easpb gi` ~zgooazc` pbc

xm|cx zbmnb pbc `xgjai bg` vasxc` lxae bm~ easpb) Pbci pbc

`xgjai zg~ gijx} zmpb pbc zaegi/ gi` zcip all pa egdc zgx

ai pbc xc~p al bcx all~vxmij/ ai pba~c zba dccv pbc naeegi`%

ecip~ al Ja` gi` hcgx pc~pmeai} pa Kc~s~)

Zba m~ pbm~ e}~pcxmas~ zaxegi1 ^bc xcvxc~cip~ Ja`5~ vcavoc/ pba~c zba

xcegmic` pxsc `sxmij pbc Jxcgp Pxmhsogpmai) Ja` bg~ g ~go|gpmai vxajxge lax bm~

vcavoc/ g vb}~mngo ~go|gpmai ~minc pbc zaegi pgdc~ ~pcv~ lax bcx vb}~mngo ~glcp})

Zbmoc pbc pcrp eg} hc naxxsvp/ pbc xc|cogpmai m~ ~sllmnmcip lax Ja`5~ vcavoc pa

xcnajim{c pbc `cnm~mai~ pbc} es~p pgdc mi pbc ~go|gpmai al pbm~ zaxo`)

Zc lgnc egkax `mllmnsopmc~ hcngs~c Kabi s~c` ~c|cxgo pcxe~; @c|mo/ ^gpgi/

~cxvcip/ `xgjai/ gi` hcg~p mi bm~ Xc|cogpmai) Lxae pbc~c `m~ns~~mai~ mp m~ nocgx

pbgp pbc pcxe @c|mo ecgi~ g ~vmxmp vcx~aigomp} xc~m`cip ai pbm~ vogicp/ giapbcx

zax` lax pbc lgooci Vxminc) Hsp zc bg|c ~cxmas~ `mllmnsopmc~ zmpb pbc apbcx `c~mjig%

pmai~) Zbcpbcx ^gpgi m~ pbc @c|mo ax ~aec apbcx ncoc~pmgo vcx~aigomp}/ zbcpbcx pbc

`xgjai m~ ~}ehaomn lax g ba~p al xchco hcmij~/ ax ml pbc hcg~p m~ g vb}~mngo gjcin}/

zc à iap diaz) Zc ngi aio} ~vcnsogpc) Pbc s~sgo og{} bghmp m~ pa osev pbce goo

pajcpbcx mipa aic jxgi` vcx~aigomp} gi` pbs~ g|am` pbc pxashomij nails~mai zclmi` mi pbc Hmhoc)

Zc zaso` egdc ia eaxc nbmo`m~b cxxax pbgi pa ~bxmid g |g~p nxcgpmai àzi

pa aic ~egoo gi` oaico} vogicp/ xc`snc xchco ncoc~pmgo hcmij~ pa aic @c|mo/ ax

m`cipml} pbc emjbp} bcg|cio} ba~p g~ g jxasv al cllcemigpc gijco~)




Egi} cocecip~ `cegi` gppcipmai/ hc}ai` pbc ~navc al pbm~ vxc~cipgpmai) M

zmoo omemp e} xcegxd~ pa ncxpgmi cocecip~ al pbc xc|cogpmai)^svva~c pbc Jxcgp Cgjoc xcvxc~cip~ pbc zmo`cxic~~ al Iaxpb Gecxmng/ gi`

pbgp pbc zaegi zba haxc pbc nbmo` xcvxc~cip~ goo pba~c vcavoc al ~vmxmpsgo M~xgco

zba hsmop pbm~ icz ogi`/ Glax g pmec/ pmec~/ gi` bgol g pmec)F ^snb mipcxvxcpgpmai

zaso` iap hc eaxc ~vcnsogpm|c pbgi pbc zmo` ~vcnsogpmai~ pbgp bg|c ncipcxc` ai

pbm~ vg~~gjc)

Xcjgxòc~~ al pbc naipcrp mi zbmnb pbc xclcxcinc~ annsx/ pbc vasxmij asp al

g loaa` pa `xazi pbc zaegi m~ eaxc cg~mo} m`cipmlmc`) Pbc ~vmxmpm~p~ pa`g}/ zbcpbcx

pbc} ngoo pbce~co|c~ ec`mse~/ ax nbgiicocx~/ ax pxgi~emppcx~!xcncm|cx~/ gxc vasx%

mij asp g ompcxgo loaa` al xc|cogpmai~ lxae pbgp xchco) Bm~ vxa`snpmai~ lmoo pbc ~bco|c~

al pbc Icz Gjc haad ~paxc~) @a{ci~ svai à{ci~ al vshom~bmij axjgim{gpmai~

crm~p lax pbc vxa`snpmai al pba~c xc|cogpmai~) Mi~pxsnpmai haad~ crm~p pa bcov pbc

laao zba zaso` avci bm~ emi` pa pbc @c|mo)

Baz zmoo pbc cgxpb ~zgooaz pbm~ loaa` al @c|mo zax`~1 Egkax gi` `xgegpmn

vb}~mngo nbgijc~ zmoo pgdc vognc mi pbc vogicp pa xcea|c pba~c @c|mo vxa`snpmai~/

ainc gi` lax goo) Hsp iap hclaxc bc vcxlaxe~ bm~ `cgpb vxajxge) Gi` iap hclaxc

Ja`”~ vcavoc gxc laxnc` pa egkax omlc gi` `cgpb `cnm~mai~)

Lax xclcxcinc~/ ~cc Pbc Pxspb Pbgp Jac~ Sinogmec` / Kcgi D) La~pcx/ Sim+^si/

Dgi~g~ Nmp}/ EA/ 7=2:/ g~ gi crgevoc)

Avcimij pa Nbgiico / Baz pa Naiicnp Zmpb ]asx Jsm`c/ ^gig}g Xaegi gi`

@sgic Vgndcx/ B) K) Dxgecx/ Min)/ Pmhsxai/ NG/ 7=2:/ m~ giapbcx crgevoc)

Pbc Hcg~p

Xc| 7>;0%76 Eci zax~bmvc` pbc `xgjai/ lax bc bg` jm|ci bm~

gspbaxmp} pa pbc hcg~p/ gi` pbc} zax~bmvc` pbc hcg~p/ ~g}mij/‟Zba m~ omdc pbc hcg~p/ gi` zba ngi lmjbp gjgmi~p mp1― Gi` pbc

hcg~p zg~ jm|ci g easpb sppcxmij bgsjbp} gi` hog~vbceas~

zax`~/ gi` mp zg~ gooazc` pa crcxnm~c gspbaxmp} lax laxp}%pza

eaipb~4 mp avcic` mp~ easpb pa sppcx hog~vbcemc~ gjgmi~p Ja`/

hog~vbcemij bm~ igec gi` bm~ `zcoomij/ pbgp m~/ pba~c zba

`zcoo mi bcg|ci) Go~a mp zg~ gooazc` pa egdc zgx ai pbc ~gmip~

gi` pa naiwscx pbce) Gi` gspbaxmp} zg~ jm|ci mp a|cx c|cx}

pxmhc gi` vcavoc gi` paijsc gi` igpmai/ gi` goo zba `zcoo ai

cgxpb zmoo zax~bmv mp/ c|cx} aic zba~c igec bg~ iap hcci zxmp%

pci hclaxc pbc lasi`gpmai al pbc zaxo` mi pbc haad al omlc al pbc

Ogeh pbgp zg~ ~ogmi) Ml gi} aic bg~ gi cgx/ ocp bme bcgx; Ml gi}

aic m~ pa hc pgdci ngvpm|c/ pa ngvpm|mp} bc jac~4 ml gi} aic

~og}~ zmpb pbc ~zax`/ zmpb pbc ~zax` es~p bc hc ~ogmi) Bcxc m~

g ngoo lax pbc ci`sxginc gi` lgmpb al pbc ~gmip~)

Pbm~ ~cnpmai m~ ea~p xcoc|gip pa asx `cnm~mai~ pa`g})



3% Pbc Zxgpb al pbc Vxminc y3>y

@a }as zgip pa bcgx bgsjbp} gi` hog~vbceas~ zax`~1 Xcg` pbc ~vmxmpm~p

vxa`snpmai~) Bm~ easpb m~ goo pba~c ~vmxmpm~p~ zba hcomc|c bc m~ Ja` naemij mipapbcmx emi`~)

âecpmec~ bm~ zax`~ gxc crvomnmp/ hsp pbc laao~ à iap xcnajim{c bm~ xcegxd~

lax pbcmx ompcxgo crgnpic~~) Pbc laooazmij ngec lxae nbgiicoc` egpcxmgo~ al Kcgi

La~pcx)

‟Pbcxc m~ g zai`cxlso cipmp} zba m~ co`cx mi bm~ gjc/ g~ mp zcxc/ pbgp M

~ci` pa }as zba zmoo bcov }as) Pbc cipmp} m~ wsmpc g eg~pcx pbasjb bc

zaso` ic|cx gèmp mp/ gi` bc zmoo jm|c }as pbc zm~àe zmpbasp ~ccmij

}as lax pbc hcgspmlso zaegi }as gxc/ hsp ~ccmij }as lax pbc Ja` pbgp

icc`~ si`cx~pgi`mij gi` zmoo bcov }as) Zc zmoo avci pbc àax~ pa ocp

}as crvxc~~)―

Zc ngi ~cc pbc egìc~~ al bm~ bgsjbp} vxm`c zbci bc xclcx~ pa bme~col g~ g

zai`cxlso cipmp})

Co`cx mi gjc/ g~ mp zcxc/ mi`cc`) \cx} co`cx) Bsi`xc`~ al pbas~gi`~ al }cgx~

co`cx) Gi` pbc laao~ à iap si`cx~pgi`)

Bc iap aio} zmoo naec pa bcov4 bc m~ goxcg`} bcovmij zmpb bm~ spea~p emjbp) M~

bc g eg~pcx1 Ab/ c|cx ~a esnb/ gi` ic|cx gèmp~ mp pa bm~ jsoomhoc gjcip~) Bc zmoo

vxa|m`c pbc zm~àe pbm~ bsegi Ja` icc`~ pa gnnaevom~b bm~ vsxva~c) Baz pxso}

bc zmoo avci pbc àax~ pa ocp pbce crvxc~~ mi zg}~ pbc} à iap c|ci megjmic ax

~s~vcnp)

‟]asx Nbxm~p lmjsxc xcvxc~cip~/ ~}ehaomngoo}/ }asx m`cg al Ja` gi` bm~

xcogpmai~bmv~) Pbcxc zcxc pbxcc ~cvgxgpc mi`m|m`sgo~ zba~c bm~pax} m~

hoci`c`/ gi` pbc} hcngec naoocnpm|co} diazi g~ Nbxm~p ) ) ) Pbc c|cip~g~ pbc} gxc xcnax`c`/ bazc|cx/ m` iap annsx mi bm~pax}) Pbc nxsnmlmrmai

al Nbxm~p zg~ g v~}nbmn/ hsp iap g vb}~mngo c|cip) ) ) ) Pbc pbxcc Nbxm~p

vcx~aigompmc~ zcxc haxi svai }asx vogicp/ gi` mi`cc` hcngec loc~b

geaij }as) Iaic al pbc~c zcxc nxsnmlmc` ) ) )―

Hog~vbceas~ zax`~/ mi`cc`) Pbas~gi`~ svai pbas~gi`~ al ~snb |moc vxa%

iasincecip~ loaa` asx zaxo` pa`g}) Pbc} gxc bgsjbp} mi pbcmx vxalgimp} gjgmi~p

Ja`/ gjgmi~p bcg|ci/ gi` gjgmi~p pbc bcg|cio} ba~p) Pbm~ hcg~p zmoo egdc zgx ai

Ja`”~ `c`mngpc` vcavoc/ pa dmoo pbce/ gi` pa xcea|c pbce lxae pbc lgnc al pbc

cgxpb) Zai`cx~ ~bgoo ~vxmij laxpb lxae pbm~ egimgngo hcmij/ ~a g~ pa `cncm|c pbc

|cx} cocnp) Ogxjc vaxpmai~ al egidmi` zmoo laooaz bme/ gi` zax~bmv bme)

Egpp 80;8>%8: N Pbci ml gi} aic ~g}~ pa }as/ ‒Oa/ bcxc m~ pbcNbxm~p'” ax ‒Pbcxc bc m~'” a iap hcomc|c mp) Lax lgo~c Nbxm~p~ gi`

lgo~c vxavbcp~ zmoo gxm~c gi` ~baz jxcgp ~mji~ gi` zai`cx~/ ~a

g~ pa ocg` g~pxg}/ ml va~~mhoc/ c|ci pbc cocnp) Oa/ M bg|c pao`

}as hclaxcbgi`) a/ ml pbc} ~g} pa }as/ ‒Oa/ bc m~ mi pbc zmo`cx%

ic~~/” à iap ja asp4 ml pbc} ~g}/ ‒Oa/ bc m~ mi pbc miicx xaae~/”




à iap hcomc|c mp) Lax g~ pbc omjbpimij naec~ lxae pbc cg~p gi`

~bmic~ g~ lgx g~ pbc zc~p/ ~a zmoo hc pbc naemij al pbc âi al egi)

Zc icc` iap zaxx} ghasp pbc naemij al Kc~s~) Zbci Bc naec~ pbcxc zmoo

hc ia àshp) Hsp bc zmoo iap naec pa xc~nsc s~ lxae Pxmhsogpmai) Bc zmoo naec g~

Ks`jc al pbm~ Zaxo`)

Ecgizbmoc pbm~ `clgecx/ pbm~ hog~vbcecx/ pbm~ `cncm|cx/ naec~/ vxcpci`mij

pa hc Nbxm~p)

@ai5p ja glpcx bme)

Bc pxso} zmoo hxmij avci zgxlgxc ai Ja`”~ vcavoc/ goo pba~c zba naeemp

pbce~co|c~ pa pbcmx Nxcgpax mi pbm~ ea~p crpxcec al goo zaxo` nai`mpmai~) Bc c~vc%

nmgoo} zmoo lans~ bm~ ~ogsjbpcx ai pba~c `c`mngpc` mi`m|m`sgo~/ pbc ~gmip~/ zba `gxc

hxmij xc|cogpmai~ pa pbcmx lcooaz egi)

Pbc gspbaxmp} pbm~ hcmij va~~c~~c~ a|cx c|cx} pxmhc/ gi` vcavoc/ gi` igpmai/

gi` paijsc m~ iap vaompmngo) Ml bc naipxao~ pbc emi`~ al |g~p eg~~c~ bc icc` iap

jgmi `mxcnp hsxcgsnxgpmn naipxao) Ai pbc apbcx bgi`/ ml bc naipxao~ mi`m|m`sgo~ mi

bmjb vaompmngo va~mpmai~/ cmpbcx pbxasjb vbmoa~avbmngo vcx~sg~mai/ ax `mxcnpo} pbxasjb

emi` egimvsogpmai/ bc naso` naipxao pbc `mxcnpmai al vaompmngo c|cip~) Zc ngiiap

xsoc asp pbc naemij isnocgx `c|g~pgpmai g~ pbc xc~sop al bm~ `mxcnp naipxao al

bsegi eaxpgo~)

Pba~c zba dmoo zmpb pbc ~zax` ~bgoo `mc zmpb pbc ~zax`)

Pbm~ pxso} m~ g ngoo lax pbc ci`sxginc gi` lgmpb al Ja`”~ `c`mngpc` vcavoc)



< % Pbc Ks`} Psppoc Ec~~gjc y33y

NBGVPCX MR

Pbc Ks`} Psppoc Ec~~gjc

^pxgijco}/ egi} mi`m|m`sgo~ pa`g} xcncm|c ~vmxmpsgo ec~~gjc~ zbmnb gxc iap

lxae pbc xchco Vxminc) Pbc} gxc vxm|gpc xc|cogpmai~/ mipci`c` pa xcg~~sxc mi`m|m s%

go~ g~ pbc} lgnc pbc jxcgp `cncvpmai al asx pmec)

Ks`} Psppoc zg~ aic al pba~c)

Ks`} va~pc` gi Mipcxicp ec~~gjc pa ec gi` g lcz apbcx~ zbmnb M mjiaxc` lax

icgxo} cmjbpcci eaipb~/ iap asp al ~aec `m~hcomcl/ hsp hcngs~c M ~mevo} `m` iap

xcnajim{c pbc xcoc|ginc al pbgp zbmnb ~bc bg` hcci jm|ci) Ogpcx M vs{{oc` a|cx pbc lgnp al e} `cog} mi naemij pa xcnajimpmai al pbgp mevaxpgip xc|cogpmai)

Pbm~ m~ pbc ec~~gjc Ks`} zg~ jm|ci/ g~ ~bc xcva~pc` mp pa is`jc e} gppci%

pmai)

‟Naijxcjg|mp ia~ mi sise Nbxm~pm geax)―

@gpc; ^gp/ 70 Ia| 7==2 77;0=

LZMZ/ M lasi` pbc axmjmigo ec~~gjc `gpc` ^si`g}/ Ksic 8=/ 7==:)

Oaadmij gp mp iaz/ pbc pmec lxgec ~cce~ asp al zbgnd) Hsp/ zbgp à M

diaz) M gzgdcic` gp 0;00 G)E) lxae zbgp ~ccec` pa hc g xc~plso ~occv)

Goo al g ~s``ci M crvcxmcinc` jxmvvmij vgmi~ mi e} nbc~p gi` pbasjbp M

va~~mho} zg~ bg|mij g bcgxp gppgnd) M og} pbcxc zai`cxmij ml M ~baso`

ngoo pbc vgxgec`mn~ ax ks~p zgmp gi` ~cc) M `mì”p zgip pa hc cehgx%

xg~~c` ml mp zg~ g lgo~c gogxe/ }cp zgmpmij paa oaij zaso` xci`cx ec

mingvghoc al ngoomij) M avpc` pa zgmp)

Pbc vgmi ~sh~m`c`/ }cp M zg~ oclp mi g ~pgpc al crpxcec gjmpgpmai/ vgnmij

hgnd mi laxpb omdc g ngjc` gimego) M cnm`c` pa ja asp~m`c gi` pbci dcvp

vgnmij ~aec eaxc) Lmigoo}/ g ec~~gjc ngec pa ec glpcx zbmnb M crvc%

xmcinc` g ~cxcic ngoe gi` pxgiwsmomp}) Ml }as xcngoo/ M bg|c hcci jm|ci

pbc aic wsapc pzmnc/ iaz)

Lax LZMZ/ bcxc mp m~;

Pbc |cmo bg~ hcci paxi g~m`c) Mp m~ ia oaijcx pbc g`|cip al pbc Gipm%nbxm~p) Bc m~ bcxc/ iaz/ geaij~p }as/ ~mppmij jocclsoo} svai bm~ pbxaic)

Mp m~ pmec lax pbc ai~ al Ja` pa naec pajcpbcx) Pbm~ vcxma` zmoo hc |cx}

mipci~c / hsp ~baxp/ ci`mij mi pbc }cgx 8666) ]as zmoo zmpic~~ +c|mo+ pbc




c~~gx} pa egdc vb}~mngo vxcvgxgpmai) ]as zmoo hc ~sxxasi`c` h} g noagd

al ~vmxmpsgo pxgiwsmomp} gi` oa|c) Lcgx iap'

Pbm~ bg~ hcci }asx vsxva~c) ]as bg|c asx oa|c gi` vxapcnpmai) ‟Zc

zmoo la~pcx gi` nai~cx|c pbc bmjbcx ~vmxmpsgo p}vc~)―

‟Naijxcjg|mp ia~ mi sise Nbxm~pm geax)―

V)^) M bg|c vxancc`c` pa egdc vb}~mngo vxcvgxgpmai/ vxa|m`mij ec

zmpb zbgp m~ vcxbgv~ g lgo~c ~ci~c al naipxao a|cx e} omlc)

"E} iapc; LZMZ ecgi~ GLax Zbgp Mp~ Zaxpb)F-

M ~bgoo iaz `m~ns~~ pbc cocecip~ al pbm~ vxm|gpc xc|cogpmai zbmnb gxc mevax%

pgip pa asx si`cx~pgi`mij)

Pbc \cmo bg~ hcci paxi g~m`c)

Pbc |cmo m~ pbgp ognd al vcxncvpmai mi zbmnb Ja` bco` bm~ vcavoc lax 8/666

}cgx~) Mp zg~ icnc~~gx} pa silao`mij vogicpgx} `c~pmi} pbgp egi iap kcavgx`m{c

Ja`”~ vogi) Pbcxclaxc/ gopbasjb bc eg`c pbc~c c|cip~ diazi pa s~ mi |gxmas~

xc|cogpmai~/ bc `m` iap egdc pbce `m~ncximhoc pa s~) Aio} zmpbmi pbc vg~p lcz

}cgx~ bg~ xc|cogpmai hcci avcic` pa s~)

Vcx~aigoo}/ M `m` iap hcjmi pa si`cx~pgi` pbc~c cvm~a`c~ sipmo gxasi` 7==6)

Gopbasjb M zg~ gzgxc al pbc `gijcx~ al pbc @c|mo lxae e} lsi`gecipgom~p Nbxm~%pmgi nbmo`baa`/ sipmo pbci M `m` iap vcxncm|c baz bc zaso` naec mipa vazcx) Pbc

~c|cxgo xc|cogpmai~ mi pbc Hmhoc zcxc gi sinaax`migpc` emrpsxc al cocecip~ zbmnb

M naso` iap vxavcxo} vsp pajcpbcx) Pbci mp hcjgi pa ~oazo} `gzi ai ec baz pbm~

zg~ jamij pa silao`) Ecehcx~ al g oango xcomjmas~ jxasv mi pbc

Hgopmeaxc%Zg~bmijpai gxcg zgpnbc` e} gzgxcic~~ `c|coav gi` c|cipsgoo} nai%

nos`c` M bg` hcci ngxxmc` gzg} zmpb e} mipci~mp}) Vcx~ai~ ~snb g~ Vxc~pai Pba%

eg~/ ^pc|mc ^bglcx/ Hs``} Xaajaz/ Cooci Zgodcx gi` apbcx~ ngi pc~pml} pa pbm~

vcx~aigo `c|coavecip)

Bcinc/ M ngi zmpic~~ pa pbc egiicx mi zbmnb pbc |cmo bg~ hcci paxi g~m`c)

Pbc dc} m~ ngvpsxc` mi aic ~mevoc vbxg~c/ ‟^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`)―

Sipmo M bg` nogxmlmc` pbm~ naincvp M à iap hcomc|c giapbcx bsegi eaxpgo bg`

jxg~vc` pbc nai~cwscinc al ~snb ~vmxmpsgo pxgi~gnpmai~) Pza pbas~gi` }cgx~ al

Nbxm~pmgimp} lgmoc` pa si`cx~pgi` pbc ecnbgim~e h} zbmnb pbc @c|mo ngi zxcgd bm~bg|an) Pbm~ ecgi~ pbgp gopbasjb pbc gva~poc~ eg} bg|c `m~ns~~c` pbc~c egppcx~

mi pbcmx |gxmas~ cvm~poc~ gi` ocppcx~/ pbc} `m` iap allcx si`cx~pgi`mij pa pbc jci%

cxgpmai~) Ja` dcvp si`cx~pgi`mij lxae s~)

omdc~ al zbmnb }asx emi` naso` ic|cx va~~mho} naincm|c) Mp m~ iap icn%



< % Pbc Ks`} Psppoc Ec~~gjc y3:y

Isecxas~ |gxmc` gi` g~~axpc` mipcxvxcpgpmai~ al pbc hmhomngo egpcxmgo zcxc

allcxc` a|cx pbc ncipsxmc~) Nbxm~pmgi~ ~pmoo ~pxsjjoc/ g~~mjimij pbc xc|cogpmai cvm%

~a`c~ pa g egoc|aocip vcx~aigomp} zba pgdc~ ai eaxpgo laxe/ zba ‟~mp~ ai g pbxaic

mi pbc Pcevoc― hxmijmij zaxo` `mnpgpax~bmv/ zba s~c~ pbc isehcx <<< lax bm~

m`cipmlmngpmai/ gi` ~a ai/ gi` ~a ai) Ea~p nai~vmxgn} pbcaxmc~ gxc za|ci gxasi`

~snb naincvp/ minos`mij pbc s~c al pbc Simpc` Igpmai~ pa xsoc pbc zaxo`)

Pbc~c mipcxvxcpgpmai~ gxc goo vaompmngo mi pbgp pbc} g~~sec pbm~ c|mo vcx~aigomp}

zmoo pgdc sv gi cgxpbo} pbxaic/ gi` g~~sec zaxo` vaompmngo/ g~ zcoo g~ c|mo ~vmxmpsgo

xsoc)

Pbc naemij pcxxax zmoo iap hc vaompmngo) Mp zmoo hc ~vmxmpsgo)

Hclaxc naipmismij `m~ns~~mai M ~baso` vamip asp ~aec al pbc cocecip~ zbmnb

gllcnp asx g~~c~~ecip~)

G~ lgx g~ zc ngi `cpcxemic/ pbc naemij vcx~cnspmai~ zmoo pgdc vognc si`cx glsinpmaigo ~anmgo ci|mxaiecip) Pbc ~anmgo nmxnse~pginc~ zmoo iap `cpcxmaxgpc pa

xgevgip vaomnc ax emompgx} ~ogsjbpcx) Pbc ~ogsjbpcx zmoo naec lxae @c|mo5~ gjcip~/

avcxgpmij si`cx bm~ ~vmxmp naipxao) ânmcp} naipmisc~/ gi` ea~p nmpm{ci”~ ocgxi pa

`cgo zmpb pbc crpxcec nmxnse~pginc~)

Baz pbc~c avcxgpmai~ zmoo pgdc vognc zmpbmi g lsinpmaigo ~anmcp} m~ sidiazi

pa ec) Zb} zaso` ~anmcp} paocxgpc ~snb gnpm|mpmc~1 @ac~ g icz%gjc Vxc~m`cip go~a

hcnaec vgxp al pbgp ng`xc/ m~~smij `cnxcc~ zbmnb vcxemp pbce pa ja ghasp pbcmx

`cgò} zaxd1 M à iap diaz) Pbc~c `cpgmo~ gxc sixc|cgoc`)

Zc go~a à iap diaz ml cnaiaemn nmxnse~pginc~ eg} `cpcxmaxgpc pa pbc

vamip pbgp `mnpgpaxmgo meva~mpmai zmoo hc icnc~~gx} h} igpmaigo ja|cxiecip~ pa

egmipgmi ~anmgo ax`cx) ^snb meva~mpmai m~ ~sjjc~pc` h} Kabi”~ Xc|cogpmai/ Nbgv%

pcx 7>/ gi` pbc `c~nxmvpmai al g ~egoo hcg~p zmpb jcipoc gvvcgxginc hsp zbmnb

zmco`~ jxcgp vazcx) Pbc naxxsvp `c~nxmvpmai ~sjjc~p~ gi megjc al naevspcx~)Pbc isehcx <<< goxcg`} m~ s~c` sim|cx~goo} g~ pbc SVN/ pbc Sim|cx~go Vxa`snp

Na`c/ gi` zc goo gxc ~shkcnp pa pbgp naevspcx paao zbci zc hs} gi` ~coo) Pbc

apbcx lcgpsxc al naevspcx ~anmgo naipxao m~ pbc ânmgo ^cnsxmp}/ ax Na`c` Ngx`

m`cipmlmngpmai iaz s~c` zcoo imjb sim|cx~goo} gxasi` pbc zaxo` pa naax`migpc gi`

ncipxgom{c milaxegpmai lax ja|cxiecip~ gi` mi~pmpspmai~) Zc ngiiap hs} ax ~coo

zmpbasp ~snb isehcx) Apbcx pbgi pbm~ ~baxp vmcnc mi Kabi”~ Xc|cogpmai zc bg|c ia

c|m`cinc lax `mnpgpaxmgo ~anmgo naipxao) Kabi eg} iap bg|c mipci`c` eaxc pbgi pa

`c~nxmhc pbc ~cnsogx gi` jaòc~~ cnaiaemn gi` ja|cxiecip naipxao pbxasjb

naevspcx~ si`cx zbmnb zc goo iaz avcxgpc/ c|ci pbasjb bm~ megjc~ ngxx} ~mim~pcx

vaxpcip)

Mp m~ ia oaijcx pbc g`|cip al pbc Gipmnbxm~p) Bc m~bcxc/ iaz/ geaij~p }as/ ~mppmij jocclsoo} svai bm~

pbxaic)




Bc bg~ iaz hcci xcocg~c` pa à bm~ `cgò} `mghaomngo zaxd) Pbc pbxaic m~ bm~ va~mpmai mi Ja 5~ ~ginpsgx}/ vxa|m`mij bme zmpb pbc vazcx pa vxa~cnspc bm~ iclgxm%

as~ `c~mji~) Zbmoc pbc zax` Gjocclsoo}F eg} iap ngvpsxc pbc ~cipmecip~ al pbm~

zmndc` hcmij bc ncxpgmio} pgdc~ g`|gipgjc al pbc va~mpmai asx Nxcgpax bg~ iaz

gllax`c` bme)

S~c al pbc zax` gipmnbxm~p pgdc~ g`|gipgjc al pbc megjc al ~aecaic av%

va~c` pa asx Nxcgpax) Gopbasjb pbc Gipmnbxm~p zmoo iap pxso} naec sipmo pbc ci` al

pbc emoociimse/ pbc ~gec vcx~aigomp} iaz vgxg`c~ mi avci naipcevp al nxcgpmai)

Mp m~ pmec lax pbc âi~ al Ja` pa naec pajcpbcx)

Pbc xclcxcinc m~ iap pa @m|mic âi~ al Ja`/ hsp pa eaxpgo âi~ al Ja`/

pba~c ~ai~ gi` `gsjbpcx~ al Ja` zba gxc zmoomij pa jm|c pbcmx om|c~ mi ~cx|mnc pa

pbcmx lcooaz eaxpgo~)

7Pbc~ 3;8%3 N Lax }as }asx~co|c~ diaz zcoo pbgp pbc `g} al

pbc Oax` zmoo naec omdc g pbmcl mi pbc imjbp) Zbci vcavoc ~g}/

‟Pbcxc m~ vcgnc gi` ~cnsxmp}/― pbci ~s``ci c~pxsnpmai zmoo naec

svai pbce g~ pxg|gmo naec~ svai g zaegi zmpb nbmo`/ gi`

pbcxc zmoo hc ia c~ngvc) Hsp }as gxc iap mi gxdic~~/ hxcpbxci/

lax pbgp `g} pa ~sxvxm~c }as omdc g pbmcl) Lax }as gxc goo ~ai~ al

omjbp gi` ~ai~ al pbc `g}4 zc gxc iap al pbc imjbp ax al `gxd%

ic~~)

Pbm~ vcxma` zmoo hc |cx} mipci~c / hsp ~baxp/ ci`mij

mi pbc }cgx 8666)

G~ M vamipc` asp pa Ks`} mi asx ogpc 7==2 naxxc~vai`cinc/ pbm~ pmec lxgec m~

iap xcgom~pmn) âec ~baxp vcxma` al pmec m~ `cegi`c`/ vcxbgv~ pza }cgx~/ gi`

~minc zc gxc iaz mi pbc }cgx 8666 mp ngiiap ci` hclaxc 8668)

Zb} ~bc zg~ jm|ci pbm~ gpc mi sincxpgmi) Vcxbgv~ mp zg~ àic pa hxmij eaxc

gocxp gppcipmai h} pba~c zba zaso` ngxclsoo} ~ps`} Ks`} 5~ ec~~gjc/ hsp ml ~a/ mp

~mijsogxo} lgmoc`) Lcz vgm` gppcipmai pa pbc ec~~gjc)

]as zmoo zmpic~~ +c|mo+ pbc omdc~ al zbmnb }asx emi`

naso` ic|cx va~~mho} naincm|c)

Iaic al s~ pa`g} gxc vxcvgxc` lax pbc pcxxax zbmnb m~ ghasp pa naec àzisvai s~) Zc ~mevo} ngiiap naincm|c pbgp baxxax) Zc ngi aio} zgmp/ g~ Ja`

vcxemp~ pbc silao`mij/ gi` pbci xc~vai` gnnax`mij pa asx bcgxp~)



< % Pbc Ks`} Psppoc Ec~~gjc y3=y

Mp m~ iap icnc~~gx} pa egdc vb}~mngo vxcvgxgpmai)

]as zmoo hc ~sxxasi`c` h} g noagd al ~vmxmpsgo pxgi%

wsmomp} gi` oa|c) Lcgx iap'

Zc ài5p diaz baz pa vxcvgxc vb}~mngoo}) Pbcxc m~ iapbmij zc ngi à) Ks`}

~bazc` bcx `c~mxc pa ~aecbaz vxcvgxc/ hsp ~snb cllaxp~ gxc lxsmpoc~~)



y<6y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

NBGVPCX C\CI

@ceai~

Zc ngiiap ahpgmi gi si`cx~pgi`mij al pbc ~vmxmpsgo vxanc~~c~ silao`mij pa%

`g} sioc~~ zc naec pa xcnajimpmai al pbc ecnbgim~e~ h} zbmnb pbc @c|mo zmoo

vxa~cnspc bm~ pcxxax)

Bc zmoo à mp h} avcxgpmij pbxasjb pbc bsegi emi`)

Bc zmoo vcx~sg`c/ gi` naipxao/ bsegi emi` pa à bm~ hm``mij)

Mi ax`cx pa vxavcxo} si`cx~pgi` pbc~c ecnbgim~e M ~bgoo s~c pbc icrp lcz

nbgvpcx~ pa `m~ns~~ pbc cocecip~ zbmnb cipcx mipa pbm~ vazcx) Bazc|cx/ pa vxav%cxo} à ~a/ M es~p xc~axp pa apbcx Xc|cogpmai~) M es~p s~c pbc ea~p cllmnmcip ecgi~

gp e} `m~va~go pa ~baz pbc igpsxc al pbc~c pxgi~gnpmai~)

M ~bgoo crgemic hmhomngo pcgnbmij~ ai `ceai~ gi` pbcmx cipx} mipa pbc bsegi

emi`) M ~bgoo go~a crgemic vg~~gjc~ lxae Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~ zbmnb bcov asx

si`cx~pgi`mij al pbc~c nxsnmgoo} mevaxpgip ~vmxmpsgo egppcx~)

Zc es~p ngxclsoo} `m~pmijsm~b hcpzcci pbc pza oc|co~ al hxgmi gi` emi`)

Bsegi hxgmi m~ iap bsegi emi`) Pbc hxgmi m~ gi axjgim~e/ g egpcxmgo

|cbmnoc zbmnb vcxemp~ pbc avcxgpmai al pbc emi`) Pbc hxgmi naec~ zmpb hmxpb4 mp m~

jcicpmn) Pbc emi` m~ g jmlp lxae Ja` meva~c` svai pbc hxgmi/ gi` s~mij pbc

hxgmi g~ pbc |cbmnoc al mp~ crvxc~~mai)

"Mi laooazmij `m~ns~~mai~ vgjc isehcx~ xclcx pa Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~/ sioc~~

apbcx zm~c mi`mngpc`)-

V)3<0 % Emi` m~ pbc hc~pazgo al pbc Milmimpc vmxmp gi` lsinpmai~ wsmpc

pbc ~gec mi `m|cx~c ci|mxaiecip~)

V)<:6 % Pbc vb}~maoajmn cwsmvecip gi` pbc gigpaemn ~pxsnpsxc al goo

icz ax`cx~ al omlc gxc mi xc~vai~c pa pbc gnpmai al vb}~mngo ogz/ hsp pbc

~sh~cwscip ciàzecip al emi` m~ g hc~pazgo al pbc g`kspgip emi`%~vmxmp~

mi gnnax`ginc zmpb miigpc hxgmi ngvgnmp}) Emi`/ zbmoc iap g vb}~mngo

c|aospmai/ m~ zbaoo} cvci`cip ai pbc hxgmi ngvgnmp} gllax`c` h} vsxco}

vb}~mngo gi` c|aospmaigx} `c|coavecip~)

Zbci pbc `ceai~ al ao` va~~c~~c` bsegi hcmij~ pbc} `m` ~a pbxasjb pbc hxgmi/ pbxasjb pbc vb}~mngo axjgim~e)

V)2<> % Pbm~ zg~ gnnaevom~bc` mi esnb pbc ~gec zg} g~ pbc oa}go

em`zg} nxcgpsxc~ lsinpmai zbci pbc} ~cx|c g~ cllmnmcip naipgnp jsgx`%

mgi~ al pbc bsegi emi`~ al pbc Sxgipmg xc~cx|c naxv~ al `c~pmi} gp



:% @ceai~ y<7y

pba~c pmec~ zbci pbc G`ks~pcx m~/ mi cllcnp/ `cpgnbc` lxae pbc vcx~ai%

gomp} `sxmij g ~cg~ai al naipgnp zmpb ~svcxbsegi mipcoomjcinc~)

Bazc|cx/ zc ~baso` si`cx~pgi` pbgp zbci `ceaimgngo ~vmxmp~ va~~c~~c`

bsegi hxgmi pbc} go~a naipxaooc` pbc emi`/ ~minc pbc emi` m~ xc~m`cip mi pbc

hxgmi) Hsp pbcmx cipx} mipa pbc hxgmi zg~ iap |mg pbc emi`)

V)2<> % Ai ia zaxo` ngi c|mo ~vmxmp~ va~~c~~ gi} eaxpgo emi` ~sh~c%

wscip pa pbc omlc al g Vgxg`m~c hc~pazgo âi) Hsp hclaxc pbc `g}~ al

Nbxm~p Emnbgco ai Sxgipmg N hclaxc pbc sim|cx~go naemij al pbc Pbasjbp

G`ks~pcx~ gi` pbc vasxmij asp al pbc Eg~pcx”~ ~vmxmp svai goo loc~b N

pbc~c xchco em`zg}cx~ zcxc gnpsgoo} ghoc pa miloscinc pbc emi`~ al

ncxpgmi milcxmax eaxpgo~ gi` ~aeczbgp pa naipxao pbcmx gnpmai~)

Zbci pbc @c|mo cipcx~ pa`g} bc cipcx~ pbc emi`/ gp pbc emi` oc|co/ gi` iap

pbxasjb pbc hxgmi)

Pbs~ pbcxc m~ g nxsnmgo `mllcxcinc hcpzcci `ceaimn va~~c~~mai/ gi` ^vmxmp

cipx} mipa emi`) Pbc lmx~p zg~ h} mi|aosipgx} naipxao al pbc hxgmi4 pbc ~cnai` m~ h}

|aosipgx} mi|mpgpmai al pbc ^vmxmp mipa pbc emi` h} nai~nmas~ lxcc%zmoo `cnm~mai)

Pbc lmx~p zg~ comemigpc` zbci Kc~s~ mevxm~aic` goo pbc xchco `ceai~ gp pbc

pmec al Vcipcna~p) Pbc ~cnai` ~pmoo avcxgpc~ pbxasjb Ja 5~ vcxem~~mai)

V)2<0 % Pbc cipmxc jxasv al xchco em`zg}cx~ m~ gp vxc~cip bco` vxm~aicx

h} ax`cx al pbc Ea~p Bmjb~ al C`cipmg) Ia eaxc à pbc} xage pbm~

zaxo` ai em~nbmcl hcip) Xcjgxòc~~ al pbc vxc~cinc al pbc Pbasjbp

G`ks~pcx~/ pbc vasxmij asp al pbc ^vmxmp al Pxspb svai goo loc~b laxc|cx

eg`c mp meva~~mhoc lax `m~oa}go ~vmxmp~ al gi} ~axp ax `c~nxmvpmai c|cx gjgmi pa mi|g`c c|ci pbc ea~p lcchoc al bsegi emi`~) ^minc pbc `g}

al Vcipcna~p pbcxc ic|cx gjgmi ngi hc ~snb g pbmij g~ `ceaimgngo

va~~c~~mai)

Hsp pbm~ xcea|go al `ceaimgngo va~~c~~mai `m` iap gopcx pbc `gijcx~ al `mg%

haomngo va~~c~~mai) Pbc @c|mo ~pmoo lsinpmai~/ gi` ngi naec mipa bsegi emi` ml

mi|mpc` pa à ~a)

V)2<> % Mp m~ ia ecxc lmjsxc al ~vccnb zbci pbc xcnax` ~pgpc~; ‟Gi`

pbc} hxasjbp pa Bme goo ~axp~ al ~mnd vcavoc/ pba~c zba zcxc va~~c~~c`

h} `c|mo~ gi` pba~c zba zcxc osigpmn~)― Kc~s~ dicz gi` xcnajim{c`

pbc mllcxcinc hcpzcci mi~gimp} gi` `ceaimgngo va~~c~~mai/ gopbasjb

pbc~c ~pgpc~ zcxc jxcgpo} nails~c` mi pbc emi`~ al pba~c zba om|c` mibm~ `g} gi` jcicxgpmai)

Pbc hmhomngo xclcxcinc m~ pa Egpp 2;7<)




V)2<> % C|ci vxmax pa Vcipcna~p ia xchco ~vmxmp naso` àemigpc g iax%

ego bsegi emi`/ gi` ~minc pbgp `g} c|ci pbc zcgd emi`~ al milcxmax eaxpgo~ gxc lxcc lxae ~snb va~~mhmompmc~) Pbc ~svva~c` ng~pmij asp al

`c|mo~ ~minc pbc gxxm|go al pbc ^vmxmp al Pxspb bg~ hcci g egppcx al

nailasi`mij g hcomcl mi ceaimgngo va~~c~~mai zmpb b}~pcxmg/ mi~gimp}/

gi` lcchoc%emi`cìc~~) Hsp ks~p hcngs~c Emnbgco”~ hc~pazgo bg~ lax%

c|cx omhcxgpc` goo bsegi emi`~ ai Sxgipmg lxae pbc va~~mhmomp} al `c%

eaimgngo va~~c~~mai/ à iap megjmic pbgp ~snb zg~ iap g xcgomp} mi

laxecx gjc~)

Pa hcppcx si`cx~pgi` pbc vxanc~~c~ al ~vmxmp cipx} mipa bsegi emi` zc ~baso`

bcc` pbc lgnp pbgp bmjbcx ^vmxmp cipmpmc~ ngi `mxcnpo} cipcx bsegi emi`) Zbcpbcx

pbc} à ~a ax iap `cvci`~ svai asx ~vmxmpsgo ~pgps~ gi` xcogpmai~bmv zmpb Ja`/

gi` pbcmx lsinpmai mi sim|cx~c gllgmx~)

M ~bgoo lmx~p moos~pxgpc zmpb pbc ^vmxmp al pbc Lgpbcx)

PBC VMXMP AL PBC LGPBCX

Nai~m`cx ~pgpcecip~ h} pbc Icz Pc~pgecip zxmpcx~)

Xae 2;77 % Ml pbc ^vmxmp al bme zba xgm~c` Kc~s~ lxae pbc `cg` `zcoo~

mi }as/ bc zba xgm~c` Nbxm~p Kc~s~ lxae pbc `cg` zmoo jm|c omlc pa }asx

eaxpgo ha`mc~ go~a pbxasjb bm~ ^vmxmp zbmnb `zcoo~ mi }as)

Pbc aic zba xgm~c` Kc~s~ lxae pbc `cg` zg~ pbc Lgpbcx) Bm~ ^vmxmp `zcoo~ mi

s~) M~ pbm~ pbc Bao} ^vmxmp/ xcnajim{c` g~ g ~cvgxgpc vcx~aigomp}/ g vcx~ai al pbc

Pxmimp}/ zbae pbc Lgpbcx ~ci`~1 Ax m~ pbm~ g ~vmxmp simwsc pa pbc Lgpbcx/ bm~ ^vmxmp1Lcz Nbxm~pmgi~ bg|c eg`c pbm~ `m~pminpmai hcngs~c ~vmxmp cipmpmc~ gi` hcmij~ gxc

osevc` pajcpbcx mi`m~pmijsm~bgho})

7 Nax >;7< % @a }as iap diaz pbgp }as gxc Ja`”~ ~ginpsgx} gi` pbgp

Ja`”~ ^vmxmp `zcoo~ mi }as1

Vgso”~ xcegxd ~baz~ pbgp Ja`/ pbc Lgpbcx/ bg~ g `m~pminp ^vmxmp zbmnb gnpsgoo}

`zcoo~ zmpbmi s~) Mp m~ iap g ‟laxnc― pbgp meva~c~ g ~vmxmp gppmps`c ax lccomij svai

s~/ iax ecxco} g ‟~vmxmpsgo― miloscinc) Mp m~ g ~vmxmp cipmp}/ g jmlp vaxpmai lxae pbc

Lgpbcx) Bc naec~ pa om|c zmpb s~/ gi` hc zmpb s~) Bc gnpsgoo} `zcoo~ zmpbmi s~)

7 Nax <;7= % @a }as iap diaz pbgp }asx ha`} m~ g ~ginpsgx} al pbc Bao}

^vmxmp zmpbmi }as/ zbmnb }as bg|c lxae Ja`1 ]as gxc iap }asx azi)

Pbm~ |cx~c moos~pxgpc~ pbc nails~mai mi asx bm~paxmn xcnax`) Bcxc zc naso`

hcomc|c pbgp pbc Bao} ^vmxmp/ zmpb vcx~aigomp} `m~pminp lxae pbc Lgpbcx/ hsp sopm%

egpco} axmjmigpmij zmpbmi pbc Lgpbcx/ naec~ pa `zcoo zmpbmi s~)



:% @ceai~ y<>y

M à iap zm~b pa cijgjc mi `chgpc al pbm~ va~~mhoc `mllcxcinc/ ~aecpbmij zc

ngi ic|cx sopmegpco} vxa|c ax `m~vxa|c) Bcxc M zm~b pa `c|coav pbasjbp~ zbmnb ngiocg` s~ mipa hcppcx si`cx~pgi`mij al pbc gnpsgo cipx} al ~vmxmp cipmpmc~ mipa bsegi

hxgmi gi` emi`)

Ml pbc ^vmxmp al pbc Lgpbcx gnpsgoo} `zcoo~ zmpbmi s~ àc~ bc `zcoo mi asx dm`%

ic}~/ om|cx/ ~paegnb ax vb}~mngo bcgxp1 7 Nax <;7= ~pgpc~ pbgp bc `zcoo~ zmpbmi asx

ha`mc~) Vgso `m` iap mipci` pbgp pbc ^vmxmp `zcoo~ zmpbmi pbc vb}~mngo ecnbgim~e)

Bc ecgip pbgp Ja`”~ ^vmxmp `zcoo~ zmpbmi asx emi`~) Bc om|c~ zbcxc zc bg|c

najimpm|c ghmomp}) Pbm~ m~ xcgoo} zbcxc pbc ‟bcgxp― m~/ hsp ‟bcgxp― ecgi~ vsxva~c gi`

zmoo gnnax`mij pa Ja`”~ vsxva~c gi` zmoo) Mp ecgi~ g `c~mxc pa diaz eaxc al zbgp

Ja` zgip~ al s~) Mp ecgi~ g oa|c lax Ja`) Ja` 5~ jmlp vxa|m`c~ lax s~ pa hcnaec

`c|asp eci gi` zaeci ncipcxc` gxasi` pbgp ^vmxmp zbmnb `zcoo~ zmpbmi s~)

@m` Ja` g~d asx vcxem~~mai pa naec mipa s~1 Zaso` bc g~d gi meegpsxc

gi` vxmempm|c nxcgpsxc1 Bm~ ^vmxmp m~ g lxcc jmlp/ hc~pazc` svai s~ lax pbc ecxc lgnp

pbgp zc crm~p/ pbgp bc nxcgpc` s~) Pbgp m~ bm~ zg} al `xgzmij icgx pa pbc oazo}

egpcxmgo hcmij~ al pmec gi` ~vgnc)

Pbc Lgpbcx m~ iap g xc~vcnpcx al vcx~ai~)

Gnp~ 76;>0%>3 % Pbci Vcpcx avcic` bm~ easpb/ gi` ~gm`/ ‟Al g pxspb M

vcxncm|c pbgp Ja` m~ ia xc~vcnpcx al vcx~ai~ hsp mi c|cx} igpmai bc

pbgp lcgx~ bme/ gi` zaxd~ xmjbpcas~ic~~/ m~ gnncvpc` h} bme)―

Zaso` Ja` `ci} s~ bm~ ~vmxmp ecxco} hcngs~c zc gxc oc~~ mipcoomjcip pbgi

giapbcx vcx~ai1 Ax pbgp zc zcxc haxi mipa aic lgemo} gi` iap giapbcx1 Ax pbgp

zc gxc al g `mllcxcip xgnc1

Pbcxclaxc/ zc ngi nainos`c pbgp bc mi|g`c` s~4 bc `m` iap g~d asx vcxem~%

~mai) Bc ngec mi zmpbasp s~ diazmij mp) Bc `m` iap mi|g`c pa pgdc g`|gipgjc al s~/ hsp pbgp bc emjbp bcov mi asx cgxpbo} ~pxsjjoc~) Ml bc ~vcgd~ pa s~/ gi` zc

ahc}/ zc `xgz noa~cx pa bme gi` pa bm~ vsxva~c) Bc àc~ iap |maogpc asx zmoo/ iax

asx pbasjbp~) Bc m~ xc~m`cip wsmc~ncipo}/ lsoo} naevomgip pa asx nbamnc~) Bm~ jmlp al

omlc minos`c~ pbc vxm|mocjc pa à asx azi nbaa~mij) Bc xc~vcnp~ asx nbamnc~ hc%

ngs~c bm~ ^vmxmp m~ g jmlp) Gi` pbci/ zbci zc hcnaec eaxc lsoo} gppsic` pa bm~

vxc~cinc/ g~ zc ocgxi pa g`ks~p asx pbasjbp~ pa bm~ pbasjbp~/ zc hcjmi pa `c|coav

g noa~cx xcogpmai~bmv zmpb Ja`)

V)80 % Pba~c zba diaz Ja` bg|c crvcxmcinc` pbc lgnp al bm~ vxc~%

cinc4 ~snb Ja`%diazmij eaxpgo~ bao` mi pbcmx vcx~aigo crvcxmcinc pbc

aio} va~mpm|c vxaal al pbc crm~pcinc al pbc om|mij Ja` zbmnb aic bsegi

hcmij ngi allcx pa giapbcx) Pbc crm~pcinc al Ja` m~ sppcxo} hc}ai` goo

va~~mhmomp} al `ceai~pxgpmai crncvp lax pbc naipgnp hcpzcci pbcJa`%nai~nmas~ic~~ al pbc bsegi emi` gi` pbc Ja`%vxc~cinc al pbc

Pbasjbp G`ks~pcx pbgp mi`zcoo~ pbc eaxpgo mipcoocnp gi` m~ hc~pazc`

svai egi g~ pbc lxcc jmlp al pbc Sim|cx~go Lgpbcx)




V)77=> % Pbc E}~pcx} Eaimpax~ gxc siàshpcò} pbc hc~pazgo al pbc

Sim|cx~go Lgpbcx/ pbc xclocnpmai al pbc megjc al Ja` ghxag` mi pbcsim|cx~c) G jxcgp pcgnbcx ainc gèaim~bc` eci pbgp pbc} ~baso` hc

xciczc` mi pbc ~vmxmp al pbcmx emi`~4 pbgp pbc} hcnaec icz eci zba/

omdc Ja`/ gxc nxcgpc` mi xmjbpcas~ic~~ gi` mi pbc naevocpmai al pxspb)

Pbc G`ks~pcx m~ pbc egxd al `m|mimp}/ pbc vxc~cinc al Ja`) Pbc ‟megjc

al Ja`― àc~ iap xclcx pa vb}~mngo omdcic~~ iax pa pbc nmxnse~nxmhc`

omempgpmai~ al egpcxmgo nxcgpsxc ciàzecip hsp xgpbcx pa pbc jmlp al pbc

~vmxmp vxc~cinc al pbc Sim|cx~go Lgpbcx mi pbc ~svcxigo hc~pazgo al pbc

Pbasjbp G`ks~pcx~ svai pbc bsehoc nxcgpsxc~ al pbc sim|cx~c~)

Pbc jxcgp pcgnbcx/ al nasx~c/ zg~ Vgso gi` bm~ ~pgpcecip m~ mi Cvbc~mgi~

0;8>)

7 Ki >;80 % Goo zba dccv bm~ naeegiècip~ ghm`c mi bme/ gi` bc mi

pbce) Gi` h} pbm~ zc diaz pbgp bc ghm`c~ mi s~/ h} pbc ^vmxmp zbmnb bc

bg~ jm|ci s~)

Zbci zc dccv Ja`5~ naeegiècip~ zc hxmij asx bcgxp~ gi` asx emi`~ mi

omic zmpb bm~ zmoo gi` bm~ vsxva~c) Zc zgip pa à zbgp Ja` zgip~) Mp m~ asx zmoo pa

à bm~ zmoo) Ml zc bg|c pbm~ vsxva~c bc zaxd~ zmpb s~ pa hxmij asx pbmidmij gxasi`

pa bm~ pbmidmij) Zc ngi avva~c ax zc ngi gppsic) Pbgp m~ asx nbamnc)

Cvb >;70%7: % Lax pbm~ xcg~ai M haz e} dicc~ hclaxc pbc Lgpbcx/ lxae

zbae c|cx} lgemo} mi bcg|ci gi` ai cgxpb m~ igec`/ pbgp gnnax`mij pa

pbc xmnbc~ al bm~ joax} bc eg} jxgip }as pa hc ~pxcijpbcic` zmpb emjbp

pbxasjb bm~ ^vmxmp mi pbc miicx egi/ gi` pbgp Nbxm~p eg} `zcoo mi }asx bcgxp~ pbxasjb lgmpb4 pbgp }as/ hcmij xaapc` gi` jxasi`c` mi oa|c ) ) )

Bcxc Vgso `m~pmijsm~bc~ hcpzcci pbc ^vmxmp al pbc Lgpbcx zba `zcoo~ zmpbmi

s~/ gi` pbgp ~vmxmp al Kc~s~/ aic emi` gi` aic vsxva~c zmpb bme/ pbxasjb gi

gppmps`c al lgmpb mi asx bcgxp~/ zbmnb jm|c~ s~ oa|c lax bme gi` lax asx lcooaz~)

Pbc `mllcxcinc hcpzcci pbc ^vmxmp al pbc Lgpbcx/ gi` pbc ^vmxmp al Kc~s~ m~

mi`mngpc` co~czbcxc)

V)776> % Kc~s~ zg~ pbc vcxlcnpo} simlmc` bsegi vcx~aigomp}) Gi` pa`g}/

g~ mi Jgomocc/ bc naipmisc~ pa siml} eaxpgo crvcxmcinc gi` pa na%ax`migpc

bsegi ci`cg|ax~) Bc simlmc~ omlc/ ciiahoc~ nbgxgnpcx/ gi` ~mevomlmc~

crvcxmcinc) Bc cipcx~ pbc bsegi emi` pa coc|gpc/ pxgi~laxe/ gi`

pxgi~lmjsxc mp) Mp m~ ompcxgoo} pxsc; ‟Ml gi} egi bg~ Nbxm~p Kc~s~ zmpbmibme/bc m~ g icz nxcgpsxc4 ao` pbmij~ gxc vg~~mij gzg}4 hcbao`/ goo pbmij~

gxc hcnaemij icz)―

Pbc hmhomngo xclcxcinc m~ pa 8 Nax 3;7:)



:% @ceai~ y<3y

Pbc c|m`cinc lxae pbc Hmhoc gi` lxae Xc|cogpmai `ceai~pxgpc~ pbgp pbc

^vmxmp al pbc Lgpbcx mi|g`c~ pbc bsegi emi`/ g ^vmxmp cipmp} al bmjb bao} axmjmi/ pbcbmjbc~p va~~mhoc mi crm~pcinc) Pbc c|m`cinc ~baz~ pbgp Kc~s~ go~a cipcx~ asx

emi`~ pa siml} eaxpgo crvcxmcinc/ gi` pa svomlp s~)

Hsp icmpbcx pbc Lgpbcx iax Kc~s~ pgdc va~~c~~mai al s~/ iax à pbc} |maogpc

asx lxcc%zmoo `cnm~mai~) Pbc} nxcgpc` s~ g~ pxsc âi~ al Ja`/ pbgp zc emjbp jxaz

pa hc eaxc egpsxc nxcgpsxc~) Pbcmx ^vmxmp~ zaxd zmpb s~ pa gnnaevom~b pbgp

~svcxh jago)

PBC VMXMP AL @CEAI^

@ceai va~~c~~mai bg~ g ~vcnmlmn ecnbgim~e) Pbc Icz Pc~pgecip xcnax`

pc~pmlmc~ pa pbgp vbciaeciai)

' @ceai~ xcnajim{c` Kc~s~ g~ g `m|mic âi al Ja`/ Osdc 0;>>%>3) Mi aic ng~c

bc xchsdc` pbce4 bc `m` iap zgip pbce pa xc|cgo zba bc zg~/ Osdc 0;07) Bc

`m` iap hxag`ng~p pa pbc zaxo` zbgp pbc} si`cx~paa`; bm~ ~pgps~ g~ Nxcgpax) Bc

laxhm` pbce pa à ~a) Gi` pbc} ahc}c`) Pbc} xc~vcnpc` bme g~ pbcmx Nxcgpax)

Pbc} gndiazoc`jc` bm~ vazcx gi` gspbaxmp}/ Kgec~ 8;7=)

' Pbc} dicz bc naso` ks`jc pbce/ gi` g~dc` zb} bc zg~ bcxc iaz/ gbcg` al

‟pbc pmec/― m)c)/ gbcg` al pbc ks`jecip/ Egpp 2;8=)

' Pbc} `m` iap zgip Kc~s~ pa ~ci` pbce ‟asp al pbc nasipx}/― ecgimij pa ncoc~%

pmgo mipcxiecip/ Egxd 3;76)

' Kc~s~ bg` pbc vazcx pa ax`cx pbce ghasp/ Egpp 2;7</ =;>8/ Egxd 7;8:)

' Pbc Icz Pc~pgecip zxmpcx~ hcomc|c` pbc} bg` `cjxcc~ al zmndcìc~~/ Egpp

78;03)

' @ceai~ naso` naipxao goo ecnbgim~e~ al pbc bsegi ha`}/ |mg pbc emi`/minos`mij bcgxmij gi` |m~mai/ Egpp 78;88) Mi giapbcx ng~c/ glpcx pbc `ceai

bg` hcci ng~p asp/ g vcx~ai zba zg~ bco` `seh naso` ~vcgd/ Egpp =;>8%>>)

âecpmec~ pbc} zcxc lmcxnc mi pbcmx va~~c~~mai/ Egpp 2;82/ Egxd 3;8%76)

' Gi crvomnmp xcegxd ~baz~ pbgp `ceai~ va~~c~~c` pbc bsegi emi`/ Egxd 3;73/

hsp zc ~baso` si`cx~pgi` pbgp pbc} `m` ~a pbxasjb pbc hxgmi) Pbc bsegi

eaxpgo~ zba zcxc ~shkcnp pa pbce crvxc~~c` pbc emi` gi` pbasjbp al pbc

`ceai/ Osdc 2;82) Pbc `ceai paad a|cx pbc hxgmi al pbc bsegi)

Lxae pbm~ c|m`cinc zc ngi `c`snc ~c|cxgo mevaxpgip nbgxgnpcxm~pmn~ al pbc xchco

~vmxmp~;

' Pbc} bg` vcx~aigomp}/ najimpm|c pbasjbp/ vsxva~c/ ahkcnpm|c~/ gi` ghmomp} pa

crcxnm~c pbcmx vazcx/ c|ci ml c|mo)

' Pbc} ~cm{c` naipxao al bsegi eaxpgo~4 pbc} s~c` ecpba`~ zbmnb vcxemppc`

pbce pa s~sxv pbc vcx~aigo |aompmai al pbcmx bsegi |mnpme~)

' Pbc Icz Pc~pgecip xcvaxp~ ~baz pbc `ceai~ gnpsgoo} paad sv xc~m`cinc

zmpbmi pbc hxgmi~/ pa miloscinc pbc emi`~ al pbcmx bsegi |mnpme~)



y<<y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

' Pbcmx va~~c~~mai al bsegi hcmij~ zg~ ~ax`m`) Pbc} |maogpc` bsegi mipcjxmp}

gi` zmoo) Pbc} `m` iap xc~vcnp bsegi dmi`) Pbc} lcoo vxc} pa g `cvxg|c` pcev%pgpmai pa ~sh|cxp pbc emi`~ gi` ha`mc~ al pba~c vcx~ai~)

"Pbm~ hcbg|max ngi hc hxasjbp mipa hcppcx jxg~v h} megjmimij bsegi vazcx pa

cipcx mipa gimego~/ gi` pa naipxao pbcmx hcbg|max) Ml zc bg` ~snb vazcx/ zbgp

bsegi eaxpgo zaso` cijgjc mi ~snb gnpm|mpmc~/ crncvp pbc ea~p `chg~c`1-

' Pbc `ceai~ zcxc omempc` mi pbc p}vc al bsegi eaxpgo~ pbc} naso` va~~c~~)

^minc pbc} zcxc iap mibmhmpc` mi hcbg|max pbc} zaso` bg|c xgiàeo} cipcxc`

goo vcx~ai~ ml c|cx}aic bg` hcci ~shkcnp pa pbcmx cipx})

' Pbc} cipcxc` aio} eaxpgo~ zba bg` zcgd emi`~) Pbm~ zcgdic~~ zg~ iap vb}~m%

ngo4 mp zg~ ecipgo) Cmpbcx pbc vcx~ai~ zcxc ecipgoo} xcpgx`c`/ ax bg` zcgd

zmoo~) Pbc vcx~ai~ zcxc iap ~pxaij ciasjb pa dccv naipxao al pbcmx azi emi`~)

' Ml `ceaimn naipxao zg~ ~pxmnpo} a|cx pbc vb}~mngo ha`} pbc} naso` bg|c nai%

pxaooc` goo bsegi~/ ~minc pbgp naipxao zaso` bg|c h}vg~~c` bsegi emi`) Pbm~

~baz~ pbc} cipcxc` bsegi eaxpgo~ pbxasjb pbc hxgmi) Pbc} va~~c~~c` pbc

ha`} h} naipxao al ecipgo nsxxcip~)

' Pbc} naso` iap va~~c~~ iaego vcx~ai~ hcngs~c pba~c vcx~ai~ zcxc ~pxaij

ciasjb mi pbcmx vcx~aigo zmoo gi` |aompmai pa mibmhmp pbc `ceai~ lxae pgdmij

naipxao al pbc ecipgo nsxxcip~)

Pbs~ pbc hmhomngo c|m`cinc ~sjjc~p~ pbc `ceai~ va~~c~~c` bsegi eaxpgo~

pbxasjb cipx} mipa pbc hxgmi) Pbc} naipxaooc` pbc emi` pbxasjb pbc hxgmi pa ci%

jgjc mi pbcmx ~ax`m` gnpm|mpmc~)

Gi mevaxpgip wsc~pmai hclaxc s~ m~ pbc lsinpmaigo ~pgps~ al pbc~c xchco `c%

eai ~vmxmp~) Zbgp xaoc `m` pbc} ~cx|c mi nxcgpmai1

' Pbc c|m`cinc ~baz~ pbgp pbc} `m` iap pxg|co pa gi` lxa hcpzcci pbc ncoc~pmgo

xcgoe~ gi` pbm~ zaxo`/ g~ à pbc gijco~) Aic al pba~c xchco~ ~vcnmlmngoo} g~dc`

Kc~s~ iap pa hc pgdci ‟asp al pbm~ nasipx})― Pbc} zcxc hasi` pa pbm~ vogicp)

"Pbc zax` pxgi~ogpc` g~ ‟nasipx}― m~ lxae Jxccd nbaxg zmpb pbc m`cg al cevp}

crvgi~c ax ogxjc avci xcjmai) Pbc zax` m~ g lcemimic `cxm|gpm|c al Jxccd

nbg~eg/ lxae zbcinc Cijom~b nbg~e) Nbg~eg mi Jxccd ecgip g |gngin}/

jsol/ ax mevg~~ghoc mipcx|go/ bcinc ~vgnc mi ea`cxi pcxemiaoaj}) Pbc Jxccd~

s~c` nbaxg pa `ciapc pbc zaxo`/ ax pbc vogicp) Pbm~ zax` m~ naipxg~pc` zmpb

Jxccd pava~ zbmnb zc diaz mi Cijom~b pavajxgvb})-

' Ml pbc `ceai~ `m` iap pxg|co pa gi` lxa hcpzcci bcg|ci gi` cgxpb/ gi` ml pbc}

`m` iap zm~b pa hc pgdci asp al pbm~ ‟cgxpb/― gp ‟pbc pmec/― m)c) pbc Ks`jecip/

pbc mevomngpmai m~ pbgp pbc} zcxc vcxegicip xc~m`cip~ al pbm~ zaxo`) Ml ~a/ pbc}

bg` axmjmi ai pbm~ zaxo`) Pbc} `m` iap bg|c axmjmi mi pbc ncoc~pmgo xcgoe~) Hsppbc pxgi~gnpmai~ jm|mij hmxpb pa pbc `ceai vcx~aigompmc~ gxc oa~p pa asx vogi%

cpgx} xcnax`) Zc bg|c bmip~ al ~snb pxgi~gnpmai~ zbci pbc âi~ al Ja` ngec

mi sipa pbc `gsjbpcx~ al eci/ Jci <;7%0/ hsp pbc ~mjimlmnginc al pba~c pxgi~%

gnpmai~ m~ iaz |mczc` aio} mi e}pbaoajmngo pcxe~)



:% @ceai~ y<:y

' Pbc} zcxc iap nails~c` zmpb gijco~ h} pbc ginmcip~4 pba~c ao`ci vcavoc xcn%

ajim{c` pbce g~ `mllcxcip) Icmpbcx `m` pbc ginmcip~ `c~nxmhc pba~c cvm~a`c~ g~gijcomn va~~c~~mai)

' Ml pbc `ceai~ zcxc lxae pbm~ zaxo`/ iap pbc ncoc~pmgo xcgoe~/ gi` ml pbc gi%

nmcip~ xcnajim{c` pbce g~ oc~~ pbgi gijco~/ zc naso` ~g} pbc} zcxc `c~mjic`

h} Ja` lax ~cx|mnc mi nxcgpmai ~aeczbcxc hcpzcci bsegi eaxpgo~ gi` gi%

jco~) Zc emjbp `c~mjigpc pbce g~ ‟em`zg}― nxcgpsxc~)

V)82< % Pbc Emim~pcxmij vmxmp~ al pbc Oango Sim|cx~c~ cehxgnc pbc ~cxg%

vbme gi` pbcmx g~~m~pgip~/ pbc nbcxshme) Zmpb pbc~c all~vxmij al g Sim%

|cx~c Eapbcx ^vmxmp eaxpgo g~nci`cx~ bg|c mimpmgo naipgnp) Pbc em`zg}

nxcgpsxc~/ al igpm|mp} ai pbc mibghmpc` zaxo`~/ gxc iap xcgoo} al pbc gijcomn

ax`cx~ vxavcx/ pbasjb alpci lsinpmaigoo} jxasvc` zmpb pbc emim~pcxmij ~vmx%

mp~)

V)073 % Mi pbc cgxo} `g}~ al ea~p mibghmpc` zaxo`~/ ncxpgmi ~svcxbsegi

hsp egpcxmgom{c` hcmij~ gxc al g~~mjiecip/ hsp pbc} s~sgoo} xcpmxc svai

pbc gxxm|go al pbc Vogicpgx} G`ge~) Pbc pxgi~gnpmai~ al ~snb hcmij~ gi`

pbc cllaxp~ al pbc Egpcxmgo âi~ pa mevxa|c pbc c|aospmaigx} xgnc~ alpci

xc~sop mi pbc gvvcgxginc al g omempc` isehcx al nxcgpsxc~ zba gxc mllmnsop

pa nog~~ml}) Pbc~c simwsc hcmij~ gxc alpci em`zg} hcpzcci pbc Egpcxmgo

âi~ gi` pbc c|aospmaigx} nxcgpsxc~4 bcinc pbcmx `c~mjigpmai/ em`zg}

nxcgpsxc~) Mi g naevgxgpm|c ~ci~c pbc~c em`zg}cx~ gxc pbc vcxegicip

nmpm{ci~ al pbc c|aospmaigx} zaxo`~) Lxae pbc cgxo} `g}~ al pbc gxxm|go al g

Vogicpgx} Vxminc pa pbc lgx%`m~pgip pmec al pbc ~cppomij al pbc vogicp mi omjbp

gi` omlc/ pbc} gxc pbc aio} jxasv al mipcoomjcip hcmij~ pa xcegmi naipmis%

as~o} ai pbc ~vbcxc) Ai Sxgipmg pbc em`zg} emim~pcx~ gxc mi xcgomp} pbcgnpsgo ns~pa`mgi~ al pbc vogicp4 pbc} gxc/ vxgnpmngoo} ~vcgdmij/ pbc nmpm%

{ci~ al Sxgipmg) Eaxpgo~ gxc mi`cc` pbc vb}~mngo gi` egpcxmgo mibghmpgip~

al gi c|aospmaigx} zaxo`/ hsp }as gxc goo ~a ~baxp%om|c`4 }as pgxx} ai }asx

igpm|mp} vogicp ~snb g ~baxp pmec) ]as gxc haxi/ om|c/ `mc/ gi` vg~~ ai pa

apbcx zaxo`~ al c|aospmaigx} vxajxc~~mai) C|ci pbc ~svcxbsegi hcmij~

zba ~cx|c ai pbc vogicp~ g~ ncoc~pmgo emim~pcx~ gxc al pxgi~mcip g~~mji%

ecip4 lcz al pbce gxc oaij gppgnbc` pa g jm|ci ~vbcxc) Pbc em`zg} nxcg%

psxc~/ bazc|cx/ vxa|m`c naipmismp} al vogicpgx} gèmim~pxgpmai mi pbc lgnc

al c|cx%nbgijmij ncoc~pmgo emim~pxmc~ gi` nai~pgipo} ~bmlpmij eaxpgo mibgh%

mpgip~) Pbxasjbasp goo al pbm~ ic|cx%ncg~mij nbgijmij gi` ~bmlpmij/ pbc

em`zg} nxcgpsxc~ xcegmi ai pbc vogicp simipcxxsvpcò} ngxx}mij ai pbcmx

zaxd)

Zc ~baso` xcecehcx pbgp gp aic pmec pbc} zcxc xc~vcnpc` hcmij~4 hclaxc

pbc xchcoomai pbc} zcxc g~~mjic` xc~vai~mhoc pg~d~ ai pbm~ zaxo`)

Pbc~c xc|cogpmai~ bg|c ~c|cxgo nxsnmgo naevaicip~)




' @ceai~ ia oaijcx gxc ai asx zaxo`) Gnpm|mpmc~ al lgooci ~vmxmp~ m~ iaz omempc` pa

pbc @c|mo N asx lgooci Vxminc) Bc m~ ~pmoo lxcc ai asx zaxo` pa vxa~cnspc bm~iclgxmas~ `c~mji~)

' @m~oa}go ~vmxmp~ naso` gi` `m` mi|g`c bsegi emi` h} pgdmij a|cx pbc hxgmi~ al

~aec eaxpgo~ vxmax pa pbc vasxmij asp al pbc ^vmxmp al Pxspb svai goo loc~b gp pbc

pmec al Vcipcna~p)

' Pbc vasxmij asp al pbc ^vmxmp al Pxspb svai goo loc~b eg`c mp laxc|cx meva~~mhoc

lax `m~oa}go ~vmxmp~ pa mi|g`c c|ci pbc ea~p lcchoc al bsegi emi`~)

' Pbm~ m~ pbc `clmimpmai al `ceaimgngo va~~c~~mai; mi|g~mai al bsegi emi` pbxasjb

pbc hxgmi zmpbasp vcxem~~mai al pbc bsegi ba~p) Ia oaijcx ngi gi} lgooci

~vmxmp pgdc mi|aosipgx} va~~c~~mai al bsegi emi`) Goo ~vmxmp cipx} mipa bsegi

emi` ngi iaz hc àic aio} pbxasjb mi|mpgpmai gi` vcxem~~mai al pbc bsegi

eaxpgo) Ml goo ‟`ceai~― bg|c hcci mipcxxc`/ gi` aio} pbc lgooci Vxminc xcegmi~/

bm~ cipx} mipa bsegi emi` m~ iaz aio} pbxasjb nai~nmas~ mi|mpgpmai/ iap pbxasjb

mi|aosipgx} va~~c~~mai)

' Pbc omlc al Kc~s~ svai pbm~ zaxo` gopcxc` pbc nai`mpmai~ al ~vmxmp avcxgpmai)

Zbci bc vasxc` asp bm~ ^vmxmp al Pxspb bc eg`c mp meva~~mhoc lax g pxsc lgmpb

~ai ax `gsjbpcx pa c|cx gjgmi hc mi|g`c` mi|aosipgxmo} h} xchco ~vmxmp hcmij~)

Pbc mi~pxsnpmai~ zc bg|c xcncm|c` lxae Xc|cogpmai gxc jxcgpo} bcovlso pa

si`cx~pgi` pbgp xchco `ceai~ ia oaijcx gxc g pbxcgp pa s~/ iax bg|c pbc} hcci

~minc pbc `g}~ al Vcipcna~p)

Lxae vgjc 2<>% 2<0;

Pbc egkaxmp} al pbc vxmegx} em`zg}cx~ zcip mipa ~mi gp pbc pmec al pbc

Osnmlcx xchcoomai) Zbci pbc `c|g~pgpmai al pbc vogicpgx} xchcoomai zg~xcndaic` sv/ geaij apbcx oa~~c~ mp zg~ `m~na|cxc` pbgp al pbc axmjmigo

36/666/ 06/77= bg` kamic` pbc Ngomjg~pmg ~cnc~~mai)

Pbc axmjmigo isehcx al ~cnai`gx} em`zg}cx~ zg~ 7/=20/ gi` al pbc~c

2:> lgmoc` pa gomji pbce~co|c~ zmpb pbc xsoc al Emnbgco gi` zcxc `so}

mipcxic` mi naiicnpmai zmpb pbc vogicpgx} g`ks`mngpmai al Sxgipmg ai pbc

`g} al Vcipcna~p) Ia aic ngi laxcng~p pbc lspsxc al pbc~c lgooci nxcg%

psxc~)

Hapb jxasv~ al xchco em`zg}cx~ gxc iaz bco` mi ns~pa`} gzgmpmij pbc lmigo

g`ks`mngpmai al pbc gllgmx~ al pbc ~}~pce xchcoomai) Hsp pbc} m` egi} ~pxgijc

pbmij~ ai cgxpb vxmax pa pbc migsjsxgpmai al pbc vxc~cip vogicpgx} `m~vci%

~gpmai)

Pbc~c `m~oa}go em`zg}cx~ zcxc ghoc pa xc|cgo pbce~co|c~ pa eaxpgo c}c~

si`cx ncxpgmi nmxnse~pginc~/ gi` c~vcnmgoo} zg~ pbm~ pxsc al pbc g~~anm%gpc~ al Hcco{chsh/ pbc ocg`cx al pbc gva~pgpc ~cnai`gx} em`zg}cx~) Hsp

pbc~c simwsc nxcgpsxc~ es~p iap hc nails~c` zmpb ncxpgmi al pbc xchco

nbcxshme gi` ~cxgvbme zba go~a zcxc ai cgxpb sv pa pbc pmec al Nbxm~p”~



:% @ceai~ y<=y

`cgpb gi` xc~sxxcnpmai) aec al pbc ao`cx zxmpcx~ c~mjigpc` pbc~c xchco%

omas~ em`zg} nxcgpsxc~ g~ c|mo ~vmxmp~ gi` ceai~/ gi` pbc gva~pgpc ~cxg%vbme g~ c|mo gijco~)

M bg|c iaz allcxc` `m~ns~~mai ai pza p}vc~ al ~vmxmp hcmij~ ax cipmpmc~; pbc

^vmxmp al pbc Lgpbcx/ gi` em`zg}cx~/ diazi mi asx bm~paxmn xcnax` g~ `ceai~) Pbc

^vmxmp al pbc Lgpbcx m~ pbc bmjbc~p laxe al ~vmxmp cipmp} mi nxcgpmai) Pbc em`zg}cx~

gxc pbc oazc~p/ ~minc pbc} gxc icrp pa bsegi eaxpgo~ mi ~pgps~) Hapb naso` mi|g`c

pbc bsegi emi`) Pbcxclaxc/ mp ~cce~ igpsxgo pa milcx pbgp goo apbcx mipcx|cimij

ax`cx~ al ~vmxmp hcmij~ ax cipmpmc~ naso` go~a mi|g`c pbc bsegi emi`) Pbm~ zg~

moos~pxgpc` h} pbc xc|cogpmai zbmnb ~pgpc` pbgp Kc~s~ cipcx~ asx emi`)

Xcecehcx pbgp Kc~s~ m~ Ja`/ gi` ngi cipcx asx emi`~ zmpbasp gopcxmij asx

zmoo gi` asx nbamnc~) Hsp ia oa}go ~vmxmp hcmij oc~~ pbgi asx Nxcgpax naec~ mipa asx

emi`~/ zbcpbcx mi|mpc` pa à ~a ax iap) Aio} `chg~c` xchco ~vmxmp~ zaso` mi|g`c

pbc ~ginpmp} al bsegi emi`)



y:6y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

NBGVPCX CMJBP

^vmxmp Cipx}

V)<76 % Ngomjg~pmg/ }asx gva~pgpc Vogicpgx} Vxminc/ m~ ~pmoo lxcc ai Sxgi%

pmg pa vxa~cnspc bm~ iclgxmas~ c~mji~/ hsp bc bg~ gh~aospco} ia vazcx

pa cipcx pbc emi`~ al eci/ icmpbcx ngi bc `xgz icgx pa pbcmx ~aso~ pa

pcevp ax naxxsvp pbce sioc~~ pbc} xcgoo} `c~mxc pa hc nsx~c` zmpb bm~

zmndc` vxc~cinc)

M diaz g egi zba `m` iap omdc pbc bcg|} vaxpcip al pbm~ ~pgpcecip) Mp pxso}`m~psxhc` bme pbgp ~vmxmp~ emjbp cipcx pbc bsegi emi`) Bc ~ao|c` bm~ vcxvocrmp}

h} mipcxvxcpmij pbc pcrp `mllcxcipo}) Bc ~pgpc` pbgp pbcxc zg~ ia naeeg glpcx pbc

vbxg~c ‟naxxsvp pbce)― Pbs~ pbc og~p vbxg~c~ zcxc m~aogpc` lxae pbc laxecx) Bc

~cvgxgpc` pbc pbasjbp~) Bc pbci bg` pza gh~aospc ~pgpcecip~;

g- pbc @c|mo bg~ gh~aospco} ia vazcx pa cipcx pbc emi`~ al eci gi`/

h- bc ngiiap `xgz icgx asx ~aso~ pa pcevp gi` naxxsvp sioc~~ zc xcgoo}

`c~mxc pa hc nsx~c` zmpb bm~ zmndc` vxc~cinc)

Pbs~ bc xc|cxpc` pa pbc pxg`mpmaigo gi` pmec%baiaxc` |mcz al pbc gnpmai~ al

pbm~ gva~pgpc Vxminc) Pbc @c|mo zg~ iaz xcogpm|co} bgxeoc~~)

M bg` `c|coavc` g noa~c vcx~aigo xcogpmai~bmv zmpb pbm~ egi/ ax pbasjbp M

bg`) Hsp e} mi~m~pcinc ai pbc ompcxgo ~mjimlmnginc al pbc ~pgpcecip ngs~c` bme pa

`ci} pbgp xcogpmai~bmv) Bc `xcz naao gi` `m~pgip) Alpci ~minc/ M bg|c zgipc` pa

g~d ml bc c|cx bcgx` al kap~ gi` pmppoc~) Bc laooazc` pbgp ao` zaxi vgpb al xcls~mijpxspb h} pbc ~egooc~p jxgvbmngo iapgpmai/ g bghmp vxgnpmnc` lxae oaij hclaxc Kc~s~)

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xcvomc` pbgp M naso` iap à mp zmpb gi} aic vg~~gjc/ hsp pbgp ~c|cxgo hmhomngo vg~%

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g ~memogx xc|cogpmai ~pgpc` ~a nocgxo} gi` ~snnminpo})

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pmai) Mp egppcx~ iap baz zc eg} bgij nogs~c~ gi` vbxg~c~/ `cvci`cip ax mi`c%

vci`cip/ g~~anmgpc` ax sig~~anmgpc`) Zbgp zc xcnajim{c g~ pxspb `cvci`~ ai

pbgp ^vmxmp zbmnb `zcoo~ zmpbmi s~/ pbc ^vmxmp al pbc Lgpbcx/ gi` ai asx xc~vai~c pa

bm~ ^vmxmp) Gi` mp `cvci`~ ai pbc ^vmxmp al Pxspb zaxdmij zmpb s~) Pbxasjbasp asx

om|c~ zc eg} bg|c ocgxic` pa om~pci ax zc eg} bg|c ocgxic` pa xckcnp) Ax zc eg}

bg|c ocgxic` pa pzm~p xcnajimpmai mipa mipcoocnpsgoo} nai|cimcip laxe~)

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pxspb gi` bm~ loc~bo} lcgx~) Bc zg~ gi mipcoomjcip egi) Bc si`cx~paa` lsoo} zbgp

pbc ~pgpcecip ecgip) Bc lcop zmpbmi bme~col pbc ~mjimlmnginc al pbc xc|cogpmai) Hsp

bc naso` iap `cgo zmpb pbc va~~mhmomp} pbgp g ~vmxmp vcx~aigomp} N g xcgo/ om|mij hcmij



2 % ^vmxmp Cipx} y:7y

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ompcxgo |mcz~ al mp~ ecgimij) Pbc} ~g} pbgp bsegi hcmij~ zaso` ic|cx `c~mxc pa hc

nsx~c` zmpb pbc zmndc` vxc~cinc al pbc @c|mo)

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nsx~c` zmpb pbc zmndc` vxc~cinc al Ngomjg~pmg) Pbc} g~d ^vmxmp~ pa naec gi` |m~mp

zmpb pbce N mi pbcmx emi`~)

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|m~mp ec)F

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pbcxc m~ aio} aic mimwsmpas~ ^vmxmp N Ngomjg~pmg N vxcpci`mij pa goo egiicx al

‟~vmxmp~)―

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naec |m~mp zmpb pbce) Pbc} zaso` oa|c pa bg|c g vcx~aigo Pcgnbcx) M `m~na|cxc`

pbgp goo pba~c zba zm~b lax g vxm|gpc ^vmxmp hsp ngiiap xcncm|c aic gxc ~pxaij

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zaso` jm|c a|cx pbcmx zmoo pa ~aecaic co~c5~ egimvsogpmai) Pbc} ngiiap xcncm|c g

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lax naeesimngpmai) Pbc} à iap hcomc|c aio} aic ^vmxmp m~ gnpm|c pa`g}) Pbc}

ngiiap naincm|c pbgp bc ngi naec mipa g~ egi} emi`~ g~ bc zgip~) Pbc} à iap hcomc|c aic xchco naso` mevcx~aigpc pbas~gi`~ al ~vmxmp~) Mi pbcmx jsoomhmomp} pbc}

gnncvp zbgpc|cx pbc ^vmxmp ~g}~ pa pbce)

V):3> % Pbc anpxmic al g vcx~aigo c|mo ai Sxgipmg/ pbasjb mp bg` ~aec

lasi`gpmai mi pbc vogicpgx} vxc~cinc al pbc pxgmpaxas~ gi` mimwsmpas~

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g ‟`c|mo― naso` miloscinc pbc iaxego bsegi emi` gjgmi~p mp~ lxcc gi`

igpsxgo nbaa~mij) C|ci hclaxc Emnbgco”~ hc~pazgo ai Sxgipmg/ icmpbcx

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gi} iaxego mi`m|m`sgo mipa àmij gi}pbmij gjgmi~p pbc bsegi zmoo) Pbc

lxcc zmoo al egi m~ ~svxcec mi eaxgo gllgmx~4 c|ci pbc mi`zcoomij Pbasjbp

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g ~mijoc gnp gjgmi~p pbc nbaa~mij al egi”~ azi zmoo)

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miloscinc pbc iaxego emi` gjgmi~p mp~ lxcc gi` igpsxgo nbaa~mij) Hsp ml pbgp emi`

~g}~ G vocg~c naecF mp pbci ~shkcnp~ mp~col pa pbgp c|mo ^vmxmp)




V)<76 % Hclaxc pbc hc~pazgo al Emnbgco pbc~c xsocx~ al gxdic~~ ~asjbp

pa egmipgmi pbcmx gspbaxmp} ai Sxgipmg/ gi` pbc} vcx~m~pcipo} zmpb~paa`pbc emiax gi` ~shax`migpc ncoc~pmgo vcx~aigompmc~) Hsp ~minc pbc `g} al

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nmgpc/ @gomjg~pmg/ gxc ~cx|moc hclaxc pbc `m|mic egkc~p} al pbc Vgxg`m~c

Pbasjbp G`ks~pcx~ gi` pbc vxapcnpm|c vmxmp al Pxspb/ pbc ~vmxmp al Emnbgco/

zbmnb bg~ hcci vasxc` asp svai goo loc~b)

Pmec gi` gjgmi zc gxc xcg~~sxc` ghasp asx ~vmxmpsgo gi` emi` mipcjxmp})

Pbgp @c|mo ngiiap cipcx asx emi`~ sioc~~ zc xcgoo} `c~mxc pa hc nsx~c` zmpb bm~

zmndc` vxc~cinc)

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^vmxmp al Pxspb àc~ iap vxc|cip s~ lxae egdmij lxcc%zmoo `cnm~mai/ naipxgx} pa

Ja`5~ zmoo N ml pbgp m~ asx nbamnc) Iax àc~ pbc ^vmxmp al pbc Lgpbcx vxc|cip s~

lxae ksevmij mipa pbc gxe~ al mimwsmp})

V)<76 % Hsp c|ci ~a/ ia lgooci ~vmxmp c|cx `m` bg|c pbc vazcx pa mi|g`c

pbc emi`~ ax pa bgxg~~ pbc ~aso~ al pbc nbmo`xci al Ja`) Icmpbcx ^gpgi

iax Ngomjg~pmg naso` c|cx pasnb ax gvvxagnb pbc lgmpb ~ai~ al Ja`4

lgmpb m~ gi cllcnpm|c gxeax gjgmi~p ~mi gi` mimwsmp}) Mp m~ pxsc; ‟Bc zba m~

haxi al Ja` dccv~ bme~col/ gi` pbc zmndc` aic pasnbc~ bme iap)―

Nocgxo} pbc @c|mo m~ goo gxasi` s~) Hsp ml zc gxc pxsc nbmo`xci al Ja` bc ngiiap

pasnb s~) Pba~c zba gxc haxi al Ja` à iap ja ~ccdmij pbc ^vmxmp~ g~ g egx|co%

as~ icz |cbmnoc lax xc|cogpmai ax lax G~vmxmpsgo xciczgo)F

V)<76 % Mi jcicxgo/ zbci zcgd gi` `m~~aospc eaxpgo~ gxc ~svva~c` pahc si`cx pbc miloscinc al `c|mo~ gi` `ceai~/ pbc} gxc ecxco} hcmij

àemigpc` h} pbcmx azi mibcxcip gi` `chg~c` pci`cinmc~/ hcmij oc`

gzg} h} pbcmx azi igpsxgo vxavci~mpmc~) Pbc `c|mo bg~ hcci jm|ci g

jxcgp `cgo al nxc`mp lax c|mo zbmnb àc~ iap hcoaij pa bme) Ngomjg~pmg

bg~ hcci naevgxgpm|co} mevapcip ~minc pbc nxa~~ al Nbxm~p)

Pbm~ vg~~gjc go~a bg~ hcci pgdci h} pbc ~vmxmpm~p~ g~ gi crns~c pa ~baz pbgp

pbc @c|mo bg~ ia vazcx al gi} dmi`) Pbc} ngiiap ~cc pbc zax` Gnaevgxgpm|co}G

zbmnb nai`mpmai~ pbc ~pgpcecip)



2 % ^vmxmp Cipx} y:>y

^GINPMP] AL PBC BSEGI EMI@

Gijco~ à iap mi|g`c pbc ~ginpmp} al pbc bsegi emi`4 pbc} à iap

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mi`zcoomij vmxmp al pbc Lgpbcx) Pbc jsgx`mgi al `c~pmi} miloscinc~ }as

mi c|cx} va~~mhoc egiicx nai~m~pcip zmpb pbc `mjimp} al }asx vcx~aigo%

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gnpmai al pbc bsegi zmoo) Icmpbcx gijco~ iax gi} apbcx ax`cx al sim%

|cx~c vcx~aigomp} bg|c vazcx ax gspbaxmp} pa nsxpgmo ax ghxm`jc pbc vxc%

xajgpm|c~ al bsegi nbaa~mij) Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~/ Vgjc :3<)

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xc~vcnpc`) Aio} `m~oa}go ~vmxmp hcmij~ zaso` mi|g`c pbc ~ginpmp} al bsegi emi`)Gi` aio} `m~oa}go ~vmxmp hcmij~ zaso` cipcx bsegi emi` gp mi|mpgpmai) Gijco~ zaso`

iap cijgjc mi ~snb ~ax`m` vcxlaxeginc~)

Bazc|cx/ gijco~ miloscinc s~ mi c|cx} va~~mhoc egiicx nai~m~pcip zmpb pbc

`mjimp} al asx vcx~aigomp}) Pbc} gxc ~shkcnp pa pbc lxcc gnpmai al bsegi zmoo) Ic|%

cxpbcoc~~/

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alpci gxm~c~ g~ g xc~sop al ~cxgvbmn miloscinc)―

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emi`~/ ax cipcx zmpb asx mi|mpgpmai/ zaso` pbcxc hc g nailomnp hcpzcci pbc

vcx~aigomp}%zmoo al pbc eaxpgo gi` pbc vcx~aigomp}%zmoo al pbc gijco1 Pbc ~gec

wsc~pmai gvvomc~ pa gi} apbcx ncoc~pmgo vcx~aigomp} zba emjbp naec mipa bsegiemi`) Zbci pbc lgooci Vxminc cipcx~ àc~ bm~ vcx~aigomp}%zmoo mipcxlcxc zmpb pbc

vcx~aigomp}%zmoo al pbc bsegi eaxpgo1

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gi` `mjimp} pa pbc bsegi eaxpgo) Ja` jg|c s~ vcx~aigomp} g~ `m~pminp hcmij~ mi bm~

|g~p nxcgpmai/ gi` bc jg|c s~ zmoo) Pbgp m~ zbgp zc gxc) Pbgp m~ pbc zg} Ja` eg`c

s~) Pbgp m~ zbgp bc zgip~ s~ pa hc) Asx vcx~aigomp} eao`~ asx zmoo) Pbs~ zc

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pbcx jg|c s~ g~ g lxcc jmlp) Pbcxclaxc/ icmpbcx pbc Lgpbcx/ iax asx Nxcgpax/ iax gi}

apbcx oa}go ncoc~pmgo hcmij zaso` |maogpc pbgp jmlp)

Pbc pcnbimngo wsc~pmai m~ pbm~; Ngi ~vmxmp cipmpmc~ cipcx bsegi emi` zmpbasp

mipcxlcxmij zmpb pbc vcx~aigomp}%zmoo al pbc bsegi eaxpgo1 Mi ax`cx pa cipcx bsegi

emi` pbc} es~p/ mi ~aec egiicx/ crcxnm~c vazcx zbmnb egdc~ pbcmx vxc~cinc

diazi) Ml pbc} zaso` naec mi gi` iap gnp mp zaso` iap hc cipx} mipa bsegi emi`)

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@c|mo zgip~ pa ja hc}ai` pbgp4 bc zgip~ pa naipxao asx emi`~) Bc zgip~ pa eg%

imvsogpc) Bc zgip~ pa s~c bsegi emi` lax bm~ c|mo vsxva~c~)




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bsegi emi` hcnaec~ ~shkcnp pa bm~ naipxao) Zbci bc vxa`snc~ nbgijc~ zmpbmi

pbc bsegi emi` bc |maogpc~ pbcmx nxcgpc` `mjimp}) Bc meva~c~ bm~ vcx~aigomp}%zmoo

a|cx pbcmx~)

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pbc vbciaecig bc crvcxmcinc` mi bm~ emi` zcxc vxakcnpmai~ lxae pbc ^vmxmp zba

zg~ bm~ vcx~aigo jsm`c/ gi` iap `mxcnp cipx} mipa bm~ emi`) Bc xcnajim{c` pbgp ml

pbc ^vmxmp zcxc egimvsogpmij bm~ ecipgo nsxxcip~ bc bg` ~shemppc` bme~col pa pbc

vcx~aigomp}%zmoo al pbgp ^vmxmp) Bc lsoo} si`cx~paa` pbgp nai`mpmai gi` `m` iap zgip

pa gèmp pbgp bc emjbp bg|c ~shemppc` bme~col pa mp)

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m~ hcmij egimvsogpc` lxae pbc ~vmxmp xcgoe~) Zbcpbcx zc |mcz mp g~ g vxakcnpmai al

pbc ~vmxmp/ ax g~ gi gnpsgo ~vmxmp vxc~cinc/ pbc cllcnp m~ pbc ~gec) Lsxpbcxeaxc/ lax

pbc ^vmxmp/ mp eg} hc ecxco} g vxakcnpmai al bm~ emi` mipa pbc bsegi emi`)

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vcx~aigomp}%zmoo ~sh~cx|mcip pa bm~) Iapc pbc xcegxd~ h} Egxd Lgxoc} pbgp bc bg` pa

xc~mji bm~ zmoo mi ax`cx pa ocp pbc ~vmxmp vxa`snc cllcnp~ pbxasjb bme N pa ocp pbc

~vmxmp pbxasjb)

M vcx~aigoo} diaz egi} vcx~ai~ zba ~shkcnpc` pbce~co|c~ pa pbm~ ~vmxmp ci%

px}) Gp pbc pmec al pbm~ zxmpmij pbc} zaso` `ci} pbgp pbc @c|mo bg~ g~~sec` naipxao

mi pbcmx emi`~/ ks~p g~ ^napp Lacx~pcx `c|m~c` gi crvogigpmai pa xcea|c pbc ~pmij

al pbc xcgomp}) Pbc} hcomc|c pbc} bg|c lsoo naipxao) Pbc} zaso` |mjaxas~o} `ci} mp m~

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gxc pbc vmaiccx~ al g icz zaxo` cxg/ gi` pbgp pbc} ~cx|c mevaxpgip xaoc~ mi pbc

gnnaevom~becip al pbgp icz zaxo`)

Pbc zccd al Kgisgx} 8>/ 8666 M cijgjc` mi gi Mipcxicp `m~ns~~mai zmpb

~c|cxgo mi`m|m`sgo~ naincximij pbc~c G~vmxmpF pxgi~gnpmai~) ^g~dmg Xgc|asxm zg~

bmjbo} gnpm|c mi pbc Sxgipmg naeesimp}) ^bc pbasjbp pbc ^vmxmp naeesimngpmai~

zcxc pbc jxcgpc~p pbmij ~minc Xc|cogpmai) ^bc xcvcgpcò} gppcevpc` pa naipgnp g

^vmxmp/ `ccvo} oaijmij lax g vcx~aigo ^vmxmp Jsm`c) Hsp ~bc zg~ sighoc pa à ~a)

M ~pgpc` pbgp ^g~dmg naso` iap naipgnp pbc ^vmxmp~ hcngs~c ~bc bg` ~snb g

~pxaij vcx~aigo zmoo) ^bc zg~ sizmoomij pa ocp ja al bcx zmoo) M xgm~c` pbc m~~sc pbgp

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Nai~m`cx pbc ~pgpcecip~ al Kme Noc|cogi`/ zba xc~vai`c` pa gi Mipcxicp

va~p lxae Igin} Hmjcoaz;



2 % ^vmxmp Cipx} y:3y

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Lxae Igin};

M lcco omdc Gomnc mi }as%diaz%zbcxc) Pbm~ m~ eaxc gi` eaxc nsxmas~) Mi

e} emi`/ }as pza ai”p gvvcgx pa hc naipxg`mnpmij aic giapbcx) Cxic~p

m~ ~g}mij "c~~cipmgoo}- pbgp g ^COL%`mxcnpc` bsegi ‟ngiiap― nbgiico

hcngs~c bm~ ax bcx ‟vcx~ai― zmoo iap vcxemp pbc emi` pa à pbm~) Zc

cgnb gi` goo gxc c~~cipmgoo} g ~egoo/ vcx~aigo vmcnc al Lgpbcx ‟~col―

mp~col' Pbc SH "Sxgipmg Haad- wsapc bc vxa|m`c~ go~a ~g}~ c~~cipmgoo}

pbc ~gec pbmij) ^vmxmp~ ngiiap , pbcxclaxc à IAP ‟àemigpc― g iax%

ego bsegi emi` SIOC^^ pbc ‟~col― gooaz~ gnnc~~) Asx eaxpgo ~colbaa`

m~ g ‟xcogpm|c mi`m|m sgpmai― "SH v)78>8- al pbc Lgpbcx bme^COL) G

ZBAOO] Lgpbcx%`mxcnpc` emi` ES^P % h} `clgsop % ic|cx/ c|cx/ `c|m%

gpc lxae pbc +laxcax`gmic`+ n}noc al vcx~aigomp} +simlmngpmai+) Pbc ~s%

vxcec m`cgo zmpbmi pbm~ naincvp/ m~ pbgp g eaxpgo egi ax zaegi pxgi~%

lcx ‟pbc ~cgp al m`cipmp}― Tal pbc eaxpgo vcx~aigomp} hc~pazgoU ‟lxae pbc

vg~~mij egpcxmgo%mipcoocnp ~}~pce pa pbc bmjbcx eaxaipmg%~aso ~}~pce4―

"78>>-) Mi apbcx zax`~/ pbc eaxpgo m~ g~dc` pa nai`snp GOO ~vmxmpsgom{g%

pmai "m)c)/ ~aso%jxazpb-/ zbaoo} ai g ‟~svcxnai~nmas~― oc|co al emi`)

Zbgp }as "Kme- gxc ~g}mij m~ pbgp mp m~ mi`cc` va~~mhoc pa ec`mgpc pbc

~aso%jxazpb vxanc~~ zmpbmi pbc nailmic~ al pbc egpcxmgo mipcoocnp ~}~%

pce ml aic nbaa~c~ pa à pbm~) Egi} nai~m`cx pbgp pbm~ m~ ~col%g~~cxpm|c

egimvsogpmai zbmnb ngi vapcipmgoo} hc `cpxmecipgo pa +gnpsgo+ ~aso

jxazpb/ gi` mp m~ iap xcgoo} pbc vxclcxxc` Lgpbcx%vgppcxi lax asx ~aso

jxazpb ml zc gxc pa hcomc|c pbc Xc|cogpax~) Pbc Xc|cogpax~ mi`mngpc

pbgp zc gxc pa hc ‟lgmpb― ~ai~ al Ja` gp pbm~ vamip mi pbc g~nci~maivxanc~~)

Igin} H)

"Pbm~ zg~ Kme5~ xcvo}) M ~baz e} Mipcxicp mipcx~vcx~c` naeecip~/ zbmnb

zcxc e} xc~vai~c pa Kme”~ xcvo})-

Bm Igin}/ jaa` pa bcgx }asx |mcz~ gi` M xcgoo} jsc~~ M azc }as g xcvo}

hsp )))) M bg|c ia si`cx~pgi`mij al gi} al pbc~c vxanc~~c~ pbgp }as

`m~ns~~/ iap hcmij g xcgo ~nbaogx al pbc SV~) "Sxgipmg Vgvcx~-) Glpcx

xcg`mij bsi`xc`~ al vgjc~ al PcgE "Pcgnbmij Em~~mai- pxgi~nxmvp~/ M

ks~p zgipc` pa egdc g ncoc~pmgo naiicnpmai al e} azi) M ~gz apbcx

vcavoc pxgi~emppmij zg} hc}ai` pbcmx diazoc`jc zmpb oc~~ai~ pbgp

laxec` g vsxc/ zbaoc gi` oa|mij na~eaoaj}) M lmigoo} wsmp px}mij pa a mp/xcocg~c` pa lgmpb gi` mp ngec cg~})

Iapc pbgp Kme ~g}~ bc ‟xcocg~c` pa lgmpb)― Pbm~ ‟xcocg~c― m~ pbc cocecip M

cevbg~m{c` mi ‟ocppmij ja)― Aic es~p ocp ja al aic”~ vcx~aigo zmoo lax pbc ^vmxmp~

pa naec mi) Pbm~ ^g~dmg gi` apbcx ~pxaij emi`~ ngiiap à)



y:<y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

Mp zmoo lax }as) M ks~p ja mipa pbc ^pmooic~~ zmpb `ccv hxcgpbmij crcxnm~c~lax xcogrgpmai gi` g ecipgo lans~ ai e} `c~mxc lax Pxspb/ Hcgsp} gi`

Jaaìc~~)

Pbc ^pmooic~~ m~ zbcxc pbc ~vmxmpm~p~ ghgiài pbcmx zmoo) Pbc} hcnaec wsmc~%

ncip pa pbc vcx~aigomp} al pbc ^vmxmp zba pbci naeesic~ zmpb pbce) "Goo nbgiico%

mij mi|ao|c~ naeesimngpmai zmpb giapbcx mi|m~mhoc vcx~aigomp})-

M `c|apc ~aec emispc~ pa zax~bmv/ gvvxcnmgpmai~4 pa vxg}cx lax ~aec%

aic mi vgxpmnsogx4 pa laxjm|cic~~ mi ng~c M ge bao`mij ~aec gomcigpmai

ax gijcx/ gi` pbci pa pbc crcxnm~c al ~ccmij Nbxm~p mi c|cx} lgnc pbgp

zc ~cc/ gi` mi cllcnpmij pbgp lgnc al ~cx|mnc mi goo pbgp zc a emispc h}

emispc pbxasjb pbc `g})

Pbc ‟Nbxm~p― m~ pbc aic zba iaz vgxg`c~ g~ Kc~s~/ gopbasjb }as zmoo lmi`

pbgp bc xgxco} s~c~ pbc igec Kc~s~) Bc `cpc~p~ pbgp igec) Hsp hcngs~c al

Nbxm~pmgi naxxsvpmai al pbc Ec~~mgb megjc/ gi` s~c al pbc PMPOC ‟Nbxm~p― g~ g

igec lax Kc~s~/ Ngomjg~pmg iaz s~c~ pbgp IGEC g~ gi mevcx~aigpmai `c|mnc) Kme

haxxaz~ pbm~ lxae G Nasx~c Mi Emxgnoc~/ gopbasjb pbc ~gec s~c ~baz~ sv mi egi}

apbcx nbgiicoc` ~asxnc~)

Asx ~mincxc `c~mxc~ lax jxgnc gi` ~cx|mnc ngi hxmij g noa~cic~~ gi`

cehxgnc zmpb pbc Sim|cx~go Lgpbcx pbgp ngiiap hc `c~nxmhc`) Ainc pbc

hai` m~ eg`c }as zmoo jcp g naipmismij loaz al mi~mjbp~/ mi~vmxgpmai~ gi`

si`cx~pgi`mij~ mi pbc gxcg~ zbcxc }as bg|c pbc wsc~pmai~) Pcgnbcx~

gxc c|cx}zbcxc/ girmas~ pa naec aiomic lax lxmciò} nai|cx~gpmai gi`pbc ~bgxmij al pbcmx |g~p diazoc`jc)

]as zmoo iapc pbc ‟noa~cic~~ gi` cehxgnc― ngiiap g`cwsgpco} hc `c~nxmhc`

h} pbc nbgiicocx~) Pbc} gxc jm|mij s~ pxspblso pc~pmeai}) Zbci ainc Ngomjg~pmg

pgdc~ va~~c~~mai al pbcmx emi`~/ zbci ‟ainc pbc hai` m~ eg`c/― bc ngi egimvs%

ogpc gi} lccomij/ ceapmai/ ax xcomjmas~ mevso~c bc `c~mxc~)

Pbcxc m~ giapbcx ompcxgo pxspb mi zbgp Kme ~g}~) Pbm~ ^vmxmp bg~ |g~p diazo%

c`jc/ gnnsesogpc` a|cx emoomai~ al }cgx~) Gi` bc m~ ompcxgoo} c|cx}zbcxc/ gnspco}

girmas~ pa hc lxmciò}/ gi` pa ~bgxc zmpb bsegi eaxpgo~)

Zbmoc mi pbm~ xcogrc` govbg ~pgpc/ p}vc ax zxmpc pbc zax`~ pbgp naec pa

}asx emi` jcipo} zmpbasp gigo}~m~ gi` ocp pbce loaz) Ax ~vcgd pbce

mipa g xcnax`cx) Xcg` hgnd ogpcx/ gi` gjgmi gi` gjgmi/ lax jxcgpcx nogx%mp})

]as ~baso` gjgmi iapc pbgp Kme m~ g`|m~mij pa ocp pbc~c ‟apbcx― pbasjbp~

‟jcipo} loaz zmpbasp gigo}~m~)― Mi apbcx zax`~/ à iap mipcxlcxc mi pbc vxanc~~ al

naeesimngpmai g~ pbc ^vmxmp jac~ ghasp bm~ hs~mic~~ mi }asx emi`)



2 % ^vmxmp Cipx} y::y

Baz pbm~ goo bgvvci~ gi` baz zc a mp zaso` lmoo g haad pbgp ia aic ngizxmpc }cp) vmxmpsgo cicxj} nmxnsmpx} m~ g haad%ocijpb/ eg}hc cin}noavc%

`mn ocijpb ~ps`} al zbmnb M ge mi pbc vxmecx)

M ài”p hcomc|c gi} al s~ gxc naevcpcip pa g`cwsgpco} `c~nxmhc pbc vxanc~~

jamij ai pbc emi`~ al pbc nbgiicocx~) Pbc~c gxc na~emn pxgi~gnpmai~ hc}ai`

bsegi si`cx~pgi`mij) Hsp zc ngi vsp ~aec hasi`gxmc~ ai mp/ g~ M bg|c gp%

pcevpc` pa à)

M bg|c ks~p hcci hoc~~c` pa hc g |c~~co/ nai`smp/ ~cnxcpgx} ) ) ) gohcmp

iap pbc hc~p aic gxasi`) Mp m~ pxsc pbgp pba~c zba ngi egmipgmi g eaxc

vognm` gi` vcgnclso omlc~p}oc gxc eaxc gppsic` pa hc losm` gi` `ccvo}

mi~mjbplso pxgi~emppcx~)

Gjgmi/ }as ngi ~cc baz Kme m~ `c~nxmhmij pbc `mllcxcinc geaij bsegi

hcmij~) âec ngi naec mipa ‟psic― zmpb pbc ^vmxmp hcppcx pbgi apbcx~) Kgic

Xahcxp~ "^cpb- zg~ aic al pbc hc~p) ^g~dmg/ hoc~~ bcx bcgxp/ ngi”p naec mi psic gp

goo)

Hsp c|cx}pbmij ghasp pbm~ vxanc~~ m~ ~vcnsogpmai/ mp ~cce~/ sipmo ~aec

~nbaogx vsoo~ pbc lgnp~ lxae pbc Sxgipmg na~eaoaj} gi` xcogpc~ pbce

oajmngoo} pa pbc pxgi~em~~mai~ pbgp gxc xcgoo} gi` pxso} bgvvcimij gnxa~~

pbc zaxo`)

Zcoo/ M bg|c hcci px}mij/ hsp pbc naipcevp lax gigo}~m~ al pbc gnpsgo ~asxnc al

pbm~ vbciaecig m~ hc}ai` pbc lcgx hgxxmcx al |mxpsgoo} goo Sxgipmgi~/ gi` goo Nbxm~%pmgi~)

Pbc happae omic pxspb m~; Zc bg|c hcci hoc~~c` mi xcncip }cgx~ zmpb

cibginc` cicxj} nmxnsmp~) Zmpb Lgmpb/ zc ngi s~c pbce) Zmpb lcgx/ zc

ngi ks~p dccv xcg`mij lcgxlso haad~) Cgnb aic al s~ ngi pxgi~emp bmjbcx

~vmxmpsgo mi~mjbp~ pbgi zc diaz gp pbc pmec) Zb} iap à mp1 Pbgid~

gi}zg} lax }asx m`cg~) Pba~c gxc g lcz al emic)

kme

M ge iaz mi pbc pbxaz~ al vxcvgxmij g haad lax vshomngpmai mi zbmnb M `m~ns~~

pbc~c egppcx~) G~ M ~baz/ zc zcxc pao` pbgp Ngomjg~pmg zaso` hc jm|ci g xcocg~c)

Pbm~ m~ bm~ pmec) Kme xclcx~ pa pba~c ‟cibginc` cicxj} nmxnsmp~― ‟mi xcncip }cgx~)―

M go~a hcomc|c pbgp wsmpc ompcxgoo})

Cxic~p




y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Mi pbc vxc~cip laxe al pbc vbciaeciai pbc lgooci Vxminc m~ crncc`mijo}

~shpoc) Bc àc~ iap laxnmho} vs~b bm~ zg} gxasi`4 bc m~ esnb paa ngxclso lax pbgp)

Ml bc `m` bc zaso` oa~c pbc |aosipgx} naipxmhspmai al pbc bsegi ~shkcnp4 bc zaso`

pbci cipcx svai pbc oc|co al ~vmxmp va~~c~~mai) Egi} al pbc mi`m|m`sgo~ zba bg|c

mi|mpc` bme mi pa`g} gxc bmjbo} mipcoomjcip/ zcoo c`sngpc`/ em`òc nog~~ vxalc~%

~maigo~) Pbc} gxc esnb paa ~egxp pa hc laxnc` mipa gnpmai~) Ml bc pxmc` pa laxnc

pbce pbc} zaso` xckcnp bme) Pbcxclaxc/ bc `cncm|c~ pbce) Bc jm|c~ pbce gppxgn%

pm|c xcg~ai~ zb} pbc} ~baso` naipmisc pa gnncvp bm~ vxc~cinc zmpbmi pbcmx emi`~)

Bc ~baz~ pbce jxcgp hcgsp}4 bc jm|c~ pbce `ccv lccomij~ al oa|c) Aio} glpcx bc

bg~ zcoo c~pghom~bc` bme~col/ gi` diaz~ pbcmx emi`~ pbaxasjbo}/ àc~ bc g~~cxp

~snb naipxao pbgp pbc} hcnaec papgoo} ~sh~cx|mcip pa bm~ eg~pcx naeegi`~) Bc

pbci zmoo pxso} pgdc va~~c~~mai al pbce) Bc zmoo cijgjc ~snb vazcx zbci bm~ basx

naec~)

Lax pbc eaecip/ gp pbc zxmpmij al pbm~ vgvcx/ bc m~ vxcvgxmij bm~ ng`xc)

Hsp zc ~baso` dccv c|cx bao` ai g jxcgp pxspb) Ia pxsc nbmo` al Ja` zg~ c|cx

~shkcnp pa lgooci ~vmxmp~) Pbcxc m~ ia `gijcx c|ci pa`g} al ~snb mi|g~mai al bsegi

emi` lax pba~c zba gxc pxso} `c`mngpc` pa Ja`/ gi` haxi al pbc Lgpbcx) Aio} pba~c

zba gxc iap haxi al pbc Lgpbcx ~pgi` mi ~snb `gijcx)

Pbm~ zg~ pbc bcgxp al pbc `mxc zgximij jm|ci h} Kc~s~/ Kabi 7<;8) Mi`cc`/

pbc basx zaso` naec zbci pba~c zba `m` iap diaz bme ax pbc Lgpbcx zaso` allcx

g ~cx|mnc pa Ja` h} dmoomij bm~ vcavoc N g ~cx|mnc pa pbcmx ‟Ja`)―

Mi ax`cx pa vcxemp pbc xcg`cx pa ahpgmi g hcppcx si`cx~pgi`mij al pbc avcxg%

pmai~ al pbm~ c|mo ~vmxmp M ~bgoo allcx `cpgmoc` crgevoc~ jgpbcxc` lxae ~vmxmpsgom~p

vcxlaxeginc~) M ~bgoo pbci ja ai pa gi crgemigpmai al pbc eaxc xcncip pcnb%imwsc~ bc cevoa}~ pa gnnaevom~b bm~ pxso} `mghaomngo/ gi` `c|g~pgpmij ~nbcec)



=% âx`m` ^vmxmpsgom~e y:=y

NBGVPCX IMIC

âx`m` vmxmpsgom~e

V)2<3 % Hsp mp ~baso` hc eg`c nocgx pbgp pbc em`zg} nxcgpsxc~ gxc iap

mi|ao|c` mi pbc ~ax`m` vcxlaxeginc~ pgdmij vognc si`cx pbc jcicxgo

`c~mjigpmai al ‟~vmxmpsgom~e)― Pbc em`zg}cx~ gp vxc~cip ai Sxgipmg/ goo

al zbae gxc al baiaxghoc ~pgi`mij/ gxc iap naiicnpc` zmpb pbc vbc%

iaecig al ~a%ngooc` ‟ec`mse~bmv―4 gi` pbc} a iap/ ax`migxmo}/ vcxemp

bsegi~ pa zmpic~~ pbcmx ~aecpmec~ icnc~~gx} vb}~mngo gnpm|mpmc~ ax

apbcx naipgnp~ zmpb pbc egpcxmgo zaxo`/ g~ pbc} gxc vcxncm|c` h} bs%

egi ~ci~c~)

Pbc zax` G~ax`m`F bg~ hcci si`cx~paa` gp pza oc|co~;

g- pbc vcxlaxeginc~ al ~vmxmpsgom~e zbmnb vxa`snc cnpavog~e/ gi` apbcx

g~~axpc` `m~js~pmij vbciaecig/ gi`

h- pbc lgnp pbgp ~vmxmp~ mi|g`c pbc emi` pa naxxsvp mp) Gi} mi|g~mai al pbc

bsegi emi` h} ~vmxmp hcmij~ m~ pxso} ~ax`m`/ lax pbc bsegi emi` m~ pbc ~cgp al zmoo

gi` al nbamnc) Zbci pbc ~vmxmp~ cipcx pbc} cllcnpm|co} `cvxm|c pbgp bsegi eaxpgo

al pba~c Ja`%jm|ci vxcxajgpm|c~)

Lsxpbcxeaxc/ pbc Gjcicxgo `c~mjigpmai al ~vmxmpsgom~eF m~ iap xc~pxmnpc` pa

~vmxmpsgom~p vcxlaxeginc~/ hsp minos`c~ goo pba~c v~}nbmn vbciaecig si`cx pbc

eaxc jcicxgo `c~mjigpmai al G~vmxmpm~e)F

Pbcxclaxc/ goo v~}nbmn vbciaecig mi|ao|mij ^vmxmp~ ngi hc minos`c` si`cx

pba~c jcicxgo nog~~mlmngpmai~) Oa}go ~vmxmp hcmij~ à iap cijgjc mi pba~c vcxlax%

eginc~)

Ai pbc c|cimij al Anpahcx 7=/ 7==0/ VH^/ pbc Vshomn Hxag`ng~pmij ^}~pce/

xgi g pcoc|m~mai vxajxge ai ^vmxmpsgom~e) Pbc vxajxge xc|mczc` pbc bm~pax} al

~vmxmpsgom~e mi pbc imicpccipb ncipsx}/ iapmij pbc ~s``ci xm~c mi vavsogx mipcxc~p

glpcx pbc vbciaeciai al pbc Lar ~m~pcx~ mi B}`c~|mooc/ I] mi 7202) Vshomn mipcxc~p

hcngec g|m`) Ghxgbge Ominaoi `m` iap vxgnpmnc g laxego xcomjmai iax gppci` nbsxnb)

Bm~ zmlc/ Egx} Pa`` Ominaoi/ glpcx pbc oa~~ al pbxcc ~ai~/ ~asjbp asp ec`mse~ mi

gppcevp pa ‟naeesimngpc― zmpb pba~c ~ai~) Apbcx asp~pgi`mij mi`m|m`sgo~ zba

hcngec `ccvo} mipcxc~pc`/ gi` hcomc|cx~/ minos`c` ^mx Aom|cx Oa`jc/ Cijom~b vb}~m%

nm~p gi` gspbax/ @x) A{axg ^) @g|m~/ vxc~m`cip al Nbmngja Pbcaoajmngo ^cemigx}/

G) Naigi @a}oc/ lgeas~ lax bm~ ^bcxoand Baoec~ ~paxmc~/ gi` ^mx Zmoomge Nxaad~/

mi|cipax al pbc Nxaad~” pshc gi` `m~na|cxcx al pbgoomse) Apbcx~ lgeas~ hcomc|cx~

minos`c` Kgec~ Lcimeaxc Naavcx/ Zmoomge Nsooci Hx}gip/ @gimco Zch~pcx/ Bgxxmcp

Hccnbcx ^pazc/ Com{ghcpb Hgxxcpp Hxazimij/ gi` Baxgnc Jxccoc}) Pbc mipcoocnpsgo

zaxo` al pba~c `g}~ zg~ xgvp zmpb gppcipmai pa ~vmxmp naeesimngpmai~ gi` v~}nbmn

vcxlaxeginc~)




Silaxpsigpco}/ pbc pcoc|m~mai vxajxge zg~ ~col%~cx|mij) Mp vxc~cipc` Egxjgxcp

Lar g~ lxgs`socip/ xcngipmij bcx v~}nbmn vcxlaxeginc~ glpcx nai|cxpmij pa XaegiNgpbaomnm~e gi` vshom~bmij gi crva~c mi Icz ]axd Zaxo` ) Pbc vxajxge `m` iap

~g} pbgp hclaxc Egxjgxcp `mc` ~bc xc|cx~c` bcx~col gi` mi~m~pc` pbgp si`clmoc`

naeesimngpmai zmpb pbc ~vmxmp~ zg~ gi` zaso` c|cx hc pbc aio} crvogigpmai lax

zbgp ~bc/ bcx ~m~pcx Dgpmc/ gi` apbcx ec`mse~ `ceai~pxgpc`) Mi ~vmpc al pbc

zmpic~~ al egi} ~nmcipmlmn emi`~ gi` ahkcnpm|c mi|c~pmjgpax~/ pbc vxajxge nai%

ncipxgpc` ai pbc lxgs`socip zmpbasp nai~m`cxmij pbc c|m`cinc zbmnb mi`mngpc` g

xcgo vbciaeciai) Egi} asp~pgi`mij vcx~aigompmc~ jg|c pc~pmeai} pa g |m|m` xcgo%

mp}) Ah|mas~o} eapm|gpc` pa `chsid ~vmxmpm~p vbciaecig/ pbc vxajxge zg~ iap

`c~mjic` pa vxc~cip pbc pxspb ghasp ~vmxmpm~e) Mp lgmoc` pa `m~ns~~ pbc naipmisgpmai

al ~vmxmpsgom~e pa pbc vxc~cip `g}/ g~ zcoo g~ pbc jcicxgo vbciaecig al ^vmxmp

naeesimngpmai~/ gi` pbc zm`c~vxcg` gnpm|mpmc~ zbmnb iaz gh~axh pbc mipcxc~p al

~a egi} vcavoc)

Mi ax`cx pa ~baz pbc `cgò} igpsxc al ~vmxmpm~p vbciaecig/ gi` pbc mevgnp

svai asx `cnm~mai~/ M ~bgoo moos~pxgpc ~c|cxgo ng~c bm~paxmc~) Pbc~c zmoo xsi pbc

jgesp lxae vsxc ~vmxmpsgom~e pa pbc eaxc xcncip ~vmxmp naeesimngpmai~ zbmnb

bg|c iaz hcnaec pbc hg~m~ al xcomjmas~ hcomcl lax ~a egi} vcavoc) M ~bgoo hcjmi

zmpb Egxns~ Hgnb gi` bm~ mi|c~pmjgpmai~ mipa pbc ‟nsop~)―

NG^C BM^PAX]/ .7

EGXNS^ HGNB GI@ PBC] BG\C LASI@ G LGMPB

Hgnb zg~ haxi mi 7=6< gi` xgm~c` mi g emoò} `m|m`c`/ hsp xcomjmas~/ Zm~nai%

~mi lgemo}) Bm~ lgpbcx zg~ g ecehcx al pbc Vxc~h}pcxmgi nbsxnb4 bm~ eapbcx al pbc

Xclaxec` lgmpb/ "iaz Simpc` Nbsxnb al Nbxm~p-) Hgnb”~ lgpbcx bg` gi mipcxc~p mi

lsi`gecipgo xcomjmaim~p~ gi` pbcmx ~aso%lmooc` zax~bmv vxgnpmnc~) Bc zaso` pgdc

}asij Hgnb zmpb bme pa bao}%xaoocx pcip xc|m|go~ gi` ngev eccpmij~ mi pbc }cgx~

laooazmij Zaxo` Zgx M) Zmpb pbc ~pxaij mipcxc~p al bm~ vgxcip~ mi xcomjmas~ omlc Hgnb

zg~ mimpmgoo} vcx~sg`c` pa gppci` Em~~mai Bas~c Naoocjc gi` ^cemigx} icgx

^bcha}jgi/ Zm~nai~mi) Gp pbc ci` al bm~ pbmx` }cgx bc ea|c` ai pa pbc ~cnsogx

ci|mxaiecip al g ~pgpc sim|cx~mp}) Bc ahpgmic` g jxg`sgpc lcooaz~bmv zbmnb paad

bme pa |gxmas~ vgxp~ al pbc nasipx} gi` cinasipcx~ zmpb g zm`c ~vcnpxse al

xcomjmas~ lgmpb~) Hgnb xcncm|c` g Vb@ `cjxcc gi` zcip ai pa egdc g ~ps`}/ iap/ g~

bc ~gm`/ ‟mi pbc pbcaoajmngo ax ànpxmigo ~ci~c/ hsp zbgp xcomjmai m~ gi` zbgp mp

àc~ mi pbc om|c~ al vcavoc)― Bc ogpcx zxapc g isehcx al haad~ ai pbc xcomjmas~

vxgnpmnc~ al vcavoc/ minos`mij Pbc} Bg|c Lasi` G Lgmpb/ Hahh~%Ecxxmoo Naevgi}/

Icz ]axd/ 7=0</ Egkax Xcomjmai~ al pbc Zaxo` / 7=3=/ ^pxgijc ^cnp~ gi` Nsop~/7=<7/ gi` ^vmxmpsgo Hxcgdpbxasjb~ Lax Asx Pmec/ 7=<3)

M s~c Hgnb g~ g ~asxnc hcngs~c al bm~ nocgx ahkcnpm|mp}/ bm~ lmic ~ci~c al

hgoginc mi pxcgpmij xcomjmas~ m~~sc~/ gi` bm~ vogmi baic~p}) Lsxpbcxeaxc/ bc zg~ gi

crncoocip zxmpcx4 mp m~ g vocg~sxc pa xcg` bm~ egpcxmgo~) H} pbc pmec al Zaxo` Zgx MM

bc bg` crvcxmcinc zmpb egi} `mllcxcip xcomjmai~ gi` naipgnp~ zmpb zm`co} g~~axpc`



=% âx`m` ^vmxmpsgom~e y27y

nsop~ gi` ~cnp~) Pba~c naipgnp~ oc` bme pa Xgovb J) Vxc~~mij/ pbci c`mpax al pbc

V~}nbmn Ah~cx|cx ) Glpcx gppci`mij g ~íginc gi` emi`%xcg`mij ~c~~mai mi Baoo}%zaa`/ zbmnb zg~ ah|mas~o} lxgs`socip/ bc crvxc~~c` g ~pxaij `c~mxc pa ocgxi eaxc

ghasp pxsc ~vmxmpsgom~p vcxlaxeginc~) Vxc~~mij ~sjjc~pc` pbc} pxg|co pa Nbc~pcx%

lmco`/ Mi`mgig gi` pbc ~vmxmpsgom~p ncipcx oangpc` mi pbgp pazi) Pbc ncipcx m~ ~pmoo

avcxgpmij pa`g}) Hgnb lasi` g hsnaomn |gngpmai ogi`/ zmpb pza ogxjc bapco~ gi`

nappgjc~ oaadmij asp ai g jxg~~%ngxvcpc` gevbmpbcgpcx gi` g jxappa mi g ‟jgx`ci

al vxg}cx)―

Glpcx xcjm~pcxmij gp pbc ^siloazcx Bapco Hgnb lasi` bme~col ~sxxasi`c` h}

gi g~paim~bmij g~~axpecip al ghasp pza bsi`xc` ~ps`cip~ al ~vmxmpsgom~p ~nmcinc)

Pbc} zcxc g emrpsxc al }asij gi` ao`/ zmpb wsgompmc~ `m~pminpm|co} `mllcxcip lxae

pbc ~bmlp}/ c|g~m|c p}vc~ bc bg` lasi` hcbmi` nsxpgmic` xaae~ mi allmnc hsmo`mij~

gi` mi ecpxavaompgi gxcg~) Pbc} `m` iap bg|c pbc jocge al pbc nsop~ mi pbcmx c}c~

zbmnb bc bg` crvcxmcinc` mi ~a egi} `mllcxcip xcomjmas~ ~cppmij~) ‟Pbc bclp}

àshoc%nbccdc` ec`mse zmpb hsojmij ha~ae gi` g `gh al xasjc ai bcx nbccd~

zg~ nai~vmnsas~o} gh~cip) Pbc ~ps`cip~ gp Ngev Nbc~pcxlmco` naso` bg|c vg~~c`

g~ `cocjgpc~ al gi} vxalc~~maigo nai|cipmai)―

Mi nai|cx~gpmai zmpb aic zaegi/ g ~nbaao ~svcxmipci`cip lxae ~shsxhgi

Emozgsdcc/ bc lasi` pbc xcomjmas~ ks~pmlmngpmai~ zbmnb ~vmxmpsgom~p~ vognc` ai pbcmx

vxgnpmnc~) ^bc zg~ g ec`mse zba xcncm|c` ec~~gjc~ pbxasjb ~vmxmp |amnc~/ hsp

bcx nbmcl mipcxc~p zg~ mi pbc pbcaoaj} al ~vmxmpsgom~e) ^bc lcop pbgp vcavoc zcxc

oa~mij pbc `ccvcx ecgimij gi` pxspb~ al pbc ~nmcinc hcngs~c al pbc ~vcnpgnsogx

g~vcnp~ al pbc vbciaecig) Mp zg~ pbc xcogpmai al ~vmxmpsgom~e pa Nbxm~pmgimp} zbmnb

~ccec` ~a zai`cxlso pa bcx)

^bc zcip ai pa g oaij om~p al wsapgpmai~ lxae Jcic~m~ pa Xc|cogpmai zbmnb

~bc lcop vxa|c` bcx |mcz~) Pbc |amnc lxae bcg|ci mi Egpp >;7<%7: zg~ g ^vmxmp

|amnc) @gimco zg~ g ec`mse) Al nasx~c/ Kc~s~ zg~ pbc jxcgpc~p ec`mse al goo) Bczg~ nogmx|a}gip gi` nogmxgs`mcip) Lxae Kabi 0;7:%7= ~bc `ceai~pxgpc` pbgp Kc~s~

zg~ pcocvgpbmn) Lxae Osdc =;82%>6 ~bc zg~ nai|minc` pbgp Kc~s~ egpcxmgom{c`

Ea~c~ gi` Comkgb)

Mi pbc laooazmij `g}~ Hgnb gppci`c` pbxcc `mllcxcip vcxlaxeginc~ gp pbc

Nbc~pcxlmco` ncipcx) Pbc lmx~p zg~ g vxm|gpc ~c~~mai zbmnb aio} bc gi` Vxc~~mij bg`

zmpb g pxsevcp ec`mse/ g ~omjbpo} hsmop }asij egi ghasp pbmxp} }cgx~ al gjc) Pbc

~cnai` zg~ g eccpmij zmpb g egoc emi`%xcg`cx gppci`c` h} g ogxjc gs`mcinc)

Pbc pbmx` zg~ zmpb g egpcxmgom{mij ec`mse/ g ~egoo ao`cx zaegi/ gi` g nmxnoc al

~c|ci ah~cx|cx~) M wsapc mi lsoo lxae Hgnb lax pbc lmx~p gi` og~p vcxlaxeginc~)

Pbc lmx~p ~c~~mai zg~ mi g hgxc xaae mi g ~egoo nappgjc/ naipgmimij aio} g

`c~d gi` nbgmx lax pbc ec`mse/ pza nbgmx~ lax Hgnb gi` Vxc~~mij/ gi` pza gosem%

ise pshc~/ aic ghasp lasx lccp mi ocijpb eg`c sv al ~cnpmai~/ gi` pbc apbcx

ghasp pza lccp mi ocijpb eg`c sv al g ~mijoc vmcnc) Pbc pshc~ zcxc logxc` ~omjbpo}gp aic ci` pa laxe pbc pxsevcp ~bgvc) Hapb zcxc ~pgi`mij svxmjbp ai pbc logxc`

ci` gi` vognc` hcpzcci pbc ec`mse gi` pbc ah~cx|cx~) G àax ocg`mij co~c%

zbcxc pa pbc nappgjc zg~ oandc`) Pza zmiàz~ mi pbc xaae zcxc ~bg`c` zmpb

homi`~)




Pbc pbmx` ~c~~mai zg~ mi g hg~cecip xaae ~sxxasi`c` h} ncecip hoand

zgoo~) Gjgmi/ g àax oc` pa giapbcx vgxp al pbc hg~cecip hsp Hgnb xcwsc~pc` pbgpmp hc oandc` `sxmij pbc vcxlaxeginc) Apbcx pbgi pbc nmxnoc al nbgmx~ lax pbc ah%

~cx|cx~/ pbcxc zg~ g ~vapomjbp gi` g ~egoo nsxpgmic` ~cnpmai gjgmi~p aic zgoo/

ghasp pbxcc h} lasx lccp/ naipgmimij aio} g nbgmx lax pbc ec`mse) A|cxbcg` omjbp~

zcxc psxic` all `sxmij pbc vcxlaxeginc/ zbmoc g xc` ~vapomjbp zg~ psxic` ai) Mp

zg~ `me hsp hxmjbp ciasjb pa ~cc pbc xaae/ ahkcnp~ gi` vcavoc) Pbc ec`mse ~gp

hcbmi` pbc nsxpgmi)

Pbc laooazmij gnnasip~ gxc xcvcgpc` lxae pbc zax`~ h} Hgnb)

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

^íginc .7

Pbc eaecip~ vg~~c`) E} c}c~ hcngec gnns~paec` pa pbc `gxd gi` M naso`

egdc asp pbc |gjsc aspomic al Vxc~~mij icrp pa ec) Bc ocgic` a|cx gi` zbm~vcxc`

~aehcxo}/ ‟Zcoo/ zbci”~ ~aecpbmij jamij pa bgvvci1―

Hclaxc M naso` gi~zcx N

‟Baz à }as à/ @x) Hgnb' Baz à }as à/ Ex) Vxc~~mij'― ngec pa s~ asp al

pbc `gxdic~~) Mp zg~ g pgipgom{mij/ nbmo`m~b |amnc zmpb g ~omjbpo} xajsm~b pasnb) Mp

emjbp bg|c hcci g zmi~aec omppoc vxa`mj} ~pcvvmij asp mi `chsp) Mp emjbp bg|c

hcci g pmi} gnpxc~~ mi g vsvvcp ~baz)

‟Jaa` glpcxiaai/― xc~vai`c` Ex) Vxc~~mij)

‟Zba gxc }as1― M g~dc`)

Zmpb g lxmciò} omop pbc gi~zcx ngec)

‟M”e ^}o|mg) ) ) ) Zc gxc jog` }as gxc bcxc/ @x) Hgnb/― ~bc ~gm` zmpb g icgp

nsxp~} mi bcx |amnc) ‟Pbm~ m~ jamij pa hc g jaa` ~íginc) Pbcxc gxc jaa` |mhxgpmai~)Oaad'―

Pbc ~egoo pxsevcp zg~ ~oazo} xm~mij lxae pbc loaax) Mp ~pavvc` ~omjbpo} gha|c

pbc ogxjcx aic gi` ba|cxc` sincxpgmio} ) ) )

‟Hsp zba gxc }as1― M mi~m~pc`)

‟^}o|mg'― ~gm` pbc |amnc cevbgpmngoo}) ‟@mì”p M pcoo }as1 M ge ^}o|mg1 ) ) ) M ngi

jcp apbcx ~vmxmp~ lax }as/ ml }as zgip ec pa)―

‟Baz1― M `cegi`c`) ‟Zmpb emoomai~ al ~vmxmp~ mi pbc ~vmxmp zaxo`/ baz à }as

jcp pbce1 Ngoo Hah Zbmpcbgi` lax ec)―

‟Hah Zbmpcbgi`1― Pbc |amnc ~ccec` pa `xmlp lxae s~ lax g eaecip) ‟Hah

Zbmpcbgi`1― mp xcpsxic` xclocnpm|co}) ‟M”oo px}) Mp m~ aic h} |mhxgpmai~ ) ) ) M”oo px} pa jcp

Hah Zbmpcbgi` glpcx zbmoc) Hsp oaad gp pbc pxsevcp iaz/ @x) Hgnb'―

Mp bg` xm~ci pa lm|c ax ~mr lccp gha|c pbc loaax gi` zg~ ~oazo} loagpmij mi ~vgnc

) ) )

‟Zbcxc zaso` }as omdc pbc pxsevcp pa ja1― g~dc` ^}o|mg

‟Hxmij mp noa~c pa ec/― M pao` bcx)

Aspomic` h} pbc osemias~ hgi`~/ pbc pxsevcp loagpc` pazgx` ec) Mp ~pavvc`

noa~c pa e} xmjbp cgx)

‟Vsp mp mi e} bgi`~/ ^}o|mg/― M ~gm`)



=% âx`m` ^vmxmpsgom~e y2>y

‟Bao` pbce asp'―

M crpci`c` e} bgi`~ gi` pbc pxsevcp ngec pa xc~p mi pbce) Iaz/ M pbasjbp/bcxc”~ e} nbginc pa lmi` pba~c ~pxmij~) Hgoginmij pbc lcgpbcx%omdc pshc mi e} oclp

bgi`/ M vg~~c` e} xmjbp bgi` naevocpco} gxasi` mp) Ia ~pxmij~)

‟Vsp }asx bgi`~ ai cgnb ci` al pbc pxsevcp/― ^}o|mg `mxcnpc`)

M `m`/ bao`mij pbc pxsevcp ghasp cohaz”~ ocijpb lxae e} ha`})

‟Iaz M”oo pgod pa }as lxae mi~m`c pbc pxsevcp)―

G zbm~vcxc` |amnc N ^}o|mg”~ N ngec lxae zmpbmi pbc pxsevcp) M vsp mp pa e}

xmjbp cgx N pbc |amnc zg~ pbcxc4 pa e} oclp cgx N ^}o|mg ~vcgdmij)

‟Zcoo/― M gèmppc`/ ‟pbgp”~ mipcxc~pmij)― Pbci M zmpb`xcz hapb bgi`~ wsmndo})

Sigm`c`/ pbc pxsevcp xcegmic` lmrc` mi ~vgnc)

G nai|cx~gpmai hcpzcci ^}o|mg gi` Vxc~~mij zg~ oa~p mi e} geg{cecip svai

~ccmij pbc apbcx pxsevcp hcjmi g ~oaz pgdc%all) Zmpbasp ~pavvmij/ mp g~nci`c` pa

g vamip icgx pbc ncmomij) Mp bsij pbcxc/ pbci ~pgxpc` g ~oaz ~zmijmij eapmai/ xasi`

gi` xasi`/ omdc pbc xcpgx`c` ea|cecip al g bcomnavpcx)


Hgnb jac~ ai pa `c~nxmhc g lmlpcci ax pzcip}%emispc nai|cx~gpmai zmpb @x)

Zmoomge Kgec~/ lgeas~ vbmoa~avbcx gi` ~nbaogx/ pbci `cncg~c`/ zba bg` hcci

naiksxc` sv h} pbc ec`mse) Gp pbc ci` al pbc nai|cx~gpmai pbc ogxjc pxsevcp

nxg~bc` mipa pbc zgoo hcbmi` bme) Pbci N


‟M pbmid M bg|c Hah Zbmpcbgi` lax }as)―

‟Jaa`'― M ~gm`/ mi g paic al na%avcxgpmai) ‟Hah1 Hah1 Ngi }as bcgx ec1―G osemias~ bcg` gvvcgxc` oc|mpgpc` ghasp lasx lccp lxae pbc loaax) Mp zg~ iap

egpcxmgom{c` mi pbc zg} pbgp egpcxmgom{gpmai~ gxc s~sgoo} `c~nxmhc`) Mp ~mevo} gv%

vcgxc` asp al iapbmijic~~) Mp zg~ omdc g hosxxc` log~bomjbp xclocnpc` ai g bsegi

lgnc) M eg`c asp pbc siem~pgdghoc lcgpsxc~ al e} lxmci` zba bg` hcci dmooc` mi

Lxginc) Pbm~ gvvgxmpmai ba|cxc` mi pbc xaae lax aio} g lcz ~cnai`~ gi` pbci

hogndc` asp) Baz ~baso` M crvogmi mp1 Ml mp zcxc gnpsgoo} g bsegi lgnc moosemigpc`

h} g log~bomjbp/ mp es~p bg|c hcci ~bxas`c` mi g nsxpgmi mi pbc ncipcx al pbc xaae)

Hsp M dicz pbcxc bg` hcci ia nsxpgmi) Hc~m`c~/ zb} zaso` pbc log~bomjbp `mlls~c

a|cx ia apbcx ~mijoc vgxp al pbc xaae/ nsxpgmi ax gvvgxgps~ N ml gvvgxgps~ zcxc

s~c`1 Gi` ml mp zcxc ~aecaic mevcx~aigpmij Hah Zbmpcbgi`/ baz naso` bc egdc

sv ~snb g egxdc` xc~cehoginc pa Hah/ mig~esnb g~ ia aic dicz pbgp M zaso`

xcwsc~p Hah”~ gvvcgxginc1 Mp zg~ gi micrvomnghoc bgvvcimij gi` xcegmic` pbc

ea~p |m|m` al pbc glpcxiaai”~ `ceai~pxgpmai)


Hclaxc jamij ai pa Hgnb”~ xcvaxp al pbc pbmx` vcxlaxeginc "8i` ~íginc- mp

eg} hc bcovlso pa nai~m`cx g~vcnp~ al pbc aic ks~p `c~nxmhc`)




' Pbc |amnc bg~ pbc pmehxc gi` paic al g }asij jmxo zbmnb ocg|c~ g `m~pminp

mevxc~~mai al pbc gnpsgo vxc~cinc al pbc jmxo zmpbmi pbc xaae/ gopbasjb ia

laxe m~ |m~mhoc)

' Pbc |amnc xclocnp~ g vcx~aigomp}) Mp bg` g ‟xajsm~b pasnb)― Mp zg~ jm|ci ‟zmpb g

icgp nsxp~})― Pbc mevomngpmai m~ pbgp pbc vcx~aigomp} hcbmi` pbc vcxlaxeginc

xcnajim{c~ Hgnb”~ vcx~aigomp} gi` m~ xc~vai`mij pa mp mi vog}lso mipcxnbgijc)

' Pbc |amnc xcoangpc~ zmpbmi pbc xaae) Mp naso` cegigpc lxae pbc pxsevcp ax

gi} apbcx oangpmai) Mevaxpgip pa asx si`cx~pgi`mij m~ pbc lgnp pbgp/ lax Hgnb

pa bcgx g |amnc/ ea`sogpmai al pbc gmx es~p pgdc vognc) Vb}~mngo naipxao al g

jg~cas~ ~sh~pginc m~ xcwsmxc`)

' Pbc ~asxnc al pbc |amnc pgdc~ g eaecipgx} vgs~c/ zbmoc mp gvvgxcipo} ~cgxnbc~

eceax} lax Hah Zbmpcbgi`) Mp xcpsxi~ xclocnpm|co})

' Pbc |amnc ~pgpc~ pbgp pbc vxc~cipgpmai al gi megjc al pbc `cg` lxmci` m~ àic

pbxasjb |mhxgpmai~) Pbc ~asxnc al pbc |amnc pbci vxa`snc~ g |m~sgo megjc/

gvvgxcipo} asp al iapbmij) Mi ax`cx lax Hgnb pa vcxncm|c pbgp megjc avpmngo

|mhxgpmai~ bg` pa hc nxcgpc`) C|ci eaxc ~mjimlmngipo}/ pbc megjc zg~ egimvs%

ogpc` g~ pbasjb mp zcxc gi gnpsgo lgnc) Pbc ~asxnc zg~ ghoc pa nxcgpc gi

minaxvaxcgo megjc pbgp xc~cehoc` Hgnb”~ `cg` lxmci`)

' Pbc ecnbgimngo ea|cecip al pbc pxsevcp~ zg~ oc|mpgpmai/ egimvsogpmai al

vb}~mngo egppcx gjgmi~p jxg|mp}/ gi` zmpb naipxao al vb}~mngo va~mpmai) Hgnb

naso` `cpcnp ia ecnbgimngo naiicnpmai~ pa pbc pxsevcp~)

Pbc~c cocecip~ ~seegxm{c pa bmjbo} ~mjimlmngip milaxegpmai)

Ml zc zcxc pa vxava~c pbgp pbc |amnc ngec lxae pbc ec`mse/ bazc|cx ~dmoo%

lsoo} ea`sogpc` pa mempgpc pbgp al g }asij jmxo/ gi` bazc|cx g`xampo} vxakcnpc`gxasi` pbc xaae/ c|ci pa oangpmai zmpbmi pbc pxsevcp/ pza apbcx vbciaecig ja

lgx hc}ai` vxava~c` axmjmi zmpbmi pbc ec`mse) Baz zcxc pbc pza gosemise

pshc~ egimvsogpc` pa `cl} jxg|mp} gi` zmpb ia |m~mhoc vxavso~m|c ecnbgim~e1

Baz zg~ pbc megjc al g `cg` lxmci` naiksxc` mipa g |m~mhoc `m~vog}1 H} ~aecaic

zba ic|cx bcgx` al bme/ ic|cx bg` ~cci bme/ gi` `m` iap diaz pbgp Hgnb zaso`

xcwsc~p bme1

Ia ax`migx}/ lgemomgx/ ax ~nmcipmlmn crvogigpmai~ crm~p) Zc igpsxgoo} ~ccd ~nmci%

pmlmn gi~zcx~ hcngs~c zc bg|c hcnaec gnns~paec` pa xcnasx~c mi ecpba`~ zbmnb

ngi vxa|m`c xcomghoc gi~zcx~) Zc lcco ~glc mi gi ci|mxaiecip zbmnb ngi hc pxs~pc`

pa xcvcgp pmec glpcx pmec/ g` milmimpse) Hsp pbc~c vbciaecig gxc hc}ai` pbc vgoc

al ~nmcipmlmn mi|c~pmjgpm|c pcnbimwsc~)

' Pbc} ngiiap hc xcvcgpc` pbxasjb oghaxgpax} naipxao) ‟Ahkcnpm|c ~nmcinc― àc~iap diaz pbc vgxgecpcx~ icnc~~gx} pa c~pghom~b ~snb naipxao)

' Gi ‟ahkcnpm|c― ci|mxaiecip zaso` `c~pxa} pbc nai`mpmai~ icnc~~gx} lax pbcmx

crm~pcinc) Pbcmx vxa`snpmai m~ nai`mpmaic` h} pbc lxmciò} ci|mxaiecip al pba~c

zba hcomc|c)



=% âx`m` ^vmxmpsgom~e y23y

' Pbc} `cvci` svai vcx~aigomp} mipcxgnpmai/ iap svai pbc xcgnpmai al migimegpc

vb}~mngo ahkcnp~ ~shkcnp pa nomimngo nai`mpmai~) Pbc vcx~aigomp} ai aic ~m`c m~bsegi4 ai pbc apbcx mp m~ ‟^vmxmp)―

Pbcxclaxc/ ahkcnpm|c ~nmcinc m~ iap g`cwsgpc pa gi c|gosgpmai) Pbc~c vbc%

iaecig gxc hc}ai` pbc xcgoe al ~glc gi` pxs~pzaxpb} bsegi gllgmx~4 pbc} `c%

~cx|c crpxgax`migx} crvogigpmai~)

Bazc|cx/ ml zc g~~sec axmjmi mi g ~vmxmp vcx~aigomp} zba m~ mi|m~mhoc zc gxxm|c

gp siicx|mij `meci~mai~ pa pbc wscx}) Mp zaso` ecgi pbgp N

' âec mi|m~mhoc ~asxnc al vazcx m~ xc~vai~mhoc lax pbc vxa`snpmai al ~vmxmpsgom~p

vbciaecig)

' Pbgp mi|m~mhoc ~asxnc crbmhmp~ vcx~aigomp}) Mp xcgnp~ zmpb bsegi hcmij~ mi vcx%

~aigomp} mipcxvog}) Mp crvxc~~c~ vcx~aigo zmoo gi` nbamnc mi pbc nai`snp gi`

crbmhmpmai al pbc vcxlaxeginc~)

' Mp ngi lsoo} mipcxgnp zmpb gi` vxa`snc xc~sop~ mi pbc vb}~mngo zaxo`)

' Pbc mi|m~mhoc vcx~aigomp} diaz~ cgnb gi` c|cx}aic al s~ mipmegpco}) G ‟xajsm~b

pasnb― gi` ‟icgp nsxp~}― mi`mngpc` xcgnpmai pa pbc vxc~cinc gi` vcx~aigomp} al

Hgnb)

' Pbc ^vmxmp bg~ pxceciàs~ eceax}/ al pbc dmi` zbmnb diaz~ c|cx} eaecip

al c|cx} bsegi omlc zbmnb c|cx crm~pc` N zmpbmi pbc vsx|mcz al MP^ crm~pcinc) Ml

mp zg~ ghoc pa xcvxa`snc gi megjc al Hgnb”~ lxmci`/ lxae g `m~pgip eaecip

lgemomgx pa Hgnb/ mp bg` pa xcpgmi pbc eceax} al pbgp bsegi hcmij gi` diaz

pbc xcogpmai~bmv hcpzcci pbc pza) Hgnb”~ xgiàe xcwsc~p bg` pa hc g ~sxvxm~c

pa c|ci pbgp vcx~aigomp}) Pbc `cog} mi hxmijmij pbc eceax} mipa lans~/ `m~%

vog}c` h} ‟`xmlpmij lax g eaecip― ~baz~ g ~cgxnb zmpbmi mp~ eceax} lmoc~)

Pbci/ gjgmi/ g eaecip~ bc~mpgpmai al xclocnpmai mi hxmijmij pbc megjc mipa vog} ~baz~ gi cllaxp gp g~~cehomij pbc cocecip~ al pbc megjc icnc~~gx} pa

mevxc~~ Hgnb) Hapb vcx~aigompmc~ zcxc ghoc pa xcecehcx pbc lxmci`/ mi mipm%

egpc `cpgmo/ aic bsegi gi` aic ^vmxmp)

' Pbc xgijc al vb}~mngo naipxao gvvcgx~ pa hc omempc` pa pbc ~íginc) Pbcxc es~p

hc g nai`mpmai meva~c` ai pbc vcxlaxeginc zbmnb vxc|cip~ ~snb vbciaecig

lxae annsxxmij xgiàeo} ax sicrvcnpcò} mi asx c|cx}`g} om|c~) Pbm~ ecgi~

pbgp pbc ~vmxmp vcx~aigomp} ngiiap gxhmpxgxmo} egimvsogpc pbc vb}~mngo zaxo`) Pbc

~vmxmp vcx~aigomp} m~ si`cx si`clmic` nai~pxgmip)

' Pbc xcwsmxc` nai`mpmai m~ pbgp pbc ^vmxmp es~p zaxd pbxasjb g bsegi ec`mse/

pbxasjb bsegi emi`)

' Gopbasjb pbm~ ~íginc zg~ zmpb g pxsevcp ec`mse pbc vcxlaxeginc minos`c` g

egpcxmgom{gpmai) Pbc icrp ~íginc zmoo ~baz pbm~ vbciaeciai mi jxcgpcx `cpgmo)




^íginc .8

Hgnb miwsmxc` g~ pa pbc xcg~ai lax pbc vogncecip al pbc ec`mse hcbmi` g

nsxpgmi)


‟Pbc xcg~ai lax naincgomij pbc ec`mse/― M zg~ milaxec`/ ‟m~ hcngs~c g xc`

omjbp m~ s~c` `sxmij g egpcxmgom{gpmai ~íginc) C|ci g `me omjbp mipcxlcxc~ zmpb pbc

jcicxgpmai al pbc cnpavog~e icnc~~gx} mi hsmo`mij ~vmxmp laxe~) Pbc nghmicp ~bmco`~

pbc ec`mse `sxmij pbc pmec pbm~ laxnc m~ hcmij g~~cehoc` gi` pbci/ zbci nae%

vocpc/ pbc laxe ngi ~pgi` pbc omjbp xg}~ oaij ciasjb pa hc ~cci asp~m`c pbc

nghmicp h} pbc ~mppcx~ N lxae pbmxp} ~cnai`~ pa pbxcc ax lasx emispc~) Pbc ec%`mse cipxginc` m~ go~a ~aecpmec~ `m~psxhmij pa pbc ~vcnpgpax~) Mp m~ iap g vocg~%

mijo} gc~pbcpmn ~mjbp N c~vcnmgoo} `sxmij pbc egpcxmgom{gpmai/ lax cnpavog~e crs`c~

lxae bcx easpb gi` ha`} mi pbc igpsxc al g jgs{}/ lajj}/ ~eadc omdc ~sh~pginc

lxae zbmnb lmjsxc~ gxc laxec` h} pbc ~vmxmp nbcem~p~)―

^minc pbcxc zg~ ia zg} lax gi}aic pa cipcx ax ocg|c pbc nghmicp zmpbasp

naemij pbxasjb pbc xaae/ M gnncvpc` mp g~ vgxp al pbc xcwsmxc` ~cppmij)

‟Hsp zbgp ghasp pbc omjbp1― M miwsmxc`)

‟Pbc hxmjbp omjbp~ zmoo hc psxic` all/― zc zcxc pao`) ‟Cnpavog~e/ zmpb mp~

wsgomp} al osemia~mp}/ ~baz~ sv hc~p mi `gxd ax ~cem`gxdic~~) Pbc ~íginc zmoo pgdc

vognc mi g xc` omjbp/ zbmnb zmoo iap `cpxgnp lxae pbc egpcxmgom{c` laxe~) Mp zmoo hc

hxmjbp ciasjb lax }as pa `m~ncxi aic giapbcx goo pbc zbmoc gi` pa ~cc ec ~pgi`mij

icgx pbc nghmicp)―

Ghasp pbm~ pmec Ex~) Bgxzaa` xgvvc` gp pbc mi~m`c àax gi` zg~ gèmppc`)Pbc àax zg~ xcoandc`) Ex~) Bgxzaa` zg~ `memispm|c/ jcipoc/ gi` xclmic`) ^bc

jxccpc` s~ mi g nax`mgo/ laxpbxmjbp egiicx) Hsp g~ ~bc ~pcvvc` mi~m`c pbc nghmicp/

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hxmcl zax` al vxg}cx) Pbci ~bc naipmisc`; ‟M bg|c pbc~c xcwsc~p~ pa egdc) Hc

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wsc~pmai~)

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zbci Bc ~gm` pa Egx} mi pbc jgx`ci glpcx Bm~ xc~sxxcnpmai/ ‟Pasnb ec iap/ lax M

ge iap }cp g~nci`c` pa e} Lgpbcx1―



=% âx`m` ^vmxmpsgom~e y2:y

M bg` lsxpbcx wsc~pmai~ hsp/ nai|minc` pbgp pbc ~snnc~~ al pbc ~íginc `c%

vci`c` g~ esnb ai s~ zba ~gp mi pbc nmxnoc g~ svai pbc ec`mse/ M vsp e}~col mi

g xcncvpm|c pbasjb iap nxc`soas~ ~pgpc al emi`) M zg~ `cpcxemic` pa`g} pa lmjbp

gjgmi~p bgoosnmigpmai~ ax b}viapm~e ax zbgpc|cx emjbp mipxs`c si`cx pbc jsm~c al

v~}nbmngo `ceai~pxgpmai)

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psxic` pa crgemic mp) Mp zg~ g pbcgpxmngo ~vapomjbp na|cxc` h} g pbmndic~~ al jcogpmi

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zcxc go~a gozg}~ `m~ncximhoc)

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g ~aij) âecaic ~pgxpc`/ ‟M Bcgx` pbc \amnc al Kc~s~ ^g})― Zc ~gij aic |cx~c

gi` zcxc ghasp pa hcjmi giapbcx zbci g |amnc ~vadc)Baz gxc }as/ c|cx}aic1― Mp ~asi`c` omdc ^}o|mg) Hsp M dicz pbgp Nomllax` Hmg~

zg~ gp pbm~ ~gec basx jm|mij bm~ `ceai~pxgpmai al pxsevcp ec`mse~bmv)

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‟M”e ks~p lmic/― ~gm` Pzmomjbp/ ‟gi` baz gxc }as @x) Hgnb1―

‟M”e lmic/ paa/― M xcvomc`/ vmwsc` gp bg|mij hcci ~mijoc` asp ks~p hcngs~c M

bgì”p nbmec` mi zmpb pbc apbcx~) Mp ~pxsnd ec pbgp g ~vmxmp ~baso` pbmid al ~aec%

pbmij eaxc vxalasi` mi pbc zg} al jcppmij gppcipmai pbgi pbc ao` cgxpb%zaxi

vbxg~c~)

Pzmomjbp zg~ nbgpp}) ‟C|cx}ha`} bgvv}1 ]as bgvv}/ Ex) Vxc~~mij1 ]as bgvv}/

Ex~) @gmnbc~1 M pbmid pbm~ zmoo hc g jaa` ~íginc) Ab/ g |cx} jaa` ~íginc/ M pbmid

lax ~sxc) Mp m~ g jaa` nmxnoc) Ab/ mp”~ g jaa` `g} lax g ~íginc) Imnc gi` ~sii})

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m~) Gi` zc es~p bg|c egpcxmgom{gpmai~' Zc ks~p es~p bg|c'― Pbm~ og~p zg~ ~gm` zmpb

gi mxaimn pzm~p)

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vbciaeciai N ax vbciaeciai~' M ic|cx ngi vxaiasinc mp)― Pzmomjbp ogsjbc`)

G jaa` ~íginc1 M zai`cxc`)

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osemias~ joaz/ omdc pbc wsmnd hcge al g log~bomjbp ~bmimij sv pbxasjb g noapb) Mp

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pgod vcx~m~pc` g~ pbc emxgjc al omjbp oaaec` gjgmi) Pbm~ pmec mp easipc` bmjbcx

omdc ~mo|cx ~eadc nsxomij gxasi` g omjbp hsoh) Pbci pbc omjbp zcip asp/ hsp pbc ~mo|cx

~eadc naipmisc` pa ba|cx) M ngi `c~nxmhc mp hc~p g~ g hxmjbp/ ~bmeecxmij |gvax/

~pxsjjomij lax crvxc~~mai) ôazo} mp hcjgi pa pgdc laxe) âecpbmij omdc ~baso`cx~N pbci g lgnc gvvcgxc`) Mp `c|coavc` mipa g ha`mo} laxe gi` ~vadc) Mp ngooc` lax

Ex~) @gmnbc~) ^bc jap sv/ paad g lcz ~pcv~/ gi` ~gm`/ ‟]c~/ Eapbcx1―

‟Baz gxc }as1― pbc lmjsxc g~dc` mi g oaz/ bs~bc` zbm~vcx)

‟M”e lmic/ Eapbcx) Zb} `mì”p }as hxmij Lgpbcx zmpb }as1―




Meec`mgpco} g egi”~ |amnc ~vadc) ‟^bc `m`)― Gi` ba|cxmij hc~m`c pbc lmjsxc

al g omppoc zaegi zg~ g ~aeczbgp ogxjcx lmjsxc al g egi) Pbc} bg` laxe gièg~d omdc lcgpsxc~) Lax g eaecip M pbasjbp pbc} emjbp hc pza gnpax~ `xc~~c` mi

osemic~ncip na~psec~ gi` zcgxmij vgvcx%eènbí eg~d~) Zbcxc bg` pbc} naec

lxae1 Baz bg` pbc} cipcxc` pbc xaae1 M lcop ~sxc M zaso` diaz hclaxc pbc ~íginc

zg~ a|cx) Bas`mim ainc ~gm` pbgp bc naso` `svomngpc gi} ~snb egimlc~pgpmai)

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`c~nxmvpmai) Mp ~ccec` pa naec asp al pbc loaax N gi minbagpc eg~~ al cnpavog~%

emn ~psll N jxazmij/ pgdmij laxe/ ~vcgdmij) M eg`c asp pbc ~cehoginc al g }asij

ha})

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‟M ~sxc à/― ~gm` pbc eapbcx)

Bc paad bm~ eapbcx”~ gxe gi` pbc} ea|c` hgnd gi` laxpb gnxa~~ pbc xaae/

naemij ~a noa~c pa zbcxc M ~gp pbgp M vsooc` hgnd e} lccp)

Pbxasjbasp pbc~c àmij~ pbc zbm~vcxmij~ naipmisc` N ~aecpmec~ ~meso%

pgicas~o}) Pzmomjbp zg~ ~pmoo nbgppmij) Gi` pbcxc zg~ ~vmxmp ogsjbpcx/ oaz gi` vocg~c`)

M zg~ ~ccmij pbc xgm~ai `”ëpxc al ~vmxmpsgom~e; `ceai~pxgpmai gi` vxaal al pbc

naipmismp} al omlc/ nasvoc` zmpb pbc naelaxpmij g~~sxginc pbgp pbgp omlc m~ jaa`)

Bcxc zg~ pbc xcsimai al g lgemo} N g ~ai pcoomij bm~ eapbcx pbgp omlc ‟a|cx

pbcxc― zg~ ks~p g naipmisgpmai al omlc ai cgxpb) Pbcxc zcxc iap pza zaxo`~ gp goo4

pbcxc zg~ hsp aic mipcxhoci`c` zaxo` noa~co} mipcxza|ci h} eceax} gi` pbc oa|c

al omlc) Nai~nmas~ic~~ naso` iap `mc) Vcx~aigomp} naso` iap hc `c~pxa}c`) Pbc

~vmxmp al egi zg~/ mi`cc`/ cpcxigo)

M `xcz e} gppcipmai lxae pbc @gmnbc~” xcsimai gi` pasnbc` Vxc~~mij”~ gxe)

‟Zbgp à }as pbmid1― M g~dc`)

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|cx} hc~p)M gigo}{c` pbc va~~mhmompmc~ al lxgs` gi` `cncvpmai) Pbc xaae zg~ ~sllmnmcipo}

moosemigpc` pbgp M zaso` bg|c ~cci baoc~ mi pbc loaax/ ax ~bmlpmij zgoo~) Gi` ml mp zcxc

‟àic zmpb emxxax~― baz zaso` aic crvogmi pbxcc lmjsxc~ ~vcgdmij gp ainc/ jom`mij

gnxa~~ pbc xaae/ pasnbmij ‟gxe~/― hxs~bmij vg~p e} lccp1

Pbm~ zg~ pbc ~íginc) Pbc mevogs~mhmomp} mikcnpc` mipa pbc lmx~p pci emispc~

ngxxmc` pbxasjb pbc cipmxc `ceai~pxgpmai) Lax gi basx icz lmjsxc~ egpcxmgom{c`

gi` `m~gvvcgxc`) Ainc Pzmomjbp ngspmaic`/ ‟Mp m~ jcppmij |cx} hxmjbp) Paa hxmjbp pa

~cc) Lmr pbc xc` omjbp)―

‟M zmoo/ Pzmomjbp/― ~gm` pbc g~~m~pgip/ naemij a|cx pa vsp giapbcx pbmi ~bccp al

jcogpmi a|cx pbc ~vapomjbp)

M zg~ egdmij emispc ecipgo iapgpmai~ al goo pbgp zg~ bgvvcimij N ba|cxmij/

~zg}mij eapmai al pbc ‟~vmxmp~/― pbc xb}pbe al omlc/ omdc pbc xm~c gi` lgoo al g pm`c/ g~

egi} g~ lasx ~vcgdmij ~mesopgicas~o} mi zbm~vcxc` |amnc~/ crnmpc`/ bsxxmc`/ vcx%~sg~m|c) ^s``cio} pbc jgogr} al ~vmxmp~ ecopc` gzg}) Lax g oaij ~pmoo eaecip iapb%

mij bgvvcic`) Pbci pbc ~zmxomij cnpavog~emn cllos|mg joazc` lxae pbc loaax gi`

wsmndo} paad ai pbc laxe al g jmxo) Hclaxc pbc lmjsxc zg~ naevocpc/ mp ~vadc)

‟Egxn/ `cgx N Egxn/ `cgx N Egxn/ `cgx)



=% âx`m` ^vmxmpsgom~e y2=y

Pba~c zba diaz ec zcoo ngoo ec Egxn4 pba~c zba diaz ec hcppcx ngoo ec

Egxn/ `cgx/ ~a M dicz pbm~ es~p hc g ‟lgemomgx ~vmxmp)― M jap sv gi` zgodc` a|cx sipmopbcxc zg~ g ~vgnc al oc~~ pbgi lasx lccp hcpzcci s~) ‟]c~1― M ~gm`/ ‟Zba gxc }as―

Pbc gi~zcx zg~ lxgsjbp zmpb `m~gvvamipecip) ‟@ai”p }as diaz ec1―

M `m` iap) M bg` ia m`cg zba pbm~ emjbp hc) M bg` xcgoo} hcci paa gh~axhc` pa

pbmid |cx} esnb ghasp vcx~aigo naipgnp zmpb pbc ~vmxmp~) ) ) ) Iax `m` M vxava~c pa

allcx gi} bmip al zbae M pbasjbp ~bc emjbp xcvxc~cip ) Ia ocg`~/ M `cpcxemic`)

‟M à iap diaz }as) Zba gxc }as1―

‟Vgsog/― ngec pbc gi~zcx)

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silao`mij al g laxjappci `xgeg) Pzcip} }cgx~ gja e} ~m~pcx Vgsog bg` `mc` gp pbc

gjc al pzcip}%pbxcc) Bcx nbmo` Kgicppc bg` `mc` ~baxpo} hclaxc) Pbc~c `cgpb~ bg`

hcci geaij pbc `ccv ~axxaz~ al asx lgemo}/ hsp pmec gi` pxg|co xc`snc pbc vg~p

mipa laxjcplsoic~~) Ia ec`mse ax ~vmxmp bg` vosndc` pbm~ igec asp al e} emi`

hcngs~c M zg~i”p pbmidmij al Vgsog) M bg` iap pbasjbp al bcx c|ci ainc `sxmij pbc

~íginc)

M oaadc` gp pbc vxc~cinc hclaxc ec noa~co})

‟Baz à M oaad1― ~bc g~dc`)

‟]as oaad lmic/― M xcvomc`)

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‟Ia) ]as gxc ghasp pbc bcmjbp M xcecehcx)―

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‟]c~/― M g~~sxc` bcx/ xcngoomij pbgp aic pbcax} al egpcxmgom{gpmai m~ pbgp pbc

~vmxmp ‟pgdc~― pbc cnpavog~e gi` lg~bmai~ gnnax`mij pa mp~ eceax} pbc bsegi

laxe zbmnb noapbc` mp ai cgxpb) ) ) ) @m` pbm~ laxe gi` pbc~c lcgpsxc~ xc~cehoc

Vgsog1 M es~p gèmp pbc} `m`) \cx} esnb) Pbc aspomic al pbc lmjsxc zg~ xcnajim{%

ghoc gi` nai|minmij) Mp zg~ omdc g ‟lgo~c lxaip/― g logp/ pza%`meci~maigo ha`} zmpbpbc ~cehoginc al gxe~ noapbc` mi g ~bgàz} jxg}%zbmpc lmoe) Pbc lgnc/ pbasjb

p}vmngoo} eg~d omdc/ zg~ ~pxmdmijo} xcemim~ncip) Pbcxc zg~ gi moos~mai al oaij hoai`

bgmx) M ngiiap ~g} zbcpbcx pbc |amnc zg~ Vgsog”~ ax iap) Glpcx pzcip} }cgx~ M zaso`

iap xcecehcx) Ks~p iaz/ bazc|cx/ mp zg~ Vgsog xcpsxic`)

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`c~nxmvpmai) Ml pbm~ zg~ ~aecaic ‟`xc~~c` sv/― vog}%gnpmij/ ml pbm~ zg~ g egxm%

aicppc s~mij pbc |amnc al |cipxmoawsm~p/ igpsxgoo} mp zaso` hc nai~pxsnpc` g~ pa

xcvxc~cip Vgsog) Pbm~ pbasjbp bgsipc` ec eaxc pbgi pbc vxc~cinc) M zm~bc` M

naso` nai|minc e}~col ~aec zg}) Pbc mevso~c pa xcgnb asp gi` pasnb pbc lmjsxc

hcngec ~pxaijcx) M ea|c` noa~cx/ M ea|c` ~omjbpo} pa aic ~m`c ~a pbgp pbc xc` omjbp

zaso` ~pxmdc pbc ~vmxmp”~ lgnc eaxc `mxcnpo}) Zc zcxc ghasp pbxcc lccp gvgxp iaz)Vgsog zg~ pgodmij ghasp omlc mi pbc ~vmxmp zaxo`) M zg~ g~dmij bg~p} wsc~pmai~; Bg|c

}as ~cci Kc~s~1 Zbgp m~ bcg|ci omdc1 Zbgp ghasp pbc cocecip al pmec1 Ngi }as

hc c|cx}zbcxc gp ainc1 Gxc pcxe~ omdc Ecpba`m~p/ Xclaxec`/ Vxc~h}pcxmgi/ Ngpba%

omn c|cx s~c` zbcxc }as gxc1



y=6y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

Bcx |amnc ~ccec` pa ogsjb) ^bc gi~zcxc`/ ‟Ia/ ia/― pa goo wsc~pmai~ ~g|c

pbc aic ghasp bcg|ci) Mp zg~ omdc ~vcgdmij pa g om|mij vcx~ai ~cnxcpo}/ nogi`c~%pmico}/ diazmij pbgp pmec zg~ xsiimij asp) Bcx lcgpsxc~ ~ccec` pa hcnaec nocgxcx)

Vcxbgv~ mp zg~ e} emi` vog}mij pxmnd~)

Gi` pbci pbc pbasjbp ngec pa ec) ‟Vgsog/― M ~gm`/ ‟à }as xcecehcx pbc

ngpcnbm~e zc ocgxic` gp baec1―

‟Al nasx~c)―

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‟M xcecehcx)―

‟Zbgp zg~ mp/― M g~dc` goea~p lcgxlsoo})

Pbc gi~zcx ngec gp ainc) GZbgp m~ }asx nbmcl naelaxp mi omlc gi` mi `cgpb1F

‟Ja ai/― M sxjc`)

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mij'―

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`c|coavecip) Omlc ai pbc ~vmxmp vogic m~ gi c|ao|cecip) Omdc pbc hxcgdmij al g

nbx}~gom~) Omdc pbc g~ncip mi g ~vmxgo) Omdc pbc jxazpb al eaxgo gllcnpmai pa bmjbcx

gi` bmjbcx ‟bcg|ci~)― ^c|cxgo pmec~ ~bc mipcxxsvpc` bcx~col zmpb ‟@a }as si`cx%

~pgi`1 M~ pbgp nocgx1― g~ ml ~bc lcop bcx ec~~gjc zg~ |mpgo/ goo%gh~axhmij) @cgpb/

~bc mi~m~pc`/ zg~ iap g |maocip xc~sop al ~mi) Mp bg~ ia ~pmij) Mp zg~ icmpbcx lxmci` iax

cice}) Mp zg~ vgxp al pbc `m|mic vsxva~c/ g vsxva~c zmpbasp hcjmiimij ax ci`)

Pbc zbm~vcx jxcz lgmipcx) ‟M ngi ~pg} ia oaijcx/ M es~p ja iaz)―

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`m`) Pbcxc zg~ iaz ~ngxnco} g laap hcpzcci s~) Pbc lgnc zg~ osemias~/ ~cce%mijo} pxgi~vgxcip/ gi` zmpbasp `cvpb)

M ocgic` laxzgx` gi` oazcxc` e} bcg`) Pbc zchomdc pcrpsxc al cnpavog~emn

gxe~ cinmxnoc` e} icnd) âecpbmij ~alp gi` logrci hxs~bc` e} laxcbcg`) Pbci

Vgsog |gim~bc` N mipa pbc loaax/ mp ~ccec`)

M zgodc` hgnd pa e} nbgmx gi` ~gp àzi)

‟Zg~ pbgp goo xmjbp/― Pzmomjbp zg~ g~dmij) ‟Zbgp à }as pbmid)―

M `m` iap xcvo})

Zbgp `m` M pbmid1

G lcz emispc~ ogpcx pbc omjbp~ zcxc psxic` ai) Pbc nghmicp g~~m~pgip ngooc` pa

Ex~) Bgxzaa`/ ‟Gxc }as goxmjbp1― Lxae zmpbmi pbc nsxpgmi pbc ec`mse giiasinc`

pbgp ~bc zg~)

Pbc ~íginc zg~ ci`c`)



=% âx`m` ^vmxmpsgom~e y=7y

@M^NS^^MAI

Pbm~ ~íginc allcx~ jxcgpcx mi~mjbp~ mipa pbc vcxlaxeginc~ al pbc ^vmxmp/ gi`

pbc omempgpmai~ bc ncxpgmio} es~p lcco)

' Pbc jgs{c%omdc/ lajj} ~sh~pginc ngooc` cnpavog~e bg~ ia ~vcnmlmn `clmimpmai)

Ia bsegi eaxpgo diaz~ crgnpo} zbgp naeva~c~ cnpavog~e)

' Mp bg~ ~memogxmp} pa pbc ~sh~pginc zbmnb laxec` pbc bcg` al Hah Zbmpcbgi`)

Bazc|cx/ pbc lsoo `cvoa}ecip `ceai~pxgpc` mi pbm~ ~íginc mi`mngpc~ gppgnb%

ecip pa pbc ec`mse g~ g icnc~~gx} nai`mpmai lax laxesogpmai) Pbc ‟nxcgpmai―

al Hah Zbmpcbgi` zmpbasp naiicnpmai pa g ec`mse zg~ eaecipgx}) Ax pbc

naiicnpmai zg~ iap |m~mhoc pa Hgnb)

' G vbciaeciai al ‟omjbp― m~ g~~anmgpc` zmpb pbc laxegpmai al pbc cnpavog~e)' Pbc laxegpmai al cnpavog~e lxae pbc ha`} al pbc ec`mse m~ xcvso~m|c pa ea~p

vcavoc) Mp m~ pxso} ~ax`m`)

' Gjgmi zc lmi` pbc vog}lsoic~~ `ceai~pxgpc` gp pbc lmx~p ~cginc) Bcxc ‟Pzmomjbp―

zmoo iap ocp Hgnb xcegmi ~mocip4 ‟~bc― vsoo~ bme mipa pbc gnpm|mp}) Pbc ^vmxmp

diaz~ Hgnb”~ ~dcvpmngo xcosnpginc pa jxccp g ‟~vmxmp cipmp}/― ax g va~~mhoc ‟~pgjc―

vcx~aigomp})

' Pbc ^vmxmp psxi~ g vamip al ~gxng~e/ mi `cxm~mai al bsegi dmi` zba es~p bg|c

‟egpcxmgom{gpmai~)― Mp lsoo} xcnajim{c~ pbgp egi} bsegi emi`~ à iap bg|c

pxsc ~vmxmpsgo lgmpb4 pbc} es~p bg|c vbciaecig zbmnb nai|minc pbce al pbc

|gom`mp} al pbcmx lgmpb)

Pbm~ m~ pbc m`cipmngo icc` al pbc ~vmxmpm~p~) Pbc} es~p bg|c vbciaecig pa

nai|minc pbce al pbc xcgomp} al ‟Ja`)― Pbgp vbciaecig m~ mi pbcmx bcg`~)

Pbc} gxc iap lgmpb âi~ al Ja`) Pbm~ vamip zg~ cevbg~m{c` mi pbc Mipcxicpcrnbgijc geaij Kme Noc|cogi`/ Igin} Hmjcoaz/ gi` e}~col)

' Pbc ^vmxmp naso` vxa`snc ~asi` |mhxgpmai~ zbmnb mempgpc` esopmvoc |amnc~/ g~

egi} g~ lasx ~vcgdmij ~mesopgicas~o} N zbm~vcxmij/ crnmpc`/ bsxxmc`/ vcx~sg%

~m|c)

' Pbc ^vmxmp zg~ ghoc pa laxe esopmvoc lmjsxc~) Ex~) @gmnbc~ ~gz hapb bcx lgpbcx

gi` eapbcx/ gi` g `cg` ~ai) ^bc bg` ia pxashoc hcomc|mij pbc} zcxc pba~c

~vcnmlmn `cg` xcogpm|c~)

' Lax pba~c zba hcomc|c/ pbc vcxlaxeginc~ gxc nai|minmij c|m`cinc pbgp pbc

`cg` gxc iap `cg`/ pbgp pbc} ngi xcpsxi pa `ceai~pxgpc pbcmx omlc ‟ai pbc apbcx

~m`c)― Hsp ~minc pbc megjc~/ pbc |amnc~/ gi` pbc hcbg|max gxc iapbmij eaxc

pbgi xcvxa`snpmai~ lxae pbm~ ^vmxmp”~ eceax} pbc `cncvpmai m~ crncc`mijo}

nxsco) Mp ~baz~ g naevocpc `m~xcjgx` lax zbgp mp m~ àmij pa bsegi ceapmai~)

Mp go~a ~baz~ pbc crpxcec `cvpb pa zbmnb pbc ^vmxmp m~ xc`snc` pa jgmi gppci%

pmai) Pbc ^vmxmp zmoo xc~axp pa gi} `c|mnc) Baz |cx} `chg~c`/ mi`cc`'




' Mi nai|cx~mij zmpb bsegi hcmij~ bc es~p xc~axp pa lgemomgx bsegi vcx~aigomp}

pxgmp~ pa naeesimngpc bm~ azi lccomij~ ax ceapmai~) Bc m~ xc`snc` pa pbcbsegi oc|co pa ngxx} ai pbm~ nxa~~%vcx~aigomp} mipcxnbgijc) Bm~ xc~vai~c m~

‟lxgsjbp zmpb `m~gvvamipecip/― ax bc ‟zgipc` pa à g jaa` kah)― Bc zg~

naincxic` pbgp bc egdc g lg|axghoc mevxc~~mai)

' Baz `cjxg`mij mp es~p pxso} hc pa ~snb ^vmxmp pa hc nai`mpmaic` h} pbc omempg%

pmai~ al bsegi vcxncvpmai/ ax hcomcl/ mi ax`cx pa ngxx} ai ~snb mipcxnasx~c)

Pbm~ m~ |m|mò} moos~pxgpc` zbci Vgsog wsmndo} gi` hxcgpboc~~o} jac~ mipa g `m~%

nasx~c al pbc apbcx ~m`c/ gi` pbc vsxva~c al omlc) Iap aio} àc~ pbc ~vmxmp

mipxa`snc gi sxjcin} mi pbc ec~~gjc4 bc m~ go~a lxs~pxgpc` h} pbc~c pcnb%

imwsc~)

' Pbc ^vmxmp dicz pbc mevaxpginc al egdmij gi mevxc~~mai svai Hgnb4 bc ~mijoc~

bme asp mi hapb ~c~~mai~) Hgnb zaso` xcnax` pbc ~c~~mai~ gi` vshom~b pbce pa

pbc zaxo`)

' Iapc baz pbc ^vmxmp m~ naincxic` pbgp mp~ xcvxa`snpmai al Vgsog hc lgmpblso pa

pbc axmjmigo) Mp crvxc~~c` g ~pxaij `c~mxc/ iap aio} pa zmi gnncvpginc lxae

Hgnb/ hsp pbgp mp~ vcxlaxeginc hc gspbcipmn)

' Pbc pcnbimngo bsegi crvogigpmai al ~snb noa~c xc~cehoginc pa pbc oaij%`cg`

~m~pcx m~ jm|ci g~ pbc cnpavog~emn eceax} lxae pbc `cg` ~m~pcx) Gvvgxcipo} ia

aic/ mi goo pbc emoociimg al gvvgxmpmai~/ xcnajim{c` pbgp pbc |m~mhoc lgmpblsoic~~

pa xcvxa`snpmai al pbc `cg` vcx~ai ngec asp al pbc eceax} hgid~ al pbgp

`c~vmnghoc ^vmxmp)

' Naso` Hgnb bg|c hcci eaxc nai|minc` zbci bc zg~ ghoc pa `c|m~c g eceax}

minm`cip mi pbc ngpcnbm~e pbgp aio} bc gi` bm~ `cg` ~m~pcx dicz1

Gi c~~cipmgo gxjsecip m~ pbc ghmomp} al pbc ^vmxmp pa xcecehcx goo vcx~ai~

zba c|cx om|c` ai pbm~ vogicp mi mipmegpc `cpgmo) Zaso` pbc Vxminc al pbm~ Zaxo`bg|c ~snb vazcx~1 Iap aio} laxe gi` gvvcgxginc gp `mllcxcip/ gi` goo ~pgjc~ al

omlc/ hsp go~a mi vcx~aigomp}/ crvcxmcinc/ gi` crvxc~~mai)

C|ci eaxc/ ml pbcxc gxc egi} ~íginc ~c~~mai~ jamij ai goo gxasi` asx vogicp

~mesopgicas~o}/ gp gi} a`` basx al pbc `g} gi` imjbp/ baz naso` bc nxcgpc ~snb

vcxlaxeginc~ ~mesopgicas~o}1 Mp hajjoc~ pbc emi`)

Mp go~a allcx~ ~aec c~pmegpc al zbgp m~ ecgip mi pbc Hmhoc ghasp pbc vazcx al

Ja`) Zc bg|c s~c` pbc vbxg~c~ mi e}~pmngo gppmps`c zmpbasp `comicgpmij zbgp pbgp

vazcx emjbp ecgi)

Zc gxc ghasp pa lmi` asp) Ja` ncxpgmio} bg~ pxceciàs~ vazcx4 pbgp oagpb%

~aec Vxminc àc~ go~a)



76 % @c|mo Va~~c~~mai y=>y

NBGVPCX PCI

@c|mo Va~~c~~mai

Kgic Xahcxp~ Gi` cpb

Pbc ‟`c|mo― m~ iaic apbcx pbgi Ngomjg~pmg/ pbc `cva~c` Vogi%

cpgx} Vxminc al Sxgipmg) Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~/ vgjc <68)

Pbc anpxmic al g vcx~aigo c|mo ai Sxgipmg/ pbasjb mp bg` ~aec

lasi`gpmai mi pbc vogicpgx} vxc~cinc al pbc pxgmpaxas~ gi` mimw%

smpas~ Ngomjg~pmg/ zg~ ic|cxpbcoc~~ zbaoo} lmnpmpmas~ mi mp~ pcgnb%

mij~ pbgp ~snb g ‟`c|mo― naso` miloscinc pbc iaxego bsegi emi`

gjgmi~p mp~ lxcc gi` igpsxgo nbaa~mij) Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~/ Vgjc

:3>)

Pbc dc} zax`~ gxc ‟lxcc gi` igpsxgo nbaa~mij)― Pbc @c|mo ngiiap cipcx gi}

bsegi emi` gjgmi~p mp~ zmoo)

Kgic Xahcxp~ gi` bcx bs~hgi`/ Xahcxp Hspp~/ om|c` mi gi gvgxpecip mi Ci`mnapp/

Icz ]axd) Pbc} zcxc hapb lxcc pbmidcx~/ c~vas~mij nsxxcip icz gjc pxci`~/ ci%

jgjmij mi emi` crvoaxgpmai~ pbxasjb C^V/ "crpxg%~ci~ax} vcxncvpmai-/ gi` anns%

v}mij pbce~co|c~ zmpb apbcx pxci`} mipcoocnpsgo ax ~vmxmpm~p gnpm|mpmc~)

H} pbcmx azi lxcc zmoo pbc} nba~c pa gnpm|co} crvoaxc naipgnp zmpb pbc @c|mo)

Omppoc `m` pbc} diaz zbgp pbc} zcxc àmij)

Kgic”~ simwsc ghmompmc~ g~ g v~}nbmn naeesimngpax vxa|m`c` g |cbmnoc lax

crncvpmaigo mi~mjbp mipa pbc pcnbimwsc~ cevoa}c` h} pbc @c|mo) Mi pbc nasx~c al

bcx |aosemias~ nbgiicomij~ bc crvogmic` egi} g~vcnp~ al bm~ gnpm|mp}) Bgxò}

gi}aic xcnajim{c~ pbc crvomnmp igpsxc/ gi` |gosc/ al pbc milaxegpmai bc allcxc`)


‟E} v~}nbmn mimpmgpmai xcgoo} hcjgi aic c|cimij mi ^cvpcehcx/ 7=<>/ baz%

c|cx/ g~ M ~gp zxmpmij vacpx}) ^s``cio} e} nai~nmas~ic~~ oclp e} ha`}/ gi` e}emi` zg~ hgxxgjc` h} m`cg~ pbgp zcxc g~paim~bmij gi` icz pa ec gp pbc pmec) Ai

xcpsxi pa e} ha`}/ M `m~na|cxc` pbgp e} bgi`~ bg` vxa`snc` gi gspaegpmn ~nxmvp/

crvogmimij egi} al pbc naincvp~ pbgp M”` hcci jm|ci) Pbc iapc~ zcxc c|ci pmpoc` N

Pbc Vb}~mngo Sim|cx~c g~ M`cg Nai~pxsnpmai)




‟Hcngs~c al pbgp crvcxmcinc/ M hcjgi àmij xc~cgxnb mipa v~}nbmn gnpm|mp}/gi` vogiic` g haad ai pbc vxakcnp) Mi omic zmpb pbm~/ e} bs~hgi` Xah/ gi` M

crvcxmecipc` zmpb g Asmkg hagx` ogpc mi 7=<>) Glpcx pbc lmx~p lcz ~c~~mai~/ pbc

vamipcx ~vcooc` asp ec~~gjc~ pbgp nogmec` pa naec lxae g vcx~aigomp} ngooc`

^cpb)

‟Icmpbcx Xah iax M bg` gi} v~}nbmn hgndjxasi`/ gi` zbci M hcjgi pa gipmnm%

vgpc pbc hagx`”~ xcvomc~/ M paad mp lax jxgipc` pbgp pbc} zcxc naemij lxae e}

~shnai~nmas~) Iap oaij glpcx/ bazc|cx/ M lcop mevcooc` pa ~g} pbc zax`~ goas`/ gi`

zmpbmi g eaipb M zg~ ~vcgdmij lax ^cpb zbmoc mi g pxginc ~pgpc)

GPbc ec~~gjc~ ~ccec` pa hcjmi zbcxc M`cg Nai~pxsnpmai oclp all/ gi` ogpcx

^cpb ~gm` pbgp e} crvgi~mai%al%nai~nmas~ic~~ crvcxmcinc bg` xcvxc~cipc` bm~

lmx~p gppcevp gp naipgnp ) ) )―


H} ^cvpcehcx 8:/ 7=:7/ pbc `gpc zbmnb Kgic g~~mjic` pa pbm~ ~pgpcecip/

^cpb bg` vxa`snc` eaxc pbgi </666 p}vc` vgjc~ al egis~nxmvp lxae eaxc pbgi

<66 v~}nbmn pxgi~em~~mai~) Pbc~c s~sgoo} paad vognc mi pbc zcoo%omjbpc` om|mij xaae

al pbc nasvoc/ ea~po} c|cimij ~c~~mai~) Xah paad ~baxpbgi` iapc~ g~ Kgic ~vadc

pbc zax`~ al ^cpb) Bc ogpcx pxgi~nxmhc` pa p}vczxmppci laxe)

Xah xcvaxpc` ai pbc `c~nxmvpmai~ al miicx crvcxmcinc jm|ci bme h} Kgic;

‟M dicz pbgp ~shkcnpm|co} Kgic zg~ crvcxmcinmij pbc lccomij al g ‒naic”

ax ‒v}xgem`” naemij àzi a|cx pbc pav al bcx bcg`) Kgic alpci pao` ec

pbgp zbcxcg~ ~bc lcco~ ^cpb naec pa bcx mi g |cx} zgxe gi` gom|c gi`

lxmciò} egiicx/ ~bc lcco~ bcx nai~nmas~ic~~ jamij asp al bcx~col pa

eccp cpb N ‒sv pbc mi|m~mhoc v}xgem` omdc g xglp sv g losc)” bc ac~i”pdiaz zbcxc ~bc jac~ ax baz ~bc jcp~ hgnd) Bcx ha`} ~cce~ pa hc oclp

hcbmi`)―

Mi pbc egi} `cpgmo~ al pbcmx ~vmxmpm~p crvoaxgpmai~/ Xahcxp Hspp~ iapc` pbc

hcbg|max al Kgic zbmoc si`cx ~vmxmp naipxao) Lax crgevoc/ zbmoc |amnmij pbc pbasjbp~

al ^cpb ~bc zaso` lcco g icc` pa ~eadc g nmjgxcppc) ^bc zaso` gxm~c lxae bcx

nbgmx/ ja mipa pbc dmpnbci pa xcpxmc|c g nmjgxcppc omjbpcx/ omjbp pbc nmjgxcppc/ xcpsxi

pa bcx nbgmx/ gi` ~eadc N goo pbc zbmoc naipmismij pbc pxgi~em~~mai)

Zg~ ~bc sinai~nmas~ al bcx ha`} `sxmij ~snb gnpmai~1 @m` ~bc ea|c mi%

~pminpm|co}/ iap nai~nmas~o} pbmidmij ghasp bcx gnpmai~1 Ax zg~ ~bc mi g

bgol%nai~nmas~ ~pgpc1

Zc ngiiap gi~zcx pbc wsc~pmai~ vxcnm~co}) Ml ~bc zg~ iap gzgxc al zbgp zg~bgvvcimij pa bcx~col zbci bcx nai~nmas~ic~~ zcip ‟omdc g `xglp sv pbc losc/―

~baso` ~bc bg|c hcci meesic pa vb}~mngo `c~mxc~1

Ai pbc apbcx bgi` zc ngi naevgxc bcx crvcxmcinc zmpb `ceai va~~c~~mai

mi ~aec al pbc hmhomngo xcvaxp~) Pbc bsegi |mnpme nxmc` lax bcov/ nai~nmas~ al bm~

nai`mpmai)



76 % @c|mo Va~~c~~mai y=3y

Mi gi} ng~c/ pbm~ zg~ @c|mo va~~c~~mai) Bcx ha`} ea|cecip~ gi` lcgpsxc~gxc moos~pxgpc` h} pbc vbapajxgvb~ vshom~bc` h} bcx gi` bcx bs~hgi` mi pbc egi}

vxmipmij~ al ^cpb ^vcgd~)

Xah `c~nxmhc` bcx lcgpsxc~ gi` ha`} nbgijc~ `sxmij pbc~c cvm~a`c~ g~ gi%

jsogx) Pbc} zcxc lgx eaxc pbgi gijsogx4 hcngs~c al pbc `cos~mai ghasp pbc ~asxnc

al pbm~ va~~c~~mai Xah naso` iap ~cc mp~ pxsc nai`mpmai N g~ bm`cas~)

Ml Ngomjg~pmg ngi va~~c~~ aic vcx~ai bc ngi va~~c~~ giapbcx) Pbc `ccv

wsc~pmai hclaxc s~ m~ pbc `cvpb al pbgp va~~c~~mai N ngi bc s~c pbc ha`} pa

vcxlaxe bm~ zm~bc~ naipxgx} pa pbc nai~nmas~ nbamnc~ al bm~ bsegi ~shkcnp1

G~ vgxp al bm~ naipxao Ngomjg~pmg cevoa}~ giapbcx pcnbimwsc) Bc xcigec~ bm~

bsegi ~shkcnp~) Kgic gi` Xahcxp zcxc xcigec` pa Xshsxp gi` Ka~cvb) Goo pba~c

bsegi eaxpgo~ zba bg|c jm|ci pbce~co|c~ pa bme xcncm|c icz igec~) Pbc igec

nbgijc~ gxc mevaxpgip) Pbc} bcov pbc bsegi eaxpgo pa xcg~~mji bm~ v~}nbaoajm%

ngo oa}gopmc~) G~ g icz ~vmxmpsgo hcmij zmpb g icz igec bc xcg~~mji~ bm~ oa}gopmc~ papbgp hcmij zba jm|c~ bme pbc icz igec)

Pbc igec nbgijc~ zmoo hc s~c` lax giapbcx `cgò} vsxva~c) Zbci pbc @c|mo

hxmij~ pbce mipa gnpmai pbc} zmoo icc` v~}nbaoajmngo xcg~ai~ zb} mp m~ iap pbc

vcx~ai~ pbce~co|c~ zba gxc vcxlaxemij bm~ `cgò} zaxd/ hsp xgpbcx pbcmx pxsc

~vmxmpsgo ~co|c~) Ml mp m~ pbcmx ~vmxmpsgo ~co|c~ pbc apbcx ~co|c~/ pbc cgxpbo} ~co|c~/ ngi

naipmisc mi pbcmx `gmo} xaspmic~ zmpb ~aec hgoemij al nai~nmas~ic~~)

Mi gppcevp pa `c~nxmhc bcx miicx crvcxmcinc Kgic eg`c apbcx xcegxd~)

‟M bg|c ncxpgmi simwsc crvcxmcinc~ `sxmij ~c~~mai~ pbgp ~cce pa nae%

vci~gpc lax e} ognd al nai~nmas~ nxcgpm|c mi|ao|cecip) Alpci M vgxpmnm%

vgpc mi cpb”~ jxcgp cicxj} gi` bseax/ lax crgevoc/ cika}mij g ~ci~c

al ceapmaigo xmnbic~~ gi` cinasipcxmij ^cpb”~ vcx~aigomp} ai g |cx}

~pxgijc oc|co) M lcco bm~ eaa` gi` |mpgomp} nocgxo}/ pbasjb pbc} gxc iap

`mxcnpc` gp ec/ hsp pa zbaec|cx ^cpb m~ g``xc~~mij gp pbc eaecip) M

lcco pbce g~ pbc} vg~~ pbxasjb ec)

‟G~ Xah”~ iapc~ ~baz/ M alpci bg|c apbcx dmi`~ al crvcxmcinc~/ go~a/

zbmoc ~vcgdmij lax ^cpb) âecpmec~/ lax mi~pginc/ M ~cc miicx |m~mai~)

Pbc~c eg} moos~pxgpc zbgp ^cpb m~ ~g}mij/ ~a pbgp M ge xcncm|mij milax%

egpmai mi pza zg}~/ ax pbc} eg} hc naevocpco} ~cvgxgpc lxae pbc

~nxmvp) M”|c bg` ~c|cxgo ‒asp%al%ha`}” crvcxmcinc~ go~a sxmij ~c~~mai~/

zbci M ~gz c|cip~ gnpsgoo} bgvvcimij ~aec pbas~gi`~ al emoc~ gzg})―

Pbc~c xcegxd~ ~baz pbgp Kgic xcpgmic` eceax} al pbc pxginc ~c~~mai~/ ax

zg~ vgxpmgoo} nai~nmas~ `sxmij pba~c va~~c~~mai~) ^bc lcop ~bc zg~ vgxpmnmvgpmij mi

pbc @c|mo”~ vcx~aigomp} crvxc~~mai/ zmpb ceapmaigo xmnbic~~/ hsp/ g~ ~bc gèmp~/ aig |cx} ~pxgijc oc|co)



y=<y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

Crvcxmcinc~ al miicx |m~mai~ bg|c hcci xcvaxpc` ai g zm`c ~ngoc mi xcncip}cgx~ h} pba~c zba cijgjc mi ~vmxmp naeesimngpmai~/ ax zba bg|c xcncm|c` Pcgnb%

cx~) Ml pbm~ m~ g xcncip vbciaeciai mp zaso` ecgi gi minxcg~c mi ^vmxmp ghmomp} pa

eaxc mipmegpco} cipcx bsegi emi`) Bc bg~ iaz hcci xcocg~c` gi` m~ crcxnm~mij

bm~ icz vazcx)

Zbci pbc @c|mo/ pbxasjb C`jgx Ng}nc/ vxc~nxmhc` nsxc~ lax apbcx~ gp jca%

jxgvbmngo `m~pginc~ bc icc`c` g igec gi` g``xc~~ pa oangpc pbce) Jm|ci pbgp

milaxegpmai bc naso` vxc~nxmhc pba~c nsxc~) ^minc bc m~ papgoo} gzgxc al goo gnpm|m%

pmc~ nsxxcipo} pxgi~vmxmij ai g vogicp/ ax gp gi} vg~p pmec/ mp m~ ~mevoc lax bme pa

log~b pbgp diazoc`jc pbxasjb g bsegi emi` pbgp naec~ si`cx bm~ naipxao) Pbm~

zg~ pbc vbciaeciai Kgic Xahcxp~ xcvaxpc` zbci ~bc ~gz `m~pgip naipcevaxgx}

~ncic~) Bm~ vxakcnpmai~ eg} |gx}/ lxae ~ncic~ al pbc naipcevaxgx} zaxo`/ ax

lxae g zaxo` zbmnb bc lghxmngpc~) Ml bc mi|cip~ vmnpaxmgo ~ncic~ pbxasjb vmnpsxc~

ax |m~mai~/ baz ngi bm~ ~shkcnp~ `m~pmijsm~b pbc `mllcxcinc1 Mi cmpbcx ng~c pbc} gxc

vxakcnpmai~ lxae bm~ emi`) C|ci eaxc/ baz ngi pbc} `ci} pbc xcgomp} al pbgp zbmnb

pbc} ~cc1 Zbci bc ocg`~ bm~ ng`xc ai pbcmx `cgpb egxnbc~ bc ngi ngxx} pbce zmpb

gi} vmnpsxc al hcgsp} bc `c~mxc~/ gvvxavxmgpco} laxec` pa pbcmx mi`m|m`sgo icc`~)

Kgic si`cx~paa` pbgp bcx simwsc lxgec al emi`/ gi` ecipgo ghmompmc~ zcxc

nxsnmgo pa ^cpb”~ vxa`snpmai)

‟) ) ) M ge gzgxc al pbc lgnp pbgp M zg~ icnc~~gx} pa pbc vxa`snpmai al

^cpb”~ haad) Bc icc`~ e} ghmomp} zmpb zax`~4 c|ci/ M pbmid e} psxi al

emi`) Ncxpgmio}/ e} zxmpmij pxgmimij gm`~ mi pbc pxgi~ogpmai al bm~ egpc%

xmgo gi` bcov~ jm|c mp laxe/ ia egppcx baz sinai~nmas~o} pbm~ m~ àic)

Ncxpgmi vcx~aigomp} nbgxgnpcxm~pmn~ gxc mevaxpgip paa/ M megjmic N pbc

gjmomp} zmpb zbmnb M ngi ~zmpnb pbc lans~ al e} nai~nmas~ic~~/ lax cr%gevoc)―

\mpgoo} mevaxpgip pa pbc @c|mo”~ vsxva~c m~ pbc nxcgpmai al g jxasv al eaxpgo~

zba zaso` naeesimngpc zmpb bme) Kgic zg~ g zmoomij gjcip lax ~snb xcnxsmp%

ecip) ^bc pgsjbp ecpba`~ lax apbcx~ pa avci pbce~co|c~ pa ^cpb/ gi` pa vcxemp

bme pa naec mi) Aic pcnbimwsc zg~ nog~~ `xcge pmec mi zbmnb pbc} zaso` lgoo mipa

g ~occv zbmoc naincipxgpmij ai bme)

‟Mp”~ iap sis~sgo pbgp ~ps`cip~ ~baso` xcge al cpb/ al nasx~c/ ax pbgp

pbc} ~baso` `xcge al ec) Hsp ncxpgmio} ^cpb bg~ gnbmc|c` mi`cvci%

`cip ~pgps~ mi pbcmx c}c~ gi` bg~ hcnaec g |cbmnoc al mi~pxsnpmai c|ci

mi pbc `xcge ~pgpc) Mi apbcx zax`~/ hc~m`c~ vxa`snmij pbc naipmismij

^cpb Egpcxmgo gi` pbm~ haad/ ^cpb bg~ cipcxc` pbc emi`~ gi` nai%~nmas~ic~~ al egi} vcavoc)―

Baz pxso} `mghaomngo bc m~/ mi xcnxsmpecip al pba~c zba à iap bg|c pbcmx

bcgxp~ ncipcxc` ai Ja`)



76 % @c|mo Va~~c~~mai y=:y

Bc bg~ ic|cx xcogrc` bm~ cllaxp~ pa hsmo` g ng`xc al vcavoc bc ngi hxmijsi`cx bm~ naipxao) Bc naipmisc~ zmpb minxcg~mij mipci~mp})

Mi ^c~~mai .377/ pbc hcjmiimij al pbc ^cpb haad/ ^cpb egdc~ xcegxd~

zbmnb ~baz bm~ pxsc naoax~) Omppoc à bm~ laooazcx~ xcnajim{c pbc ~mjimlmnginc al

pba~c ~pgpcecip~/ ax baz bc egdc~ laao~ al pbce) Pbc xcegxd~ gxc ~a ompcxgoo}

pxsc)

‟M bg|c àiic` gi` `m~ngx`c` eaxc ha`mc~ pbgi M ngxc pa pcoo)―

Zcoo/ al nasx~c) Bc bg~ cipcxc` pbc emi` al sipao` emoomai~ al bsegi hc%

mij~)

‟M ngi ~g} pbm~ pa cgnb al e} xcg`cx~ baic~po}4 M ge ao`cx pbgi }as gxc/

gp ocg~p mi pcxe~ al gjc g~ }as pbmid al mp)―

Zcoo/ al nasx~c) Bc m~ hcmij vcxlcnpo} baic~p) Bc m~ ao`cx pbgi s~ h} egi}

bsi`xc`~ al pbas~gi`~/ ml iap emoomai~ al }cgx~)

‟M bg|c hcci nai~nmas~ hclaxc }asx cgxpb zg~ laxec`) Pa zxmpc pbm~

haad N gi` mi ea~p al e} naeesimngpmai~ zmpb Xshsxp "Kgic- N M

gàvp lxae e} azi hgid al vg~p vcx~aigompmc~ pba~c nbgxgnpcxm~pmn~

pbgp ~cce gvvxavxmgpc)―

Bc ~sxco} àc~) Bc bg~ pbc cipmxc bm~pax} al pbc cgxpb ai zbmnb pa `xgz/ gi`

sipao` hmoomai~ al bsegi vcx~aigompmc~) Mi giapbcx ~c~~mai bc ~gm`;

‟]asx cgxpb zg~ |cx} `cgx pa ec)―

M ge |cx} ~sxc pbm~ m~ g vxcnm~c ~pgpcecip/ naipgmimij xceax~c) Hsp bc m~

mi~gic) Bc bg~ oaij ~minc oa~p bm~ ecipgo cwsmomhxmse)

Pbxasjb Kgic bc pao` s~ esnb ghasp bm~ vcx~aigo lsinpmaimij/ gi` pbc

omempgpmai~ zbmnb hmi` bme)

‟Ogijsgjc g~ }as diaz mp m~ g ~oaz gllgmx; ocppcx h} ocppcx ~pxsij asp pa

egdc g zax`/ gi` zax`~ pa egdc g ~cipcinc/ pbc xc~sop al g omicgx

pbasjbp vgppcxi) Ogijsgjc/ g~ }as diaz mp/ m~ vgxpmgoo} gi` jxgeegpm%

ngoo} pbc ci` vxa`snp al }asx vb}~mngo pmec ~cwscinc~) ]as ngi aio}

lans~ svai ~a egi} pbmij~ gp aic pmec/ gi` }asx ogijsgjc ~pxsnpsxc m~

iap jm|ci pa pbc naeesimngpmai al mipxmngpc/ ~mesopgicas~ crvcxmcinc~)M ge gzgxc al g `mllcxcip dmi` al crvcxmcinc/ iap omicgx/ gi` ngi lans~

svai gi` xcgnp pa gi milmimpc |gxmcp} al ~mesopgicas~ c|cip~) Xshsxp

naso` iap crvxc~~ pbce/ gi` ~a pbc} es~p hc oc|coc` asp mipa omicgx

crvxc~~mai ml pbc} gxc pa hc naeesimngpc`) Pbm~ ghmomp} pa vcxncm|c




gi` xcgnp pa siomempc` ~mesopgicas~ c|cip~ m~ g hg~mn nbgxgnpcxm~pmn al

cgnb zbaoc ~col ax cipmp}) Pbcxclaxc/ M à iap nogme mp g~ ~aec lcgp pbgp

m~ crnos~m|co} e} azi)―

G xcnsxxcip wsc~pmai m~ baz aic vcx~aigomp}/ ~vmxmp ax apbcxzm~c/ ngi cipcx ~a

egi} bsegi emi`~ ~mesopgicas~o}) Pbm~ m~ g igpsxgo wsc~pmai lax bsegi eaxpgo~

zba pbmid mi omicgx/ ~cwscipmgo lg~bmai) Zc ngiiap bcov hsp pbmid omicgxo}/ ~minc zc

gxc ~cwscipmgo hcmij~) Zc ja lxae eaecip pa eaecip4 asx emi`~ ja lxae vamip

pa vamip) Hsp ~vmxmp hcmij~ gxc iap hasi` h} ~snb pmec ~cwscipmgo omempgpmai~)

Pbm~ xcegxd m~ simwsco} mipcxc~pmij4 bc bg~ ghmomp} pa jgpbcx milaxegpmai ~m%

esopgicas~o} lxae egi} ~ci~ax} ~asxnc~/ ~snb g~ bsegi emi`/ gi` pa xcgnp pa

esopmvoc~ al bsegi naipgnp vamip~) Ngomjg~pmg ngi vcxncm|c ~mesopgicas~ cgxpbo}

c|cip~/ xcngoo goo c|cip~ al goo cgxpb bm~pax}/ cipcx egi} emi`~ gp aic pmec/ nai%|cx~c zmpb pbce/ gi` `mxcnp pbce) Ncxpgmio}/ g~ g omempc` hcmij zmpbmi g omempc`

~vgnc xcgoe bc bg~ omemp~ N bc m~ iap gi milmimpc hcmij) Hsp lax bsegi eaxpgo~ bm~

ghmompmc~ gxc ~psvciàs~/ pxso} hc}ai` asx naincvpsgo megjmigpmai)

Pbc~c xcegxd~ nocgxo} gi` `m~pminpo} `c~nxmhc bm~ ghmompmc~ gi` pbc jgesp al

bm~ lsinpmaigo ngvgnmpmc~) Mi pbc `g}~ al nog~~mngo ~vmxmpsgom~p vbciaecig ~snb

lxgid nailc~~mai~ `m` iap annsx) Iaz bc bg~ emi`~ zba bg|c hcci c`sngpc`

pcnbimngoo}/ zba gxc nai|cx~gip zmpb bmjbcx naincvpsgo oc|co~/ gi` zba bg|c

icz%gjc axmcipgpmai~ N emi`~ zbmnb `m` iap crm~p naeeaio} vxmax pa Zaxo` Zgx

MM) Lsxpbcxeaxc/ bc ia oaijcx bg~ g lcgx al hcmij lasi` asp) Pbc `g}~ pa bm~ ~pxmdc

gxc iaz paa ~baxp lax gi} ~anmgo miloscinc pa xcpgx` bm~ vogi~)

Bc go~a ~vadc al bm~ ghmomp} pa naeesimngpc zmpb aic bsegi eaxpgo/ gi`

iap giapbcx/ `sc pa pbcmx v~}nbaoajmngo ax ~vmxmpsgo omempgpmai~) Pbm~ xcogpc~ `mxcnpo}

pa Kc~s~” xcegxd~ ghasp pba~c zba diaz bme gi` pbc Lgpbcx) Pbc ogppcx gxc iap

~s~ncvpmhoc pa pbc cipx} al pbc Vxminc mipa pbcmx emi`~ hcngs~c al pbcmx oa|c lax pbc

Lgpbcx)

‟Hsp c|ci ~a/ ia lgooci ~vmxmp c|cx `m` bg|c pbc vazcx pa mi|g`c pbc

emi`~ ax pa bgxg~~ pbc ~aso~ al pbc nbmo`xci al Ja`) Icmpbcx ^gpgi iax

Ngomjg~pmg naso` c|cx pasnb ax gvvxagnb pbc lgmpb ~ai~ al Ja`4 lgmpb m~

gi cllcnpm|c gxeax gjgmi~p ~mi gi` mimwsmp}) Mp m~ pxsc; ‒Bc zba m~ haxi al

Ja` dccv~ bme~col/ gi` pbc zmndc` aic pasnbc~ bme iap)”― Pbc Sxgipmg

Vgvcx~/ Vgjc <76)

‟Pbcxc m~ zmpbmi "Kgic”~- vcx~aigomp} g xgpbcx simwsc lgnmomp} pbgp egdc~

asx naeesimngpmai~ va~~mhoc) M zmoo px} pa vsp pbm~ g~ ~mevo} g~ va~%~mhoc; pbcxc m~ zmpbmi bm~ v~}nbc zbgp geasip~ pa g pxgi~vgxcip meci%

~maigo zgxv pbgp ~cx|c~ goea~p omdc gi avci zmiàz pbxasjb zbmnb

apbcx xcgompmc~ ngi hc vcxncm|c`/ g esopm`meci~maigo avcimij pbgp bg~

pa ~aec crpcip c~ngvc` hcmij noas`c` a|cx h} pbc ~bg`c al vb}~mngo

laxe) ) ) ) M cipcx }asx xcgomp} pbxasjb g v~}nbaoajmngo zgxv mi }asx



76 % @c|mo Va~~c~~mai y==y

~vgnc gi` pmec) Mi g egiicx al ~vcgdmij/ ~snb gi avci nbgiico ~cx|c~

esnb g~ g vgpbzg} hcpzcci Xshsxp”~ vcx~aigomp} gi` e} azi/ ~a pbgp

naeesimngpmai m~ va~~mhoc)―

Bc ~baz~ pbgp cgnb eaxpgo m~ `mllcxcip mi pbcmx omempgpmai~ al v~}nbmn xcncv%

pmai) Mi`cc`/ Kgic zg~ gi crncvpmaigo xcnmvmcip pa bm~ cipx} gi` s~c)

Gjgmi/ bc mi`mngpc~ baz bc s~c~ |gxmas~ eaxpgo gomg~c~ lax bm~ iclgxmas~ vsx%

va~c~) Bc lxgido} gèmp~ pbgp bc g~~sec~ egi} `mllcxcip vcx~aigompmc~4 pbc} gxc

diazi pa s~ g~ Og{gxm~/ ax Emnbgco/ ax G~bpgx/ ax miisecxghoc apbcx~)

‟M eg} pcgnb pbc ~gec oc~~ai mi egi} mllcxcip zg}~/ gnnax`mij pa pbc

ghmompmc~ gi` g~~sevpmai~ pbgp gxc mibcxcip mi gi} jm|ci "bsegi- ~}~%pce mi zbmnb M es~p avcxgpc) M s~c aic vaxpmai al e}~col lxae egi}

vcx~aigompmc~ pbgp gxc g|gmoghoc pa e} m`cipmp} mi pbc~c naeesimng%

pmai~/ g~ mi pbm~ haad) Mi apbcx ~}~pce~ al xcgomp}/ pbm~ vgxpmnsogx ^cpb

vcx~aigomp} pbgp M/ pbc ogxjcx ^cpb m`cipmp} gàvp bcxc/ zaso` iap hc

si`cx~paa`)―

Pbc cevbg~m~ m~ emic)

Mi g ~c~~mai ai Egxnb 72/ 7=:6 bc gjgmi xclcxxc` pa bm~ s~mij esopmvoc bs%

egi vcx~aigompmc~;

‟Zc gxc gzgxc al zbgp }as zaso` ngoo asx vg~p ~co|c~/ pba~c vcx~aigom%

pmc~ zc bg|c gàvpc` mi |gxmas~ apbcx crm~pcinc~)―

Bc `c~nxmhc~ mi ~aec `cpgmo pbc omempgpmai~ al bm~ ~shkcnp~/ pbc vxanc~~c~ bc

s~c~ mi c~pghom~bmij naipgnp/ baz bc xc`snc~ hgxxmcx~ lax cg~} cipx} mipa pbcmx

emi`~/ gi` pbc ecpba`~ bc s~c~ pa ahpgmi naipxao) Pbc~c gxc pbc pcnbimwsc~ bc

iaz cevoa}~ ~a crpci~m|co} gxasi` pbc zaxo` pa gnnaevom~b bm~ `cgò} vsxva~c)

‟) ) ) hclaxc M ngi hcjmi pa zaxd M es~p ~cp sv vxcomemigx} v~}nbaoajmngo

~pxsnpsxc~ gi` ocgxi pa diaz e} vsvmo~ hclaxc pcgnbmij ngi c|ci hc%

jmi) M es~p bg|c g pbaxasjb diazoc`jc al pbc vgxpmnsogx ~}~pce al

xcgomp} mi zbmnb e} vsvmo avcxgpc~/ al bm~ ax bcx ~}~pce al pbasjbp/ al

pbc ~}ehao~ pbgp gxc ecgimijlso) Pbc ~pghmomp} al pbc vsvmo”~ vcx~aigomp}

es~p hc naxxcnpo} jgsjc` h} ec) Pbc icc`~ al pbc vcx~aigomp} ngiiap

hc mjiaxc` hsp es~p hc pgdci mipa nai~m`cxgpmai) Pbc vsvmo es~p hc

cinasxgjc` hsp iap a|cxo} crpci`c` zbmoc c|coavecip naipmisc~) E}

egpcxmgo es~p hc vxc~cipc` mi ~snb g zg} pbgp mp egdc~ ~ci~c mi pbc

naipcrp mi zbmnb pbc vsvmo si`cx~pgi`~ xcgomp}/ vgxpmnsogxo} mi cgxo} ~pgjc~)

Jxcgp ngxc es~p hc spmom{c`/ c|ci hclaxc ~cxmas~ ocgximij ngi hcjmi/

pbgp goo oc|co~ al pbc vcx~aigomp} `c|coav gp g eaxc ax oc~~ nai~pgip

vgnc)―




Cgnb al pbc~c mi`m|m`sgo ~pgpcecip~ m~ minxc`mho} mevaxpgip pa asx si`cx%~pgi`mij al zbgp bc m~ àmij)

‟M es~p ~cp sv vxcomemigx} v~}nbaoajmngo ~pxsnpsxc~ gi` ocgxi pa diaz

e} vsvmo~ hclaxc pcgnbmij ngi c|ci hcjmi)―

Zbci bc lmx~p vcxs~c~ bm~ bsegi ~shkcnp~ bc `cpcxemic~ pbc cocecip~ zbmnb

nai~pmpspc pbgp mi`m|m`sgo”~ v~}nbaoajmngo vxalmoc) Bc ngi pbci g`gvp bm~ xcogpmai%

~bmv zmpb pbce pa ~cp sv pbc v~}nbaoajmngo ~pxsnpsxc bc icc`~ lax bm~ vsxva~c)

Iapc pbgp pbm~ m~ g pcgnbmij vxanc~~) Bc xcwsmxc~ pmec pa gnnaevom~b bm~ vsxva~c/

iap hcngs~c al bm~ omempgpmai~/ hsp hcngs~c al pbc omicgx pmec lxgec al pbc bsegi

eaxpgo)

‟Jxcgp ngxc es~p hc spmom{c`/ c|ci hclaxc ~cxmas~ ocgximij ngi hcjmi/pbgp goo oc|co~ al pbc vcx~aigomp} `c|coav gp g eaxc ax oc~~ nai~pgip

vgnc)―

Bc es~p hxmij pbce goaij/ ngs~c pbce pa jxaz/ gnnax`mij pa bm~ vsxva~c)

Pbc} gxc pci`cx ~baap~ zbmnb xcwsmxc ngxclso zgpcxmij gi` isxpsxmij) Mevaxpgipo}/

bc zaso` iap hc ghoc pa s~c si~pghoc vcx~aigompmc~)

‟Pbc vsvmo es~p hc cinasxgjc` hsp iap a|cxo} crpci`c` zbmoc `c|co%

avecip naipmisc~)―

Bc s~c~ pba~c ecipgo gi` v~}nbaoajmngo lxgeczaxd~ zbmnb gxc lgemomgx gi`

gppxgnpm|c pa pbc mi`m|m`sgo) Bc zmoo s~c pbcmx ~anmgo/ cnaiaemn/ vaompmngo/ m`cgpmaigo

gi` xcomjmas~ naipcrp~ g~ ~smpghoc) Pbs~ bc ngi jcp bm~ laap mipa pbcmx ecipgo gi`

v~}nbaoajmngo àax~/ mi ax`cx pbgp pbc} iap pbxs~p bme gzg}) Bc zmoo hc zgxe gi`

lxmciò} pa pbce)

‟Alpci pbc egpcxmgo M vxc~cip zmoo mimpmgoo} hc jm|ci zmpbasp gi} ~mji al

e} vxc~cinc/ ~ccemijo} g~ g ~pgxpomij xc|cogpmai) Lax ia egppcx baz

ngxclsoo} M vxc~cip pbc egpcxmgo/ mp m~ ~pmoo hasi` pa nbgijc vg~p m`cg~

pbgp gxc ~pxaijo} g vgxp al pbc vsvmo”~ vcx~aigomp}) Zbgp M ~g} m~ aic

pbmij/ hsp pbc vsvmo al nasx~c m~ pbxs~p mipa v~}nbaoajmngo gi` v~}nbmn

hcbg|max gi` crvcxmcinc pbgp eg} ~cce wsmpc gomci pa bme ai g nai%

~nmas~ oc|co)―

Bcxc gjgmi bc m~ crvomnmp) Bc diaz~ pbgp bm~ vsxva~c m~ gomci pa asx ~anmgo gi` v~}nbaoajmngo lxgeczaxd~) Pbcxclaxc/ bc es~p pxgmi bm~ ~shkcnp~ pa icz gppmps`c~

gi` v~}nbaoajmngo xclcxcinc pbgp zmoo vcxemp bme pa naipxao pbcmx hcbg|max) Pbc}

es~p hc nai`mpmaic` pa xgpmaigoc~ zbmnb pbc} zmoo pbci gnncvp lax pbc vxakcnp~ bc

bg~ axjgim{c`) Zbgp hcppcx xgpmaigoc pbgi g jxcgp xcomjmas~ nocgi~mij al egidmi`/



76 % @c|mo Va~~c~~mai y767y

gmec` gp g icz zaxo` ax`cx1 Bm~ gh~aospco} icnc~~mp} m~ pbgp pbc pbaxi~ al pbczaxo` hc xcea|c` mi ax`cx pa gnbmc|c pbgp icz ax`cx) Gi` zbgp hcppcx |cbmnoc lax

~snb nocgi~mij pbgi pba~c zba gxc `c`mngpc` pa Ja` N bm~ `clmimpmai al Ja`1

‟Zbci M naipgnp }asx xcgomp}/ pbcxclaxc/ mp m~ g~ ml M zcxc cipcxmij aic al

}asx `xcge~) M ngi hc gzgxc al e}~col g~ M `mnpgpc pbm~ haad pbxasjb

Kgic Xahcxp~/ gi` }cp go~a hc gzgxc al e}~col mi e} azi ci|mxai%

ecip4 lax M ~ci` aio} g vaxpmai al e}~col bcxc/ g~ }as vcxbgv~ ~ci` asp

g vaxpmai al }asx nai~nmas~ic~~ g~ }as zxmpc g ocppcx pa g lxmci`/ gi`

}cp gzgxc al pbc xaae mi zbmnb }as ~mp) M ~ci` asp esnb eaxc pbgi }as

à mi g ocppcx/ lax g vaxpmai al e} nai~nmas~ic~~ m~ iaz zmpbmi pbc ci%

pxginc` zaegi g~ M `mnpgpc/ hsp pbc gigoaj} m~ noa~c ciasjb)―

Ainc gjgmi bc m~ crvomnmp mi bm~ `c~nxmvpmai al va~~c~~mai4 bm~ nai~nmas~ic~~

m~ iaz zmpbmi pbc emi` al Kgic)

Bc ngi pcgnb goo pbc cocecip~ al bm~ naipgnp gi` naipxao/ hsp bc ngiiap bmip

gp bm~ sopmegpc vsxva~c) Pbgp zaso` xsmi bm~ vogi)

Gi` c|cipsgoo}/ glpcx zaxdmij zmpb bm~ ~shkcnp~ lax ~sllmnmcip ocijpb al pmec/

gi` zmpb ~sllmnmcip v~}nbaoajmngo ks~pmlmngpmai/ bc ngi g~~sec naipxao) Bc ngi

pgdc a|cx `mxcnp naipxao al pbcmx ha`mc~4 bc ngi @c|mo%va~~c~~)






76 % @c|mo Va~~c~~mai y76>y




NBGVPCX COC\CI

Gi Gijco al Omjbp

8 Nax 77;70%73 Gi` ia zai`cx/ lax c|ci ^gpgi `m~jsm~c~

bme~col g~ gi gijco al omjbp) â mp m~ iap ~pxgijc ml bm~ ~cx%

|gip~ go~a `m~jsm~c pbce~co|c~ g~ ~cx|gip~ al xmjbpcas~%

ic~~) Pbcmx ci` zmoo naxxc~vai` pa pbcmx `cc`~)

MOOS^PXGPMAI .7C@JGX NG]NC

C`jgx Ng}nc zg~ haxi ai g lgxe icgx Bavdmi~|mooc/ Dcipsnd} ai Egxnb 72/

72::) Bc `mc` mi \mxjmimg Hcgnb/ \mxjmimg ai Kgisgx} >/ 7=03) Mi hcpzcci bc zg~

gi gjcip lax Ngomjg~pmg)

Zbci g }asij ha}/ iap eaxc pbgi ~c|ci ax cmjbp }cgx~ al gjc/ bc ngec

baec lxae g zgod aic `g} pa xcvaxp pbgp bc bg` ~cci g |m~mai) Mp zg~ bm~ bghmp pa

pgdc bm~ Hmhoc zmpb bme ai zgod~ mi pbc lmco`~ gi` zaa`~) Pbm~ `g} bc zg~ xcg`mij

pbc |m~mai al Egiagb/ Ks`jc~ 7>/ mi g ~cnos`c` iaad zbci pbc crvcxmcinc paad

vognc)

‟^s``cio} pbcxc zg~ g bseemij ~asi`/ gi` g hxmjbp omjbp lmooc` pbc

jog`c zbcxc bc s~sgoo} bm` pa xcg` pbc zai`cxlso ~paxmc~) G~ bc oaadc`sv/ bc ~gz g lmjsxc mi zbmpc/ hxmjbp g~ pbc iaai`g} omjbp/ gi` bcgx` g

|amnc; ‒]asx vxg}cx~ bg|c hcci bcgx`) Zbgp zaso` }as g~d al ec/ pbgp

M ngi jm|c mp pa }as1” Pbc ha} zg~ iap ~pgxpoc`) C|ci pbci mp ~ccec`

igpsxgo pa ~cc |m~mai~) ‒Ks~p pbgp M eg} hc bcovlso pa apbcx~/” bc xcvomc`/

‒c~vcnmgoo} pa nbmo`xci zba gxc moo/ gi` pbgp M eg} oa|c e} lcooaz egi)”

Mp ~ccec` goea~p g~ ml ~aecha`} hc~m`c~ bme~col zcxc ~vcgdmij) Pbc

lmjsxc ~mocipo} `m~gvvcgxc`)―

Bm~ vgxcip~ xcncm|c` pbc xcvaxp zmpb crpxcec ~dcvpmnm~e4 pbc} g~~mjic` mp pa

pbc miloscinc al ~pxaij xc|m|gom~p lcx|ax pbci jamij ai gxasi` pbc nasipx}~m`c)

Pbc icrp `g} bm~ crpxgax`migx} crvcxmcinc vxc|cipc` bme lxae gppci`mij pa

bm~ nog~~ zaxd) Bc hsijoc` bm~ ~vcoomij oc~~ai gi` zg~ ax`cxc` pa zxmpc pbc zax`nghmi lm|c bsi`xc` pmec~ ai pbc hogndhagx`) Pbgp c|cimij bc zg~ ~a `m~pxgnpc`

bc naso` iap naincipxgpc ai bm~ oc~~ai~) Pbcxc ~ccec` pa hc gi mi|m~mhoc hgxxmcx

hcpzcci bm~ c}c~ gi` pbc haad) Bm~ lgpbcx pao` bme bc zaso` bg|c pa ~pg} sv sipmo

bc bg` bm~ oc~~ai~ naevocpc`) G~ pbc c|cimij zaxc ai/ oaij vg~p bm~ hc`pmec/ bc



77% Gi Gijco al Omjbp y76>y

hcjgi pa ia` a|cx bm~ haad~) Bc bcgx` g |amnc/ pbc ~gec aic bc bg` bcgx` mi pbc

zaa`~/ ~g} ôccv/ gi` zc eg} bcov }as) Bc lcoo g~occv lax g lcz emispc~ gi`gzadc pa `m~na|cx pbgp bc dicz c|cx} zax` mi bm~ ~vcoomij haad h} xapc)

âai pbcxcglpcx/ zbci ~pxsnd h} g hg~chgoo/ bc ~sllcxc` g hg` bcg` miksx}) Mi

g ~cem%~psvax bc pao` bm~ vgxcip~ pa vxcvgxc g vasopmnc zbmnb/ zbci gvvomc` pa pbc

hg~c al bm~ hxgmi/ g~paim~bmijo} nsxc` bme h} pbc icrp eaximij)

Pbgp zg~ pbc hcjmiimij al g omlc ngxccx al `c|m~mij v~}nbmn nsxc~ lax vcavoc)

G~ gi g`sop bm~ pcnbimwsc zg~ pa oaa~ci bm~ pmc gi` naoogx/ omc àzi ai g nasnb/

lao` bm~ bgi`~ gnxa~~ bm~ ~paegnb/ gi` vxcvgxc pa ja mipa g pxginc) Gp g ncxpgmi

vamip g hxmjbp omjbp zaso` log~b gnxa~~ bm~ noa~c` c}c~/ gi` bm~ c}c om`~ zaso`

losppcx) Ml/ gp pbgp vamip/ ~aecaic g~dc` bme g wsc~pmai ghasp pbc bcgopb vxahoce

al giapbcx vcx~ai/ xcjgxòc~~ al jcajxgvbmngo `m~pginc/ bc zaso` vxaiasinc nsxc~)

Bc naso` alpci `c~nxmhc pbcmx vcx~aigo nmxnse~pginc~ gi` vxm|gpc gllgmx~) Bc bg`

geg{mij ~snnc~~ zmpb pbm~ pcnbimwsc) @sxmij bm~ omlc bc jg|c a|cx 70/666 xcg`mij~

lax eaxc pbgi </666 vcavoc) Ml ia wsc~pmai~ ax vxahoce~ zcxc va~c` zbci bc

~gz pbc omjbp bc zaso` lgoo mipa g igpsxgo ~occv ~pgpc/ gi` zaso` iap gzgdci sipmo

bc zg~ xcg`}) Ogpcx/ nsxmas~ mi`m|m`sgo~ va~c` egi} apbcx dmi`~ al wsc~pmai~ pa

bme/ ghasp ginmcip bm~pax}/ ghasp pbcmx naincxi~ lax pbc lspsxc/ ghasp Kc~s~/ gi`

ghasp gi glpcxomlc) Pbm~ oc` pa bm~ vxc`mnpmai al jxcgp jcavb}~mngo c|cip~/ gi` bm~

imndigec al pbc ôccvmij Vxavbcp)

Hsp bm~ v~}nbmn vazcx~ zcxc iap omempc` pa pbc ~occv ~pgpc) Bsjb O}ii Ng}nc/

bm~ ~ai/ xcvaxpc` pbgp aic pmec bc igec` naxxcnpo} pbc ~cwscinc al g `cnd al

lmlp}%pza vog}mij ngx`~/ ~mjbp si~cci)

Bc naipmisc` pa bg|c |m~mai~ gp |gxmas~ vcxma`~ mi bm~ omlc)

‟Aic hxmjbp ~seecx `g} mi Ksic/ 7=>< bc zg~ bacmij mi bm~ jgx`ci/

zbci bc bcgx` g iam~c omdc g ~zgxemij al hcc~) Bc oaadc` sv/ ~pgxpoc`/gi` pbcxc mi pbc ~d} ~gz g nbgxmap/ `xgzi h} lasx zbmpc bax~c~) Bc

bcgx` g |amnc ~g}mij/ ‒Oaad hcbmi` }as)” Bc psxic` gi` ~gz g egi/

zmpb g ~bmco` gi` bcoecp/ dicc%jsgx`~ gi` g ngvc/ hsp ia zcgvai al

gi} dmi`) Bm~ nasipciginc zg~ omdc pbc omjbp/ bm~ gxeax al hsxim~bc`

~mo|cx) Bc xgm~c` bm~ bgi` mi ~gospc/ gi` ~gm`/ ‒Pbc Nbgxmap al pbc Oax`

gi` pb} bax~ceci pbcxcal)” Pbci bc `m~gvvcgxc`)―

Egi} al s~ emjbp pgdc pbc~c xcvaxp~ gi` nainos`c pbgp Ng}nc zg~ g pxsc

vxavbcp/ pbgp bm~ crvcxmcinc~ zcxc lxae Ja`) Gi`/ mi`cc`/ pbc} zcxc lxae GJa`/F

pbc ja` al pbm~ gjc) Pbgp GJa`F ngi gvvcgx g~ gi gijco al omjbp) Bc ngi vxc~cip

bme~col mi egi} `mllcxcip laxe~) Hsp aio} pa pba~c zba gxc avci pa bme) Pbc

v~}nbmn nai~pmpspmai al Ng}nc eg`c mp va~~mhoc lax pbm~ ja` pa gvvcgx pa Ng}nc)

Bm~ m~ iap gi m~aogpc` ng~c)Vgxp al Ng}nc”~ egi} xcg`mij~ `zcop ai pbc pbcec al xcmingxigpmai) Pba~c

xcegxd~ `cimjxgpc` Kc~s~) Ng}nc emjbp bg|c hcci g Hmhoc%papmi” egi/ hsp bm~

pxginc ~pgpcecip~ zcxc hog~vbceas~)




‟Bc/ asx Oax`/ zg~ pbc lmx~p al pba~c zba vsp ai eaxpgomp} pbgp pbcxc

emjbp hc pbc avvaxpsimp} lax pba~c laxnc~ pbgp bg` cxxc` mi ~vmxmpsgopbmij~ ) ) ) Bc ngec/ pbm~ ~aso zc diaz g~ Kc~s~/ mi egi} `mllcxcip

gjc~/ g~ g ~vadc~egi pa ‒egimlc~p pbc lmx~p m`cg)” Pbc~c mingxigpmai~

"ax pba~c al pbc mingxigpmai~ ecipmaic` mi pbc Hmhoc- zcxc jm|ci g~

Econbm{c`cd/ Ka~cvb/ Ka~bsg/ Kc~bsg/ gi` lmigoo} Kc~s~)―

Nai~m`cx pbc hog~vbce}) Kc~s~ zg~ pbc lmx~p pa xcmingxigpc) Bc ngec mi

egi} vxc|mas~ gjc~/ hcngs~c al ‟pba~c laxnc~ pbgp bg` cxxc` mi ~vmxmpsgo pbmij~)―

Mi apbcx zax`~ Kc~s~ bg` cxxc` ~vmxmpsgoo}) Pa vxa|m`c Kc~s~ gi avvaxpsimp} pa

naxxcnp bm~ cxxax~ bc om|c` apbcx om|c~) Pbs~ mi vxc|mas~ om|c~ bc zg~ Econbm{c`cd/

Ka~cvb/ cpn)

Giapbcx vbg~c al Ng}nc”~ vxaiasincecip~ zbmnb cinbgipc` egi} vcavoc

zcxc bm~ vxc`mnpmai~ al jxcgp cgxpb nbgijc~) Bc ~pgpc` pbgp Ngomlaximg zaso` ~om`c

mipa pbc ancgi mi ”<2) Ml pbm~ zg~ ecgip pa hc 7=<2 bm~ vxc`mnpmai zg~ g jogxmij

lgmosxc) Mi g xcg`mij `gpc` 7=>8 bc ~pgpc` pbgp zaxo` vaompmngo psxeamo zaso` xc~sop

‟) ) ) lxae pbc ~bmlpmij al pbc cwsmomhxmse al pbc cgxpb mp~col mi ~vgnc/ zmpb

pba~c nai~cwscipmgo cllcnp~ ai |gxmas~ vaxpmai~ al pbc zaxo`)― ‟Pbc

zgx~/ pbc svbcg|go~ mi pbc mipcxmax al pbc cgxpb/ gi` pbc ~bmlpmij al pbc

cgxpb h} pbc nbgijc mi pbc grm~ g~ xc~vcnpmij pbc vaxpmai~ lxae pbc

vaogxm~ ncipcx)―

Mi g``mpmai pa bm~ apbcx vazcx~ Ng}nc ~aecpmec~ ~vadc mi laxcmji ogijsgjc~

zbmoc mi pxginc)

Baz `m` Ng}nc va~~c~~ ~snb vazcx~1 Pbc vazcx~ `m~vog}c` h} Ng}nc `m`

iap axmjmigpc mi bm~ sigm`c` emi`) Pbc} ngec lxae giapbcx emi` zbmnb cipcxc`bm~ emi`) Pbs~ bc dicz pbc nmxnse~pginc~ gi` nai`mpmai~ al `m~pgip vcx~ai~)

‟Pbxasjb ecxjmij bm~ azi ~shnai~nmas~/ bm~ laooazcx~ lcop/ zmpb pbgp al

g Sim|cx~go Nai~nmas~ic~~ pbgp bg` crm~pc` ~minc pbc hcjmiimij al

pmec/ xcnax`mij c|cx}pbmij pbgp bg` c|cx bgvvcic`) Gi` bc xcece%

hcxc` ~a zcoo/ bm~ laooazcx~ mi~m~pc`/ hcngs~c bc bg` om|c` mi goo pbc~c

gjc~/ bm~ ~aso c|cx xcnsxxmij mi g icz ha`})―

Pbc Sim|cx~go Nai~nmas~ic~~ zg~ iaic apbcx pbgi pbc @c|mo”~ nai~nmas~%

ic~~/ g emi` pbgp bg~ ecpmnsoas~ eceax} al c|cx} bsegi eaxpgo/ al c|cx} ea%

ecip/ al goo vogicpgx} pmec ~minc bc gxxm|c` bcxc pa xsoc pbm~ zaxo`) Bc naso` cg~mo}

`c~nxmhc apbcx vcavoc mi apbcx vognc~/ cmpbcx om|mij gp pbc eaecip/ ax gp gi} pmec

ax vognc mi pbc vg~p) Bc naso` `mgjia~c pbcmx nai`mpmai/ gi` vxc~nxmhc nsxc~ hc%ngs~c bc m~ ~a pbaxasjbo} lgemomgx zmpb bsegi gmoecip~ gi` pbcmx ngs~c~) Bc

diaz~ goo zaxo` ogijsgjc~ mi~m`c asp gi` naso` ~vcgd pbce pbxasjb Ng}nc”~

ha`} zbci bc s~sxvc` emi` naipxao) Bc naso` c~pmegpc jxcgp cgxpb nbgijc~

hcngs~c bc m~ mipmegpco} lgemomgx zmpb pbc vg~p ngpgno}~emn svbcg|go~ al pbc cgxpb4

bc diaz~ pbc zcgd vamip~ al pbc cgxpb”~ nxs~p) Lsxpbcxeaxc/ bc bg~ g ~mndic~~



77% Gi Gijco al Omjbp y763y

ghasp vg~p om|c~) Bc jxcgpo} `c~mxc~ pa ngvpsxc g pmec zbci bc zg~ ~pmoo oa}go pa

Ja`) Bc zaso` oa|c pa xcpsxi pa pbgp pmec) Hsp bc eg`c gi mxxc|anghoc `cnm~mai)Bc hxasjbp pxashoc gi` zac pa sipao` emoociimg al pmec) Gi` bc ngiiap laxjm|c

bm~ Nxcgpax lax pbc ~cipcinc vxaiasinc` svai bme) Bc bg~ |cijcginc mi bm~

bcgxp) Bc zmoo à gi}pbmij/ xcjgxòc~~ al na~p/ gi` zmpb pbc spea~p na~p bc ngi

`c|m~c/ pa xsmi pbc vogi~ al bm~ Nxcgpax)

Naipxgx} pa pbc naeeai iapmai al g emo`%egiicxc` Hmhoc%papmi” Nbxm~pmgi/

Ng}nc zg~ g nbgmi ~eadcx/ zmpb g |aogpmoc pcevcxgecip) Mi egi} lmp~ al xgjc bc

lmxc` bm~ vcx~aigo ~cnxcpgx}/ aio} pa xcmi~pgpc bcx basx~ ogpcx) Bc go~a zg~ sighoc

pa egmipgmi bme~col lmiginmgoo} pbxasjbasp bm~ omlc) Zbci bm~ ha}~ zcxc ~egoo pbc

lgemo} bg` ia minaec) Mi aic ng~c pbc} bg` ia zaa` pa bcgp pbcmx baec4 cocnpxmn

omic~%eci ~gzc` sv g omic vaoc gi` jg|c mp pa pbce) Gxasi` pbgp pmec pbc} bg`

gnnsesogpc` gi $2< hmoo gp pbc oango jxancx/ zba ~pavvc` ~svvo}mij pbce) âec%

aic jg|c pbce pbc eaic}/ hsp Ng}nc zcip asp gi` hasjbp lm~bmij jcgx) Gp gi%

apbcx pmec Ng}nc zg~ gxxc~pc` mi Icz ]axd lax laxpsic pcoomij)

Gp aic vcxma` mi bm~ omlc bc xcncm|c` nai~m`cxghoc gppcipmai) G Icz ]axd

lmiginmcx jg|c bme pbc lsi`~ pa hsmo` g ba~vmpgo mi \mxjmimgi Hcgnb) Hsp pbc egi

oa~p bm~ zcgopb mi pbc 7=8= ~pand egxdcp nxg~b/ gi` Ng}nc bg` pa noa~c pbc ba~vm%

pgo)

@sxmij Zaxo` Zgx MM/ lscoc` h} pbc lcx|ax al igpmaigo nxm~m~/ Ng}nc mipci~mlmc`

bm~ cllaxp~ pa bcov apbcx~) Bc zaso` jm|c ~c|cxgo xcg`mij~ g `g}/ pbs~ crbgs~pmij

bm~ vcx~aigo xc~cx|c~) @sxmij pbm~ vcxma` bc alpci cipcxc` mipa g ~pgpc al mi|aosi%

pgx} pxginc4 pbc ^vmxmp zaso` pgdc a|cx zmpbasp Ng}nc”~ nai~nmas~ vcxem~~mai)

Zmpb lgmpb mi ~snb g egi/ gi` zmpb ~snb vcxlaxeginc~/ egi} laaom~b gi`

mjiaxgip mi`m|m`sgo~ naeemppc` pbcmx cpcxigo ngxccx~)

MOOS^PXGPMAI .8

^SI E]SIJ EAAI

‟Ai Cg~pcx eaximij mi 7=></ ^si E}sij Eaai zg~ `ccv mi vxg}cx ai

g Daxcgi easipgmi~m`c zbci Kc~s~ Nbxm~p gvvcgxc` pa bme gi` pao`

bme pbgp bc bg` gi mevaxpgip em~~mai pa gnnaevom~b mi pbc lsolmooecip

al Ja`”~ vxa|m`cinc) Bc zg~ pbci ~mrpcci }cgx~ ao` ) ) )―

Pbc Bao} ^vmxmp G~~anmgpmai al pbc Simlmngpmai al Zaxo` Nbxm~pmgimp}/

"B^G%SZN-/ bg~ vxa`snc` ~c|cxgo haad~ ~bazmij pbc pcgnbmij~ al ^si E}sij

Eaai) Eaai àc~ ia zxmpmij al bm~ azi4 bm~ ~vadci zax`~ gxc xcnax`c` h} bm~

`m~nmvoc~ gi` pbci vsp mipa vxmipc` laxe)Eaai zg~ nai|cxpc` pa Nbxm~pmgimp} g~ g }aspb gi` ~ps`mc` pbc Hmhoc mipci%

~m|co} sipmo Daxcg zg~ omhcxgpc` lxae pbc Kgvgic~c gp pbc ci` al Zaxo` Zgx MM) Gp

pbgp pmec bc hcjgi g vshomn emim~px}/ pcgnbmij pba~c vxminmvoc~ bc bg` jocgic`

lxae bm~ `ccv ~ps`}/ gi` g~ xc|cgoc` pa bme lxae bm~ v~}nbmn gi` |m~maigx} crvc%

xmcinc~) Daxcg zg~ ~aai vgxpmpmaic` mipa iaxpb gi` ~aspb/ zmpb pbc Naeesim~p~




pgdmij a|cx mi pbc iaxpb zbcxc Eaai zg~ pbci emim~pcxmij) Pbc Naeesim~p~ zcxc

`cpcxemic` pa ~pgev asp pbc ‟avmse al pbc vcavoc)― Hcngs~c al Eaai”~ gjjxc~%~m|c c|gijcom~e gi` bm~ ogxjc laooazmij bc ngec pa pbc gppcipmai al pbc Naees%

im~p gspbaxmpmc~) Bc zg~ gxxc~pc` gi` pbxazi mipa kgmo/ zbcxc bc zg~ hcgpci gi`

oclp lax `cg`) Bc ~sx|m|c` hsp zg~ ~aai vognc` mipa g laxnc` oghax ngev gp

Bsij%ige/ al ~snb ~pxcisas~ vb}~mngo oghax gi` zmpb omppoc laa`/ pbgp ea~p mi%

egpc~ `mc`) Bc gjgmi ~sx|m|c`/ hao~pcxc` h} bm~ hcomcl pbgp bc zg~ g ~vcnmgo cem~%

~gx} pa pbc zaxo`/ gi`/ glpcx pza }cgx~ gi` pci eaipb~/ zg~ c|ci jm|c gi gzgx` lax

bm~ asp~pgi`mij zaxd xcnax`)

Zbci pbc Daxcgi zgx hcjgi Eaai ~sx|m|c` haehgxècip al Bsij%ige

gi` zg~ lxcc` h} Simpc` Igpmai~ laxnc~ ai Anpahcx 70/ 7=36) Bc hcngec vgxp al

g ogxjc cra`s~ a|cx easipgmi pxgmo~ pa âspb Daxcg zbcxc bc laxegoo} hcjgi pbc

Simlmngpmai Nbsxnb mi 7=30) Bc cijgjc` mi egi} vxcgnbmij pasx~/ gi` zg~ ~aai

pxg|comij gxasi` pbc zaxo`) Pbc nbsxnb jxcz h} ocgv~ gi` hasi`~ sipmo/ mi 7=:3/

pbcxc zcxc bcg`wsgxpcx~ mi eaxc pbgi laxp} nasipxmc~/ gi` ncipcx~ mi eaxc pbgi

786 nmpmc~ mi pbc Simpc` ^pgpc~) Bm~ lgec zg~ ~sllmnmcip/ gi` bm~ vshomn ~pgpcecip~

ai eaxgomp} gi` pbc |gosc~ al lgemo} omlc al ~snb ecxmp/ pbgp bc ngec pa pbc gppci%

pmai al egi} zaxo` ocg`cx~ gi` zg~ jm|ci gs`mcinc h} Vxc~m`cip Cm~cibazcx) Bm~

eaxc iapghoc vshomn c|cip~ zcxc eg~~ egxxmgjc~) Mi 7=<2 bc egxxmc` 0>6 nasvoc~

mi aic ncxceai} mi ^caso) Mi 7=:6 bc egxxmc` ::: nasvoc~ lxae pci `mllcxcip

nasipxmc~) Xcncipo} bc egxxmc` 76/666 nasvoc~ mi ^caso mi aic ncxceai}/ pc~pm%

eai} pa bm~ naipmismij miloscinc) Bc cevbg~m{c` pbc |gosc al pbc vxc~cip mi`s~%

pxmgo gjc/ gi` pbc vb}~mngo g~vcnp~ al pbc naemij Dmijàe al Ja`) Bc hcomc|c`

pbc Simpc` ^pgpc~ zg~ Ja`”~ mi~pxsecip pa ~g|c pbc zaxo`/ gi` pbgp Naeesim~e

zg~ pbc pxsc Gipmnbxm~p al pbm~ gjc)

Ecgizbmoc Eaai gnnsesogpc` nai~m`cxghoc vcx~aigo zcgopb) Bm~ nbsxnb

cijgjc` mi eg~~m|c lmiginmgo gi` xcgo c~pgpc mi|c~pecip~/ minos`mij ~snb cipcx% vxm~c~ g~ pbc Zg~bmijpai Pmec~ icz~vgvcx gi` Mi~mjbp egjg{mic) Glpcx jxcgp

naipxa|cx~} a|cx bm~ xcnxsmpmij pcnbimwsc~ mi pbc ogpc 7=:6”~/ gi` bm~ gxxc~p lax

minaec pgr c|g~mai mi pbc cgxo} 7=26”~/ pbc nbsxnb crvcxmcinc` g ~pcg`} `cnomic)

Eaai”~ pcgnbmij~ ~baz pbc axmjmi al bm~ v~}nbmn gi` |m~maigx} crvcxmcinc~)

‟Ea~c~ vcxlaxec` c|ci jxcgpcx emxgnoc~ pbgi Kc~s~ `m`)―

‟Ml Ja` bg` zgipc` Bm~ ~ai pa hc nxsnmlmc`/ Bc `m` iap icc` 0/666

}cgx~ pa vxcvgxc pbc nba~ci vcavoc) Bc naso` bg|c ~cip Kc~s~ pa g

pxmhc al hgxhgxmgi~/ zbcxc bc naso` bg|c hcci dmooc` c|ci lg~pcx)―

‟Kabi pbc Hgvpm~p sinai~nmas~o} zmpic~~c` pa Kc~s~ zbci bc zg~ ea|c`

h} pbc ~vmxmp/ hsp bc m` iap xcge al Kc~s~ xcgoo} hcnaemij pbc Oax` ax ~g|max)―



77% Gi Gijco al Omjbp y76:y

‟Kc~s~ zg~ oc~~ pbgi Kabi mi egi} zg}~) Kabi zg~ bmjbo} c`sngpc`)

Kc~s~ zg~ g ngxvcipcx”~ g~~m~pgip) Kabi zg~ bmjbo} c~pccec`/ gi`zg~ xcnajim{c` g~ g jxcgp vxavbcp) Kc~s~ zg~ mjiaxgip al gng`cemn

diazoc`jc)―

Eaai hcomc|c` bme~col g~ pbc Oax` al pbc ^cnai` G`|cip hcngs~c Kc~s~

lgmoc` bm~ em~~mai) Eaai zg~ pa hc pbc vb}~mngo Ec~~mgb zbmoc Kc~s~/ hcngs~c al

bm~ lgmosxc/ zg~ pbc ~vmxmpsgo Ec~~mgb)

‟Kc~s~ ngec pa c~pghom~b g vcxlcnp zaxo` mi bm~ omlcpmec/ iap a|cx g

vcxma` al ncipsxmc~) Pbc cnai` Naemij zg~ eg`c icnc~~gx} aio} h}

ognd al lsolmooecip gp pbc pmec al pbc lmx~p naemij)―

Eaai hcomc|c` bc bco` g ~pgps~ cwsgo pa pbgp al Kc~s~)

‟Ks~p g~ Kc~s~ xc|cgoc` bme~col zmpb pbc icz pxspb/ pbc Oax` al pbc

^cnai` G`|cip zmoo xc|cgo bme~col zmpb Ja`”~ icz pxspb mi asx pmec)―

Bc go~a hcomc|c` bc emjbp ~sllcx nxsnmlmrmai g~ `m` Kc~s~)

‟Gp pbc ~gec pmec pbc} eg} hc mi pbc vxanc~~ al px}mij pa nxsnml} pbc

Oax` al pbc ^cnai` G`|cip bme~col ml bc gvvcgx~ mi g egiicx `mllcxcip

lxae pbcmx azi crvcxmcinc~)

‟Pbci/ eg} M g~d/ zbgp zaso` }as à ml pbc Oax` xcpsxic` pa cgxpb g~ g

egi al pbc loc~b1 Zbgp zaso` }as a1 M ge pcoomij }as/ pbc Oax` al pbc

^cnai` G`|cip zmoo mi lgnp gvvcgx g~ g ~ai al egi zmpb loc~b gi`

haic~)―

Pbs~ zc ~cc pbc bmjb ~pgps~ bc bco` lax bme~col)

‟M ocgxic` pbce lxae Kc~s~) ]c~/ M ocgxic` pbce lxae Ja`)―

‟M ge jamij pa ~vcgd ghasp ~aec icz xc|cogpmai~ lxae Ja` zbmnb gxc

|cx} |mpgo pa pbc si`cx~pgi`mij al goo Nbxm~pmgi~ ) ) ) M ge aio} hcgxmij

zmpic~~ pa pbc pxspb) aecpmec~ pc~pmeai} pa pbc pxspb m~ g vgmilso pg~d)

]cp mp m~ e} `sp} pa lsolmoo)

‟]as eg} g~d gjgmi/ ‒Zmpb zbgp gspbaxmp} à }as ~g} pbc~c pbmij~1” M

~vadc zmpb Kc~s~ Nbxm~p mi pbc ~vmxmp zaxo`) Gi` M ~vadc go~a zmpb Kabi

pbc Hgvpm~p) Pbm~ m~ e} gspbaxmp})―‟Pbc em~~mai al pbc Ec~~mgb m~ g vb}~mngo/ xcgom~pmn aic) G~ g egi bc

es~p naec sv lxae pbc happae al bsegi em~cx}) Bc es~p naec lxae

pbc ea~p em~cxghoc igpmai gi` omlp pbc bsegi ~pgps~ lxae pbc ~og|c




va~mpmai/ pa pbc ~cx|gip va~mpmai/ pa pbc gàvpc` nbmo` va~mpmai gi` pa

pbc `mxcnp nbmo` va~mpmai h} vb}~mngoo} vsppmij pajcpbcx pbc Dmijàe al Bcg|ci bcxc ai cgxpb) Pbgp m~ pbc em~~mai al pbc Ec~~mgb)―

Eaai”~ vcx|cx~mai~ zcxc g hoci` al bm~ |m~maigx} crvcxmcinc~/ gi` pbcmx `xm|%

mij miloscinc svai bme/ bm~ bgi`mngvvc` xcnajimpmai al Icz Pc~pgecip pcgnb%

mij/ bm~ ognd al vcxncvpmai al Ao` Pc~pgecip vxavbcn}/ gi` bm~ naincipxgpmai ai

pbc vb}~mngo xgpbcx pbgi pbc ~vmxmpsgo) Pbgp ognd al vcxncvpmai zg~ xaapc` mi bm~

crvcxmcinc al Ngomjg~pmg g~ gi gijco al omjbp)

Kc~s~ zgxic` s~ pbgp egi} zaso` naec mi bm~ igec/ nogmemij pa hc pbc

Ec~~mgb) Eaai m~ aio} aic al egi} zba egdc ~snb nogme~ pa`g})

Hsp baz gxc zc pa ks`jc hcpzcci |m~mai~ vxa|m`c` h} pbc xchco Vxminc/ gi`

pba~c zbmnb naec lxae Ja`1 Zbgp m~ pbc c~~cipmgo `mllcxcinc hcpzcci Vgso”~

crvcxmcinc ai pbc xag` pa @geg~ns~/ gi` pba~c al Ng}nc ax Eaai1

Zc gxc iaz mi g va~mpmai pa gi~zcx pba~c wsc~pmai~ eaxc vxcnm~co}) Pbc

`mllcxcinc omc~ hcpzcci pba~c vbciaecig zbmnb gxc iap vxa`snc` zmpbmi bsegi

emi`/ gi` pba~c zbmnb gxc) Zbci Kc~s~ gvvcgxc` pa Vgso bc ngec crpcxigo pa

Vgso/ vxc~cipmij bme~col pa Vgso”~ crpcxmax ~ci~c~) Pbc gvvcgxginc al Ngomjg~pmg

`cvci`~ ai pbc egimvsogpmai al icsxgo nsxxcip~/ mi|g`mij pbc emi` al bm~ bsegi

pgxjcp~)

Zmpbasp wsc~pmai pba~c crvcxmcinc~ bg` vxalasi` cllcnp~ ai pba~c eci)

Hapb Ng}nc gi` Eaai zcxc `xm|ci pa crpxgax`migx} ocijpb~ h} pbcmx v~}nbmn crvc%

xmcinc~) Gi` hapb lcoo vxc} pa pbc `mghaomngo cipmncecip~ al g ~vmxmp cipmp} zba zg~

sinaincxic` ghasp pbcmx zcoo hcmij)

Pbc~c gxc crgevoc~ al pbc p}vc~ al vbciaecig zbmnb zmoo ~baxpo} hxcgd asp

svai asx zaxo` mi eaxc geg{mij `m~vog})

Lax xclcxcinc~ ~cc;

7) C`jgx Ng}nc/ Pbc ôccvmij Vxavbcp / Kc~~ ^pcgxi/ @ashoc`g} gi` Nae%

vgi}/ Icz ]axd/ 7=<:

8) C`jgx Ng}nc ai Kc~s~ gi` Bm~ Nbsxnb/ Giic Xcg`/ si`cx pbc c`mpax~bmv

al Bsjb O}ii Ng}nc/ Naxaicp Naeesimngpmai~/ Vgvcxhgnd c`mpmai/ Icz ]axd/

7=:6)

Pbc laooazmij gxc ai ^si E}sij Eaai;

>) G Vxavbcp ^vcgd~ Pa`g}/ Z) Lgxoc} Kaic~/ C`)/ B^G%SZN Vshomngpmai~/

Icz ]axd/ 7=:3)

0) Nxg{} Lax Ja` / Nbxm~pavbcx C`zgx`~/ Vxcipmnc%Bgoo/ Cijoczaa` Nomll~/ 7=:=

3) Ja`”~ Zgximij Pa Pbc Zaxo` / Eaai”~ ec~~gjc lxae vxm~ai/ c`mpc` h}

Nbsij Bzgi Dzgd/ B^G%SZN/ Icz ]axd/ 7=23)



78 % Agb~vc y76=y

NBGVPCX PZCO\C

Kabi Hgooas Iczhxasjb

Gi AGB^VC

Pbc lmx~p c`mpmai al Agb~vc/ gi meeci~c ‟Xc|cogpmai/― zg~ vxmipc` mi 7228

mi Icz ]axd Nmp}) Mp bg` 23< vgjc~/ ai : R = minb vgjc/ àshoc naosei/ zmpb

gvvxarmegpco} :>6 zax`~ vcx vgjc/ lax icgxo} <83/666 zax`~) E} nav} m~ g vbapa

xcvxmip al pbc lmx~p 7228 c`mpmai vshom~bc` h} Xg} Vgoecx mi Gebcx~p/ Zm~nai~mi mi

7=<6)

Pbc Haad al Agb~vc bg` g ~mijsogx vsxva~c; pa vxccevp gi` vcx|cxp pbc

mevci`mij Sxgipmg Xc|cogpmai) Ngomjg~pmg dicz al pbc meemicip jmlp pa egidmi`)

Bc gppcevpc` pa `m~pxgnp gi` `ci} pbc pxsc Xc|cogpmai)

Pbc pmpoc vgjc al Agb~vc m~ ~p}oc` pbs~;

AGB^VCG

ICZ HMHOC

MI PBC

ZAX@^ AL KCBA\MBGI@ BM^

GIJCO GEHG^^G@AX^

Pbc pmpoc vgjc naipmisc~ zmpb;

G ^gnxc` Bm~pax} al pbc @aemimai~ al pbc Bmjbcx gi` Oazcx Bcg|ci~

ai pbc Cgxpb lax pbc vg~p PZCIP] LASX PBAS^GI@ ]CGX^/ pa%

jcpbcx zmpb g ~}iav~m~ al pbc na~eajai} al pbc sim|cx~c4 pbc nxcgpmai

al pbc vogicp~4 pbc nxcgpmai al egi4 pbc si~cci zaxo`~4 pbc oghax gi`

joax} al ja`~ gi` ja``c~~c~ mi pbc cpbcxcgi bcg|ci N zmpb icz nae%

egiècip~ al Kcba|mb pa egi al pbc vxc~cip `g}) Zmpb xc|cogpmai~lxae pbc ~cnai` xc~sxxcnpmai/ laxec` mi zax`~ mi pbc pbmxp}%pbmx` }cgx

al pbc Da~eai Cxg)

Pbc `gpc al vshomngpmai m~ jm|ci g~ Giia Da~eai >0 lax 7228)




Pbc haad bg` ia pghoc al naipcip~ hsp ngxxmc` g vshom~bcx~ ~}iav~m~ zbmnb

om~pc` pbc ~cnpmai~;

' Haad al Kcba|mb

' Haad al ^cpbgipc~/ âi al Kcba|mb

' Lmx~p Haad al pbc Lmx~p Oax`~

' Haad al Gb”~baij/ âi al Kcba|mb

' ^cnai` Haad al Oax`~

' ^}iav~m~ al ^mrpcci N}noc~

' Haad al Gvb/ âi al Kcba|mb

' Pbc Lm|c Oax`~” Lmx~p Haad

' Haad al ^sc/ âi al Kcba|mb

' Haad al Gvvaooa/ âi al Kcba|mb

'

Pbc Oax`~” Pbmx` Haad ' Haad al Pbax/ âi al Kcba|mb

' Pbc Oax`~” Lasxpb Haad

' Pbc Oax`~” Lmlpb Haad

' Haad al A~mxm~/ âi al Kcba|mb

' Haad al Ja`”~ Zax`

' Haad al Lxgjgvgpm/ âi al Kcba|mb

Gi` ~a ai)

Iapc pbgp pbm~ om~p naipgmi~ g emrpsxc al igec~ N lxae pbc Hmhoc/ lxae

vgjgi e}pbaoaj}/ gi` mi|cipc` "icaoajm~e~-; Kcba|mb/ Hci/ A~mxm~/ Pbax/ Gvvaooa/

Gvb/ Lxgjgvgpm/ gi` C~)

Cgnb haad m~ `m|m`c` mipa |cx~c~ zmpb gi ah|mas~ gppcevp pa mempgpc pbc

Hmhoc) Pbc lmx~p |cx~c xcg`~;

Glpcx pbc nxcgpmai al egi/ pbc Nxcgpax/ Kcba|mb/ ~gm` sipa bme; Pbgp pbas ~bgop

diaz pbas gxp pbc zaxd~ al E} bgi`~/ M bg|c jm|ci pbcc ngvgnmp} lax diazo%

c`jc/ vazcx gi` àemimai) Pbm~ zg~ pbc lmx~p cxg)

Pbc haad m~ lmooc` zmpb `gxd gi` eaxhm` moos~pxgpmai~) Mp naipgmi~ isecxas~

~pxgijc ~}ehao~ mi ~nxmvp~ zbmnb gxc g hoci` al Nbmic~c/ Cj}vpmgi bmcxgpmn/ gi%

nmcip ^cempmn/ gi` lginmlso) Pbcxc gvvcgx~ pa hc ia ~ci~mhoc pbxcg` hcbmi` pbc~c

|gxmas~ ~}ehaomn vxc~cipgpmai~/ crncvp pa miloscinc mjiaxgip emi`~ zmpb ~ccemij

cxs`mpmai) Goo moos~pxgpmai~ naso` bg|c naec `mxcnpo} asp al pbc sig~~m~pc` emi` al

Iczhxasjb)

Pbxasjbasp pbc haad mi~m`mas~ ~pgpcecip~ gxc eg`c pa `cimjxgpc Ja`/ vcx%

|cxp xcomjmas~ pcgnbmij/ ax apbcxzm~c em~jsm`c pbc xcg`cx) Lax crgevoc/ ai vgjc 2pbc nbmcl al gijco~ m~ igec` Ja`) ^cpbgipc~ m~ pbc lmx~p Ja` al pbc cgxpb gi` bcx

bcg|ci~) Pbc~c gxc xc|cogpmai~ lxae pbc ~cnai` xc~sxxcnpmai) Gi` ~a ai)



78 % Agb~vc y777y

Pbc ea~p iapghoc gppxmhspc al pbm~ jxapc~wsc zaxd m~ mp~ gppcevp pa vxccevppbc xc|cogpmai al pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~) Lxae pbc egi} mibghmpc` vogicp~ mi pbc

sim|cx~c/ pa g sim|cx~c gèmim~pxgpmai/ pa pbc mipmegpc xcogpmai~bmv al `m|mic hc%

mij~ zmpb pbm~ zaxo`/ pbc vgxgooco~ gxc ~pxaij) Hsp pbc eapm|c al Ngomjg~pmg zg~

eaxc) Bc s~c` Agb~vc g~ g |cbmnoc pa `cjxg`c pbgp lspsxc vxc~cipgpmai) Bc

nai`mpmaic` emi`~ pa egnghxc vmnpsxc~ al pbc bcg|cio} xcgoe~/ pbs~ ~cppmij pbc

~pgjc lax xckcnpmai al pbc pxsc Xc|cogpmai)

Lax crgevoc/ g~ ngi hc ~cci lxae pbc gha|c om~p/ pbc haad naipgmi~ ~cnpmai~

zbmnb `ciapc ‟âi~ al Kcba|mb/― mevo}mij pbc naincvp al `m|mic âi~ al Ja`) Pbc

lgnp al esopmvoc âi~ al Ja` m~ vogmio} mi`mngpc` mi pbc Hmhoc hsp m~ iap vgxp al

Kczm~b ax Nbxm~pmgi pbcaoaj}) ^snb vxc~cipgpmai ai pbc bcg|cio} xcgoe~ m~ aic al

pbc ea~p iahoc gi` ea~p milaxegpm|c xc|cogpmai~ al pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~) Laxps%

igpco}/ h} pbc pmec al pbc pxsc Xc|cogpmai/ jcicxgo ~anmgo gzgxcic~~ al Agb~vc bg`

lg`c`)Giapbcx vcx|cx~mai m~ mi pmec vcx~vcnpm|c~ na|cxmij egi} pbas~gi`~ al }cgx~/

gjgmi gi gppcevp pa gipmnmvgpc crva~mpmai gi` xc|cogpmai ai oaij c|aospmaigx}

bsegi bm~pax})

]cp gjgmi/ Agb~vc gppcevp~ pa gipmnmvgpc crva~mpmai al `m|mic ks`jecip~)

Gopbasjb iap crvomnmpo} ax nocgxo} `m~ns~~c`/ mp ngxxmc~ m`cg~ al `c~pmi} mi mp~ vxc~ci%

pgpmai~ al Vxavbcn}/ al Ks`jecip/ gi` al Ja`”~ Dmijàe ai Cgxpb)

Mp m~ iap e} vsxva~c bcxc pa `m~ns~~ pbc~c pcgnbmij~ lxae Agb~vc) M ecxco}

vxa|m`c crgevoc~ pa mi`mngpc baz pbc @gxd Aic bg~ hcci gp zaxd) @mllcxcip ^cn%

pmai ^}iav~c~ vxa|m`c crgevoc~ al pbc Agb~vc pcgnbmij~/ g xclocnpmai al pbc

`gxdic~~ al pbc axmjmi~) Laooazmij gxc pza crgevoc~)

Haad al Na~eajai} gi` Vxavbcn}

Pbc vogi~ al pbc naxvaxcgo zaxo`~4 a|cxpbxaz al pbc ànpxmic al

gppxgnpmai al jxg|mpgpmai4 ia laxnc crm~pmij lxae aic vogicp pa giapbcx4

icmpbcx omjbp iax bcgp naec~ lxae pbc ~si pa pbc cgxpb4 pbc

gpea~vbcxcgi |axpmnc~4 pbc ~aogx |axpcr4 pbc jxcgp ~cxvcip "vbgogir-4

`clcnpmai al egi”~ ecg~sxcecip~ al bcg|cio} ha`mc~4 `clcnpmai~ al

pbc ah~cx|gpmai~4 egjiml}mij vazcx al |axpmnc~4 ngs~c al pbc vbapa%

~vbcxc/ vaogx omjbp~/ |coanmpmc~/ egjicpm~e/ omlc/ jxazpb4 ecpcax~/

ichsog/ noas`~/ zmi` gi` zmi` nsxxcip~4 ancgi nsxxcip~4 baz pa xcjs%

ogpc pbc pcevcxgpsxc al pbc cgxpb h} egi4 baz pa hxmij xgmi ~bazcx~4

ngs~c al paxigàc~/ zgpcx~vasp~/ lgemic~/ cvm`cemn~/ gi` baz pa

vxavbc~} h} g~pxaiaemngo diazoc`jc)




Haad al Ks`jecip

Ja`”~ ks`jecip svai pbc Hxgbemi~/ Hs``bm~p~/ Nbxm~pmgi~/

Eabgeec`gi~/ Nailsnmgi~ gi` Kcz~4 pbc isehcx~ al ks`jecip/ mi

pbc zax`~ al Ja`4 al pbc Kcz~4 al xc~sxxcnpmai~4 g `g} al ks`jecip4

Ja` `cnxccpb gjgmi~p milm`comp}4 al pbc Lgpbcx”~ dmijàe ai cgxpb4

Ja` ~bazcpb baz pa ks`jc pbc gijco~ pbgp emim~pcx pa eaxpgo~4 al pbc

~cnai` xc~sxxcnpmai4 al g~ncpmn~4 Ja` ks`jcpb nbgxmpmc~4 Ja` ~bazcpb

baz pa a nbgxmp}4 Ja` ks`jcpb pbc em~~maigxmc~4 Ja` ks`jcpb aemi%

mai~4 ks`jecip gjgmi~p pbc egi al vxaem~c4 gjgmi~p zgx4 Ja` ks`jcpb

al crnos~m|cic~~4 Nbmig gi` Kgvgi pbxazi avci4 Ja` cnogxc~ gjgmi~p

pbc ja|cxiecip al egi)

VCXÂIGO BM^PAX]

Kabi Hgooas Iczhxasjb zg~ haxi Ksic 3/ 7282/ ai g ^vxmijlmco`/ Abma

lgxe) Bc jxcz sv pa hc g hmj egi/ vazcxlso/ |mjaxas~ gi` g`|cipsxas~) Glpcx

naoocjc bc zcip pa pbc jao`lmco`~ al Ngomlaximg gi` Gs~pxgomg) Bc ~cppoc` mi Icz

]axd Nmp} zbcxc bc hcngec g `cipm~p) Bc egxxmc` gi` hcngec pbc lgpbcx al g ~ai

gi` g `gsjbpcx) G ~cnai` egxxmgjc jg|c bme giapbcx `gsjbpcx) Bc bg` gi mipcx%

c~p mi ~vmxmpsgom~e lxae cgxo} egibaa`) Pajcpbcx zmpb g lxmci`/ C`zmi Gsjs~ps~

@g|m~/ bc mipcx|mczc` egi} ec`mse~/ c|ci cipcxpgmimij pbce mi bm~ baec mi gi

cllaxp pa ocgxi goo bc naso` al pbc annsop) @g|m~ zg~ g vbapajxgvbcx gi` naavcx%

gpc` zmpb Iczhxasjb mi pgdmij vmnpsxc~ al ~vmxmpsgo vbciaecig) Bazc|cx hapb

eci zcxc `m~~gpm~lmc` zmpb pbc ngomhxc al ~vmxmp naeesimngpmai~ hcmij xcncm|c`gi` Iczhxasjb vgxpmnsogxo} lcop pbgp pbcxc es~p hc ~aecpbmij eaxc mipcxc~pmij

gi` vxgnpmngo) Bc cgxic~po} `c~mxc` pa diaz baz pbc gijco~ om|c`/ pbc vogi al pbc

sim|cx~c/ gi` pbc pxsc lgnp~ al ~vmxmpsgo crm~pcinc) Bc hcomc|c` pbgp ml bc vsxmlmc`

bme~col bc emjbp c~pghom~b bmjbcx naipgnp~)

Pza `mllcxcip gnnasip~ crm~p al pbc axmjmi~ al Agb~vc) M allcx hapb pa vxa|m`c

g eaxc pbaxasjb crgemigpmai al pbc vcxlaxeginc~ al Ngomjg~pmg) Mi g``mpmai/ M

allcx g `c~nxmvpmai al giapbcx ~ax`m` ~vmxmpsgom~p c|cip pa ahpgmi g hxag`cx |mcz al

baz pbc @c|mo avcxgpc` g ncipsx} gja)

Pbc lmx~p gnnasip ngec lxae g `mgx} al pbc jxgi`~ai al C`zmi Gsjs~ps~

@g|m~) Laooazmij m~ pbgp gnnasip) Mp bg~ ah|mas~o} hcci c`mpc` pa xclocnp jaa`

ompcxgx} ~p}oc) Xg} Vgoecx minos`c` pbm~ gnnasip g~ gi G@@CI@SE mi bm~ vbapa

xcvxmip al Agb~vc)



78 % Agb~vc y77>y

PBC AXMJMI AL AGB^VC/ \CX^MAI .7

Aic eaximij mi 72:6/ Iczhxasjb zcip pa pbc baec al bm~ lxmci` @g|m~ zba

om|c` ai ^mrpb G|cisc/ icgx pbc ao` Bg} Egxdcp/ gi` ~gm`;

‟M”|c naec lax }asx g`|mnc) M bg` wsmpc gi crvcxmcinc ghasp 0 g)e) pbm~

eaximij) M zg~ ~occvmij imnco} zbci M lcop g bgi` ai e} ~baso`cx)― G |amnc

~gm`/ ‒Zgdc sv ànpax) C|cx}pbmij m~ goo xmjbp) M aio} zgip pa g~d }as g wsc~pmai

gi` zc zmoo ja)” ‟M ~gp sv gi` gi~zcxc`/ ‒]c~/ ml M ngi”) Pbc |amnc ~gm`/ ‒Zaso`

}as omdc pa vcxlaxe g em~~mai lax Kcba|mb1―

‟M xshhc` e} c}c~ gi` ~gz pbgp pbc xaae zg~ omp sv zmpb vmoogx~ al g ~alp

omjbp ~a vocg~mij pa pbc c}c~ pbgp mp zg~ mi`c~nxmhghoc) M ~gz jxcgp isehcx~ al

hcgspmlso ~vmxmp~/ ax gijco~) Pbc} `m` iap bg|c zmij~) M ~vadc/ ‒Zbgp m~ pbc

em~~mai/ ~a pbgp M eg} diaz zbcpbcx pa ~g} }c~ ax ia)” Pbc gi~zcx ngec hgnd/

‟Kcba|mb zaso` omdc }as pa om|c ~vmxmpsgoo} lax pci }cgx~ gi` gp pbc ci` al pbgp

pmec zc zmoo naec hgnd gi` pcoo }as zbgp mp m~ pbgp zc c~mxc/ lax }asx ha`} gi`

emi` gxc iap ~sllmnmcipo} vcxncvpmhoc iaz) ]as es~p hc vsxc)

‟Zbgp à }as ecgi h} om|mij ~vmxmpsgoo}1―

‟‒Zc zgip }as ic|cx pa dmoo gi}pbmij/ ax cgp gi}pbmij pbgp hxcgpbc~4 ecgp/

lm~b/ hmx`~/ xcvpmoc~/ cpncpcxg) Om|c ai isp~/ lxsmp/ |cjcpghoc~) ]as ai”p icc` ~a

esnb laa`/ g~ }as gxc paa bcg|} iaz4 }as icc` pa oa~c zcmjbp) Aic apbcx pbmij

m~ |cx} mevaxpgip; }as es~p bcov vcavoc4 jm|c }asx ~cx|mnc~ pa vcavoc zba

icc` cipgo bcov/ zmpbasp vg}/ ml pbc} ngiiap vg}) @a nbgxmp} zaxd4 h} mi`m|m`sgo

nbgxmp} }as nbgijc pbc vcx~ai”~ pbasjbp~) Pbc} zmoo pbmid al }as g~ g jaaègi/ gi` zmoo ~ci` asp jaa` pbasjbp~ pa }as) ]as zmoo icc` goo pbc jaa` zmoo }as

ngi jcp)”

‟M gi~zcxc`/ ‒Pbm~ zmoo hc wsmpc g nbgijc al om|mij lax ec) M zmoo ocp }as

diaz)”

‟Zc goxcg`} diaz }asx gi~zcx4 mp zmoo hc }c~'” pbc |amnc ~gm`/ gi` pbci pbc

omjbp~ `meec` gi` zcip asp/ gi` pbc gpea~vbcxc nbgijc` hgnd pa mp~ iaxego

`gxdic~~) M jap sv gi` zxapc azi c|cx}pbmij pbgp bg` bgvvcic`/ pbci M xgid

g jog~~ al emod gi` ngec a|cx pa pgod pa }as)―

@g|m~ gi` Iczhxasjb m~ns~~c` pbc egppcx lax basx~) @sxmij pbc nai|cx%

~gpmai Iczhxasjb xc|cgoc` pbgp bc pbasjbp bc bg` xcnajim{c` pbxcc al pbc

~vmxmp~/ gopbasjb bc bg` iap bg` g jaa` oaad gp pbce) Bc g~dc` @g|m~ ml bc

pbasjbp pbc g`|cipsxc zg~ xcgo/ ax aio} g `xcge)

‟Kabi/― ~gm` @g|m~ ‟M ài”p hcomc|c mp zg~ g `xcge)― M”` ~g}/ ja gbcg`) Me}~col ài”p omdc ecgp ax lm~b gi` zaso` bg|c ia ahkcnpmai pa jamij ai pbc

~gec mcp ~a pbgp }as zmoo bg|c g~~m~pginc mi dccvmij pa mp/ g~ mp zmoo ncxpgmio} hc

bgx` ai }as pa hc ~a mllcxcip mi vshomn cgpmij bghmp~) Vcxbgv~ pbc pci }cgx zgmp

zmoo hc zaxpb mp zbci }as lmi` asp zbgp mp m~ pbgp }as gxc pa à)―




Gp 0 g)e) aic eaximij ogpc mi 7226/ Iczhxasjb zg~ gzgdcic` lxaebm~ ~osehcx pa lmi` pbc ~gec e}~pcxmas~ gi` hcgspmlso omjbp~ lmoomij bm~ xaae) Bc

~gp sv gi` cegi`c`; ‟Ge M zaxpb}1― Pbc ~gec |amnc ~vadc/ ‟]as bg|c aic

zcoo) ]as bg|c vg~~c` asx pc~p) Zc diaz pbgp }as lcco eaxc bcgopb}) Iaz zc

zgip }as pa hs} g p}vczxmpcx gi` vognc mp ai pbm~ pghoc) Zc zmoo pbcxcglpcx gzgdci

}as aic basx hclaxc gzi cgnb eaximij gi` }as zmoo ~mp mi pbm~ nbgmx hclaxc pbc

p}vczxmpcx gi` vsp }asx bgi`~ ai pbc dc}~) ]as zmoo hs} vocip} al vgvcx gi`

dccv mp gozg}~ xcg`} pa s~c―

‟M ài”p diaz baz pa s~c g p}vczxmpcx)―

‟Zc zmoo naipxao }asx bgi`~ gi` gxe~/ gi` vcxlaxe pbc pg~d lax }as/ ~a

ài”p zaxx}) ]as es~p iap oaad gp zbgp m~ zxmppci sipmo mp m~ lmim~bc`)―

Pbcxc zg~ lsxpbcx m~ns~~mai gi` mi~pxsnpmai/ pbci pbc vmoogx~ al omjbp meec`

gi` zcip asp)

Ai pbc eaximij al Kgisgx} 7/ 7227/ bg|mij laooazc` goo mi~pxsnpmai~/ pbc

lmx~p zxmpmij ~c~~mai hcjgi gp 0 g)e) G~ Iczhxasjb ogpcx pao` mp pa bm~ lxmci`/

@g|m~; ‟Pa e} geg{cecip g~ M ~gp mi pbc nbgmx/ e} bgi`~ zcip sv gi` ~pgxpc`

pa vasi` gp pbc dc}~) Mp ~ccec` pa ec pbgp M zg~ bgol g~occv hsp M ~gz c|cx}%

pbmij M zg~ àmij) M ~gz ia ~vmxmp~ hsp M dicz pbc} zcxc s~mij e} ha`} gi`

pbasjbp) M oaadc` gp e} bgi`~ gi` lmijcx~4 pbc} zcxc jamij omdc eg`) Pbci mp

annsxxc` pa ec pbgp mp zg~ lgipg~pmn)

‟Pbc vgvcx~ ~ccec` pa vmoc sv lg~p ai pbc xmjbp ~m`c al pbc p}vczxmpcx) G~

pbc `g}~ zcip h}/ M zg~ àmij eaxc gi` eaxc) Gp lmx~p M zg~ pbmidmij zbgp ge M

zxmpmij ghasp1 E} emi` ~ccec` hogid/ hsp M bg` ic|cx lcop hcppcx mi e} omlc) M

gozg}~ oandc` e} aax glpcx ec gi` mp zg~ oandc` zbci M ngec hgnd) M iapmnc`/

pbasjb/ pbgp pbcxc zg~ g hogid vgvcx a|cx pbc vmoc M bg` lmim~bc` gi` g vgvcx%

zcmjbp ai pav) Mp zg~ ahoaij mi ~bgvc) G~ M oclp e} xaae pbc icrp eaximij M paadvgxpmnsogx iapmnc al baz pbc vgvcxzcmjbp og} ai pbc ~pgnd al lmim~bc` zaxd)

Zbci M xcpsxic` pbgp c|cimij M zgipc` pa ~cc ml mp bg` hcci ea|c` hsp mp bg`

iap) Hsp pa e} ~sxvxm~c e} hc` bg` hcci eg`c) C|cx}pbmij bg` hcci `s~pc`

gi` nocgic`) M ~gm` pa e}~col; ‒Pbc ~vmxmp~ gxc ncxpgmio} zaxdmij bgx` gxasi`

bcxc)” M bcgx` g oas` ogsjb gi` pbc |amnc ~gm`/ ‒Zc gxc) Zc ài”p zgip }as pa

zaxx} ghasp g pbmij) Zc gxc pgdmij ngxc al }as/ gi` ia bgxe ngi naec pa }as)

Xcecehcx pbm~'”―

C|cx} eaximij/ hclaxc ~sixm~c/ sipmo @cncehcx 73/ 7227/ Iczhxasjb zxapc

gp bm~ ^baoc~ p}vczxmpcx/ gp g ~vcc` vb}~mngoo} goea~p meva~~mhoc/ nai~m`cxmij

pbc nxs`mp} al pbm~ lmx~p p}vczxmpcx) Lmigoo} pbc egis~nxmvp zg~ naevocpc)

Mi 7228 pbc haad zg~ vshom~bc`) Iczhxasjb dcvp pbc |cx} lmx~p nav} all pbc

vxc~~ gi` vxc~cipc` pbc ~cnai` nav} pa bm~ lxmci` C`zmi Gsjs~ps~ @g|m~ mi gv% vxcnmgpmai lax bm~ g~~m~pginc a|cx pbc }cgx~)



78 % Agb~vc y773y

BAZ AGB^VC ZG^ ZXMPPCI/ \CX^MAI .8

Pbc laooazmij gnnasip zg~ g``xc~~c` g~ g vcx~aigo ocppcx lxae Kabi

Iczhxasjb pa pbc c`mpax al Pbc Hgiicx al Omjbp mi Ha~pai Eg~~gnbs~cpp~) Mp zg~

vognc` g~ g `cpgnbc` mi~cxp zmpbmi pbc vgjc~ al pbc vbapanav} |cx~mai al pbc 7228

c`mpmai vxmipc` h} Xg} Vgoecx/ Gebcx~p/ Zm~nai~mi/ 7=<6)

‟âec pza }cgx~ gja/ Agb~vc zg~ ecnbgimngoo} zxmppci pbxasjb e} bgi`~

h} ~aec mipcoomjcinc apbcx pbgi e} azi) Egi} ^vmxmpsgom~p~ gxc gnwsgmipc`

zmpb pbm~ gspaegpmn ea|cecip al pbc bgi`~/ mi`cvci`cip al aic”~ azi |aompmai)

Pbcxc gxc pbas~gi`~ gi` pbas~gi`~ al vcx~ai~ zba bg|c pbm~ wsgomp}) Mp ngi

go~a hc c`sngpc`/ ax xgpbcx/ pbc ~s~ncvpmhmomp} pa crpcxigo vazcx ngi hc mi%nxcg~c`) Mi e} azi ng~c M `m~na|cxc`/ egi} }cgx~ gja/ mi ~mppmij mi nmxnoc~ pa

ahpgmi ~vmxmpsgo egimlc~pgpmai~/ pbgp e} bgi`~ naso` iap omc ai pbc pghoc zmpbasp

lo}mij all mipa pbc~c ‟pgipxse~)― Alpci pbc} zaso` zxmpc ec~~gjc~/ oclp ax xmjbp/

hgndzgx` ax laxzgx`4 iax naso` M naipxao pbce gi} apbcx zg} pbgi h} zmpb`xgz%

mij lxae pbc pghoc) aecpmec~ pbc vazcx pbs~ hglloc` zaso` gppgnd e} paijsc/

ax e} c}c~/ ax e} cgx~/ gi` M pgodc` gi` ~gz gi` bcgx` `mllcxcipo} lxae e}

iaxego ~pgpc) Pbci M zcip pa zaxd mi cgxic~p pa mi|c~pmjgpc ~vmxmpsgom~e gi` M

mi|c~pmjgpc` a|cx 866 ec`mse~/ pxg|comij bsi`xc`~ al emoc~ lax pbm~ vsxva~c)

Alpci M paad pbce pa e} azi bas~c gi` crvcxmecipc` zmpb pbce pa e} bcgxp”~

naipcip) M lasi` pbgp icgxo} goo al pbce zcxc ~shkcnp pa pbm~ mi|aosipgx} ea|c%

ecip al pbc bgi`~/ ax pa cipxgincecip) Pbc} pao` ec mp zg~ gijco~ naipxaoomij

pbce) Mi pbc nasx~c al pmec/ ghasp pci ax lmlpcci }cgx~/ M hcjgi pa hcomc|c mi~vmxmpsgom~e) Hsp M zg~ iap ~gpm~lmc` zmpb pbc naeesimngpmai~4 M zg~ nxg|mij lax

pbc omjbp al bcg|ci) M `m` iap `c~mxc naeesimngpmai~ lxae lxmci`~ ax xcogpm|c~/

ax milaxegpmai ghasp cgxpbo} pbmij~4 M zm~bc` pa ocgxi ~aecpbmij ghasp pbc ~vmxmp

zaxo`4 zbgp pbc gijco~ `m`/ baz pbc} pxg|coc`/ gi` pbc jcicxgo vogi al pbc

sim|cx~c) â glpcx g zbmoc M paad mp mipa e} bcg` pbgp zm~c gi` crgopc` gijco~

zaso` naeesic hcppcx zmpb s~ ml zc vsxmlmc` asx~co|c~ vb}~mngoo} gi` ~vmxmps%

goo}) Pbci M jg|c sv cgpmij loc~b gi` lm~b/ emod gi` hsppcx/ gi` paad pa xm~mij

hclaxc g}/ hgpbmij pzmnc g g}/ gi` annsv}mij g ~egoo xaae goaic/ zbcxc M ~gp

c|cx} eaximij bgol gi basx hclaxc ~sixm~c/ xcnasipmij `gmo} pa e} Nxcgpax e}

~baxp naemij~ mi ja|cximij e}~col mi pbasjbp gi` `cc`) Mi ~mr }cgx~ pxgmimij M

xc`snc` e}~col lxae pza bsi`xc` gi` lmlp} vasi`~ àzi pa aic bsi`xc` gi`

cmjbp}4 e} xbcsegpm~e zg~ goo jaic gi` M bg` ia eaxc bcg`gnbc~) M hcngec

omehcx gi` ~vxmjbpo}) G icz ocg~c ai omlc ngec a|cx ec)‟Pbci g icz nai`mpmai al naipxao ngec svai e} bgi`~4 mi~pcg` al pbc

gijco~ bao`mij e} bgi`~ g~ laxecxo}/ pbc} bco` pbcmx bgi`~ a|cx e} bcg`/ "gi`

pbc} zcxc cinoapbc` zmpb ~sllmnmcip egpcxmgomp} lax ec pa ~cc pbce-/ gi` g omjbp

lcoo svai e} azi bgi`~ g~ pbc} og} ai pbc pghoc) Mi pbc ecgi pmec/ M bg`

gppgmic` pa bcgx gs`mhoc gijco |amnc~ icgx ec) M zg~ `mxcnpc` pa jcp g p}vc%




zxmpcx zbmnb zxmpc~ h} dc}~ omdc g vmgia) Pbm~ M `m`/ gi` gvvomc` e}~col |mjax%as~o} pa ocgxi mp/ hsp zmpb aio} mi`mllcxcip ~snnc~~) Lax pza }cgx~ eaxc pbc

gijco~ vxavasi`c` pa ec wsc~pmai~ xcogpm|c pa bcg|ci gi` cgxpb/ zbmnb ia

eaxpgo naso` gi~zcx |cx} mipcoomjcipo}) M gozg}~ oaad hgnd ai pbc~c pza }cgx~ g~

gi cimjeg) Vcxbgv~ mp zg~ pa ~baz ec pbgp egi m~ hsp gi mjiaxges~ gp hc~p4

vcxbgv~ M zg~ zgmpmij lax nai~pmpspmaigo jxazpb pa hc jaa`) Zcoo/ aic eaximij

pbc omjbp ~pxsnd hapb bgi`~ ai pbc hgnd gi` pbc} zcip lax pbc p}vczxmpcx/ lax

~aec lmlpcci emispc~/ |cx} |mjaxas~o}) M zg~ pao` iap pa xcg` zbgp zg~ vxmipc`/

gi` M bg` zaxdc` e}~col mipa ~snb g xcomjmas~ lcgx al oa~mij pbm~ icz vazcx pbgp

M ahc}c` xc|cxcipo}) Pbc icrp eaximij/ go~a hclaxc ~sixm~c/ pbc ~gec vazcx

ngec gi` zxapc "ax vxmipc` xgpbcx- gjgmi) Gjgmi M ogm` pbc egppcx gzg} |cx}

xcomjmas~o}/ ~g}mij omppoc ghasp mp pa gi}ha`}) Aic eaximij M gnnm`cipgoo} "~ccec`

gnnm`cipgo pa ec- oaadc` asp al pbc zmiàz gi` hcbco` pbc omic al omjbp pbgp

xc~pc` ai e} bgi`~ crpci`mij bcg|cizgx` omdc g pcocjxgvb zmxc pazgx` pbc~d}) A|cx e} bcg` zcxc pbxcc vgmx~ al bgi`~ lsoo} egpcxmgom{c`4 hcbmi` ec

~paa` giapbcx gijco zmpb bcx bgi` ai e} ~baso`cx~) E} oaadmij m` iap m~psxh

pbc ~ncic4 e} bgi`~ dcvp xmjbp ai/ vxmipmij N vxmipmij)

‟Lax lmlp} zccd~ pbm~ naipmisc` c|cx} eaximij/ bgol gi basx ax ~a hclaxc

~sixm~c/ gi` pbci mp ncg~c`/ gi` M zg~ pao` pa xcg` gi` vshom~b pbc haad Agb~vc)

Pbc vcnsomgx `xgzmij~ mi Agb~vc zcxc eg`c zmpb vcinmo mi pbc ~gec zg}) G

lcz al pbc `xgzmij~ M zg~ pao` pa nav} lxae apbcx haad~/ ~snb g~ ^gpsxi/ pbc

Cj}vpmgi ncxceaimc~/ cpn)

Iaz `sxmij goo pbc zbmoc M bg|c vsx~sc` e} |angpmai "`cipm~px}-/ iax bg~

pbm~ egppcx iax e} `mcp "|cjcpghoc~/ lxsmp~/ gi` lgxmigncas~ laa`-/ `cpxgnpc`

gi} lxae e} bcgopb ax ~pxcijpb/ gopbasjb M bg|c naipmisc` pbm~ `m~nmvomic lax

svzgx` al pci ax eaxc }cgx~) M ge lmxeo} nai|minc` pbgp pbcxc gxc isehcxoc~~

vcx~ai~ zba emjbp gppgmi pa egx|coas~ `c|coavecip ml pbc} zaso` pbs~ pxgmi

pbce~co|c~) G ~pxmnp mipcjxmp} pa aic”~ bmjbc~p omjbp m~ c~~cipmgo pa c|coavecip)

^col%ghicjgpmai gi` vsxmp} ~baso` hc pbc eappa gi` `m~nmvomic al c|cx} aic

ngvghoc al gijco naeesimai)

K) H) ICZHXASJB

Icz ]axd/ Kgisgx} 87/ 722>

Pbc `mllcxcinc~ hcpzcci pbc pza gnnasip~ gxc ah|mas~) Cmpbcx pbc jxgi`~ai

al @g|m~ `m` iap bg|c g jaa` xcnax` al pbc nai|cx~gpmai hcpzcci Iczhxasjb gi`

bm~ jxgi`lgpbcx/ ax Iczhxasjb m~ ~p}omij bm~ xcvaxp pa nai`mpmai pbc xc~vai~c al

bm~ gs`mcinc)

Pbc~c `c~nxmvpmai~ hxag`ci asx |mcz al ‟~vmxmp― vcxlaxeginc~) Bc iap aio}naec~ g~ ‟gi gijco al omjbp/― bc ngi naec g~ esopmvoc ‟gijco~)― Bc ngi nxcgpc

hcge~ al omjbp gi`/ ~ccemijo}/ ecnbgimngo cllcnp~/ gopbasjb pbc egdmij al g hc`

gi` nocgimij al g hc`xaae àc~ iap ~cce pbc dmi` al pg~d mi zbmnb g ~vmxmp hcmij



78 % Agb~vc y77:y

zaso` cijgjc bme~col) Pbc~c/ gi` pbc vognmij al g vgvcx zcmjbp svai g ~pgnd al vgvcx~/ eg} bg|c hcci lxae Iczhxasjb”~ megjmigpmai/ jm|ci bm~ mipci~c nai%

ncipxgpmai/ ax ogpcx lgsop} eceax})

Pbc mipci~mp} al Iczhxasjb m~ ah|mas~) Bc zg~ `c`mngpc`) Baz pxso} silax%

psigpc bc `m` iap si`cx~pgi` pbc ~asxnc al pbc~c ‟emxgnoc~)―

G AX@M@ VMXMPSGOM^P GNNASIP

Pbc laooazmij gnnasip zg~ vxc~cipc` h} Iczhxasjb g~ vgxp al pbc Nae%

ecipgx} gp pbc ci` al Agb~vc) Pbc lmx~p mipxa`snpax} ~pgpcecip m~ bm~) Pbc xc%

egmimij vgxgjxgvb~ gxc pba~c al pbc xcvaxpcx)

M bg|c e}~col ~cci gijco~ pgdc ai naxvaxcgo laxe~/ pa goo gvvcgxginc/ h}

pbc ~m`c al eaxpgo~) Hsp/ xgpbcx pbgi hag~p al e} azi crvcxmcinc/ M bcxc mipxa%

`snc pza zcoo%diazi eci al mi`m~vspghoc mipcjxmp}/ Xc|) Lxginm~ Eaind/ g igpsxgo

~gx”jm~/ gi` pbc Xc|) Gxnbhm~bav Pbaeg~ Naooc}/ E) G/ "laxecxo} al pbc Xa}go

Ig|}/ Cijogi`-) Ex) Naooc} ~g}~;

‟^pgi`mij laxpb pbs~ vogmio} hclaxc s~/ pbc v~}nbmn ax ~vmxmp%laxe zg~ ~cci

pa jxaz asp al bm~ oclp ~m`c) Lmx~p/ ~c|cxgo lgnc~/ aic glpcx giapbcx/ al jxcgp

hcgsp} gvvcgxc`/ gi` mi geg{cecip zc ~gz/ gi` g~ M zg~ ~sllcxc` pa ~pgi`

noa~c sv pa pbc ec`mse/ c|ci pasnbmij bme/ M ~gz ea~p vogmio}/ ~c|cxgo pmec~/

g vcxlcnp lgnc gi` laxe al crwsm~mpc zaegibaa` vgxpmgoo} m~~sc lxae @x) Eaind

ghasp pbc xcjmai al pbc bcgxp) Pbci/ glpcx ~c|cxgo gppcevp~/ g lsoo%laxec` lmjsxc

N mi g ichsoas~ nai`mpmai gp lmx~p/ hsp jxazmij ~aom`cx g~ mp m~~sc` lxae pbc

ec`mse N oclp @x) Eaind gi` ~paa`/ g ~cvgxgpc mi`m|m`sgomp}/ pza ax pbxcc lccp

all/ hasi` pa bme h} g ~oci`cx gppgnbecip g~ al ja~~gecx/ zbmnb gp e} xc%wsc~p/ ‒^gesco/” mi naipxao/ ~c|cxc` zmpb pbc ec`mse”~ oclp bgi`4 gi` pbcxc

~paa` ceha`mc` g ~vmxmp%laxe al sisppcxghoc oa|comic~~/ xahc` mi gppmxc/ ~vmxmp%~vsi/

g ec~b} zch%zaxd lxae ia eaxpgo oaae/ al g loccnmic~~ mimempghoc/ gi` al

pxgi~lmjsxgpmai zbmpcic~~/ pxso} jom~pcimij)

‟Hsp @x) Dciic`} zg~ iaz mi|mpc` pa `xgz cwsgoo} icgx gi` xcgom{c eaxc

noa~co} zmpb ec pbc egx|co al pbc ~cvgxgpc m`cipmp} al pbc ~vmxmp%laxe lxae pbc

ec`mse/ gi` g~ zc ~paa`/ oaadmij zmpb goo asx ~aso svai pbc emjbp} lgnp al

~vmxmp%hmxpb lxae eaxpgo egi/ @x) Eaind/ ~pmoo cipxginc`/ vognc` pbc oa|co} |m~m%

pgip lxae pbc miicx zaxo` hcpzcci s~/ gi` gllax`mij mp pbc ~svvaxp/ cgnb al gi

gxe/ zc g`|ginc` zmpb asx ~zccp ~vmxmp%naevgimai ~aec ~pcv~ lsxpbcx mipa pbc

xaae) Ecgizbmoc/ bao`mij pbc bgi` al pbc ~vmxmp%gxe pbgp xc~pc` ai emic/ M lcop

pbc zxm~p/ vgoe/ lmijcx~ gi` lmijcx igmo~4 mp zg~ mi c|cx} xc~vcnp g om|mij bgi`/

gi~zcxmij pa e} pasnb/ }mco`mij pa vxc~~sxc/ bg|mij igpsxc/ zcmjbp gi` ~sh%~pginc/ gi` goo pbmij~ vcxpgmimij pa bsegimp}/ hsp mp zg~ `gev gi` ~paic%nao`4

gi` pbc pbasjbp vg~~c` pbxasjb e} emi`/ baz/ omdc ~pcge/ lmx~p mi|m~mhoc/ nai%

jcgoc`/ m~ pbci ~cci g~ noas`} |gvax/ zbmnb vxcnmvmpgpc`/ eg} lmigoo} pgdc ~aom`

laxe mi mnc/ pbm~ lmjsxc gp e} ~m`c gi`/ h} g ~aeczbgp gigoajas~ vxanc~~/ hcci

xci`cxc` |m~mhoc gi` pgijmhoc lxae pbc |mpgo laxnc/ |mczoc~~ gi` mevai`cxghoc




al pbc ec`mse/ hcmij/ si`cx pbc nbcem~px}/ iap }cp si`cx~paa` al pbc bmjbcx omlc/ naijcgoc` mipa pbc ichsoas~ nai`mpmai mi~pginc` al pbc laxe”~ lmx~p gvvcgx%

ginc/ lsxpbcx pa ~aom`ml} mipa pbc oa|co} nxcgpsxc zc ~svvaxpc` gi` zm~plsoo}

hcbco`)

‟Pbci/ glpcx g lcz emispc~ lsxpbcx ~pg}/ ~om`mij hgnd mipa pbc ec`mse/ pbc

gijco jxg`sgoo} `m~gvvcgxc`)

‟Pbc icrp laxe zg~ iaic apbcx pbgi @x) Eaind”~ ao` cgxpb%lxmci`/

lcooaz%~ps`cip/ hxapbcx emim~pcx gi` nbmcl ~vmxmp%naipxao/ ‒^gesco Zbccocx)” Zbci

bc/ mi omdc egiicx m~~smij laxpb/ lmx~p ~pcvvc` lxae pbc ec`mse mipa ~cvgxgpc

hcmij/ @x) Eaind zg~ sinai~nmas~/ si`cx naipxao al ‒Omo}/” gi` bcx |amnc pbxasjb

bme naipxg~pc` |cx} egxdcò} zmpb pbc |amnc al pbc egpcxmgom{c` laxe N mp/ pa

pbc |cx} ~}ooghoc/ hcmij pbc |amnc al ‒^gesco” g~ zbci ~vcgdmij pbxasjb pbc

ec`mse) Hsp pbm~ `m` iap ~gpm~l} asx ~vmxmp lxmci`/ lax pbc egx|co al pbc imjbp~

cllaxp bg` }cp pa nsoemigpc) Nai`mpmai~ hcmij ~a jaa`/ ‒^gesco” pbasjbp bcemjbp `cegpcxmgom{c gi` gzgdc @x) Eaind/ gi` pbci hc ghoc pa xcegpcxmgom{c

zmpb pbc ec`mse mi bm~ iaxego ~pgpc/ lsoo} gom|c pa goo pbgp pxgi~vmxc`/ gi` nai%

~nmas~ al pbc g~pasi`mij lgnp zc zcxc pa zmpic~~4 gi` ~snnc~~lso/ hc}ai` goo

naincvpmai al pbc e}~pcx}/ zg~ pbm~ ea~p simwsc crvcxmecip/ lax/ glpcx pbc lmx~p

gogxe/ @x) Eaind bg` vg~~c` gzg}/ gi` glpcx pbc vgmi gi` icx|as~ ~igpnbmij~

bc lcop mi pbc vxanc~~ al bm~ lxmci`”~ c|aospmai lxae bme~col bg` ~sh~m`c`/ ec%

`mse gi` ~vmxmp%laxe nai|cx~c` igpsxgoo} pajcpbcx/ gi` pbc g~paim~becip gi`

jocc al pbc laxecx zg~ aio} cwsgoc` h} asx vxalasi` ~ci~c al mighmomp} g`%

cwsgpco} pa jxg~v gp lmx~p pbc |g~p ~mjimlmnginc al pbm~ geg{mij ceai~pxgpmai al

annsop vazcx) Cwsgoo} zmpb pbc nbmo`%laxe `m` ‒^gesco Zbccocx” ~baz goo pbc

gppxmhspc~ al bsegimp}4 gi`/ mi bm~ ng~c/ xcg~ai gi` xmvc egibaa`/ g~ mi bcx~/

jmxom~bic~~ gi` ~mevomnmp}) Bc zg~ iap siomdc pbc ec`mse mi ~pgpsxc/ laxe gi`

hcgxmij4 gi` aic al asx naevgi} bg|mij mipmegpco} diazi ‒^gesco” mi pbc

cgxpb%omlc "hcmij lxcwscipo} aic al bm~ naijxcjgpmai zbci asx ~vmxmp%lxmci` zg~/

g~ asx ec`mse go~a zg~/ g Hgvpm~p emim~pcx-/ sibc~mpgpmijo} `cnogxc` pbgp pbm~

‒^gesco Zbccocx” zg~ pbgp ^gesco Zbccocx/ gi` iaic apbcx )

‟Gi` iaz g icz ~ci~gpmai zg~ mi ~paxc lax s~) G ~vmxmp%laxe/ cmjbp minbc~

pgoocx pbgi @x) Eaind/ jxcz lxae bme h} `cjxcc~/ gi` hsmo`mij mp~col sv mipa

jmgip vxavaxpmai~/ zmpb es~nsogx omeh~ `c|coavc` omdc ~pgpsgx} al hxai{c/ gi`

al pbc naoax/ pbcxc ngec mipa `m~naiicnpc`/ mi`cvci`cip/ |mjaxas~ omlc/ gvgxp

lxae pbc ec`mse/ gi ginmcip Cj}vpmgi) Lxae mp~ jcicxgo g~vcnp/ `xc~~ gi`

egiicx/ M g``xc~~c` mp g~ ~snb gp ainc zmpbasp g eaecip”~ ashp ax bc~mpgpmai)

Lax Ginmcip Cj}vp bg~ hcci g lg|axmpc ~ps`} zmpb ec/ gi` mi ea`cxi Cj}vpmgi~

M bg|c/ zbci mi pbc Cg~p/ ci`cg|axc` pa pxgnc pbc ginmcip eg~pcx~ al M~xgco gi`

pbc ~nmcinc~/ gi` bg|c `xcgec` gem` pbc xsmi~ al pbc Pcevoc al M~m~/ gi`~dcpnbc` pbc hosc psimnc` gi` psxhmic` c~nci`gip al pbc Vbgxgab~/ gi` bg|c

vocg~gip xcnaoocnpmai~ al gi Cj}vpmgi Lcoogb/ [a{gh/ zba s~c` pa gnnaevgi}

ec pbxasjb pbc hg{ggx~/ gi` vmaiccx ec pbxasjb pbc mipxmngnmc~ al pbc ^sc{4



78 % Agb~vc y77=y

gi`/ ml c|cx Hsozcx”~ Gxhgnc~ pbc Cj}vpmgi/ mi pbc ‒Og~p @g}~ al Vaevcmm/” bg`crm~pcinc apbcx pbgp mi pbc emi` al pbc gspbax/ mp zg~ bcxc ceha`mc` mi pbc

egpcxmgom{c` laxe M bgiòc` gi` noa~co} ~nxspmim{c` og~p imjbp)

‟Pbc |mpgomp} gi` vazcx al pbc ~vmxmp zcxc xcegxdghoc4 mp zgodc` zmpb egio}

~pcv gi` `mjimlmc` ngxxmgjc xasi` gi` ghasp pbc xaae/ hclaxc gi` hcbmi` s~/

zmpbasp lcgx ax bc~mpgpmai4 gvvcgxc` nsxmas~ ghasp/ gi` ocm~sxco} mi~vcnpc`/ pbc

lsximpsxc gi` axigecip~ al pbc xaae4 paad sv g nbgmx gi` vognc` mp ai pbc pghoc4

hxasjbp s~ haad~ gi` apbcx pbmij~/ gi` pbci/ pgdmij pbc nbgmx lxae pbc pghoc/

vognc` mp noa~c pa emic gi` ~gp àzi gp e} ~m`c) Ecgizbmoc/ M noa~co} mipxa%

~vcnpc` mp/ gi` lcop mp~ gigpae}/ pbc ec`mse ~pgi`mij gp e} oclp ~m`c zbmoc

‒Egbc`m” "pbc Cj}vpmgi- zg~ ~cgpc` gp e} xmjbp) M iaz jap pbc ~vmxmp pa ecg~sxc

bgi`~/ vognmij mp~ vgoe ai emic) Pbc bgi` "~paic%nao`/ zbmoc pbc ec`mse”~

zg~ hsximij bap- zg~ ~egoo/ omdc goo Cg~pcxi~/ gi` pbc zxm~p zg~ go~a ~egoo/ hsp

pbc gxe zg~ eg~~m|c/ es~nsogx/ hxai{c` gi` bgmx}) Mp~ c}c~ zcxc hognd gi`

vmcxnmij/ hsp iap sidmiò}4 mp~ bgmx ogid gi` kcp/ gi` eas~pgnbc~ gi` hcgx` oaij

gi` `xaavmij4 mp~ lcgpsxc~ lsoo al omlc gi` crvxc~~mai/ }cp ^vbmir%omdc) Mp~

bcg`%`xc~~ zg~ |cx} vcnsomgx/ g ~axp al ecpgo ~dsoongv zmpb gi cehoce mi lxaip/

a|cxbgijmij pbc hxaz/ zbmnb pxcehoc` gi` wsm|cxc` gi` jom~pcic`) M zg~ ~sl%

lcxc` pa lcco mp/ hsp/ g~ M `m` ~a/ mp ~ccec` pa ecop gzg} omdc g ~iaz%logdc si`cx

e} pasnb/ pa jxaz ~aom` gjgmi pbc eaecip glpcx)―

Pbm~ xcvaxp g``~ pa asx ngpgoaj al ~vmxmp vcxlaxeginc~) Bcxc pbc gvvgxmpmai~

gxc mi eaxc mipmegpc vb}~mngo naipgnp) Pbc} go~a gxc mi lmicx ‟`clmimpmai)― Zg~ pbm~

pbc xc~sop al g eaxc crvcxmcinc` ec`mse1 Zg~ mp `sc pa jxcgpcx hcomcl ai pbc vgxp

al pbc gs`mcinc1

Pbc naipxg`mnpmai~ cinasipcxc` mi pbm~ xcvaxp ~baz g ognd al xcomghoc zmpic~~ai mevaxpgip `cpgmo~) Bazc|cx/ pba~c naipxg`mnpmai~ à iap `ci} pbc |gom`mp} al

pbc vbciaecig)

^c|cxgo wsc~pmai~ gxm~c ghasp pbc~c ~ax`m` vcxlaxeginc~)

' Pbc ~vmxmp |amnc al g }asij zaegi zg~ s~c` mi goo pbxcc ~vmxmpsgom~p ~c~~mai~;

^}o|mg/ Pzmomjbp/ gi` Omo}) Pbc vsxva~c al pbm~ vxgnpmnc h} Ngomjg~pmg m~ pa ~cp g

lxmciò} paic lax pbc eccpmij) Ea~p mi`m|m`sgo~ mi asx ~anmgo ax`cx à iap vcx%

ncm|c g pbxcgp lxae g vog}lso/ xajsm~b }asij zaegi/ ax aic zba crbmhmp~ ‟jmxo%

m~b ~mevomnmp})―

' Pbcxc m~ gi ah|mas~ naincxi ghasp ~c|cxmij pbc cnpavog~emn naiicnpmai pa

pbc ec`mse) Zbci Ex~) @gmnbc~ zgodc` sv gi` àzi pbc xaae zmpb bcx

cnpavog~emn ‟eapbcx/― ‟lgpbcx/― gi` ‟~ai/― `m` pbc naiicnpmai pxgmo hcbmi`

pbce1 @m` Ex) Naooc} vxa|m`c g pxsc xcvaxp al ~snb ~c|cxmij/ ax `m` bc lgo~co}gppcevp pa nailmxe pbc xcgomp} al cnpavog~emn laxe~1

' Ml ~pxmnp mi~pxsnpmai~ gxc jm|ci pa iap pasnb pbc cnpavog~emn laxe~/ ~minc pbc}

cegigpc lxae pbc ha`} "emi`- al pbc ec`mse/ gi` pasnbmij zmoo `m~psxh pbc

ec`mse/ `m` pba~c ‟~vmxmp― laxe~ og} pbcmx bgi`~ svai Ex~) @gmnbc~” gxe~

zmpbasp bcx pasnbmij pbce1 Ml ~a/ `m` Ex) Naooc} ainc gjgmi `m~paxp bm~ xcvaxp




pa `ceai~pxgpc pbc xcgomp} al pba~c laxe~1 Ml bc xcgnbc` lax pbc cehoce ai

pbc ~dsoongv al pbc Cj}vpmgi pa lmi` mp lg`c hcicgpb bm~ pasnb/ zb} zaso` pbc

bgi`~ al pbc ‟~vmxmp― laxe~ va~~c~~ ~snb ~aom`mp}1 Zcxc pbc lmijcx~ gi` igmo~/

‟nao` pa pbc pasnb/― ecxc coghaxgpmai pa ainc gjgmi ~svvaxp pbc vbciaeciai

bc zmpic~~c`1 M~ pbc cnpavog~emn ~sh~pginc vgxp al pbc ecipgo ~sh~pginc al

pbc ec`mse1 @m` Egxns~ Hgnb xcgoo} lcco pbc zm~v} cilaoècip gi` dm~~ lxae

bm~ G~m~pcx1F

' Pbc nai`mpmai al pbc ~vmxmpsgom~p vcxlaxeginc `cvci`~ svai pbc pxginc ~pgpc

al pbc ec`mse) Pbc ec`mse es~p xcocg~c naipxao al bm~ emi` pa hc va~%

~c~~c` h} pbc ~vmxmp~) Pbcxclaxc/ mp m~ iap vxahghoc pbgp @x) Eaind zg~ ghoc pa

vxa`snc ^gesco Zbccocx mi g lsoo} nai~nmas~ ~pgpc gi` pa nai|cx~c lxcco} zmpb

bm~ azi ecipgo vxa`snpmai)

Egi} vs{{oc~ nailxaip s~ mi asx gppcevp~ pa ahpgmi g pmjbpcx jxmv ai pbc

vazcx al pbm~ lgooci Vxminc)



7> % Pbc @c|mo”~ Hmhoc y787y

NBGVPCX PBMXPCCI

Pbc @c|mo”~ Hmhoc

G Nasx~c mi Emxgnoc~

Pbc ea~p mi~m`mas~ `cncvpmai c|cx pa nmxnsogpc ai pbm~ zaxo` m~ G Nasx~c Mi

Emxgnoc~ "GNME-) Mp zg~ xcncm|c` pbxasjb pbc emi` al Bcoci ^nbsnegi)

Mp m~ g zaxd al papgo ~vmxmpsgo mi~gimp}/ mipci`c` pa naevocpco} `m~xsvp xcgomp} mi

pbc emi`~ al mp~ ~ps`cip~/ gi` pa hxmij pbce pa gh~aospc ~cx|mps`c pa pbc Miicx

\amnc/ pbc Omjbp/ gi` pbc ‟Ja`― zba naec~ pa `zcoo zmpbmi pbcmx emi`~)

Pbgp m~ mp~ aio} vsxva~c) Gi} apbcx g~~sec` vsxva~c m~ vcxmvbcxgo pa pbcgppgmiecip al pbgp ci`)

Bcoci `c~nxmhc` bcx nmxnse~pginc~ gi` bcx~col;

‟V~}nbaoajm~p/ c`sngpax/ nai~cx|gpm|c mi pbcax} gi` gpbcm~pmn mi hcomcl/

M zg~ zaxdmij mi g vxc~pmjmas~ gi` bmjbo} gng`cemn ~cppmij) Gi` pbci

~aecpbmij bgvvcic` pbgp pxmjjcxc` g nbgmi al c|cip~ M naso` ic|cx

bg|c vxc`mnpc`) ) ) ) Pbc bcg` al e} `cvgxpecip ) ) ) sicrvcnpcò}

giiasinc` pbgp bc zg~ pmxc` al pbc gijx} gi` gjjxc~~m|c lccomij~ asx

gppmps`c~ xclocnpc`/ gi` nainos`c` pbgp/ ‒pbcxc bg` pa hc giapbcx zg})”

G~ ml ai nsc M gjxcc` pa bcov bme lmi` mp) Gvvgxcipo} pbc Nasx~c zg~ pbc

apbcx zg})―

Mi ~snb ci|mxaiecip Bcoci zcip ~ccdmij g zg} pa bcov) Pbc xc~sop zg~ @c|mo

cipx} mipa bcx emi`)

‟Pbxcc ~pgxpomij eaipb~ vxcnc`c` pbc gnpsgo zxmpmij/ sxmij zbmnb pmec

Hmoo ~sjjc~pc` pbgp M zxmpc àzi pbc bmjbo} ~}ehaomn `xcge~ gi` `c%

~nxmvpmai~ al pbc ~pxgijc megjc~ pbgp zcxc naemij pa ec) Gopbasjb M

bg` jxazi eaxc gnns~paec` pa pbc sicrvcnpc` h} pbgp pmec/ M zg~ ~pmoo

|cx} ~sxvxm~c` zbci M zxapc/ ‒Pbm~ m~ g nasx~c mi emxgnoc~ ) ) )” Pbgp zg~

e} mipxa`snpmai pa pbc \amnc) Mp eg`c ia ~asi`/ hsp ~ccec` pa hc

jm|mij ec g dmi` al xgvm`/ miicx `mnpgpmai zbmnb M paad àzi mi g ~baxp%

bgi` iapchaad) Pbc zxmpmij zg~ ic|cx gspaegpmn) Mp naso` hc mipcx%

xsvpc` gp gi} pmec gi` ogpcx vmndc` sv gjgmi) Mp eg`c ec |cx} sinae%

laxpghoc/ hsp mp ic|cx ~cxmas~o} annsxxc` pa ec pa ~pav) Mp ~ccec` pa hcg ~vcnmgo g~~mjiecip M bg` ~aecbaz/ ~aeczbcxc gjxcc` pa naevocpc)

Mp xcvxc~cipc` g pxso} naooghaxgpm|c |cipsxc hcpzcci Hmoo gi` e}~col/

gi` esnb al mp~ ~mjimlmnginc/ M ge ~sxc/ omc~ mi pbgp) M zaso` pgdc àzi

zbgp pbc \amnc ‒~gm`” gi` xcg` mp pa bme pbc icrp `g}/ gi` bc p}vc` mp

lxae e} `mnpgpmai) M crvcnp bc bg` bm~ ~vcnmgo g~~mjiecip/ paa) Zmpb%

asp bm~ cinasxgjcecip gi` ~svvaxp M zaso` ic|cx bg|c hcci ghoc pa




lsolmoo emic) Pbc zbaoc vxanc~~ paad ghasp ~c|ci }cgx~) Pbc Pcrp ngec

lmx~p/ pbci pbc Zaxdhaad lax ps`cip~/ gi` lmigoo} pbc Egisgo lax Pcgnb%

cx~) Aio} g lcz emiax nbgijc~ bg|c hcci mi~cxpc` mi pbc Pcrp / gi`

~aec al pba~c eaxc vcx~aigo xclcxcinc~ pbgp annsxxc` gp pbc hcjmi%

imij bg|c hcci aemppc`) Apbcxzm~c pbc egpcxmgo m~ ~sh~pgipmgoo} si%

nbgijc`)―

Ngomjg~pmg m~ iaz vxc~cipmij bme~col g~ Nbxm~p pa bm~ ~shkcnp~) Iap Kc~s~ N

hsp Nbxm~p) Pbcxc m~ g vxalasi` xcg~ai zb} bc naec~ g~ Nbxm~p/ gi` iap g~ Kc~s~)

Gnnax`mij pa gva~paomn |mcz~ Kc~s~ zg~ pbc Nbxm~p hcngs~c bc zg~ pbc Ec~%

~mgb/ pbc aic vxaem~c` mi pbc Ao` Pc~pgecip lax lspsxc xsocx~bmv al pbm~ zaxo`)

Pbm~ |mcz zg~ pbci gvvomc` pa Kc~s~ h} egdmij pbc pmpoc Nbxm~p mipa giapbcx igec

lax Kc~s~ N Kc~s~ Nbxm~p)

A|cx pbc ncipsxmc~ pbc pcxe Nbxm~p oa~p mp~ axmjmigo ecgimij) Mp hcngec ~}e%

haomn al Kc~s~/ gi` `mllcxcip iapmai~ ghasp oa|c/ ghasp ~cx|mnc/ ghasp Ja`/ gi` ~a

ai) Pbc megjc al Kc~s~ g~ pbc Ec~~mgb/ Kc~s~ g~ Ja`/ Kc~s~ g~ Nxcgpax/ gi`

Kc~s~ g~ ^g|max goo hcngec hoci`c` mipa g hosxx} gi` moo `clmic` lmjsxc) Pbs~ mp~

~vcnmlmn gvvomngpmai pa g Ec~~mgb zba zaso` xsoc pbm~ zaxo` mi xmjbpcas~ic~~/ gi`

ngxc lax bm~ vcavoc mi bm~ ~bcvbcx` gxe~/ oa~p `clmimpm|c naipcip)

Pbc gspbax al GNME pbci s~c~ pbgp hosxx} megjc pa naxxsvp gi` `cncm|c)

Pbc Nbxm~p megjc s~c` mi GNME m~ xgz vcx|cx~mai) GNME àc~ iap naipgmi pbc

zax` Ec~~mgb) Mp~ megjc al Nbxm~p bg~ iapbmij pa à zmpb pbc Ec~~mgb/ ax lspsxc

xsocx~bmv al pbm~ zaxo`) Pbc megjc al Nbxm~p s~c` mi GNME m~ mipci`c` pa `cos`c goo

pba~c emi`~ zba bg|c omppoc ax ia m`cg al pbc Ec~~mgb) Pbc} ngxx} gxasi` lgo~c

megjc~ al GNbxm~p/F c|ci pbasjb egi} al pba~c vcavoc oaad pa Kc~s~ lax ~go|gpmai)

Pbc} hcomc|c pbc Nbxm~p al GNME m~ Kc~s~) GNME m~ g``xc~~c` pa pbgp mjiaxginc)

Pbci pbc zax` Nbxm~p lgo~mlmc~ pbc pxsc Kc~s~)

‟Pbc Lmx~p Naemij al Nbxm~p m~ ecxco} giapbcx igec lax pbc nxcgpmai/

lax Nbxm~p m~ pbc âi al Ja`) Pbc ^cnai` Naemij al Nbxm~p ecgi~

iapbmij eaxc pbgi pbc ci` al pbc cja”~ xsoc gi` pbc bcgomij al pbc

emi`/― Pcrp/ vgjc 32)

Pbc gopcxgpmai al `clmimpmai~ mi GNME m~ vcx|g~m|c/ ~shpoc/ gi` hog~vbceas~)

Iapc pbgp pbc Lmx~p Naemij al Nbxm~p zg~ iap pbc |m~mp al Kc~s~/ haxi g~ pbc hghc

al Hcpbocbce/ gi` Ja` mingxigpc) Gnnax`mij pa pbc gspbax al GNME mp zg~ ~aec%

pbmij `xgegpmngoo} `mllcxcip; giapbcx igec lax pbc nxcgpmai) Pbs~ bc naevocpco}

`cimjxgpc~ pbc ~mjimlmnginc al Kc~s~” hmxpb)

Zbci bc ~g}~ pbgp Nbxm~p m~ pbc âi al Ja` bc àc~ iap ecgi Kc~s~) Bc

ecgi~ bme~col g~ pbm~ Nbxm~p N g~ g âi al Ja`) Bc pxso} zg~ g âi al Ja`/ g`m|mico} nxcgpc` âi) Bc bg~ xmjbp pa egdc ~snb nogme) Hsp pbci bc vcx|cxp~ h}

egdmij bme~col pbm~ lgo~c Nbxm~p) Pbs~ bc ngi ~g} pbgp pbc ^cnai` Naemij al

Nbxm~p m~ pbc ci` al pbc cja”~ xsoc gi` pbc bcgomij al pbc emi`/ iap pbc xcpsxi al



7> % Pbc @c|mo”~ Hmhoc y78>y

Kc~s~ lxae bm~ bcg|cio} pbxaic) Pbm~ m~ bm~ naemij/ g~ pbm~ lgo~c Nbxm~p) Bc iap

aio} xcea|c~ pbc ~mjimlmnginc al Kc~s~” hmxpb4 bc xcea|c~ pbc ~mjimlmnginc al Kc~s~” bcg|cio} xsocx~bmv)

Pbc aic cja bc àc~ iap crva~c m~ bm~) Pbc cja bc m~ pgodmij ghasp m~ pbgp al

bsegi hcmij~) Bc zgip~ pa hxmij gi ci` pa pbcmx cja) G~ oaij g~ pbc} crvxc~~

pbce~co|c~/ g~ vcx~aigompmc~/ bc ngiiap naipxao pbcmx emi`~) Bc es~p `ceaom~b

pbce g~ lxcc%zmoo gjcip~) Bc àc~ ~a h} gppgndmij pbcmx mi`cvci`cinc al emi`

gi` ~vmxmp/ m)c)/ pbcmx cja~)

Bc naipmisc~;

‟M zg~ nxcgpc` omdc }as mi pbc lmx~p/ gi` M bg|c ngooc` }as pa kami ec mi

pbc ~cnai`) M ge mi nbgxjc al pbc ^cnai` Naemij ) ) )―

Nocgxo}/ Pbc vcx~aigomp} hcbmi` pbc~c xcegxd~ m~ iap Kc~s~) Pbm~ vcx~aigomp}

zg~ nxcgpc`) Bc zg~ g nxcgpc` `m|mic âi al Ja`/ aic al pba~c bcg|cio} âi~)

Kc~s~ zg~ bm~ Nxcgpax) Zbmoc bc gppcevp~ pa pbxaz g noas` a|cx bm~ xcegxd~ bc

ngiiap bcov hsp vxanogme zba bc xcgoo} m~)

Bm~ vsxva~c m~ pa lxgec pbc emi` al bm~ ~ps`cip~ pa icz naincvp~ al pbc

^cnai` Naemij) Bc m~ mi nbgxjc al pbgp Naemij/ pbc naemij al pbc xchco Vxminc)

Kc~s~ ~gm` bc zg~ zaso` xcpsxi4 pbcxclaxc bc ngi s~c pbgp vxaem~c lax pbm~ vcx|cx%

~mai) Bc m~ pbm~ Naemij/ g~ bc avcio} ~pgpc~) Bc ngoo~ mp pbc ^cnai` Naemij/ g

s~sxvgpmai al Kc~s~” pxsc xcpsxi/ mi ax`cx pa hcpxg} pbc oa}gopmc~ al pba~c zba

laooaz bme)

Bc sxjc~ bm~ ~ps`cip~ pa kami bme mi pbm~ Naemij)

Omppoc à pbc} diaz zbgp pbc} gxc kamimij)

Ai Pcrp vgjc 738/ mpgomnm{c` gi` ~cp gvgxp mi g ~mijoc ~cipcinc/ mipci`c` pa

cevbg~m{c/ m~ pbm~ xcegxd;

‟Nbxm~p m~ mi ec/ gi` zbcxc Bc m~ Ja` es~p hc/ lax Nbxm~p m~ vgxp al Bme)―

Iapc pbc nai|aospc` oajmn al pbm~ xcegxd;

7) H} ~pgpmij pbgp Nbxm~p m~ mi ec/ pbc gspbax ~baz~ pbgp bc m~ iap Nbxm~p)

8) Hsp pbm~ m~ bm~ `cncvpm|c megjc al Nbxm~p/ iap Kc~s~)

>) Bc pbci ~pgpc~ pbgp zbcxc pbm~ `cncvpm|c megjc al Nbxm~p m~/ Ja` es~p hc)

Pbm~ ~pgpc~ pbgp Ja` m~ zmpbmi bme) Ax ngxxmc` pa pbc lsxpbcx mevomngpmai/

bc m~ Ja`) Hsp bc m~ iap Ja` zmpb Kc~s~4 bc m~ Ja` zmpb pbm~ lgo~c Nbxm~p)

0) Ml zc laooaz pbc vcx~aigo vxaiasi~ zmpb pbcmx ngvmpgom{gpmai/ pbm~ Nbxm~p/

pbm~ lgo~c megjc al Kc~s~/ m~ vgxp al Nbxm~p) Nocgxo} pbc oajmn m~ nmxnsogx)

Pbc ~pgpcecip m~ mipci`c` pa ahls~ngpc gi` nails~c/ mevo}mij pbgp pbc xc%

egxd~ vcxpgmi pa Kc~s~/ gi` Kc~s~ hcmij zmpbmi pbc gspbax)Pa bm~ gjcip~/ nails~c` h} pbm~ nai|aospc` oajmn/ bc pbs~ hcnaec~ Ja`/ lax

zbcxc pbm~ Nbxm~p m~/ Ja` m~)

G lcz vgjc~ ogpcx/ 72:/ annsx~ pbc laooazmij;




‟Nbxm~p m~ gp Ja`”~ gopgx/ zgmpmij pa zconaec Bm~ ai) Hsp naec zbaoo}

zmpbasp nai`ceigpmai/ lax apbcxzm~c }as zmoo hcomc|c pbgp pbc àax m~hgxxc` gi` }as ngiiap cipcx) Pbc àax m~ iap hgxxc`/ gi` mp m~ meva~%

~mhoc pbgp }as ngiiap cipcx pbc vognc zbcxc Ja` zaso` bg|c }as hc)

Hsp oa|c }asx~col zmpb pbc oa|c al Nbxm~p/ lax ~a àc~ }asx Lgpbcx oa|c

}as) ]as ngi xcls~c pa cipcx/ hsp }as ngiiap hgx pbc àax pbgp Nbxm~p

bao`~ avci) Naec sipa ec zba bao`~ mp avci lax }as/ lax zbmoc M om|c mp

ngiiap hc ~bsp/ gi` M om|c laxc|cx) Ja` m~ e} omlc gi` }asx~/ gi` iapb%

mij m~ `cimc` h} Ja` pa Bm~ âi)―

Bcxc pbc âi m~ pbc bsegi eaxpgo) Pbm~ Nbxm~p m~ zgmpmij lax bme gp Ja`”~

gopgx) Pbm~ bsegi m~ g~dc` pa cipcx pbc àax zbmnb pbm~ Nbxm~p bao`~ avci lax bme)

Zbmoc pbm~ Nbxm~p om|c~ pbm~ àax ngiiap hc ~bsp) Pbc bsegi hcmij m~ mi|mpc` pa

cipcx pbc àax al pbc emi` al pbm~ `c|mas~ hcmij) Zbci pbc bsegi cipcx~ pbc

àax/ Nbxm~p”~ omlc/ gi` bcinc/ h} g~~sevpmai/ Ja`”~ omlc/ hcnaec~ pbc omlc al pbc

âi) Pbm~ Nbxm~p/ pbm~ Ja`/ zmoo iap `ci} bme pbc ~gec emi`/ pbc emi` al pbc @c|mo

Vxminc) Pbc bsegi hcmij es~p cipcx zmpbasp nai`ceigpmai/ ecgimij bc es~p

egdc ia c|gosgpmai gi` ia ks`jecip~ naincximij pbc gspbax gi` ~asxnc al pbm~

mi|mpgpmai)

Bc vxcpci`~ bc zmoo om|c laxc|cx/ zbci zc diaz bm~ pmec m~ ~baxp) Hsp pbgp

vxcpci~c m~ ecxco} pbc hgmp pa jcp pbc bsegi eaxpgo pa cipcx bm~ emi`)

Emi` Naipxao

M zg~ gvvgooc` zbci M xcg` GNME) Mp pcgnbc~ }as pa xcomiwsm~b }asx emi`/ gi`

}asx nbaa~mij~/ gi` jm|c pbce pa pbgp ^svcxmax Emi`) "Hao` cevbg~m~ m~ emic)-

‟Pbm~ m~ g nasx~c mi emi` pxgmimij/― Pcrp vj 7>)

‟Zbgp }as à naec~ lxae zbgp }as pbmid) ]as ngiiap ~cvgxgpc }asx%

~col lxae pbc pxspb h} 9jm|mij5 gspaiae} pa hcbg|max) Pbm~ m~ naipxaooc`

h} ec gspaegpmngoo} g~ ~aai g~ }as vognc zbgp }as pbmid si`cx

e} jsm`ginc) Zbcic|cx }as gxc glxgm`/ mp m~ g ~sxc ~mji pbgp }as bg|c

gooazc` }asx emi` pa em~nxcgpc gi` bg|c iap gooazc` ec pa jsm`c mp/―

Pcrp vj 83)

‟E} naipxao ngi pgdc a|cx c|cx}pbmij pbgp àc~ iap egppcx / zbmoc

e} jsm`ginc ngi `mxcnp c|cx}pbmij pbgp àc~/ ml }as ~a nbaa~c)

Lcgx ngiiap hc naipxaooc` h} ec/ hsp mp ngi hc ~col%naipxaooc`) Lcgx

vxc|cip~ ec lxae jm|mij }as e} naipxao) Pbc vxc~cinc al lcgx ~baz~

pbgp }as bg|c xgm~c` ha`} pbasjbp~ pa pbc oc|co al pbc emi`) Pbm~ xc%ea|c~ pbce lxae e} naipxao/ gi` egdc~ }as lcco vcx~aigoo} xc%

~vai~mhoc lax pbce) Pbm~ m~ gi ah|mas~ nails~mai al oc|co~/― Pcrp vj~

80%83)

Isecxas~ anng~mai~ zmpbmi pbc pcrp xcvcgp/ a|cx gi` a|cx gjgmi/ pbm~ xc%

wsc~p pa psxi pbc eaxpgo emi` a|cx pa pbgp ^svcxmax Emi`)



7> % Pbc @c|mo”~ Hmhoc y783y

‟ ]as es~p nbgijc }asx emi`/ iap }asx hcbg|max/ gi` pbm~ M^ g egp%pcx al zmoomijic~~) ]as à iap icc` jsm`ginc crncvp gp pbc emi`

oc|co)― Pcrp vj 83)

‟) ) ) pbc emi` ngi cocnp zbgp mp nbaa~c~ pa ~cx|c) Pbc aio} omemp vsp

ai mp~ nbamnc m~ pbgp mp ngiiap ~cx|c pza eg~pcx~) Ml mp cocnp~ pa à ~a/

pbc emi` ngi hcnaec pbc ec`mse h} zbmnb ~vmxmp nxcgpc~ goaij

pbc omic al mp~ azi nxcgpmai) Ml mp àc~ iap lxcco} cocnp pa à ~a/ mp xcpgmi~

mp~ nxcgpm|c vapcipmgo hsp vognc~ mp~col si`cx p}xgiias~ xgpbcx pbgi

Gspbaxmpgpm|c naipxao) G~ g xc~sop mp mevxm~ai~/ hcngs~c ~snb gxc pbc

`mnpgpc~ al p}xgip~) Pa nbgijc }asx emi` ecgi~ pa vognc mp gp pbc

`m~va~go al PXSC Gspbaxmp}/― Pcrp vj 76)

Ml aic g~~sec~ pbc ^svcxmax Emi` m~ Kc~s~ iapc zbgp Kc~s~ m~ `cegi`mij al

}as) Bc m~ g~dmij }as pa psxi }asx emi` ompcxgoo} a|cx pa bm~ naipxao) Kc~s~ ic|cx/ mi

pbc loc~b/ pgsjbp ~snb vxgnpmnc~ ax vbmoa~avb}) Kc~s~ gozg}~ pgsjbp pbc `mjimp} al

~col/ gi` pbc jmlp al nbaa~mij jm|ci s~ h} pbc Lgpbcx) Kc~s~ zaso` ic|cx s~sxv

~snb jmlp) H} jm|mij }asx emi` a|cx pa naipxao h} pbm~ ^svcxmax Emi` }as lgoo mipa

pbc |cx} pxgv mp pcgnbc~ }as gxc iap lgoomij mipa/ pbgp al ~og|cx} pa giapbcx emi`)

Gi` pbm~ m~ pbc xcgo pc~p al pbm~ mi~m`mas~ pcgnbmij) Baz ngi aic `m~pmijsm~b hc%

pzcci omhcxp} al ~ai~bmv zmpb Ja` h} jm|mij aic~col pa pbc zmoo al Ja` pbxasjb

avci gi` |aosipgx} `c`mngpmai/ gi` ~og|cx} ~ai~bmv h} jm|mij a|cx vcx~aigo emi`

naipxao1

G~ bc vogmio} ~pgpc~/ }as ngiiap ~cx|c pza eg~pcx~) Ml }as à iap naevocpco}

jm|c }asx emi` pa bme/ }as gxc ~pmoo nomijmij pa }asx azi emi` naipxao)

Vgso zxapc ghasp pbc ~vmxmp al ~ai~bmv)

Xae 2;70%73; ‟Lax goo zba gxc oc` h} pbc vmxmp al Ja` gxc ~ai~ al Ja`)

Lax }as `m` iap xcncm|c pbc ~vmxmp al ~og|cx} pa lgoo hgnd mipa lcgx/ hsp

}as bg|c xcncm|c` pbc ~vmxmp al ~ai~bmv) Zbci zc nx}/ 9Ghhg' Lgpbcx'5

mp m~ pbc ^vmxmp bme~col hcgxmij zmpic~~ zmpb asx ~vmxmp pbgp zc gxc pbc

nbmo`xci al Ja` ) ) )―

GNME xcomc~ ai asx mighmomp} pa `m~pmijsm~b hcpzcci pbc~c pza laxe~ al ~ai%

~bmv/ gi` al ~vmxmp) Zc à ~a aio} hcngs~c zc om|c mi g ~pgpc al jxcgp ~vmxmpsgo

nails~mai)

Ml aic g~~sec~ pbc ^svcxmax Emi` zg~ apbcx pbgi Kc~s~/ pbc~c `cegi`~

pgdc ai `ccvo} mi~m`mas~ gi` `cncvpm|c laxe~) Iaz pbc xcwsc~p hcnaec~ bmjbo}

`gijcxas~) Ml pbc \amnc m~ iap pbgp al Kc~s~ mp zaso` egdc ~snb `cegi`~ aio} pajgmi naipxao al }asx pbmidmij/ gi` al }asx emi`/ mi ax`cx pa nai|cxp }as pa bm~

vsxva~c~)

Pbm~ ^svcxmax Emi` m~ g~dmij }as pa pgdc }asx nbamnc~ gzg} lxae }asx~col h}

jm|mij pba~c nbamnc~ gi` }asx emi` a|cx pa bme) Pbci }as gxc ia oaijcx hsx%

`cic` zmpb nbamnc) Pbm~ xcomiwsm~becip m~ bmjbo} gvvcgomij hcngs~c }as pbci jm|c




pbgp hsx`ci~aec xc~vai~mhmomp} pa bm~ emi`) Mi pbc `g}~ zbci nbsxnbc~ naso`

`clmic gi` lxgec asx nbamnc~/ mi g zaxo` al xcogpm|c ~mevomnmp}/ eaxgo gi` ~vmxmpsgonbamnc~ zcxc hognd gi` zbmpc) Hsp pbc vxc~cip zaxo` al ~vmxmpsgo paocxginc gi`

eaxgo xcogpm|mp} iaz egdc~ asx nbamnc~ sincxpgmi/ gi` lxgsjbp zmpb vcx~aigo `m%

oceeg~) Zc gnbc lax nogxmlmngpmai gi` lax ecgi~ al xcea|mij ~snb hsx`ci~ lxae

asx~co|c~) Ml g \amnc ax ^svcxmax Emi` naec~ goaij allcxmij pa egdc pba~c nbamnc~

zc gxc xcncvpm|c pa bm~ allcx)

Pbc va~~mhoc `cvpb al `cncvpmai m~ cg~mo} xcnajim{c` h} pbc lgnp pbgp zc bg|c

ia ecgi~ pa pc~p pbc gnpsgo ~asxnc) Pbc ^VMXMP m~ iap `m~ncximhoc pa asx ~ci~c~4

bc gvvcgx~ aio} h} pbc ecnbgim~e al cipx} mipa bsegi emi`)

]as ngi iaz hcppcx gvvxcnmgpc s~c al pbc zax` Nbxm~p) Ml pbm~ \amnc m~ iap

Kc~s~/ pbci pbm~ ^svcxmax Emi` m~ s~mij pbc zax` Nbxm~p g~ vgxp al bm~ `cncvpmai)

Bc àc~ iap s~c pbc igec Kc~s~ hcngs~c bc m~ iap Kc~s~) Bc s~c~ pbc pmpoc Nbxm~p

hcngs~c mp em~xcvxc~cip~ zba bc gnpsgoo} m~)

Zaxo` G~ Moos~mai

Nai~m`cx baz pbc Egisgo `c~nxmhc~ Kc~s~;

‟Pbc igec al Kc~s~ m~ pbc igec al aic zba zg~ g egi hsp ~gz pbc

lgnc al Nbxm~p mi goo bm~ hxapbcx~ gi` xcecehcxc` Ja`) â bc hcngec

m`cipmlmc` zmpb Nbxm~p/ g egi ia oaijcx/ hsp aic zmpb Ja`) Pbc egi

zg~ gi moos~mai/ lax bc ~ccec` pa hc g ~cvgxgpc hcmij/ zgodmij h}

bme~col/ zmpbmi g ha`} pbgp gvvcgxc` pa bao` bm~ ~col lxae ^col/ g~

moos~mai~ à) ]cp zba ngi ~g|c sioc~~ bc ~cc~ moos~mai~ gi` pbci m`ci%

pmlmc~ pbce g~ zbgp pbc} gxc1 Kc~s~ xcegmi~ g ^g|max hcngs~c bc ~gz

pbc lgo~c zmpbasp gnncvpmij mp g~ pxsc) Gi` Nbxm~p icc`c` bm~ laxepbgp Bc emjbp gvvcgx pa eci gi` ~g|c pbce lxae pbcmx azi moos%

~mai~)― Egisgo vj 2>)

Pbc vxc~cipgpmai nocgxo} egdc~ Kc~s~ `mllcxcip lxae Nbxm~p) Kc~s~ ~gz pbc

lgnc al Nbxm~p mi goo bm~ hxapbcx~) Pbm~ xcgllmxe~ asx nainos~mai pbgp pbm~ Nbxm~p m~

hcmij xc`clmic` g~ g ichsoas~ naincvpsgo iapmai pa ~baz pbgp Kc~s~ zg~ iap

Nbxm~p) Gnnax`mij pa pbm~ pcgnbmij Kc~s~ zg~ gi moos~mai) Bc hcngec pbm~ vcx%

|cxpc` Nbxm~p zbci bc xcnajim{c` pbc moos~mai) Pbs~ Kc~s~ zg~ iap g vcxlcnpc`

hcmij/ om|mij svai cgxpb mi bsegi laxe/ hsp ecxco} giapbcx bsegi eaxpgo/ gi

moos~mai/ zba icc`c` pbm~ vcx|cxpc` Nbxm~p pa ~g|c bme~col gi` apbcx~ lxae pbcmx

azi moos~mai~) Pbc ecnbgim~e al Kc~s~” ~go|gpmai m~ bm~ xcnajimpmai al pbc moos~mai

"pbc lgo~c- zmpbasp gnncvpmij pbc moos~mai g~ pxsc) Mi apbcx zax`~/ Kc~s~ icc`c`

~go|gpmai hcngs~c al bm~ azi pzm~pc` emi`'

Zbgp hog~vbce}'

Gi` pbci/ ~a mi~m`mas~o}/ bc ~zmpnbc~ pbc m`cipmp} al pbc ~shkcnp al vxc~cipg%

pmai) Iaz mp m~ ia oaijcx Kc~s~/ hsp pbm~ baxxmhoc Nbxm~p zba hcnaec~ pbc ~shkcnp

al gnpmai) Pbm~ Nbxm~p icc`c` pbc laxe al Kc~s~ pbgp bc emjbp gvvcgx pa eci pa

~g|c pbce lxae pbcmx azi moos~mai~) ^pgpc` apbcxzm~c/ pbm~ ^svcxmax Emi`/ pgdmij



7> % Pbc @c|mo”~ Hmhoc y78:y

ai pbc jsm~c al Nbxm~p/ s~c~ pbc laxe al Kc~s~ pa ahpgmi g laapbao` mi asx pbmidmij)

Lxgido} gi` avcio}/ bc ~pgpc~ pbgp bc icc`c` pbc laxe al Kc~s~ mi ax`cx pa gn%naevom~b bm~ vsxva~c) Hsp pbc laao~ zba gnncvp pbc~c pcgnbmij~ à iap xcnajim{c

pbc ~mjimlmnginc al pbc xcegxd) Pbm~ ognd al vcxncvpmai ~baz~ baz `ccvo} pbc}

ngxx} pba~c |cx} moos~mai~ pbc} pbmid pbc} zmoo iaz xcea|c) Aio} `cos`c` emi`~

zaso` lgmo pa xcnajim{c pbc moos~mai~ nxcgpc` h} pbc~c pcgnbmij~)

Pbc zax`~ moos~mai gi` moos~mai~ gxc s~c` >06 gi` 0<8 pmec~ xc~vcnpm|co} mi

GNME) Pbm~ bmjb nasip `ciapc~ pbc `cvci`cin} al GNME ai pbm~ naincvp) Pbc

^svcxmax Emi` pcgnbc~ pbgp goo xcgomp} m~ gi moos~mai) P}vmngo m~ pbc laooazmij;

‟Moos~mai~ gxc mi|c~pecip~) Pbc} zmoo og~p g~ oaij g~ }as |gosc pbce)

\gosc~ gxc xcogpm|c/ hsp pbc} gxc vazcxlso hcngs~c pbc} gxc ecipgo

ks`jecip~) Pbc aio} zg} pa `m~vco moos~mai~ m~ pa zmpb`xgz goo mi|c~p%

ecip lxae pbce/ gi` pbc} zmoo bg|c ia omlc lax }as hcngs~c }as zmoo

bg|c vsp pbce asp al }asx emi`) Zbmoc }as minos`c pbce mi mp/ }as gxc

jm|mij omlc pa pbce) Crncvp pbcxc m~ iapbmij pbcxc pa xcncm|c }asx jmlp)―

Pcrp vj 772)

Pbxasjbasp GNME aic cinasipcx~ pbm~ ~zmpnbmij al ~shkcnp~ lxae ~cipcinc

pa ~cipcinc mi g vgxgjxgvb/ gi` nails~mai mi naincvp~) Pbc lmx~p gi` ~cnai`

~cipcinc~ bcxc gxc ghasp moos~mai~) Pbc pbmx` ~cipcinc m~ ghasp |gosc~) Pbci hgnd

pa moos~mai~) Pbce mi mp ecgi~ moos~mai~ mi }asx emi`) Iapbmij pbcxc ecgi~ ia

naipcip mi }asx emi` pa xcncm|c pbc jmlp al moos~mai~)

Lxae hcjmiimij pa ci` mi GNME pbc ^svcxmax Emi` xc`clmic~ xcgomp} pa gopcx

asx vcxncvpmai~ al pbc zaxo` g~ zc gnpsgoo} crvcxmcinc mp/ gi` pbc zg} zc xcgnp pa

mp)

‟Zbgp à }asx ~nxmvp~ xclocnp crncvp }asx vogi~ lax zbgp pbc `g}

^BASO@ hc1 Gi` pbs~ }as ks`jc `m~g~pcx gi` ~snnc~~/ g`|ginc/ xc%

pxcgp/ gi` jgmi gi` oa~~) Pbc~c ks`jecip~ goo gxc eg`c gnnax`mij pa

pbc xaoc~ pbc ~nxmvp g~~mji~) Pbc lgnp pbc} bg|c ia ecgimij mi pbce%

~co|c~ m~ `ceai~pxgpc` h} pbc cg~c zmpb zbmnb pbc~c oghco~ nbgijc

zmpb apbcx ks`jecip~/ eg`c ai `mllcxcip g~vcnp~ al crvcxmcinc) Gi`

pbci/ mi oaadmij hgnd/ }as pbmid }as ~cc giapbcx ecgimij mi zbgp zcip

hclaxc) Zbgp bg|c }as xcgoo} aic/ crncvp pa ~baz pbcxc zg~ ia ecgi%

mij pbcxc1 Hsp }as g~~mjic` g ecgimij mi pbc omjbp al jago~ pbgp nbgijc/

zmpb c|cx} ecgimij ~bmlpmij g~ pbc} nbgijc) Aio} g nai~pgip vsxva~c

ngi ciàz c|cip~ zmpb ~pghoc ecgimij) Hsp mp es~p gnnax` AIC ecgi%

mij pa pbce goo) Ml pbc} gxc jm|ci `mllcxcip ecgimij~/ mp es~p hc pbgp

pbc} xclocnp hsp mllcxcip vsxva~c~) Gi` pbm~ m~ goo pbc ecgimij pbgp pbc}bg|c) Ngi pbm~ hc ecgimij1 Ngi nails~mai hc zbgp ecgimij ecgi~1

Vcxncvpmai ngiiap hc mi nai~pgip losr/ gi` egdc gooazginc lax ~pghmo%

mp} al ecgimij gi}zbcxc) Lcgx m~ g ks`jecip ic|cx ks~pmlmc`) Mp~ vxc~%




cinc bg~ ia ecgimij hsp pa ~baz }as zxapc g lcgxlso ~nxmvp/ gi` gxc

glxgm` gnnax`mijo}) Hsp iap hcngs~c pbc pbmij }as lcgx bg~ lcgxlso ecgi%mij mi mp~col)― Pcrp vj 3=<)

Bcxc pbc ^svcxmax Emi` s~c~ asx igpsxgo mi~pminp lax vogiimij asx `gmo} om|c~

pa gopcx zbgp zc ~baso` crvcnp lxae omlc) @m~g~pcx gi` ~snnc~~ mi asx egpcxmgo

gnpm|mpmc~/ g`|ginc gi` xcpxcgp lxae asx jago~/ jgmi gi` oa~~ mi asx xcogpmai~bmv~ N

goo bg|c ia ecgimij)

Iapc pbgp pa egmipgmi naincvpsgo nails~mai pbc `m~g~pcx gi` ~snnc~~/ g`%

|ginc gi` xcpxcgp/ jgmi gi` oa~~ gxc iap jm|ci naipcip) Pbc} gxc allcxc` zmpb

naincvpsgo |gnsmp} mi ax`cx pa vcxvcpxgpc pbc nails~mai zbmnb pbc ^svcxmax Emi`

vxcpci`~ pa nogxml}) G ~ps`cip ngi lmoo pbc |gnsas~ naincvp~ zmpb gi} naipcip bc

zm~bc~) Pbm~ ~c`snpm|c mi`sncecip pa sincxpgmip} m~ s~c` pbxasjbasp pbc vgxg%

jxgvb/ gi` pbxasjbasp pbc pcrp al GNME) Gi} vcx~ai zba gnncvp~ pbc pcrp ~cxm%

as~o} ngiiap bcov hsp ci` mi nails~mai N vgxp al g ~nbcec pa gopcx vcxncvpmai~ al

xcgomp})

‟Mp ngiiap hc cevbg~m{c` paa alpci pbgp naxxcnpmij vcxncvpmai m~ ecxco}

g pcevaxgx} crvc`mcip) Mp m~ icnc~~gx} aio} hcngs~c em~vcxncvpmai m~

g hoand pa diazoc`jc/ zbmoc gnnsxgpc vcxncvpmai m~ g ~pcvvmij%~paic

pazgx`~ mp) Pbc zbaoc |gosc al xmjbp vcxncvpmai omc~ mi pbc mic|mpghoc

xcgom{gpmai pbgp goo vcxncvpmai m~ siicnc~~gx}) Pbm~ xcea|c~ pbc hoand

cipmxco}) ]as eg} g~d baz pbm~ m~ va~~mhoc g~ oaij g~ }as gvvcgx pa hc

om|mij mi pbm~ zaxo`) Pbgp m~ g xcg~aighoc wsc~pmai) ]as es~p hc ngxclso/

bazc|cx/ pbgp }as xcgoo} si`cx~pgi` mp) Zba m~ pbc 9}as5 zba gxc om|mij

mi pbm~ zaxo`1 ^vmxmp m~ meeaxpgo/ gi` meeaxpgomp} m~ g nai~pgip ~pgpc) Mp

m~ g~ pxsc iaz g~ mp c|cx zg~ ax c|cx zmoo hc/ hcngs~c mp mevomc~ ianbgijc gp goo) Mp m~ iap g naipmisse/ iax m~ mp si`cx~paa` h} hcmij nae%

vgxc` pa gi avva~mpc) Diazoc`jc ic|cx mi|ao|c~ naevgxm~ai~) Pbgp m~

mp~ egmi `mllcxcinc lxae c|cx}pbmij co~c pbc emi` ngi jxg~v)― Pcrp vj

30)

Ngi gi} xgpmaigo emi` hcomc|c pbgp goo vcxncvpmai m~ siicnc~~gx}1 Pbc emi`

zbmnb nxcgpc` pbm~ egpcxmgo m~ pxso} mi~gic) Pbcxc m~ aic jago; pa gopcx bsegi

vcxncvpmai al xcgomp})

‟Pbc vsxva~c al pbc zaxdhaad m~ pa pxgmi }asx emi` mi g ~}~pce%

gpmn zg} pa g `mllcxcip vcxncvpmai al c|cx}aic gi` c|cx}pbmij mi

pbc zaxo`) Pbc crcxnm~c~ gxc vogiic` pa bcov }as jcicxgom{c pbc oc~%

~ai~/ ~a pbgp }as zmoo si`cx~pgi` pbgp cgnb al pbce m~ cwsgoo} gvvom%nghoc pa c|cx}aic gi` c|cx}pbmij }as ~cc) Pbc aio} jcicxgo xsoc~ pa

hc ah~cx|c` pbxasjbasp/ pbci/ gxc; Lmx~p/ pbgp pbc crcxnm~c~ hc vxgn%

pmnc` zmpb jxcgp ~vcnmlmnmp}/ g~ zcoo hc mi`mngpc`) Pbm~ zmoo bcov }as pa

jcicxgom{c pbc m`cg~ mi|ao|c` pa c|cx} ~mpsgpmai mi zbmnb }as lmi` }asx%

~col/ gi` pa c|cx}aic gi` c|cx}pbmij mi mp) cnai`/ hc ~sxc pbgp }as à



7> % Pbc @c|mo”~ Hmhoc y78=y

iap `cnm`c lax }asx~col pbgp pbcxc gxc ~aec vcavoc/ ~mpsgpmai~ ax

pbmij~ pa zbmnb pbc m`cg~ gxc migvvomnghoc) Pbm~ zmoo mipcxlcxc zmpbpxgi~lcx al pxgmimij) Pbc |cx} igpsxc al pxsc vcxncvpmai m~ pbgp mp bg~

ia omemp~) Mp m~ pbc avva~mpc al pbc zg} }as ~cc iaz) Pbc a|cxgoo gme al

pbc crcxnm~c~ m~ pa minxcg~c }asx ghmomp} pa crpci` pbc m`cg~ }as zmoo hc

vxgnpmnmij pa minos`c c|cx}pbmij)―

‟Pbm~ zmoo xcwsmxc ia cllaxp ai }asx vgxp) Pbc crcxnm~c~ pbce~co|c~

eccp pbc nai`mpmai~ icnc~~gx} lax pbm~ dmi` al pxgi~lcx) âec al pbc

m`cg~ pbc zaxdhaad vxc~cip~ }as zmoo lmi` bgx` pa hcomc|c/ gi` apb%

cx~ eg} ~cce pa hc wsmpc ~pgxpomij) Pbm~ àc~ iap egppcx) ]as gxc

ecxco} g~dc` pa gvvo} pbc m`cg~ g~ }as gxc mxcnpc` pa a) ]as gxc iap

g~dc` pa ks`jc pbce gp goo) ]as gxc g~dc` aio} pa s~c pbce) Mp m~ pbcmx

s~c pbgp zmoo jm|c pbce ecgimij pa }as/ gi` zmoo ~baz }as pbgp pbc} gxc

pxsc) Xcecehcx aio} pbm~4 }as icc` iap hcomc|c pbc m`cg~/ }as icc`

iap gnncvp pbce/ gi` }as icc` iap c|ci zconaec pbce) âec al

pbce }as eg} gnpm|co} xc~m~p) Iaic al pbm~ zmoo egppcx/ ax `cnxcg~c

pbcmx cllmnmcin}) Hsp a iap gooaz }asx~col pa egdc crncvpmai~ mi gvvo}%

mij pbc m`cg~ pbc zaxdhaad naipgmi~/ gi` zbgpc|cx }asx xcgnpmai~ pa

pbc m`cg~ eg} hc/ s~c pbce) Iapbmij eaxc pbgi pbgp m~ xcwsmxc`/― Zaxd%

haad vj~ 7%8)

Bcxc pbc hogpgip jxg~vmij al bsegi emi` h} pbm~ ^svcxmax Emi` m~ ~a nocgxo}

`c~nxmhc` M ge g~pasi`c` pbgp gi} bsegi hcmij zaso` ~shemp pa ~snb mi~gic

xcwsc~p~) Bc ~pgpc~ sicwsm|angoo} pbgp bc zmoo mipxa`snc naincvp~ mipa pbcmx emi`~

zbmnb pbc} zmoo iap zconaec gi` zmoo gnpm|co} xc~m~p/ hsp pbm~ àc~ iap egppcx) Bc m~

glpcx aic pbmij; naipxao al pbcmx emi`~ lax g vsxva~c zbmnb pbc} zaso`/ g~ iaxegobsegi hcmij~/ gnpm|co} xc~m~p) Bc bg~ g vsxva~c lax pbce zbmnb m~ hc}ai` pbc

hasi`~ al igpsxgo bsegi hcbg|max) Pbc} ~baso` iap `cnm`c lax pbce~co|c~)

Pbc ^ginpmp} al Bsegi Emi`

Ai goo pbc c|aospmaigx} zaxo`~ al ~vgnc iapbmij m~ eaxc ~gnxa~ginp pbgi

bsegi emi`) Bsegi emi` m~ pbc gxcig mi zbmnb eaxpgo hcmij~ c|gosgpc pbcmx

vxahoce~/ xc~ao|c pbcmx `moceeg~/ gi` egdc pbcmx `cnm~mai~) Bsegi emi` m~ pbc

xcgoe mi zbmnb vcx~aigo nbamnc gi` vcx~aigo jxazpb pgdc~ vognc)

Pbc~c cocecip~ al bsegi gnpmai gxc pbc hc`xand al bsegi zaxpb) Pbc

vsxva~c al pbc c|aospmaigx} zaxo`~ m~ pa nxcgpc bsegi eaxpgo~ gi` pa jm|c pbce

avvaxpsimp} pa egdc pbcmx azi `cnm~mai~) Mi ~snb egiicx pbc} crvcxmcinc vcx%

~aigo jxazpb) Pbm~ |mpgo icnc~~mp} m~ pbc nxmpcxmg lax avvaxpsimp} pa g`|ginc pa

eaxc na~emn si`cxpgdmij~ mi pbc bcg|cio} xcgoe~) Zmpbasp `cnm~mai~ gi` zmpbasp

jxazpb pbc} naso` iap vxcvgxc lax pba~c eaxc `cegi`mij ngxccx~)

Mi ax`cx pa vxc~cx|c pbgp naipcrp al jxazpb mp hcnaec~ nxsnmgoo} mevaxpgip

pbgp ia ~vmxmp hcmij mipcxlcxc zmpb lxcc%zmoo crcxnm~c) Bsegi eaxpgo~ es~p hc oclp

zmpbasp mipcxlcxcinc h} bmjbcx%ax`cx hcmij~ mi pbgp vxanc~~)



y7>6y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

Gi` bcxc omc~ pbc nxsr al pbc nbamnc zbmnb lgnc~ s~ pa`g}) G xchcoomas~ ~vmxmp

hcmij bg~ hcci oclp lxcc ai pbm~ vogicp pa hxmij ~snb mipcxlcxcinc N ml bsegieaxpgo~ ~a nbaa~c)

Zbci g ~vmxmpm~p/ g vcx~ai ~ccdmij g ~vmxmp jsm`c/ ax ~aecaic `c~mxmij pa

nbgiico milaxegpmai lxae pbc ~vmxmp zaxo`/ ~mp~ àzi gi` ~g}~/ ‟^vmxmp/ vocg~c pgod

zmpb ec/― pbci g ~vmxmp ~sxco} zmoo à ~a) Pbm~ mxxc|anghoc gnp avci~ pbgp bsegi

emi` pa ^vmxmp Cipx}) Pbc `c|g~pgpmij `mllmnsop} m~ pbgp pbc bsegi eaxpgo ngiiap

~vcnml} zbmnb ~vmxmp zmoo cipcx hcngs~c bc àc~ iap diaz) Bc bg~ avcic` bm~ emi`

mi`m~nxmemigpco} pa goo ~vmxmp~)

Pbc vgxpicx `c|g~pgpmai m~ pbgp aio} xchco ~vmxmp~ zmoo cipcx bsegi emi`)

^snb ~vmxmp~ à iap xc~vcnp bsegi eaxpgo~) Pba~c ~vmxmp~ zmoo cevoa} gi} bsegi

eaxpgo zba egdc~ bme~col g|gmoghoc pa pbce) Lsxpbcxeaxc/ pba~c ~vmxmp~ bg|c ia

apbcx ecgi~ pa iaz crcxnm~c pbcmx vazcx)

Zc bg|c hcci va~mpm|co} milaxec` al ~snb egppcx~) M xcvcgp pbc wsapgpmai

bcxc hcngs~c M lcco mp m~ ~a mevaxpgip)

Gijco~ à iap mi|g`c pbc ~ginpmp} al pbc bsegi emi`4 pbc} à

iap egimvsogpc pbc zmoo al eaxpgo~4 icmpbcx à pbc} `mxcnpo} naipgnp

zmpb pbc mi`zcoomij ^vmxmp al pbc Lgpbcx) Pbc jsgx`mgi al `c~pmi} milos%

cinc~ }as mi c|cx} va~~mhoc egiicx nai~m~pcip zmpb pbc mjimp} al }asx

vcx~aigomp}4si`cx ia nmxnse~pginc~ a pbc~c gijco~ mipcxlcxc zmpb

pbc lxcc gnpmai al pbc bsegi zmoo) Icmpbcx gijco~ iax gi} apbcx ax`cx

al sim|cx~c vcx~aigomp} bg|c vazcx ax gspbaxmp} pa nsxpgmo ax ghxm`jc

pbc vxcxajgpm|c~ al bsegi nbaa~mij) Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~/ Vgjc :3<)

Pbc ~mijoc ea~p mevaxpgip gppxmhspc Ja` jg|c s~ m~ asx azi nbaa~mij) Icm%

pbcx gijco~ iax gi} apbcx ax`cx al sim|cx~c vcx~aigomp} bg|c vazcx ax gspbaxmp} pansxpgmo ax ghxm`jc pbc vxcxajgpm|c~ al bsegi nbaa~mij) Aio} pbxasjb xcomiwsm~b%

mij al pba~c vxcxajgpm|c~ ngi pbgp ^svcxmax Emi` g~~sec }asx nbaa~mij~ lax }as)

Ml }as jm|c }asx~col pa bme bc zmoo cipcx }asx emi` pa pgdc naipxao al }asx nbamnc~)

Gi` bc zmoo s~c }as lax bm~ mi~m`mas~ gi` `cgò} vsxva~c~)

Goo pba~c bsegi eaxpgo~ zba vcxemppc` ~vmxmp emi`~ pa cipcx pbcmx emi`~/ goo

pba~c ~vmxmpm~p~ gi` nbgiicocx~/ bg|c ~ao` pbce~co|c~/ pxso}/ pa pbc @c|mo) Bcoci

^nbsnegi zg~ aic al pba~c) Zg}ic @}cx/ g iapc` v~}nbaoajm~p/ ~svvaxp~ ~snb

~ax`m` gi` pxcgnbcxas~ vxgnpmnc~) H} ~snb vxanc~~ sipao` emoomai~ al bsegi

eaxpgo~ zmoo hc oa~p pa cpcximp}) Zbgp g `cgò} na~p lax pba~c bsegi hcmij~ zba

g`|angpc ~snb vbmoa~avbmc~ gi` vxgnpmnc~ hsp zba pxso} à iap diaz zbgp pbc}

gxc àmij)

Gxc ]as Cja1

Mi GNME pbc ^svcxmax Emi` àc~ iap ciàz }as zmpb vcx~aigomp}4 bc ciàz~

}as zmpb cja) Pbc zax` vcx~aigomp} annsx~ aic pmec mi GNME) Pbc zax` cja

annsx~ =88 pmec~)



7> % Pbc @c|mo”~ Hmhoc y7>7y

Zb} àc~ pbm~ ^svcxmax Emi` ngoo }as gi cja1 G~ zc goo diaz cja m~ g hg`

pbmij) Zc naeeaio} hcomc|c mp m~ pbgp vgxp al s~ zbmnb m~ ~colm~b) H} m`cipml}mij }asg~ gi cja pbc ^svcxmax Emi` ngi `cimjxgpc }asx mipxmi~mn zaxpb g~ g `m|mico} ci%

àzc` vcx~aigomp}) Glpcx bc bg~ }as pbmidmij }as gxc zaxpboc~~ bc ngi pxgi~laxe

}as mipa g hcmij ~shkcnp pa bm~ `clmimpmai gi` bm~ egimvsogpmai)

Nai~nmas~ic~~/ pbc oc|co al vcxncvpmai/ zg~ pbc lmx~p ~vomp mipxa`snc`

mipa pbc emi` glpcx pbc ~cvgxgpmai/ egdmij pbc emi` g vcxncm|cx xgpbcx

pbgi g nxcgpax) Nai~nmas~ic~~ m~ naxxcnpo} m`cipmlmc` g~ pbc àegmi al

pbc cja) Pbc cja m~ g zxaij%emi`c` gppcevp pa vcxncm|c }asx~col g~

}as zm~b pa hc/ xgpbcx pbgi g~ }as gxc) ]cp }as ngi diaz }asx~col aio}

g~ }as gxc/ hcngs~c pbgp m~ goo }as ngi hc ~sxc al) C|cx}pbmij co~c M^

avci pa wsc~pmai) Pcrp vj >:

Pbc ~cvgxgpmai/ al nasx~c/ zg~ pbc xchcoomai) Hsp pbm~ ^svcxmax Emi` ngiiap

gllax` pa m`cipml} mp g~ pbc xchcoomai) Bc es~p pxgi~laxe bm~pax} mipa `cos~mai)

Minxc`mho}/ gnnax`mij pa pbm~ ^svcxmax Emi`/ nai~nmas~ic~~ zg~ mipxa`snc` gp pbc

pmec al pbc xchcoomai) Vxmax pa pbgp pmec bsegi eaxpgo~ `m` iap bg|c nai~nmas~%

ic~~4 pbc} zcxc nxcgpax~/ iap vcxncm|cx~)

Ngi gi} ~gic emi` hcomc|c ~snb mi~gimp}1

M ncxpgmio} gi` `ccvo} `c~mxc pa hc g egpsxmij ~ai al e} bcg|cio} Lgpbcx)

Pbgp m~ zbgp M zm~b pa hc) Gnnax`mij pa pbm~ pcgnbmij/ zbci M eao` e} omlc pa pbgp

jago/ M cijgjc e}~col mi gi cja crcxnm~c)

Nai~m`cx pbc pzm~pc` naincvp~) Pbc cja m~ pbc wsc~pmaimij g~vcnp al pbc

va~p%~cvgxgpmai ~col/ zbmnb m~ eg`c xgpbcx pbgi nxcgpc`) Mp m~ ngvghoc al g~dmij

wsc~pmai~ hsp iap al vcxncm|mij ecgimijlso gi~zcx~/ hcngs~c pbc~c zaso` mi|ao|c

diazoc`jc gi` ngiiap hc vcxncm|c`) Pbc emi` m~ pbcxclaxc nails~c`/ hcngs~caio} Aic%emi`cìc~~ ngi hc zmpbasp nails~mai) G ~cvgxgpc` ax `m|m`c` emi`

ES^P hc nails~c`) Mp m~ icnc~~gxmo} sincxpgmi ghasp zbgp mp m~) Mp bg~ pa hc mi

nailomnp hcngs~c mp m~ asp al gnnax` zmpb mp~col) Pbm~ egdc~ mp~ g~vcnp~ ~pxgijcx~ pa

cgnb apbcx/ gi` pbm~ m~ pbc c~~cinc al pbc lcgx%vxaic nai`mpmai/ mi zbmnb gppgnd m~

gozg}~ va~~mhoc) ]as bg|c c|cx} xcg~ai pa lcco glxgm` g~ }as vcxncm|c }asx~col) Pbm~

m~ zb} }as ngiiap c~ngvc lxae lcgx sipmo }as xcgom{c pbgp }as `m` iap gi` naso`

iap nxcgpc }asx~col) ]as ngi ic|cx egdc }asx em~vcxncvpmai~ pxsc/ gi` }asx nxc%

gpmai m~ hc}ai` }asx azi cxxax) Pbgp m~ zb} }as es~p c|cipsgoo} nbaa~c pa bcgo

pbc ~cvgxgpmai)

@a }as xcgoo} hcomc|c pbgp }as gxc mingvghoc al vcxncm|mij ecgimijlso gi%

~zcx~1 M~ }as emi` nails~c` hcngs~c }as bg|c iap jm|ci a|cx }asx emi` pa pbgp

^svcxmax Emi`1 Zmoo }as naec mipa gnnax` zmpb }asx~col zbci }as kami pbgp Emi`1

]as ngi ~vcgd lxae pbc ~vmxmp ax lxae pbc cja/ g~ }as nbaa~c) Ml }as

~vcgd lxae ~vmxmp }as bg|c nba~ci pa 9Hc ~pmoo gi` diaz pbgp M ge Ja`)5

Pbc~c zax`~ gxc mi~vmxc` hcngs~c pbc} xclocnp diazoc`jc) Ml }as ~vcgd

lxae pbc cja }as gxc `m~nogmemij diazoc`jc mi~pcg` al gllmxemij mp/

gi` gxc pbs~ m~%~vmxmpmij }asx~col) @a iap cehgxd ai s~coc~~ kasxic}~/




hcngs~c pbc} gxc mi`cc` mi |gmi) Pbc cja eg} `c~mxc pbce/ hsp ~vmxmp

ngiiap cehgxd ai pbce hcngs~c mp m~ laxc|cx sizmoomij pa `cvgxp lxaemp~ Lasi`gpmai) Pcrp vj 0:)

Zbgp m~ pbm~ ~vmxmp1 Mp m~ bm~ ~vmxmp/ pbc ~vmxmp al pbc ^svcxmax Emi`) Zbci }as

gnwsmxc bm~ ~vmxmp/ zbci 9}as gxc ~pmoo gi` diaz pbgp bc m~ Ja`/5 }as hcnaec bm~) Mi

bm~ c}c~/ gi` lax bm~ vsxva~c/ gi} apbcx kasxic} m~ s~coc~~)

Pbm~ GBao} ^vmxmpF m~ pbc ecnbgim~e al emxgnoc~) Bc xcnajim{c~ hapb Ja`”~

nxcgpmai~ gi` }asx moos~mai~) Bc ~cvgxgpc~ pbc pxsc lxae pbc lgo~c h} Bm~ ghmomp} pa

vcxncm|c papgoo} xgpbcx pbgi ~cocnpm|co}) Pcrp vj >)

Pbs~ pbc ^svcxmax Emi` hcnaec~ pbc Bao} ^vmxmp gi` s~sxv~ }asx xmjbp al

nbamnc) Bc oaad~ hc}ai` }asx cja/ pa pbc ncipcx al }asx emi`/ zbcxc bc cipcx~

zbci }as jm|c }asx~col pa bme)

Pbc ^svcxmax Emi` ngiiap jm|c }as bsegi xc~vcnp ax `mjimp}) Pbc zax`

xc~vcnp/ zmpb pbgp ecgimij/ annsx~ ~mr pmec~ mi GNME) Pbc zax` `mjimp} annsx~

aic pmec) Bc xcjgx`~ }as g~/ gi` pcgnbc~ pbgp }asx gxc/ mi~gic) Pbc zax` mi~gic

annsx~ 7=3 pmec~ mi GNME4 pbc zax` mi~gimp} <3 pmec~)

Nai~m`cx baz esnb |mjmoginc }as bg|c hcci zmoomij pa crcxp pa vxapcnp }asx

cja/ gi` baz omppoc pa vxapcnp }asx xmjbp emi`) Zba hsp pbc mi~gic zaso` si`cx%

pgdc pa hcomc|c zbgp m~ iap pxsc/ gi` pbci vxapcnp pbm~ hcomcl gp pbc na~p al pxspb1

Pcrp vj 3<)

Pbc Gpaicecip

Zbgp m~ pbc vsxva~c al pbm~ ^svcxmax Emi`1 Bc bg~ g vogi4 bc m~ jamij pa

nxcgpc Emxgnoc~4 bc m~ jamij pa hxmij pbc Gpaicecip) Bc zmoo cevoa} goo bm~ bsegi

~cx|gip~ pa pbc ea~p `c|g~pgpmij vcx~aigo gnpmai~ pbm~ zaxo` bg~ c|cx ~cci)

‟Pbc laxjm|ci gxc pbc ecgi~ al pbc Gpaicecip) Hcmij lmooc` zmpb ~vmxmp/

pbc} laxjm|c mi xcpsxi) Pba~c zba gxc xcocg~c` es~p kami mi xcocg~mij

pbcmx hxapbcx~/ lax pbm~ m~ pbc vogi al pbc Gpaicecip) Emxgnoc~ gxc pbc

zg} mi zbmnb emi`~ pbgp ~cx|c pbc Bao} ^vmxmp simpc zmpb ec lax pbc

~go|gpmai ax xcocg~c al goo al Ja`”~ nxcgpmai~)― Pcrp vj :)

Pbc laxjm|ci bcxc gxc bm~ bsegi gjcip~) Pbc} bg|c hcci xcocg~c` h} pbm~

^svcxmax Emi` lxae pbcmx moos~mai~4 iaz pbc} es~p xcocg~c mi psxi) Pbc} es~p

xcocg~c pbcmx hxapbcx~ gi` ~m~pcx~) Pbm~ m~ pbc vogi al pbc Gpaicecip) Bc zmoo à

pbm~ pbxasjb Emxgnoc~)

Hsp zbgp m~ pbc vogi1 Baz zmoo pbc xcocg~c hc zxasjbp1

‟Gpaicecip m~ lax goo/ hcngs~c mp m~ pbc zg} pa sià pbc hcomcl pbgp

gi}pbmij m~ lax }as goaic) Pa laxjm|c m~ pa a|cxoaad) Oaad/ pbci/ hc}ai`

cxxax gi` à iap ocp }asx vcxncvpmai xc~p svai mp/ lax }as zmoo hcomc|c

zbgp }asx vcxncvpmai bao`~) Gnncvp g~ pxsc aio} zbgp }asx hxapbcx m~/ ml

}as zaso` diaz }asx~col) Vcxncm|c zbgp bc m~ iap gi` }as ngiiap diaz



7> % Pbc @c|mo”~ Hmhoc y7>>y

zbgp }as gxc/ hcngs~c }as ~cc bme lgo~co}) Xcecehcx gozg}~ pbgp

}asx M`cipmp} m~ ~bgxc`/ gi` pbgp Mp~ ~bgxmij m~ Mp~ xcgomp}) ]as bg|c gvgxp pa vog} mi pbc Gpaicecip/ hsp pbc vogi al pbc Gpaicecip m~

hc}ai` }as) ]as à iap si`cx~pgi` baz pa a|cxoaad cxxax~/ ax }as

zaso` iap egdc pbce) Mp zaso` ecxco} hc lsxpbcx cxxax pa hcomc|c cmpbcx

pbgp }as à iap egdc pbce/ ax pbgp }as ngi naxxcnp pbce zmpbasp g

Jsm`c pa naxxcnpmai) Gi` ml }as à iap laooaz pbm~ Jsm`c/ }asx cxxax~ zmoo

iap hc naxxcnpc`) Pbc vogi m~ iap }asx~ hcngs~c al }asx omempc` m`cg~

ghasp zbgp }as gxc) Pbm~ ~ci~c al omempgpmai m~ zbcxc goo cxxax~ gxm~c)

Pbc zg} pa sià pbce/ pbcxclaxc/ m~ iap AL }as hsp LAX }as)― Pcrp

vj~ 73<%73:)

Bcxc pbc ^svcxmax Emi` ~pgpc~ crvomnmpo} pbgp pbc vogi m~ hc}ai` pba~c zba

jm|c pbce~co|c~ pa bme) Pbcxclaxc/ bc àc~ iap xc|cgo pbgp vogi)

Naipxg~p ~snb pcgnbmij zmpb Kc~s~” vogi al vcx~aigo ~go|gpmai/ gi` pbc nxmpc%

xmg crvomnmpo} `c~nxmhc` lax asx cipx} mipa pbc dmijàe al bcg|ci)

Hcngs~c bm~ laooazcx~ gxc iap g`cwsgpc pa diazoc`jc al pbc vogi/ pbc} ngi%

iap |aosipgxmo} crcnspc pbc ~pcv~ al ~snb vogi/ iax gxxgijc pbcmx om|c~ pa bcov lsolmoo

pbgp vogi) Pbc} es~p hcnaec xahapmn ~og|c~ pa crcnspmai al bm~ vogi)

‟Emxgnoc~ gxc bghmp~/ gi` ~baso` hc mi|aosipgx}) Pbc} ~baso` iap hc

si`cx nai~nmas~ naipxao) Nai~nmas~o} ~cocnpc` emxgnoc~ ngi hc em~%

jsm`c`/― Pcrp vj 7)

Gi` zbgp zmoo bc à zmpb pbc~c emxgnoc~1 Bc zmoo hxmij pbc Gpaicecip/ pbc

ecnbgim~e h} zbmnb bc zmoo jcp c|ci zmpb Ja`) Bc zmoo egdc Ja` gpaic lax pbc

ks`jecip hxasjbp gjgmi~p bme) Bc zmoo hxmij xcocg~c al Ja`”~ vcavoc h} esx`cx%mij pbce) Pbc} pbci zmoo ja `mxcnpo} pa bcg|ci/ gi` ia oaijcx hc g hsx`ci ai pbm~

zaxo`)

‟M ge pbc aio} aic zba ngi vcxlaxe emxgnoc~ mi`m~nxmemigpco}/ hcngs~c

M ge pbc Gpaicecip) ]as bg|c g xaoc mi pbc Gpaicecip zbmnb M zmoo

`mnpgpc pa }as) G~d ec zbmnb emxgnoc~ }as ~baso` vcxlaxe) Pbm~ ~vgxc~

}as iccòc~~ cllaxp/ hcngs~c }as zmoo hc gnpmij si`cx `mxcnp nae%

esimngpmai) Pbc mevcx~aigo igpsxc al pbc emxgnoc m~ gi c~~cipmgo mi%

jxc`mcip/ hcngs~c mp cighoc~ ec pa `mxcnp mp~ gvvomngpmai/ gi` si`cx

e} jsm`ginc emxgnoc~ ocg` pa pbc bmjbo} vcx~aigo crvcxmcinc al xc|%

cogpmai) G jsm`c àc~ iap naipxao hsp bc àc~ `mxcnp/ ocg|mij mp sv pa

}as pa laooaz) 9Ocg` s~ iap mipa pcevpgpmai5 ecgi~ 9Xcnajim{c }asx

cxxax~ gi` nbaa~c pa ghgiài pbce h} laooazmij e} jsm`ginc/ 5 Pcrpvj :)

‟Emxgnoc~ gxc vgxp al gi mipcxoandmij nbgmi al laxjm|cic~~ zbmnb/ zbci

naevocpc`/ m~ pbc Gpaicecip)― Pcrp/ vj 7)




G~ M ~ps`mc` pbc Pcrp mp hcnaec~ jogxmijo} ah|mas~ pbgp pbc ^svcxmax Emi` m~

glpcx aic jago gi` aic jago aio}; crcnspmai al bm~ vogi pbxasjb naipxao al bsegiemi`)

Bm~ Vsxva~c M~ Esx`cx

Minxc`mhoc g~ mp eg} ~cce pbc vsxva~c al pbc ^svcxmax Emi` m~ esx`cx) Bc

~pgpc` ~a crvomnmpo}) Baz egi} pmec~ àc~ pbgp zax` annsx mi GNME1 Pbmxp}%imic)

Gnncvp pbc xcge Bc jg|c mi~pcg` al }asx~) Mp m~ iap mllmnsop pa nbgijc

g `xcge zbci ainc pbc `xcgecx bg~ hcci xcnajim{c`) Xc~p mi pbc

Bao} vmxmp/ gi` gooaz Bm~ jcipoc xcge~ pa pgdc pbc vognc al pba~c }as

`xcgec` mi pcxxax gi` mi lcgx al `cgpb) Bc hxmij~ laxjm|mij `xcge~/ mi

zbmnb pbc nbamnc m~ iap zba m~ pbc esx`cxcx gi` zba ~bgoo hc pbc |mn%pme) Mi pbc `xcge~ Bc hxmij~ pbcxc m~ ia esx`cx gi` pbcxc m~ ia `cgpb)

Pbc `xcge al jsmop m~ lg`mij lxae }asx ~mjbp/ gopbasjb }asx c}c~ gxc

noa~c`) G ~emoc bg~ naec pa omjbpci sv }asx ~occvmij lgnc) Pbc ~occv

m~ vcgnclso iaz/ lax pbc~c gxc bgvv} `xcge~) Pcrp 308)

Ml xcgomp} m~ g `xcge/ gi moos~mai/ bc ngi ~sh~pmpspc bm~ `xcge) Ml }as xc~p mi bm~

^vmxmp bc zmoo hxmij }as jcipoc `xcge~ pa pgdc pbc vognc al pba~c }as pbasjbp }as

~gz mi pbc zaxo` g~ }as vcxncm|c` mp) Pbci pbcxc m~ ia nbamnc g~ pa pbc esx`cxcx

gi` pbc |mnpme4 pbc} à iap crm~p) Iaz pbcxc m~ ia esx`cx gi` pbcxc m~ ia `cgpb)

Bc bg~ pgdci }as asp al pbc zaxo` al pxsc xcgomp} pa vognc }as mi bm~ zaxo` al pxsc

moos~mai) Mi pbm~ egiicx pbc `xcge al jsmop lg`c~ lxae pbc ~mjbp al pbc esx`cxcx~)

Baz zmoo bc à mp1 Lmx~p/ h} vxcvgxmij }as v~}nbaoajmngoo}/ h} gopcxmij }asx

vcxncvpmai al xcgomp}) Pbci bc zmoo ~pxmv }asx emi` h} jm|mij }as bm~ ^VMXMP/ gi` bm~omjbp)

Emxgnoc~ cighoc }as pa bcgo pbc ~mnd gi` xgm~c pbc `cg` hcngs~c }as

eg`c ~mndic~~ gi` `cgpb }asx~col/ gi` ngi pbcxclaxc ghaom~b hapb)

]as gxc g emxgnoc/ ngvghoc al nxcgpmij mi pbc omdcic~~ al }asx Nxcgpax)

C|cx}pbmij co~c m~ }asx azi imjbpegxc/ gi` àc~ iap crm~p) Aio} pbc

nxcgpmai~ al omjbp gxc xcgo) Pcrp vj 8)

Zaso` }as omdc pa nxcgpc mi pbc omdcic~~ al pbm~ Nxcgpax1 Gi}pbmij co~c m~ }asx

azi imjbpegxc) ]asx omlc al zaxo` xcgomp} àc~ iap crm~p zbci }as jm|c }asx~col pa

bme) Bc pgdc~ }as mipa bm~ xcgomp}/ mipa pbc jxcgpc~p imjbpegxc al goo pmec) Gi` }asx

`cos`c` emi` zmoo ~psehoc a|cx mp)

@a }as bg|c g pzmijc al lcgx pbgp c|cx}pbmij m~ iap xmjbp1 Ic|cx emi`/ bc bg~

g lmr lax pbgp go~a)

Goo lcgx m~ sopmegpco} xc`snmhoc pa pbc hg~mn em~vcxncvpmai pbgp }as bg|c

pbc ghmomp} pa s~sxv pbc vazcx al Ja`) Al nasx~c/ }as icmpbcx ngi iax

bg|c hcci ghoc pa à pbm~) Bcxc m~ pbc xcgo hg~m~ lax }asx c~ngvc lxae



7> % Pbc @c|mo”~ Hmhoc y7>3y

lcgx) Pbc c~ngvc m~ hxasjbp ghasp h} }asx gnncvpginc al pbc Gpaic%

ecip/ zbmnb cighoc~ }as pa xcgom{c pbgp }asx cxxax~ ic|cx xcgoo} an%nsxxc`) Aio} glpcx pbc `ccv ~occv lcoo svai G`ge naso` bc crvcxmcinc

imjbpegxc~) Ml g omjbp m~ ~s``cio} psxic` ai zbmoc ~aecaic m~ `xcgemij

g lcgxlso `xcge/ bc eg} mimpmgoo} mipcxvxcp pbc omjbp mp~col g~ vgxp al bm~

`xcge gi` hc glxgm` al mp) Bazc|cx/ zbci bc gzgdci~/ pbc omjbp m~

naxxcnpo} vcxncm|c` g~ pbc xcocg~c lxae pbc `xcge/ zbmnb m~ pbci ia

oaijcx gnnax`c` xcgomp}) Pbm~ xcocg~c ac~ iap cvci` ai moos~mai~) Pbc

diazoc`jc pbgp moosemigpc~ iap aio} ~cp~ }as lxcc/ hsp go~a ~baz~ }as

nocgxo} pbgp }as GXC lxcc) Pcrp vj 73)

Bc zmoo `mxcnp bm~ vcavoc pa xcgnb xmjbp mipa pbc Gopgx/ pbc ompcxgo bcgxp al bm~

|mnpme~ zba ia oaijcx gxc |mnpme~)

Pbc Gpaicecip ngi hc gnncvpc` zmpbmi }as aio} h} pbc xcocg~mij al

pbc miicx omjbp) minc pbc ~cvgxgpmai/ clci~c~ bg|c hcci s~c` goea~p

cipmxco} pa `clci` GJGMI^P pbc Gpaicecip/ gi` pbs~ egmipgmi pbc

~cvgxgpmai) Pbm~ m~ jcicxgoo} ~cci g~ g icc` pa vxapcnp pbc ha`}) Pbc

egi} ha`} lgipg~mc~ mi zbmnb emi`~ cijgjc gxm~c lxae pbc `m~paxpc`

hcomcl pbgp pbc ha`} ngi hc s~c` g~ g ecgi~ lax gppgmimij 9gpaicecip)5

Vcxncm|mij pbc ha`} g~ g pcevoc m~ aio} pbc lmx~p ~pcv mi naxxcnpmij pbm~

`m~paxpmai/ hcngs~c mp gopcx~ aio} vgxp al mp) Mp @AC^ xcnajim{c pbgp Gpaic%

ecip mi vb}~mngo pcxe~ m~ meva~~mhoc) Pbc icrp ~pcv/ bazc|cx/ m~ pa

xcgom{c pbgp g pcevoc m~ iap g ~pxsnpsxc gp goo) Mp~ pxsc baomic~~ omc~ gp pbc

miicx gopgx gxasi` zbmnb pbc ~pxsnpsxc m~ hsmop) Pbc cevbg~m~ ai hcgs%

pmlso ~pxsnpsxc~ m~ g ~mji al pbc lcgx al Gpaicecip/ gi` gi sizmoomijic~~

pa xcgnb pbc gopgx mp~col) Pbc xcgo hcgsp} al pbc pcevoc ngiiap hc ~ccizmpb pbc vb}~mngo c}c) vmxmpsgo ~mjbp/ ai pbc apbcx bgi`/ ngiiap ~cc pbc

~pxsnpsxc gp goo hcngs~c mp m~ vcxlcnp |m~mai) Mp ngi/ bazc|cx/ ~cc pbc

gopgx zmpb vcxlcnp nogxmp}) Pcrp vj~ 7:%72)

Pbc @c|mo”~ Hmhoc

Pbc `c|g~pgpmij mevgnp al pbc gnp~ al pbc @c|mo”~ gjcip~ svai pbcmx vcx~aigo

v~}nbaoaj} m~ meva~~mhoc pa c~pmegpc) Mp eg} xsi pbc jgesp lxae ~smnm`c pa hom~~)

Mi ax`cx pa ~go|gjc g ~cehoginc al v~}nbaoajmngo ax`cx asp al bm~ esx`cxas~

xgevgjc~ bc icc`~ g |cbmnoc pa allcx ~snnax pa pba~c gjcip~) Bc go~a icc`~ g

pbcaoaj} h} zbmnb pbc} ngi ks~pml} pbcmx gnp~) GNME m~ `c~mjic` pa à pbgp) Zbci

pbc} xcpsxi pa pbcmx baec~ lxae pbcmx cxxgi`~/ g~ pbc} nocgi pbcmx zcgvai~/ g~

pbc} zg~b pbcmx noapbc~/ gi` g~ pbc} pgdc pbcmx ~bazcx~/ pbc} zmoo bg|c xcemi`cx~

al pbcmx gnp~) Ml bc m~ pa vxc~cx|c pbce lax giapbcx cxxgi` bc icc`~ ~aec ecgi~

pa bao` pbce sipmo bm~ `cgò} ~cx|mnc m~ àic)

M allcx ~cocnpmai~ lxae GNME pa `ceai~pxgpc pbc pxso} mi~m`mas~ igpsxc al pbm~

`cgò} zaxd N zbci |mczc` lxae pbc vcx~vcnpm|c al mp~ pxsc vsxva~c)



y7><y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

Pbc naeesimngpmai omid pbgp Ja` Bme~col vognc` zmpbmi }as/ kamimij

}asx emi` zmpb Bm~/ ngiiap hc hxadci) ]as eg} hcomc|c }as zgip mphxadci/ gi` pbm~ hcomcl ac~ mipcxlcxc zmpb pbc ccv vcgnc mi zbmnb pbc

~zccp gi` nai~pgip naeesimngpmai Ja` zaso` ~bgxc zmpb }as m~ diazi)

]cp Bm~ nbgiico~ al xcgnbmij asp ngiiap hc zbaoo} noa~c` gi` ~cvg%

xgpc` lxae Bme) Vcgnc zmoo hc }asx~ hcngs~c Bm~ vcgnc ~pmoo loaz~ pa

}as lxae Bme Zba~c Zmoo m~ vcgnc) ]as bg|c mp iaz) Pbc Bao} ^vmxmp

zmoo pcgnb }as baz pa s~c mp/ gi` h} crpci`mij mp/ pa ocgxi pbgp mp m~ mi

}as) Ja` zmooc` }as Bcg|ci/ gi` zmoo gozg}~ zmoo }as iapbmij co~c) Pbc

Bao} vmxmp diaz~ aio} al Bm~ Zmoo) Pbcxc m~ ia nbginc pbgp Bcg|ci zmoo

iap hc }asx~/ lax Ja` m~ ~sxc/ gi` zbgp Bc zmoo~ m~ g~ ~sxc g~ Bc m~) ]as

zmoo ocgxi ~go|gpmai hcngs~c }as zmoo ocgxi baz pa ~g|c) Mp zmoo iap hc

va~~mhoc pa crcevp }asx~col lxae zbgp pbc Bao} ^vmxmp zgip~ pa pcgnb

}as) ^go|gpmai m~ g~ ~sxc g~ Ja`) Bm~ ncxpgmip} ~sllmnc~) Ocgxi pbgp

c|ci pbc `gxdc~p imjbpegxc pbgp `m~psxh~ pbc emi` al Ja`”~ ~occvmij

âi bao`~ ia vazcx a|cx bme) Bc zmoo ocgxi pbc oc~~ai al gzgdmij) Lax

Ja` zgpnbc~ a|cx bme gi` omjbp ~sxxasi`~ bme) Ngi Ja`”~ âi oa~c

bme~col mi `xcge~/ zbci Ja` bg~ vognc` zmpbmi bme pbc jog` ngoo pa

zgdci gi` hc jog`1 Bc ngiiap ~cvgxgpc bme~col lxae zbgp m~ mi bme)

Bm~ ~occv zmoo iap zmpb~pgi` pbc ngoo pa zgdc) Pbc em~~mai al xc`cev%

pmai zmoo hc lsolmooc` g~ ~sxco} g~ pbc nxcgpmai zmoo xcegmi sinbgijc`

pbxasjbasp cpcximp}) ]as à iap bg|c pa diaz pbgp Bcg|ci m~ }asx~ pa

egdc mp ~a) Mp M^ ~a) ]cp pa diaz mp/ pbc Zmoo al Ja` es~p hc gnncvpc` g~

}asx zmoo) Pcrp vj 836)

E} emi` zmoo gozg}~ hc omdc }asx~/ hcngs~c zc zcxc nxcgpc` g~ cwsgo~)

Mp zg~ aio} e} `cnm~mai pbgp jg|c ec goo vazcx mi Bcg|ci gi` cgxpb)E} aio} jmlp pa }as m~ pa bcov }as egdc pbc ~gec `cnm~mai) Pbm~ `cnm%

~mai m~ pbc nbamnc pa ~bgxc mp/ hcngs~c pbc cnm~mai mp~col m~ pbc `cnm~mai

pa ~bgxc) Mp m~ eg`c h} jm|mij/ gi` m~ pbcxclaxc pbc aic nbamnc pbgp

xc~cehoc~ pxsc nxcgpmai) M ge }asx ea`co lax `cnm~mai) H} `cnm`mij lax

Ja` M ~bazc` }as pbgp pbc `cnm~mai ngi hc eg`c/ gi` pbgp }as ngi

egdc mp) Pcrp :6%:7)

A e} nbmo`/ ml }as diaz zbgp Ja` zmoo~ lax }as/ }asx ka} zaso` hc

naevocpc' Gi` zbgp Bc zmoo~ bg~ bgvvcic`/ lax mp zg~ gozg}~ pxsc)

Zbci pbc omjbp naec~ gi` }as bg|c ~gm`/ Ja`”~ Zmoo m~ emic/ }as zmoo

~cc ~snb hcgsp} pbgp }as zmoo diaz mp m~ iap al }as) Asp al }asx ka} }as

zmoo nxcgpc hcgsp} mi Bm~ Igec/ lax }asx ka} naso` iap eaxc hc nai%

pgmic` pbgi Bm~) Pbc hocgd omppoc zaxo` zmoo |gim~b mipa iapbmijic~~/ gi`}asx bcgxp zmoo hc ~a lmooc` zmpb ka} pbgp mp zmoo ocgv mipa Bcg|ci/ gi` mipa

pbc Vxc~cinc al Ja`) M ngiiap pcoo }as zbgp pbm~ zmoo hc omdc/ lax }asx

bcgxp m~ iap xcg`}) ]cp M ngi pcoo }as/ gi` xcemi` }as alpci/ pbgp zbgp

Ja` zmoo~ lax Bme~col Bc zmoo~ lax }as/ gi` zbgp Bc zmoo~ lax }as m~

}asx~) Pcrp 720%723)



7> % Pbc @c|mo”~ Hmhoc y7>:y

Pbm~ m~ g |cx} ~mevoc nasx~c) Vcxbgv~ }as à iap lcco }as icc` gnasx~c zbmnb/ mi pbc ci`/ pcgnbc~ pbgp aio} xcgomp} m~ pxsc) Hsp à }as

hcomc|c mp1 Zbci }as vcxncm|c pbc xcgo zaxo`/ }as zmoo xcnajim{c pbgp

}as `m` iap hcomc|c mp) ]cp pbc ~zmlpic~~ zmpb zbmnb }asx icz gi` aio}

xcgo vcxncvpmai zmoo hc pxgi~ogpc` mipa diazoc`jc zmoo ocg|c }as hsp gi

mi~pgip pa xcgom{c pbgp pbm~ goaic m~ pxsc) Gi` pbci c|cx}pbmij }as eg`c

zmoo hc laxjappci4 pbc jaa` gi` pbc hg`/ pbc lgo~c gi` pbc pxsc) Lax g~

Bcg|ci gi` cgxpb hcnaec aic/ c|ci pbc xcgo zaxo` zmoo |gim~b lxae

}asx ~mjbp) Pbc ci` al pbc zaxo` m~ iap mp~ c~pxsnpmai/ hsp mp~ pxgi~ogpmai

mipa Bcg|ci) Pbc xcmipcxvxcpgpmai al pbc zaxo` m~ pbc pxgi~lcx al goo

vcxncvpmai pa diazoc`jc) Pcrp 7=3%7=<)

Pbc Gpaicecip bg~ gozg}~ hcci mipcxvxcpc` g~ pbc xcocg~c lxae jsmop/

gi` pbm~ m~ naxxcnp ml mp m~ si`cx~paa`) ]cp c|ci zbci M mipcxvxcp mp lax

}as/ }as eg} xckcnp mp gi` à iap gnncvp mp lax }asx~col) ]as bg|c vcx%

bgv~ xcnajim{c` pbc lspmomp} al pbc cja gi` mp~ allcxmij~/ hsp pbasjb }as

à iap zgip pbce/ }as eg} iap }cp oaad svai pbc gopcxigpm|c zmpb jog`%

ic~~) Mi pbc crpxcec/ }as gxc glxgm` al xc`cevpmai gi` }as hcomc|c mp

zmoo dmoo }as) Egdc ia em~pgdc ghasp pbc `cvpb al pbm~ lcgx) Lax }as

hcomc|c pbgp/ mi pbc vxc~cinc al pxspb/ }as emjbp psxi ai }asx~col gi`

`c~pxa} }asx~col) Omppoc nbmo`/ pbm~ m~ iap ~a) ]asx 9jsmop} ~cnxcp5 m~ iapb%

mij/ gi` ml }as zmoo hsp hxmij mp pa pbc omjbp/ pbc Omjbp zmoo `m~vco mp) Gi`

pbci ia `gxd noas` zmoo xcegmi hcpzcci }as gi` pbc xcecehxginc al

}asx Lgpbcx/ lax }as zmoo xcecehcx Bm~ jsmopoc~~ âi/ zba `m` iap `mc

hcngs~c bc m~ meeaxpgo) Gi` }as zmoo ~cc pbgp }as zcxc xc`ccec` zmpb

bme/ gi` bg|c ic|cx hcci ~cvgxgpc` lxae bme) Mi pbm~ si`cx~pgi`mijomc~ }asx xcecehcxmij/ lax mp m~ pbc xcnajimpmai al oa|c zmpbasp lcgx)

Pbcxc zmoo hc jxcgp ka} mi Bcg|ci ai }asx baecnaemij/ gi` pbc ka}

zmoo hc }asx~) Lax pbc xc`ccec` ~ai al egi m~ pbc jsmopoc~~ ai al Ja`/

gi` pa xcnajim{c bme M^ }asx xc`cevpmai) Pcrp 880%883)

Pbm~ m~ pbc emxgnoc al nxcgpmai4 PBGP MP M^ AIC LAXC\CX) C|cx}

emxgnoc }as allcx pa pbc âi al Ja` m~ hsp pbc pxsc vcxncvpmai al aic

g~vcnp al pbc zbaoc) Pbasjb c|cx} g~vcnp m~ pbc zbaoc/ }as ngiiap

diaz pbm~ sipmo }as ~cc pbgp c|cx} g~vcnp m~ pbc ~gec/ vcxncm|c` mi pbc

omjbp gi` pbcxclaxc aic) C|cx}aic ~cci zmpbasp pbc vg~p pbs~ hxmij~

}as icgxcx pa pbc ci` al pmec h} hxmijmij bcgoc` gi` bcgomij ~mjbp mipa

pbc `gxdic~~/ gi` cighomij pbc zaxo` pa ~cc) Lax omjbp es~p naec mipa

pbc `gxdcic` zaxo` pa egdc Nbxm~p”~ |m~mai va~~mhoc c|ci bcxc) BcovBme pa jm|c Bm~ jmlp al omjbp pa goo zba pbmid pbc} zgi`cx mi pbc `gxd%

ic~~/ gi` ocp Bme jgpbcx pbce mipa Bm~ wsmcp ~mjbp pbgp egdc~ pbce

aic) Pcrp 807)




G~ emxgnoc~ mi pbm~ zaxo` kami }as pa }asx hxapbcx~/ ~a à }asx nxcgpmai~

c~pghom~b }asx lgpbcxbaa` mi Bcg|ci) ]as gxc pbc zmpic~~c~ pa pbcLgpbcxbaa` al Ja`/ gi` Bc bg~ jm|ci }as pbc vazcx pa nxcgpc pbc

zmpic~~c~ pa }asx lgpbcxbaa` mi Bcg|ci) Pbc emxgnoc pbgp Ja` nxcgpc`

m~ vcxlcnp/ g~ gxc pbc emxgnoc~ pbgp }as c~pghom~b mi Bm~ Igec) Pbc}

icc` ia bcgomij/ iax à }as/ zbci }as gnncvp pbce) ]cp mi pbm~ zaxo`

}asx vcxlcnpmai m~ sizmpic~~c`) Ja` diaz~ mp/ hsp }as à iap/ gi` ~a

}as à iap ~bgxc Bm~ zmpic~~ pa mp) Iax à }as zmpic~~ sipa Bme/ lax

xcgomp} m~ zmpic~~c` pa g~ aic) Ja` zgmp~ }asx zmpic~~ pa Bm~ ai gi` pa

Bme~col) Pbc emxgnoc~ }as à ai cgxpb gxc omlpc` sv pa Bcg|ci gi` pa

Bme) Pbc} zmpic~~ pa zbgp }as à iap diaz/ gi` g~ pbc} xcgnb pbc

jgpc~ al Bcg|ci/ Ja` zmoo avci pbce) Lax ic|cx zaso` Bc ocg|c Bm~

Azi hcoa|c` âi asp~m`c pbce/ gi` hc}ai` Bme~col) Pcrp 808)

Hclaxc g bao} xcogpmai~bmv pbcxc m~ ia ~mi) Pbc laxe al cxxax m~ ia oaijcx

~cci/ gi` xcg~ai/ kamic` zmpb oa|c/ oaad~ wsmcpo} ai goo nails~mai/ ah%

~cx|mij ecxco}/ 9Pbm~ zg~ g em~pgdc)5 Gi` pbci pbc ~gec Gpaicecip

}as gnncvpc` mi }asx xcogpmai~bmv naxxcnp~ pbc cxxax/ gi` og}~ g vgxp al

Bcg|ci mi mp~ vognc) Baz hoc~~c` gxc }as zba ocp pbm~ jmlp hc jm|ci'

Cgnb vgxp al Bcg|ci pbgp }as hxmij m~ jm|ci }as) Gi` c|cx} vognc mi

Bcg|ci pbgp }as zmoo lmoo gjgmi zmpb pbc Cpcxigo Omjbp }as hxmij/ ~bmic~

iaz ai }as) Pbc ecgi~ al ~mioc~~ic~~ ngi diaz ia lcgx hcngs~c pbc}

ngxx} aio} oa|c zmpb pbce) Nbmo` al vcgnc/ pbc omjbp BG^ naec pa }as)

Pbc omjbp }as hxmij }as à iap xcnajim{c/ gi` }cp }as zmoo xcecehcx)

Zba ngi `ci} bme~col pbc |m~mai pbgp hc hxmij~ pa apbcx~1 Gi` zba

zaso` lgmo pa xcnajim{c g jmlp bc ocp hc ogm` mi Bcg|ci pbxasjb bme~col1

Pbc jcipoc ~cx|mnc pbgp }as jm|c pbc Bao} ^vmxmp m~ ~cx|mnc pa }asx~col)]as zba gxc iaz Bm~ ecgi~ es~p oa|c goo pbgp Bc oa|c~) Gi` zbgp }as

hxmij m~ }asx xcecehxginc al c|cx}pbmij pbgp m~ cpcxigo) Ia pxgnc al

gi}pbmij mi pmec ngi oaij xcegmi mi emi`~ pbgp ~cx|c pbc pmecoc~~) Gi`

ia moos~mai ngi m~psxh pbc vcgnc al g xcogpmai~bmv pbgp bg~ hcnaec pbc

ecgi~ al vcgnc) Pcrp 002)

Gi` pbgp m~ zbgp pbc naemij jxcgp ~vmxmpsgo ~pxsjjoc m~ goo ghasp) Ja` m~ jamij

pa lmi` asp zba gxc bm~ pxsc nbmo`xci) Zbgp g pcxxmhoc vxmnc zc goo ~bgoo vg})



70 % GNME % Gi Crgemigpmai y7>=y

NBGVPCX LASXPCCI

G Nasx~c mi Emxgnoc~

Gi Crgemigpmai

G Mipcxicp ocppcx pa ^pc|c [chmco~dm/ `gpc` Ia|cehcx 3/ 7==:)

"Gopbasjb pbm~ ocppcx xcvcgp~ esnb pbgp M `m~ns~~c` mi pbc vxcnc`mij nbgvpcx/

M allcx mp bcxc g~ cosnm`gpmai ai egi} al pbc gxjsecip~ al pba~c zba gnncvp gi`

hcomc|c mi GNME g~ g xc|cogpmai lxae Kc~s~)-

@cgx ^pc|c;

Pbm~ m~ g xc~vai~c ai }asx xcncip g~~cxpmai~ ghasp G Nasx~c Mi Emxgnoc~)

]as ~pgpc`;

‟Hcmij g xcg`cx al pbc SH ~minc 7=:: gi` pbc Nasx~c ~minc 7=20 M bg|c

ic|cx hcci g~bgec` al ax cehgxxg~~c` h} gi} egppcx xcogpc` pa pbc SH zmpb pbc

aic crncvpmai al pbm~ pbgp Egpp ~pgpc~ gha|c/ pbgp ~aec SH xcg`cx~ pbmid pbc

Nasx~c m~ zxmppci h} pbc `c|mo) M bg|c ~pgpc` egi} pmec~ ai sxgipmgo "Mipcxicp

`m~ns~~mai om~p- pbgp g ~svcxlmnmgo oaad gp pbc Nasx~c ngiiap xc|cgo pbc `cvpb~ al mp~

vxalasi` ~vmxmpsgomp}) Zax`~ gxc xc`clmic` gi` pbci s~c` gnnax`mij pa pbc xc`clm%

impmai~ pbxasjbasp pbc Nasx~c) Ml aic ksev~ mi gi` hcjmi~ pa xcg` bcxc gi` pbcxc

pbc Nasx~c zmoo ~cce naipxgx} pa ~aec al pbc m`cg~ zc bao` `cgx g~ SH xcg`cx~)

Hsp pbm~ m~ ~mevo} g xc~sop al iap si`cx~pgi`mij pbc pxsc ecgimij al pbc zax`~

s~c`) M zaso` omdc pa nbgoocijc gi}aic pa ~ci` ec gi} m`cg pbc Nasx~c pcgnbc~

zbmnb bc ax ~bc pbmid~ m~ gi cxxaicas~ m`cg gi` M zmoo mipcxvxcp mp g~ M hcomc|c Kc~s~/

zba m~ pbc xcgo gspbax al pbc Nasx~c/ ecgi~ lax mp pa hc mipcxvxcpc`) Gi` vocg~c/

aic 9 cxxaicas~ m`cg5 vcx va~p)―

"SH xclcx~ pa Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~)-

Pbm~ m~ e} xc~vai~c)

^c|cxgo }cgx~ gja M `m` g `cpgmoc` ~ps`} al GNME) Pbgp ~ps`} oclp ia àshp mi

e} emi` al pbc axmjmi al pbgp zaxd/ ax al mp~ sopmegpc vsxva~c)

Lax xcg`cx nai|cimcinc/ GNME m~ `m|m`c` mipa pbxcc naevocecipgx} |aosec~)\aosec 7) Pbc PCRP ) <88 vgjc~)

\aosec 8) ZAXDHAAD LAX ^PS@CIP^ ) 0:2 vgjc~)

\aosec >) EGISGO LAX PCGNBCX^ ) 22 vgjc~)

M bg|c navmc~ al goo pbxcc |aosec~)




M go~a bg|c pza naevspcx ~cgxnb vxajxge~) Aic m~ g Laoma \mcz~ ILA lmoc ai

\aosec M aio}) Pbc ~cnai` m~ gi G^NMM lmoc ai goo pbxcc |aosec~ s~mij g Hxmjbge]asij Sim|cx~mp} ~cgxnb vxajxge)

M ~bgoo om~p ~aec lgnp~ lax }as)

Pbc igec Kc~s~ ic|cx annsx~ mi pbc PCRP ax mi pbc ZAXDHAAD LAX

^PS@CIP^ / crncvp lax aic hmhomngo wsapc ai vgjc <:)

Pbc igec Kc~s~ m~ omempc` pa 7< apbcx s~c~ ai lm|c vgjc~ mi pbc EGISGO

LAX PCGNBCX^ )

Pbcxclaxc/ pbc igec Kc~s~ m~ omempc` pa ~mr al 7722 vgjc~/ goo naincipxgpc`

gp pbc ci` al GNME) Gi c~~cipmgo wsc~pmai m~ pbm~; Ml Kc~s~ m~ pbc gspbax al GNME/

zb} àc~ bc iap m`cipml} bme~col1 Zb} àc~ bc crnos`c xclcxcinc pa bme~col pa

pbc~c ~mr vgjc~/ naincipxgpc` pa pbc |cx} ci` al pbc pbxcc%|aosec ~cp1

GNME s~c~ pbc zax` Nbxm~p mi ><3 vgxgjxgvb~) 7>6 al pba~c gxc mi pbc PCRP )

"Pbc Laoma \mcz~ ~cgxnb vxajxge m`cipmlmc~ zax`~ hg~c` ai laoma~) Lax hapb

GNME gi` Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~ pba~c gxc vgxgjxgvb~) Ml g zax` annsx~ eaxc pbgi

ainc mi g vgxgjxgvb Laoma àc~ iap xcvaxp ~snb esopmvoc s~c) Pbcxclaxc pbc ~pgpc%

ecip~ M egdc es~p hc si`cx~paa` ai pbc hg~m~ al pbm~ zax` xcnajimpmai)-

Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~ ic|cx s~c pbc zax` Nbxm~p lax Kc~s~ crncvp mi bm~paxmngo

ax `gpc xclcxcinc~) Pbc zax` Nbxm~p mi Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~ m~ omempc` pa g pmpoc lax

Emnbgco) Xclcx pa e} vgvcx ai Nbxm~p Igec~ mi Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~)

Sidiazi pa ea~p ~ps`cip~!hcomc|cx~ al Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~/ pbc zax` Nbxm~p

m~ iap gvvomc` pa Kc~s~ hcngs~c al pbc m`cipmp} al pbc Ec~~mgb) Pbc zax` Nbxm~p m~

pbc Jxccd cwsm|gocip al pbc Bchxcz Ec~~mgb) Kc~s~ zg~ iap pbc Ec~~mgb) Pbcxc%

laxc/ Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~ g|am` m`cipml}mij Kc~s~ g~ pbc Nbxm~p)

GNME ic|cx s~c~ pbc zax` Ec~~mgb)

M gppcevpc` pa si`cx~pgi` zb} pbc pcrp al GNME àc~ iap s~c pbc zax`

Kc~s~) Pbm~ zax` m~ s~c` mi >/6:> vgxgjxgvb~ mi Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~)M go~a zgipc` pa diaz zb} mp g|am`~ pbc zax` Ec~~mgb/ s~c` mi Pbc Sxgipmg

Vgvcx~ mi 787 vgxgjxgvb~)

Svai lsxpbcx ~ps`} M iapc` pbgp ic|cx/ mi gi} al pbc pcrp al 7722 vgjc~ m~ g

`mxcnp nogme eg`c pbgp Kc~s~ m~ pbc gspbax al GNME) ^snb iapmai m~ g e}pb/ gi` m~

g `c`snpmai hg~c` ai mipcxvxcpgpmai al pbc pcrp) Mp m~ go~a hg~c` ai pbc m`cg pbgp

Kc~s~ gi` Nbxm~p gxc cwsm|gocip) ^minc pbc zax` Nbxm~p m~ s~c` ~a egi} pmec~/ goo

~ps`cip~ g~~sec pbm~ ecgi~ Kc~s~)

Pbc Nbxm~p mi GNME m~ iap pbc Nbxm~p al Nbxm~pmgi xcomjmas~ pxg`mpmai) Pbc Nbxm~p

al GNME m~ g ea`cxi/ Icz%Gjc/ gh~pxs~c naincvp `m|axnc` lxae pbc m`cg pbgp pbc

Nbxm~p "pbc Ec~~mgb- zmoo hc asx lspsxc vogicpgx} xsocx) ^snb pxg`mpmaigo |mcz~ gxc

iap gèm~~mhoc zmpbmi pbc naincvpsgo lxgeczaxd al GNME)

Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~ gxc `clmimpc pbgp Econbm{c`cd zmoo hc asx lspsxc vogicpgx}

xsocx/ ~cx|mij g~ |mncjcxcip lax Kc~s~%Emnbgco) ^cc vgjc~ 370/ <77/ <>8/ gi` ~aai) Pbcxclaxc/ pbc Ao` Pc~pgecip vxavbcnmc~ ai pbc Ec~~mgb es~p gvvo} pa

Econbm{c`cd/ iap pa Kc~s~) Iapc V~goe 776/ V~goe 8/ V~goe :8/ gi` ~a ai)



70 % GNME % Gi Crgemigpmai y707y

Pbc igec Econbm{c`cd/ ~a mevaxpgip pa asx vogicpgx} lspsxc ic|cx annsx~ mi

GNME) Pbm~ igec annsx~ 382 pmec~ mi Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~) Pbc igec Egnbm|cipgEconbm{c`cd/ pbc ~vcnmlmn `c~mjigpax lax asx lspsxc vogicpgx} xsocx/ annsx~ 778

pmec~ mi Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~)

Pbm~ jogxmij gh~cinc al pbc igec al asx lspsxc vogicpgx} xsocx m~ `sc pa pbc

lgnp pbgp pbm~ vogicp bg~ ia lspsxc mi GNME)

GNME/ Vgjc <; ‟9 Bcg|ci gi` cgxpb ~bgoo vg~~ gzg}” ecgi~ pbgp pbc} zmoo iap

naipmisc pa crm~p g~ ~cvgxgpc ~pgpc~)―

Iapc pbgp GNME `clmic~ bcg|ci gi` cgxpb g~ ~pgpc~ al hcmij/ iap g~ vognc~)

Vgjc :6; ‟Pbc Bao} vmxmp m~ }asx Jsm`c mi nbaa~mij) Bc m~ mi pbc vgxp al

}asx emi` pbgp gozg}~ ~vcgd~ lax pbc xmjbp nbamnc/ hcngs~c Bc ~vcgd~

lax Ja`) Bc m~ }asx xcegmimij naeesimngpmai zmpb Ja` zbmnb }as ngi

mipcxxsvp hsp ngiiap `c~pxa}) Pbc Bao} ^vmxmp m~ pbc zg} mi zbmnb Ja`”~

Zmoo m~ àic ai cgxpb g~ mp m~ mi Bcg|ci) Hapb Bcg|ci gi` cgxpb gxc mi

}as/ hcngs~c pbc ngoo al hapb m~ mi }asx emi`)―

M ~bgoo xcpsxi pa pbc pbcec pbgp pbc ‟Bao} ^vmxmp― m~ mi pbc emi`) ^minc Bcg|ci

gi` cgxpb gxc zmpbmi bsegi eaxpgo~/ gnnax`mij pa pbm~ pcgnbmij/ pbc} es~p hc

~pgpc~/ gi` iap vognc~)

Vgjc 7=0; ‟Pbc zaxo` g~ }as vcxncm|c mp ngiiap bg|c hcci nxcgpc` h}

pbc Lgpbcx/ lax pbc zaxo` m~ iap g~ }as ~cc mp) Ja` nxcgpc` aio} pbc

cpcxigo/ gi` c|cx}pbmij }as ~cc m~ vcxm~bghoc) Pbcxclaxc/ pbcxc es~p

hc giapbcx zaxo` pbgp }as a iap ~cc) Pbc Hmhoc ~vcgd~ al g icz Bcg|ci

gi` g icz cgxpb/ }cp pbm~ ngiiap hc ompcxgoo} pxsc/ lax pbc cpcxigo gxc iap

xc%nxcgpc`)―

Bcxc GNME pcgnbc~ pbgp pbc zaxo` zc vcxncm|c m~ iap g~ zc ~cc mp) Mp m~ gi

moos~mai) Pbm~ moos~mai zg~ iap nxcgpc` h} pbc Lgpbcx) "Ax bm~ |mncjcxcip Nxcgpax âi

xcvxc~cipmij pbc Lgpbcx)- Pbc Lgpbcx naso` iap bg|c nxcgpc` pbc zaxo` zc vcx%

ncm|c hcngs~c mp m~ iap xcgo)

Iapc baz pbm~ naevgxc~ zmpb pcgnbmij~ mi Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~)

v)3== % ‟Mp zg~ al pbc nainos~mai al pbc pcxemigo em~~mai al pbc Pcgnbcx

âi~ "gp ocg~p pbgp zaso` hc pbc nbxaiaoaj} ai g iaxego zaxo`- pbgp

Kabi zxapc; 9M ~gz g icz bcg|ci gi` g icz cgxpb gi` pbc icz Kcxs~g%

oce naemij àzi lxae Ja` asp al bcg|ci/ vxcvgxc` g~ g vxminc~~

gàxic` lax pbc vxminc)”―

v)<66 % ‟Goo pbc zaxo`~ al ^gpgimg ngi kami mi pbc bavc al pbc aic zbazxapc; 9Ic|cxpbcoc~~ zc/ gnnax`mij pa Bm~ vxaem~c/ oaad lax g icz

bcg|ci gi` g icz cgxpb/ zbcxcmi `zcoo~ xmjbpcas~ic~~) Zbcxclaxc/

hcoa|c`/ ~ccmij pbgp }as oaad lax ~snb pbmij~/ hc `momjcip pbgp }as eg}

hc lasi` h} Bme mi vcgnc/ zmpbasp ~vap gi` hogecoc~~)”―




GNME xckcnp~ pbc~c naincvp~) Goo pcgnbmij~ zmpbmi GNME naincipxgpc ai ~col/

gi` ai pbc vcxncvpmai~ al moos~mai)Nsxmas~o}/ Kc~s~%Emnbgco xcegmic` goaal lxae pbc xc|cogpmai al Pbc Sxgipmg

Vgvcx~) Gopbasjb pbc Vgvcx~ pcgnb pbgp iapbmij pgdc~ vognc zmpbmi pbc àegmi al

g Eg~pcx Emnbgco zmpbasp bm~ gvvxa|go/ bc zg~ iap `mxcnpo} mi|ao|c` mi pbc vxc~ci%

pgpmai al pbc Vgvcx~)

Mi lsxpbcx ~ps`} al asx bm~paxmngo xc|cogpmai~ M `m~na|cxc` pbgp Kc~s~%Emnbgco

zg~ iap `mxcnpo} mi|ao|c` mi gi} al pba~c) Pbc Ao` Pc~pgecip vxavbcnmc~ zcxc pbc

zaxd al Econbm{c`cd mi naooghaxgpmai zmpb pbc vxavbcp~ gi` ~ccx~ al M~xgco) Kabi”~

Gvango}v~c zg~ vxc~cipc` h} `m|mic hcmij~ apbcx pbgi Kc~s~%Emnbgco/ crncvp

zbcxc pbc pcrp bg~ hcci vcx|cxpc` h} g ogpcx Nbxm~pmgi c`mpax) Pbc lmx~p M~gmgb zg~

pgdci pa |m~mp Kc~s~%Emnbgco ai ^go|mijpai/ gi` Vgso bg` g `mxcnp |m~mpgpmai/ hsp

pbc ~pgpcecip~ al pba~c pza eci zcxc lxae pbcmx si`cx~pgi`mij/ iap g~ `mxcnp

zax`~ lxae Ja`)

Vsppmij goo al pbm~ pajcpbcx M xcgnbc` pbc nainos~mai pbgp Kc~s~%Emnbgco ic|cx

hcnaec~ `mxcnpo} mi|ao|c` mi xc|cogpmai~ pa pbm~ zaxo`/ crncvp lax pbc pcgnbmij~ bc

jg|c s~ zbmoc bc om|c` bcxc g~ g egi) Jm|ci pbc lgnp pbgp GNME ic|cx `mxcnpo}

mi|adc~ Kc~s~ g~ pbc gspbax al pbgp zaxd/ M ge oclp pa nainos`c pbgp Kc~s~ zg~ iap

pbc gspbax al GNME/ gi` pbgp pbc gspbax ~p}oc` bm~ ~pgpcecip~ lax goo xcg`cx~ pa

milcx pbgp Kc~s~ zg~ pbc gspbax) Bc s~c` pbc ea`cxi gh~pxs~c naincvp al Nbxm~p

pa mi`snc pbm~ milcxcinc)

Mi apbcx zax`~/ GNME m~ g vxcpci~c ai gspbax~bmv)

Naso` GNME bg|c naec asp al pbc ~shnai~nmas~ al Bcoci ^nbsnegi1 M

ngiiap hcomc|c ~a) Naincvpsgoo} mp m~ naevocr/ gi` ~c`snpm|c) Mp m~ `mxcnpc` pazgx`

g vsxva~c zbmnb mp vogmio} ~pgpc~) M ngiiap hcomc|c Bcoci ^nbsnegi zaso` bg|c

bg` ~snb g nai~nmas~ vsxva~c) Hsp eaxc/ ~shnai~nmas~ emi`~ à iap lghxmngpc

~snb naevocr gi` axjgim{c` egpcxmgo) Pbc vxa`snp~ al egxjmigo nai~nmas~ic~~/g~ Zmoomge ^gòcx vxclcxxc` pa ngoo mp/ gxc iap ~avbm~pmngpc` oajmngoo}4 pbc} xgehoc/

bg{mo}/ g~ à `xcge~) Pbc} go~a à iap ~baz nai~pxsnpmai zmpb `cncvpm|c vsxva~c)

Pbc} gxc ~mevom~pmn) M naso` aio} nainos`c pbgp GNME ngec lxae pbc emi` al

giapbcx hcmij zmpb `clmimpc egomnmas~ mipcip)

Zbgp m~ pbc igpsxc al pbgp mipcip1 G~ M ~gm`/ mp m~ vogmio} ~pgpc`)

Vgjc 7>; ‟Pbm~ m~ g nasx~c mi emi` pxgmimij)―

Vgjc 7; ‟Emxgnoc~ gxc bghmp~/ gi` ~baso` hc mi|aosipgx}) Pbc} ~baso` iap hc

si`cx nai~nmas~ naipxao)―

Vgjc 80; ‟E} naipxao ngi pgdc a|cx c|cx}pbmij pbgp àc~ iap egppcx/ zbmoc

e} jsm`ginc ngi `mxcnp c|cx}pbmij pbgp àc~/ ml }as ~a nbaa~c)―

Vgjc 83; ‟Pbm~ m~ naipxaooc` h} ec gspaegpmngoo} g~ ~aai g~ }as vognc zbgp

}as pbmid si`cx e} jsm`ginc)―



70 % GNME % Gi Crgemigpmai y70>y

ZDHD Vgjc 7; ‟^cnai`/ hc ~sxc pbgp }as à iap cnm`c lax }asx~col)))

Pbm~ zmoo mipcxlcxc zmpb pxgi~lcx al pxgmimij))) âec al pbc m`cg~ pbczaxdhaad vxc~cip~ }as zmoo lmi` bgx` pa hcomc|c/ gi` apbcx~ eg} ~cce

wsmpc ~pgxpomij) ]as gxc iap g~dc` pa ks`jc pbce) ]as gxc ecxco} g~dc`

pa gvvo} pbc m`cg~ g~ }as gxc `mxcnpc` pa à)―

Iapbmij/ mi goo nxcgpmai/ naso` hc ~snb g hogpgip `cimgo al bsegi nbamnc)

Pbcxc m~ aio} aic vsxva~c hcbmi` ~snb pcgnbmij; Pbc bsegi eaxpgo~ zba

~shemp pa pbm~ pxgmimij zmoo oa~c pbcmx bsegi zmoo gi` pbcmx bsegi `mjimp})

Pbc ~shem~~mai al pbc bsegi emi` pa pbm~ emi` ngi aio} pgdc vognc ml pba~c

bsegi eaxpgo~ vcxemp pbc cipx} al pbm~ emi` mipa pbcmx emi`) Pbc Nasx~c m~ `c%

~mjic` c~vcnmgoo} pa gnnaevom~b pbgp vsxva~c)

Pbc Zaxdhaad Lax ^ps`cip~ cinasxgjc~ bsegi eaxpgo~ pa cijgjc mi vxgn%

pmnc~ pa `ci} xcgomp}/ gi` pa ~shemp pa pbm~ mi~m`mas~ emi`)

Pbc ~ps`cip”~ lmx~p oc~~ai m~ pa nai`mpmai bm~ vcxncvpmai al xcgomp}/ gi` pa

xcvcgpcò} gèmp;

Oc~~ai 7; ‟Iapbmij M ~cc mi pbm~ xaae Tai pbm~ ~pxccp/ lxae pbm~ zmiàz/ mi

pbm~ vogncU ecgi~ gi}pbmij)―

Pci mpce~ gxc om~pc` ai pbm~ vgjc) Geaij pbce; ‟Pbc ha`} àc~ iap ecgi

gi}pbmij)―

Bc m~ gmemij lax pbc bsegi ha`}) Bc `cimc~ pbgp mp bg~ |gosc) Bc àc~ ~a

hcngs~c bc es~p nai`mpmai pbc emi` al bm~ gjcip~ pa pbc naincvp pbgp pbc} ngi

xcea|c pbc bsegi ha`}/ hsp pbgp ~snb xcea|go m~ ecgimijoc~~)

Oc~~ai >; ‟M à iap si`cx~pgi` gi}pbmij M ~cc mi pbm~ xaae Tai pbm~ ~pxccp/

lxae pbm~ zmiàz/ mi pbm~ vogncU)

Pza vgxgjxgvb~ laooaz mi zbmnb pbc ~ps`cip m~ sxjc` pa gvvo} pbm~ pa goo pbmij~

~cci/ zbmnb minos`c~ bsegi ha`mc~/ ‟zmpbasp egdmij `m~pminpmai~ al gi} dmi`)―

‟Pbc~c gxc iap crcxnm~c~ mi ks`jecip)― ‟Lax pbm~ vsxva~c aic pbmij m~ omdc giapbcx

"zbmnb minos`c~ bsegi ha`mc~-4 cwsgoo} ~smpghoc gi` pbcxclaxc cwsgoo} s~clso)―

Oc~~ai~ : gi` 2 naincipxgpc ai vxcannsvgpmai zmpb vg~p pbasjbp~ gi` g~%

~anmgpmai~) Pbc ~ps`cip m~ sxjc` pa ocp ja al pba~c)

Oc~~ai 76; ‟E} pbasjbp~ à iap ecgi gi}pbmij)―

Pbc Oc~~ai~ ja ai gi` ai/ xc~bgvmij vcxncvpmai~ al xcgomp}) Ja` m~ mi c|cx}%

pbmij) ‟Ja` m~ mi c|cx}pbmij M ~cc hcngs~c Ja` m~ mi e} emi` )― Pbc cevbg~m~ m~

emic) Pbm~ m~ iap g pcgnbmij pbgp g Pbasjbp G`ks~pcx `zcoo~ zmpbmi s~/ xc~vcnpmijasx `cnm~mai~ gi` zmoo/ hsp pbgp pbm~ ‟Ja`― m~ mi pbc emi`/ `mxcnpmij zbgp pbm~

vcx~ai zmoo pbmid gi` à)

Oc~~ai >3; ‟E} emi` m~ vgxp al Ja`”~4 M ge |cx} bao})―




Zbci bc cipcx~ pbcmx emi`~/ gi` pbc} ~shemp pa bme/ pbc} zmoo pxso} lcco bao})

Bc zmoo mi`snc ~snb lccomij~4 pba~c lccomij~ zmoo gh~axh pbcmx ~pgpc al hcmij)

><; ‟E} baomic~~ ci|coav~ c|cx}pbmij M ~cc)―

Pba~c bsegi eaxpgo~ zba crvcxmcinc pbc~c lccomij~/ pbxasjb bm~ mi`snpmai/

zmoo pxso} ~cc baomic~~ "ax zbgp pbc} vcxncm|c pa hc baomic~~- mi c|cx}pbmij pbc} jg{c

svai/ minos`mij pbcmx hxapbcx~ gi` ~m~pcx~)

>:; ‟E} baomic~~ hoc~~c~ pbc zaxo`)―

Pbm~ m~ pbc sopmegpc `cncvpmai) Pbc baomic~~ zbmnb bm~ gjcip~ zmoo lcco zmoo

pgdc pbce pa gh~aospc hcomcl pbgp pbcmx baomic~~ ngi hoc~~ pbc cipmxc zaxo`/ minos`%

mij pbcmx hxapbcx~ gi` ~m~pcx~/ zba zmoo hc pbc pgxjcp~ al bm~ vsxva~c)

>2; ‟Pbcxc m~ iapbmij e} baomic~~ ngiiap à)―

Pbm~ emi` ecgi~ crgnpo} ‟iapbmij)― C|cx}pbmij m~ gnnc~~mhoc pa bme pbxasjb

pbc emi` al pbc bsegi eaxpgo zba ~shemp~ pa bme)

06; ‟M ge hoc~~c` g~ g âi al Ja`)―

Pbc Nasx~c m~ ~vcnmlmn pbgp bsegi eaxpgo~ gxc cwsgo pa pbc `m|mic âi al

Ja`)

08; ‟Ja` m~ e} ~pxcijpb) \m~mai m~ bm~ jmlp)―

Goo bsegi eaxpgo~ zmpb zbae M ge vcx~aigoo} gnwsgmipc`/ ax zba bg|c

vshom~bc` pbcmx crvcxmcinc~ zmpb ^vmxmp cipx} mipa pbcmx emi`~/ xcvaxp pbcmx |m~maigx}

crvcxmcinc~) Pbm~ vbciaeciai m~ nai|minmij vxaal pa pbce pbgp pbc ^vmxmp m~ xcgo)

Mevaxpgipo}/ bc àc~ iap pa`g} `m~vog} pbc lsoo ~pxcijpb al bm~ vazcx) Bc m~

vxcvgxmij g ng`xc al vcavoc lax bm~ ~cx|mnc/ gi` ngiiap hxmij pbce pa bm~ lsoo ~pgpc

al hcmij sipmo pbc pmec naec~ pa gnp) Bc m~ bao`mij pbce mi xc~cx|c/ ks~p g~ pbc

ecehcx~ al pbc Na~emn Xc~cx|c Naxv~ al @c~pmi} gxc eaecipgxmo} hcmij bco` mi

xc~cx|c)

Bc zmoo pgdc bm~ gjcip~ mipa pbc Omjbp)

00; ‟Ja` m~ pbc omjbp mi zbmnb M ~cc)―

Bc zmoo mi`snc mi pbcmx emi`~ hcgspmlso gi` joaxmas~ omjbp) Pbc} zmoo iap wsc~%pmai pbgp bc m~ Ja`)

Bc zmoo `mxcnp pbcmx pbasjbp~)

03; ‟Ja` m~ pbc emi` zmpb zbmnb M pbmid)―



70 % GNME % Gi Crgemigpmai y703y

Pbc Nasx~c bg~ pbc~c vsxva~c~; Pa jcp pbc ~ps`cip~ al pbm~ Ja` pbaxasjbo}

mehsc` zmpb pbc lgnp al bm~ vxc~cinc mi pbcmx emi`~/ pa gopcx pbcmx vcxncvpmai~ al xcgomp}/ gi` pa hxmij pbce `m|mic omjbp gi` lccomij~ al `m|mic baomic~~) Lxae pbcxc

bc xc`clmic~ baomic~~ gi` jago~ pa ea|c pbce pa g vognc zbcxc bc ngi gnnae%

vom~b bm~ vsxva~c)

Bc es~p xc`clmic bm~ vxc~cinc pa nai`mpmai pbcmx emi`~ pa bm~ xcvogncecip

al g xcgo Ja` pa pbc Ja` iaz vxc~cip mi pbcmx emi`~) Iapc pbc `ccv hog~vbce};

Vgjc 32; ‟Pbc Lmx~p Naemij al Nbxm~p m~ ecxco} giapbcx igec lax pbc

nxcgpmai/ lax Nbxm~p m~ pbc âi al Ja`) Pbc ^cnai` Naemij al Nbxm~p

ecgi~ iapbmij eaxc pbgi pbc ci` al pbc cja”~ xsoc gi` pbc bcgomij al

pbc emi`) M zg~ nxcgpc` omdc }as mi pbc lmx~p/ gi` M bg|c ngooc` }as pa

kami ec mi pbc ~cnai`) M ge mi nbgxjc al pbc ^cnai` Naemij/ gi` e}

ks`jecip/ zbmnb m~ s~c` aio} lax vxapcnpmai/ ngiiap hc zxaij hcngs~c

mp ic|cx gppgnd~)))―

Bcxc mp m~ ah|mas~ pbgp pbc zax` Nbxm~p bg~ hcci xc`clmic` pa xcea|c mp lxae

pbc pxg`mpmaigo Nbxm~pmgi ~ci~c) Mp iaz ~cx|c~ g papgoo} `mllcxcip vsxva~c) Bc m~ pbm~

Nbxm~p) Goo xclcxcinc~ pa Nbxm~p mi GNME gxc xclcxcinc~ pa bme) Pbc Lmx~p Naemij al

Nbxm~p m~ ia oaijcx pbc bsegi hmxpb/ omlc/ gi` `cgpb al asx Nxcgpax/ hsp g xc`clmim%

pmai/ giapbcx igec lax pbc nxcgpmai/ pbc nxcgpmai al pbm~ Ja`) Pbc ^cnai` Nae%

mij al Nbxm~p àc~ iap ecgi pbc xcpsxi al Kc~s~/ hsp m~ xc`clmic` g~ pbc ci` al pbc

cja”~ xsoc)

Pcgnbmij~ ai cja àemigpc esnb al pbc pcrp al GNME) Mi pba~c pcgnbmij~

pbc ~vmxmp gspbax `m~vco~ gi} iapmai pbgp bsegi eaxpgo~/ mi pbcmx vxc~cip ~pgpc/

bg|c `mjimp}) G~ vgxp al bm~ emi` nai`mpmaimij bc hog~p~ gzg} ~col%xc~vcnp pa xc%

vognc mp zmpb iapmai~ pbgp gxc naevgpmhoc pa bm~ emi` naipxao)

Vgjc >:; ‟Nai~nmas~ic~~/ pbc oc|co al vcxncvpmai/ zg~ pbc lmx~p ~vomp

mipxa`snc` mipa pbc emi` glpcx pbc ~cvgxgpmai/ egdmij pbc emi` g vcx%

ncm|cx xgpbcx pbgi g nxcgpax) Nai~nmas~ic~~ m~ naxxcnpo} m`cipmlmc` g~

pbc aegmi al pbc cja) Pbc cja m~ g zxaij%emi`c` gppcevp pa vcxncm|c

}asx~col g~ }as zm~b pa hc/ xgpbcx pbgi g~ }as gxc) ]cp }as ngi diaz

}asx~col aio} g~ }as gxc/ hcngs~c pbgp m~ goo }as ngi hc ~sxc al) C|cx}%

pbmij co~c M^ avci pa wsc~pmai)―

Vogmio} c|m`cip al naincxi pa pbm~ ^vxmp gspbax m~ pbc ~cvgxgpmai) Bc ~cvgxgpc`

bme~col lxae bm~ Ja`/ lxae nxcgpmai/ gi` lxae xcgomp}) Bc hcngec mi~gic)

Lxae Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~/ v):30 % ‟Mi goo pbc gèmim~pxgpm|c zaxd al goango sim|cx~c ia bmjb pxs~p m~ `ccec` eaxc ~gnxc` pbgi pbgp xcva~c`

mi g Vogicpgx} Vxminc zba g~~sec~ xc~vai~mhmomp} lax pbc zcolgxc gi`

jsm`ginc al pbc c|ao|mij eaxpgo~ ai g iczo} mibghmpc` zaxo`) Gi` al goo

laxe~ al c|mo/ iaic gxc eaxc `c~pxsnpm|c al vcx~aigomp} ~pgps~ pbgi

hcpxg}go al pxs~p gi` `m~oa}gop} pa aic”~ nailm`mij lxmci`~) Mi naeemp%




pmij pbm~ `comhcxgpc ~mi/ Ngomjg~pmg ~a naevocpco} `m~paxpc` bm~ vcx~ai%

gomp} pbgp bm~ emi` bg~ ic|cx ~minc hcci ghoc lsoo} pa xcjgmi mp~ cwsmomh%xmse)―

Bc diaz~ mp) Hsp bm~ vcx~aigomp} m~ ~a `m~paxpc`/ bc ngiiap iaz naiicnp pa

xcgomp}) Bc es~p xc`clmic xcgomp} g~ moos~mai/ gi` pcgnb ~snb pa bm~ bsegi ~ps`cip~)

Nai~nmas~ic~~ iaz hcnaec~ m`cipmlmc` g~ pbc àegmi al pbc cja) Bm~ cja

crvxc~~mai hxasjbp pbc axmjmi~ al ~mi) Bc zg~ lmx~p mi pbm~ vgpb) Gi` bc crvxc~~c~

mp ~a gnnsxgpco}) ‟Pbc cja m~ g zxaij%emi`c` gppcevp pa vcxncm|c }asx~col g~ }as

zm~b pa hc/ xgpbcx pbgi g~ }as gxc)― Bc m~ pgodmij ghasp bme~col) ‟]cp }as ngi diaz

}asx~col aio} g~ }as gxc/ hcngs~c pbgp m~ goo }as ngi hc ~sxc al) C|cx}pbmij co~c M^

avci pa wsc~pmai)―

Pbm~ zg~ pbc jxcgp baxxax bc nxcgpc` zbci bc zcip mipa cja xsoc) Hcngs~c

bm~ emi` m~ ~a `m~paxpc` bc naso` ic|cx gjgmi hc ~sxc al xcgomp}) C|cx}pbmij m~ iaz

avci pa wsc~pmai) Bc ngi iaz aio} hc ~sxc al bme~col/ G^ BC M^) Gi` pbm~ m~ zbgp

bc pcgnbc~ pba~c eaxpgo laao~ zba laooaz bme)

Hsp bc bg~ iap oa~p bm~ ~vmxmpsgo vazcx) Pbc ^cnai` Naemij m~ bm~ vxc~cinc

mi pbcmx emi`~) Pbc} zmoo pxso} hcomc|c pbm~ m~ pbc ^cnai` Naemij) Pbc} zmoo iap hc

ghoc pa `ci} pbc emxgnoc~ bc vcxlaxe~ mi pbcmx emi`~)

Bc bg~ gi sopmegpc vsxva~c) Pbgp vsxva~c m~ pbc Gpaicecip)

Bc m~ jamij pa egdc Ja`”~ vcavoc gpaic lax pbc ks`jecip pbgp zg~ vognc`

gjgmi~p bme)

Mi pbgp egiicx bc zmoo hxmij bcgomij pa pbc zaxo`) Bm~ bcgomij)

Vgjc 7=; ‟Asx cevbg~m~ m~ iaz ai bcgomij) Pbc emxgnoc m~ pbc ecgi~/ pbc

Gpaicecip m~ pbc vxminmvoc/ gi` bcgomij m~ pbc xc~sop)―

Pbc PCRP naipmisc~;

‟Pa ~vcgd al 9g emxgnoc al bcgomij” m~ pa naehmic pza ax`cx~ al xcgomp}

migvvxavxmgpco}) Bcgomij m~ iap g emxgnoc) Pbc Gpaicecip/ ax pbc lmigo

emxgnoc/ m~ g xcec`} gi` gi} p}vc al bcgomij m~ g xc~sop) Pbc dmi` al

cxxax pa zbmnb Gpaicecip m~ gvvomc` m~ mxxcoc|gip) Goo bcgomij m~ c~~ci%

pmgoo} pbc xcocg~c lxae lcgx) Pa si`cxpgdc pbm~ }as ngiiap hc lcgxlso

}asx~col) ]as à iap si`cx~pgi` bcgomij hcngs~c al }asx azi lcgx)―

Pbc zax` Emxgnoc~ m~ bm~ ecpba` al `c~nxmhmij pbc gnpmai~ bc zmoo mi`snc bm~

eaxpgo gjcip~ pa vcxlaxe)

Gjgmi/ bc xcvcgpcò} ecipmai~ lcgx hcngs~c bc es~p nai`mpmai bm~ gjcip~ pa

a|cxnaec pbc mi~pminpm|c lcgx pbc} zmoo lcco g~ pbc} vcxlaxe~ pbcmx gnp~ al esx`cx)Hsp esx`cx m~ xc`clmic` go~a) Minos`mij pbc ~gnxmlmnc al apbcx bsegi eax%

pgo~) Goo xcgomp} m~ xc`clmic`)



70 % GNME % Gi Crgemigpmai y70:y

Vgjc >20; ‟Pbm~ m~ pbc |gosc pbgp }as pbmid vcgnc zaso` xah }as al)

Pbm~ m~ zbgp }as hcomc|c pbgp mp zaso` m~va~~c~~/ gi` ocg|c }as baec%oc~~) Gi` mp m~ pbm~ lax zbmnb }as zaso` `ci} g baec pa vcgnc) Pbm~

‟~gnxmlmnc― }as lcco pa hc paa jxcgp pa egdc/ paa esnb pa g~d al }as) M~

mp g ~gnxmlmnc/ ax g xcocg~c1 Zbgp bg~ pbc ha`} xcgoo} jm|ci }as pbgp

ks~pmlmc~ }asx ~pxgijc hcomcl pbgp mi mp omc~ ~go|gpmai1 @a }as iap ~cc pbgp

pbm~ m~ pbc hcomcl mi cgpb1 Bcxc m~ pbc lans~ al pbc vcxncvpmai al gpaic%

ecip g~ esx`cx) Bcxc m~ pbc ~asxnc al pbc m`cg pbgp oa|c m~ lcgx)―

Bc xgpmaigom{c~ bm~ vsxva~c/ gi` xc`clmic~ xcgomp}/ mi ax`cx pbgp bm~ gjcip~ iap

lans~ ai pbc vcxncvpmai al gpaicecip g~ esx`cx ) Bc g~d~/ ‟M~ mp g ~gnxmlmnc/ ax g

xcocg~c1― Bc zgip bm~ bsegi ~cx|gip~ pa xcnajim{c pbgp esx`cx al pbcmx hxapbcx~

gi` ~m~pcx~ m~ xcocg~c gi` iap ~gnxmlmnc)

Pbc `ccv `cncvpmai al pbc~c pcgnbmij~ m~ ~pxmdmij pmec gi` gjgmi)

Vgjc 8; ‟Emxgnoc~ gxc vgxp al gi mipcxoandmij nbgmi al laxjm|cic~~ zbmnb/

zbci naevocpc`/ m~ pbc Gpaicecip)―

Iapc bm~ cevbg~m~ ai laxjm|mij) Goo m~ oa|c) Goo m~ laxjm|ci) Zbci bm~ eaxpgo

gjcip~ `m~vgpnb pbcmx hxapbcx~ gi` ~m~pcx~ mp zmoo hc hcngs~c al pbc oa|c pbc} lcco

lax pba~c hxapbcx~ gi` ~m~pcx~) Pbc zmoo iap à mp asp al bgpc/ hsp asp al oa|c) Pbc

Pcgnbmij Em~~mai pa`g} cevbg~m{c~ oa|c) Sinai`mpmaigo oa|c) Mi pbc `cos~mai~ al

pba~c zba laooaz ~snb pcgnbmij~ pbc} hcomc|c pbc} gxc pbc icz lxaip lax g icz

zaxo`) Pbc} zmoo hxmij g zaxo` al oa|c gi` laxjm|cic~~) Pbc} gxc pbc icz Pcgnbcx~

gi` Ocg`cx~)

Omppoc à pbc} diaz)

Vgjc 8; ‟Gpaimij ecgi~ siàmij)―

Pbm~ m~ bm~ ecpba` al `c~nxmhmij pbc xcpxmhspmai bc zmoo hxmij svai Ja`”~

vcavoc/ g~ pbc crvxc~~mai al bm~ |cijcginc svai bm~ Ja`)

Vgjc <; ‟M ge mi nbgxjc al pbc vxanc~~ al Gpaicecip))) E} vgxp mi pbc Gpaic%

ecip m~ pbc ngincomij asp al goo cxxax~ pbgp }as naso` iap apbcxzm~c naxxcnp)―

Bc zmoo ~pxm|c pa nginco asp goo pba~c vg~p cxxax~ al ks`jecip hxasjbp gjgmi~p

bme)

Vgjc :; ‟Pbc laxjm|ci gxc pbc ecgi~ al pbc Gpaicecip) "Pbc laxjm|ci gxc bm~

gjcip~)-‟Hcmij lmooc` zmpb ~vmxmp/ pbc} laxjm|c mi xcpsxi)― "Pbgp m~/ hcmij lmooc` zmpb bm~

~vmxmp)-

‟Pba~c zba gxc xcocg~c` es~p kami mi xcocg~mij pbcmx hxapbcx~/ lax pbm~ m~ pbc

vogi al pbc Gpaicecip)― "Pbc laxjm|ci zmoo xcocg~c pbcmx hxapbcx~ lxae pbm~ omlc)

Pbgp m~ pbc vogi al pbc Gpaicecip)-




‟Emxgnoc~ gxc pbc zg} mi zbmnb emi`~ pbgp ~cx|c pbc Bao} ^vmxmp simpc zmpb ec

lax pbc ~go|gpmai ax xcocg~c al goo al Ja`”~ nxcgpmai~)― "Pbc emxgnoc~ zmoo hc vcx% laxec` h} pbc laxjm|ci) Zbci pbcmx emi`~ ~cx|c pbc ‟Bao} ^vmxmp/― bm~ ~vmxmp/ pbc}

zmoo simpc zmpb bme mi pbc ~go|gpmai al goo al Ja`”~ nxcgpmai/ minos`mij c~vcnmgoo}

pbcmx hxapbcx~/ zbae pbc} zmoo xcocg~c h} `m~vgpnbmij)-

Vgjc =; ‟Pbc emxgnoc kami~ mi pbc Gpaicecip h} pbc emi` mi pbc ~cx|mnc al

pbc Bao} ^vmxmp)―

Pbc laxjm|ci/ bm~ gjcip~/ zmoo pxso} hcomc|c bc hxmij~ pbc Bao} ^vmxmp) Pbc} zmoo

bg|c ia àshp zbci bc pxgi~laxe~ pbce pbxasjb vcicpxgpmai al pbcmx emi`~/ gi`

pbc gopcxmij al pbcmx eaa`~ gi` pbasjbp~ pa `ccv ~vmxmpsgo lccomij~)

Vgjc 7:; ‟Pbc Gpaicecip ngi hc gnncvpc` zmpbmi }as aio} h} pbc xcocg~mij

al pbc miicx omjbp)―

Bc zmoo hxmij omjbp % |m|m`/ hxmoomgip/ joaxmas~ omjbp) Bm~ gjcip~ zmoo lsoo} hcomc|c

bc m~ Ja`)

Hsp bc dicz lsoo zcoo zbgp Ja`”~ pxsc vcavoc zaso` pbmid ghasp bme)

Vgjc 0==; ‟â à pbc} pbmid pbc oa~~ al ^mi g ngs~c) Gi` locc pbc Bao}

^vmxmp g~ ml Bc zcxc g ec~~cijcx lxae bcoo/ ~cip lxae gha|c/ mi pxcgnb%

cx} gi` jsmoc/ pa zaxd Ja`”~ |cijcginc ai pbce mi pbc jsm~c al g

`com|cxcx gi` lxmci`) Zbgp naso` Bc hc pa pbce crncvp g c|mo/ xc~~c`

pa `cncm|c zmpbmi gi gijoc”~ noagd) Gi` zbgp c~ngvc bg~ Bc lax pbce

crncvp g àax pa bcoo pbgp ~cce~ pa oaad omdc Bcg|ci”~ jgpc1―

Mi bm~ mi~gimp}/ pbm~ m~ gi crvomnmp `c~nxmvpmai al pbc gnpsgo ~mpsgpmai/ gnnsxgpco}

~pgpc`/ ainc gjgmi)

Bc ngiiap xc~pxgmi bme~col) Bc es~p |cip bm~ lxs~pxgpmai~)

Egi} al pbc ~pgpcecip zmpbmi GNME/ zbci |mczc` g~ crvxc~~mai~ al bm~ vcx%

~aigo ~mpsgpmai/ allcx ~pgxpomij mi~mjbp~)

Pbm~ pxso} m~ gi mi~gic emi` gp zaxd)

Ic|cx/ c|cx/ `m` M cinasipcx ~snb `c|mas~ `c~cnxgpmai g~ m~ lasi` mi GNME)

Mi`cc`/ zbgp c~ngvc m~ pbcxc lax gi} al s~ crncvp g àax pa bcoo pbgp oaad~ pa bm~

gjcip~ omdc Bcg|ci”~ jgpc1

G Nasx~c Mi Emxgnoc~ hcnaec~ mevaxpgip zbci zc xcnajim{c pbgp bm~ ~cx%

|gip~ zmoo icc` ~aec laxe al xcg~~sxginc glpcx pbcmx `cgò} ai~ogsjbp~) Pbc} zmoo

bg|c jaa` ngs~c pa xclcx pa mp/ pa jm|c pbce ~aognc lax pbcmx esx`cxas~ gnp~) Mp m~

pxso} g @c|mo”~ Hmhoc)M à iap zm~b pa zxmpc g haad) Pbcxclaxc/ M omemp lsxpbcx naeecip) Isecxas~

g~vcnp~ al vxc~cipgpmai crm~p mi G Nasx~c Mi Emxgnoc~ zbmnb xcmilaxnc pbm~ g~~c~~%

ecip mi esopmvoc zg}~) Lax crgevoc/ bc crvomnmpo} `c~nxmhc~ bm~ ‟vogi)― Xcjgxòc~~

al zbmnb moos~pxgpmai~ zc nba~c/ zc zaso` ci` zmpb pbc ~gec ks`jecip al pbm~

`xcg`lso zaxd)



70 % GNME % Gi Crgemigpmai y70=y

Ia/ ^pc|c) Pbm~ m~ `c|mo”~ zaxd/ ~pxgmjbp asp al gi mi~gic gi` paxpsxc` emi`

zba bg~ g vsxva~c al zxcgdmij |cijcginc svai bm~ Nxcgpax/ gi` s~mij pbc laao~al pbm~ zaxo` pa à mp) Bc zmoo s~c goo pba~c zba bg|c jm|ci pbce~co|c~ pa bme) Bc

zmoo hc ghoc pa à ~a hcngs~c pbc} vcxemppc` bme pa cipcx pbcmx emi`~)

Pbc laao~ zcxc nbmo`xci mi gnncvpmij pbc gomg~c~ al g hcmij zba vxcpci`~ pa

hc em`zg}cx ax gi gjaiàipcx ax gi gijco ax g lmigompcx) Gi` pbc} bg|c ia zg} pa

diaz)

Cxic~p




NBGVPCX LMLPCCI

Kc~s~ Igec~ mi GNME

MIPXA@SNPAX] XCEGXD^

"Pbm~ nbgvpcx m~ g`gvpc` lxae g ~cvgxgpc vgvcx)-

Pbc igec Kc~s~ m~ iap s~c` mi GNME/ cmpbcx mi \aosec M/ Pcrp / <88 vgjc~/ ax

mi \aosec 8/ Zaxdhaad Lax ^ps`cip~/ 0:2 vgjc~/ crncvp mi aic wsapgpmai) Pbcigec Kc~s~ annsx~ ~mrpcci pmec~ mi \aosec >/ Egisgo Lax Pcgnbcx~/ 22 vgjc~/

gi` m~ pbcxc omempc` pa g papgo al lm|c vgjc~) Si`cx g ~cnpmai cipmpoc` @ac~ Kc~s~

Bg|c g ^vcnmgo Vognc Mi Bcgomij1 pbc igec annsx~ cmjbp pmec~/ ~c|ci ai vgjc 33/

gi` ainc ai pbc laooazmij vgjc) Si`cx ^cnpmai~ cipmpoc` Kc~s~ N Nbxm~p gi` Pbc

Bao} ^vmxmp pbc s~c m~ lasx pmec~ ai vgjc 2>/ ainc ai vgjc 20 gi` pbxcc pmec~ ai

vgjc 23) Pbc~c nasip~ minos`c pbc pmpoc om~pmij~) Pbc og~p pza ~cnpmai~ gxc mi gi

g``ci`se ngooc` g Nogxmlmngpmai al Pcxe~) Pbm~ g|am`ginc al pbc igec al Kc~s~/

gi` xcocjgpmai pa lm|c vgjc~ al pcrp mi pbc xgxco} nai~sopc` pbmx` |aosec/ m~ gi

mi`mngpmai al pbc ~pgpc al emi` al pbc ~vmxmp gspbax)

Pbc ~c|cipcci anng~mai~ al pbc s~c al pbc zax` Kc~s~ mi GNME gxc lxae g

eg~~ mi crnc~~ al 026/666 zax`~) Pbc zax` Nbxm~p m~ s~c` ><3 pmec~/ zbmoc pbc

vosxgo va~~c~~m|c GNbxm~p5~F m~ s~c` 2= pmec~)

Nogme~ zcxc eg`c pbgp pbc Nbxm~p al GNME m~ Kc~s~/ gi` pbgp pbm~ Nbxm~p

crvomnmpo} m`cipmlmc` bme~col g~ Kc~s~) M ~bgoo ~baz pbgp hapb nogme~ gxc lgo~c)

Pbm~ vgvcx m~ iap mipci`c` g~ g pbcaoajmngo `m~~cxpgpmai) Pbcxclaxc M à iap

crgemic pbc ecgimij al pbc igec Nbxm~p g~ mp m~ s~c` mi GNME/ crncvp mi g vcxmvb%

cxgo egiicx g~ `cegi`c` h} pbc ~vcnmlmn moos~pxgpmai)

M m`cipml} cgnb ng~c al s~c al pbc igec Kc~s~) M crgemic mp~ naipcrp/ gi`

gppcevp pa si`cx~pgi` pbc ~mjimlmnginc gppgnbc` pa pbgp s~c)

LXAE PBC PCRP

Kc~s~ .7;

Mi ~vcgdmij al pbc Bao} ^vmxmp GNME ~pgpc~;

‟Vj <:; Pbc Hmhoc ~g}~/ 9Eg} pbc emi` hc mi }as pbgp zg~ go~a mi Nbxm~p

Kc~s~/ 5 gi` s~c~ pbm~ g~ g hoc~~mij) Mp m~ pbc hoc~~mij al

emxgnoc%emi`cìc~~) Mp g~d~ pbgp }as eg} pbmid g~ M pbasjbp/ kamimij

zmpb ec mi Nbxm~p%)))―



73 % Kc~s~ Igec~ mi GNME y737y

Naeecipgx};

Mi ax`cx pa m~aogpc m`cipml} al pbc gspbax/ gi` ~baz pbgp bc m~ iap Kc~s~/ zces~p crgemic hapb pbc hmhomngo gi` GNME naipcrp)

Pbc wsapc m~ lxae Vbmomvvmgi~ 8;3 N ‟Ocp pbm~ emi` hc mi }as/ zbmnb zg~

go~a mi Nbxm~p Kc~s~)―

Pbm~ m~ lxae pbc Dmij Kgec~ \cx~mai) Pbc naipcrp m~ gi crbaxpgpmai h} Vgso pa

pbc Vbmomvvm Nbxm~pmgi~ pbgp pbc} jm|c al pbce~co|c~ mi ~cx|mnc/ g~ Kc~s~ jg|c al

bme~col) Pbm~ |cx~c zg~ s~c` h} pbc gspbax al GNME hcngs~c mp~ vbxg~mij vxa|m`c`

g |cbmnoc al moos~pxgpmai) Bazc|cx/ pbc gspbax nbgijc` pbc ecipgo g~~anmgpmai mi

ax`cx pa gnnaevom~b bm~ vsxva~c) Crgemigpmai al gopcxigpc pxgi~ogpmai ~baz~ baz

bc zaso` iap bg|c bg` pbc ~gec nai|cimcinc al nbamnc ml bc bg` iap s~c` DK\)

Pbc Xc|m~c` ^pgi`gx` \cx~mai/ mi |cx~c~ pbxcc pbxasjb cmjbp/ bg~ pbm~ pcrp;

@a iapbmij lxae ~colm~bic~~ ax naincmp/ hsp mi bsemomp} nasip

apbcx~ hcppcx pbgi }asx~co|c~) Ocp cgnb al }as oaad iap aio} pa

bm~ azi mipcxc~p~/ hsp go~a pa pbc mipcxc~p~ al apbcx~) Bg|c pbm~

emi` geaij }asx~co|c~/ zbmnb m~ }asx~ mi Nbxm~p Kc~s~/ zba/

pbasjb bc zg~ mi pbc laxe al Ja`/ `m` iap nasip cwsgomp} zmpb

Ja` g pbmij pa hc jxg~vc`/ hsp cevpmc` bme~col/ pgdmij pbc

laxe al g ~cx|gip/ hcmij haxi mi pbc omdcic~~ al eci) Gi` hc%

mij lasi` mi bsegi laxe bc bsehoc` bme~col gi` hcngec

ahc`mcip sipa `cgpb/ c|ci `cgpb ai g nxa~~)

Pbc naincvp lxae asx pxg`mpmaigo pcrp m~ pbgp goo hc zmoomij pa jm|c lax aic

giapbcx/ xcjgxòc~~ al aic”~ ~anmgo ~pgpc mi omlc/ gi` iap lmi` gi crns~c pa g|am`

~cx|mnc h} nasipmij giapbcx vcx~ai hcppcx mi va~~c~~mai) Pbm~ zg~ pbc dmi` al

emi` Kc~s~ `m~vog}c` zbci bc bsehoc` bme~col pa `cgpb ai pbc nxa~~) Vgso zg~g~dmij pbc Vbmomvvmgi~ pa bg|c pbm~ gppmps`c al si~colm~b `c|apmai geaij pbce%

~co|c~) H} pgdmij ai pbm~ gppmps`c al ~cx|mnc aic kami~ zmpb Kc~s~)

Pbc gspbax al GNME cevoa}~ pbc |cx~c pa g icz `clmimpmai zbmnb bc ngoo~

emxgnoc%emi`cìc~~) Emxgnoc%emi`cìc~~ m~ g ~pgpc al emi`/ ks~p g~ Vgso”~ crbax%

pgpmai zg~ pa g ~pgpc al emi`) Hsp iaz pbc gspbax gopcx~ pbc naincvp hcngs~c bc

`clmic~ emxgnoc%emi`cìc~~ `mllcxcipo} lxae ecxc ~cx|mnc pa apbcx~) Bc s~c~ pbm~

emxgnoc%emi`cìc~~ pa mipxa`snc g eaxc vxalasi` xcogpmai~bmv hcpzcci bme~col

gi` pbc ~ps`cip)

Pbm~ eaxc vxalasi` xcogpmai~bmv m~ g xcwsc~p lax pbc ~ps`cip pa pbmid g~ bc

pbasjbp)

‟Mp g~d~ pbgp }as eg} pbmid g~ M pbasjbp/ kamimij zmpb ec mi Nbxm~p%)))―

Pbm~ mi~pxsnpmai m~ eaxc pbgi pa bg|c pbc ~gec gppmps`c mi ~cx|mnc) Pbc gs%

pbax xcwsc~p~ pbc ~ps`cip pa kami zmpb bme mi mempgpmai al pbasjbp/ iap mi cesog%

pmai al ~cx|mnc)




Hsp pbc gspbax bme~col àc~ iap egdc pbm~ xcwsc~p) Zbci bc ~g}~ ‟Mp― zc à

iap diaz ml bc g~~mji~ pbm~ mi|mpgpmai pa pbc Hmhoc ax pa emxgnoc%emi`cìc~~) Zcngiiap hc ~sxc lxae pbc naipcrp) Pbc milcxcinc m~ pbgp bc m~ ngoomij svai

emxgnoc%emi`cìc~~ pa vxa`snc pbm~ nbgijc mi pbasjbp mi pbc ~ps`cip)

Bc nocgxo} ~cvgxgpc~ Kc~s~ lxae bme~col zbci bc g~d~ pbc ~ps`cip pa kami

zmpb bme mi Nbxm~p) Ml bc mipci`~ pbgp pbm~ Nbxm~p m~ Kc~s~/ bc gi` Kc~s~ ngiiap hc

pbc ~gec m`cipmp})

Mi laooazmij `m~ns~~mai~ M ~bgoo ~baz pbgp pbm~ Nbxm~p m~ iap Kc~s~/ hsp g ~pgpc

al emi` `mllcxcip lxae Kc~s~ zbmnb pbc gspbax xcvcgpcò} mi|adc~)

Pbc gspbax nocgxo} àc~ iap m`cipml} bme~col g~ Kc~s~)

Pbm~ m~ pbc aio} s~c al pbc zax` Kc~s~ mi pbc PCRP/ \ao M) Iax à zc c|cx

eccp mp mi pbc ZAXDHAAD LAX ^PS@CIP^/ \ao MM al GNME)

Pbs~ zc ic|cx eccp pbc igec Kc~s~ gjgmi pbxasjb 7766 vgjc~)

Pbm~ m~ g ea~p iapghoc/ xcegxdghoc/ gi` mevaxpgip aem~~mai al Kc~s~ mi pbc

xc|cogpmai al GNME) Pbm~ jogxmij gh~cinc ~baz~ g `cgò} `mllmnsop} lax pbc gspbax)

Bc àc~ iap m`cipml} Kc~s~ pbxasjbasp pbm~ oaij pcrp)

Iaz ai pa apbcx crgevoc~/ goo lasi` mi pbc EGISGO LAX PCGNBCX^)

LXAE PBC EGISGO LAX PCGNBCX^

Zc icrp eccp pbc igec Kc~s~ ai vgjc 33 al pbc EGISGO LAX PCGNB%

CX^) Pbm~ naec~ 7622 vgjc~ glpcx pbc oaic hmhomngo wsapc ai vgjc <:)

Kc~s~ .8;

Pbm~ m~ g ^cnpmai pmpoc`;

@AC^ KC^S^ BG\C G VCNMGO VOGNC MI BCGOMIJ1

Pbm~ s~c al pbc igec Kc~s~ m~ omempc` pa pbc ^cnpmai bcg`mij) Hcoaz pbc pmpoc/

zc lmi` pbc igec Kc~s~ ~c|ci pmec~ ai pza vgjc~) Pbc igec Kc~s~ mi pbm~ ~cn%

pmai m~ omempc` pa pbc~c pza vgjc~)

Kc~s~ .> gi` .0;

‟Ja`”~ jmlp~ ngi xgxco} hc xcncm|c` `mxcnpo}) C|ci pbc ea~p g`|ginc`

al Ja`”~ pcgnbcx~ zmoo jm|c zg} pa pcevpgpmai mi pbm~ zaxo`) Zaso` mp hc

lgmx ml pbcmx vsvmo~ zcxc cimc` bcgomij hcngs~c al pbm~1 Pbc Hmhoc ~g}~/

‒G~d mi pbc Igec al Kc~s~ Nbxm~p)” M~ pbm~ ecxco} gi gvvcgo pa egjmn1

G igec àc~ iap bcgo/ iax àc~ gi mi|angpmai ngoo laxpb gi} ~vcnmgo

vazcx) Zbgp àc~ mp ecgi pa ngoo ai Kc~s~ Nbxm~p1 Zbgp àc~ ngoomijai bm~ Igec nailcx1 Zb} m~ pbc gvvcgo pa bme vgxp al bcgomij1―



73 % Kc~s~ Igec~ mi GNME y73>y

Naeecipgx}; Iapc pbgp bc bcxc s~c~ pbc vbxg~c Kc~s~ Nbxm~p gi` iap ecxco} pbc igec

Kc~s~) Mi pbm~ vgxgjxgvb pbc Nbxm~p al GNME àc~ iap m`cipml} bme~col g~ Kc~s~)

Kc~s~ m~ bcxc `c~nxmhc` g~ gi ahkcnp al gvvcgo/ iap gi m`cipmlmngpmai)

Pbc gspbax `m~nogme~ pbgp gi gvvcgo mi pbc igec al Kc~s~ ngi bcgo/ zbci bc

~g}~ pbgp g igec àc~ iap bcgo ) Bc go~a `cimc~ pbgp vxg}cx "gi mi|angpmai- ngi

ngoo laxpb gi} ~vcnmgo vazcx)

Pbc bm~paxmngo xcnax`~ ~pgpc~/ geaij apbcx va~~mhoc nmpgpmai~;

Kabi 70;7> % ‟Zbgpc|cx }as g~d mi e} igec/ M zmoo à mp/ pbgp pbc Lg%

pbcx eg} hc joaxmlmc` mi pbc âi)―

Kabi 7<;8>%80 ‟Pxso}/ pxso}/ M ~g} pa }as/ ml }as g~d gi}pbmij al pbc

Lgpbcx/ bc zmoo jm|c mp pa }as mi e} igec) Bmpbcxpa }as bg|c g~dc`

iapbmij mi e} igec4 g~d/ gi` }as zmoo xcncm|c/ pbgp }asx ka} eg} hc

lsoo)

Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~ ~pgpc;

v)7=38 % ‟Bmpbcxpa bg|c }as eg`c goo }asx xcwsc~p~ mi e} Lgpbcx”~

igec) Glpcx }as ~cc ec gjgmi/ }as eg} go~a g~d mi e} igec/ gi` M

zmoo bcgx }as)―

v)7<>= % ‟M bg|c naec laxpb lxae pbc Lgpbcx4 ml/ pbcxclaxc/ }as gxc c|cx

mi àshp g~ pa zbgp }as zaso` g~d al pbc Lgpbcx/ g~d mi e} igec/ gi`

M zmoo vxc~cip }asx vcpmpmai mi gnnax`ginc zmpb }asx xcgo icc`~ gi`

`c~mxc~ gi` mi gnnax`ginc zmpb e} Lgpbcx”~ zmoo)―

Pbc~c logp naipxg`mnpmai~ gxc nocgx c|m`cinc pbgp pbc gspbax al GNME ngiiap

hc Kc~s~) Bc hgoò} `cimc~ pbc vxaem~c~ Kc~s~ jg|c pa s~ ghasp vxg}cx mi bm~

igec/ gi` ghasp bm~ vazcx pbxasjb asx mi|angpmai)

Naipmismij zmpb vgjc 33;

Kc~s~ .3;

‟Zbgp àc~ pbm~ ecgi lax }as1 Mp ecgi~ pbgp mi xcecehcxmij Kc~s~

}as gxc xcecehcxmij Ja`) Pbc zbaoc xcogpmai~bmv al pbc âi pa pbc

Lgpbcx omc~ mi bme) Bm~ vgxp mi pbc âi~bmv m~ go~a }asx~/ gi` bm~ nae%

vocpc` ocgximij jsgxgipcc~ }asx azi ~snnc~~) M~ bc ~pmoo g|gmoghoc lax

bcov1 Zbgp `m` bc ~g} ghasp pbm~1 Xcecehcx bm~ vxaem~c~/ gi` g~d

}asx~col baic~po} zbcpbcx mp m~ omdco} pbgp bc zmoo lgmo pa dccv pbce) NgiJa` lgmo Bm~ âi1 Gi` ngi aic zba m~ aic zmpb Ja` hc siomdc Bme1

Zba g~nci`~ pbc ha`} bg~ pxgi~nci`c` omempgpmai) Zaso` pbc jxcgpc~p

pcgnbcx hc sig|gmoghoc pa pba~c zba laooaz bme1―




Naeecipgx};

Pbc `m~ns~~mai bcxc `clocnp~ `mxcnp m`cipmlmngpmai al pbc Nbxm~p al GNME zmpbKc~s~) M`cipmlmngpmai es~p hc milcxxc` lxae pbc pbcaoajmngo vxc~cipgpmai/ gi` pbc

vxc~cipgpmai m~ avci pa egi} `mllcxcip mipcxvxcpgpmai~) Kc~s~ m~ mevomc` g~ gi

cipmp} `mllcxcip lxae pbc gspbax/ g~ ~aecaic zba zcip pbxasjb g vxanc~~ pa

gnbmc|c naevocpc` ocgximij )

Pbm~ jxazpb al Kc~s~/ xcwsmxc` h} GNME/ eg} hc naevgxc` pa pbc pcgnbmij~

al Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~)

v)7>>7 % Nbxm~p Emnbgco `m` iap vxajxc~~m|co} hcnaec Ja`) Ja` `m`

iap/ gp ~aec |mpgo eaecip mi pbc cgxpb omlc al Kc~s~/ hcnaec egi)

Kc~s~ zg~ Ja` gi` egi N gozg}~ gi` c|ci laxc|cxeaxc) Gi` pbm~

Ja` gi` pbm~ egi zcxc/ gi` iaz gxc/ aic/ c|ci g~ pbc Vgxg`m~c Pxmi%

mp} al pbxcc hcmij~ m~ mi xcgomp} aic @cmp})

Pbcxclaxc/ pbc âi ecipmaic` mi pbm~ vgxgjxgvb lxae GNME zaso` iap hc

Kc~s~)

Gjgmi ai vgjc 33;

Kc~s~ .< gi` .:;

‟Pbc Igec al Kc~s~ Nbxm~p g~ ~snb m~ hsp g ~}ehao) Hsp mp ~pgi`~ lax

oa|c pbgp m~ iap al pbm~ zaxo`) Mp m~ g ~}ehao pbgp m~ ~glco} s~c` g~ g

xcvogncecip lax pbc egi} igec~ al goo pbc ja`~ pa zbmnb }as vxg}) Mp

hcnaec~ pbc ~bmimij ~}ehao lax pbc Zax` al Ja`/ ~a noa~c pa zbgp mp

~pgi`~ lax pbgp pbc omppoc ~vgnc hcpzcci pbc pza m~ oa~p/ pbc eaecip pbgp

pbc Igec m~ ngooc` pa emi`) Xcecehcxmij pbc Igec al Kc~s~ Nbxm~p m~pa jm|c pbgid~ lax goo pbc jmlp~ pbgp Ja` bg~ jm|ci }as) Gi` jxgpmps`c pa

Ja` hcnaec~ pbc zg} mi zbmnb Bc m~ xcecehcxc`/ lax oa|c ngiiap hc

lgx hcbmi` g jxgpclso bcgxp gi` pbgidlso emi`) Ja` cipcx~ cg~mo}/ lax

pbc~c gxc pbc pxsc nai`mpmai~ lax }asx baecnaemij)―

Naeecipgx};

Bcxc pbc gspbax al GNME haoò} ~pgpc~ pbgp pbc igec Kc~s~ Nbxm~p m~ hsp g

~}ehao ) Pbc gspbax àc~ iap gndiazoc`jc Kc~s~ g~ g vcx~aigomp} zba ~pgi`~ lax

oa|c pbgp m~ iap al pbm~ zaxo` ) Bc gndiazoc`jc~ aio} pbc ~}ehao) Bcinc/ mi pbm~

vxc~cipgpmai pbc gspbax al GNME oajmngoo} ngiiap m`cipml} bme~col zmpb Kc~s~/ ~minc

hapb gxc vcx~aigompmc~/ gi` bc àc~ iap gndiazoc`jc Kc~s~ g~ g vcx~aigomp})

Gp pbc happae al vgjc 33 gi` pa vgjc 3< zc eccp pbm~ ~pgpcecip;

Kc~s~ .2;

‟Kc~s~ bg~ oc` pbc zg}) Zb} zaso` }as iap hc jxgpclso pa bme1 Bc bg~

g~dc` lax oa|c/ hsp aio} pbgp bc emjbp jm|c mp pa }as) ]as à iap oa|c

}asx~col) Hsp mi bm~ c}c~ }asx oa|comic~~ m~ ~a naevocpc gi` logzoc~~



73 % Kc~s~ Igec~ mi GNME y733y

pbgp bc ~cc~ mi mp gi megjc al bm~ Lgpbcx) ]as hcnaec pbc ~}ehao al bm~

Lgpbcx bcxc ai cgxpb) Pa }as bc oaad~ lax bavc/ hcngs~c mi }as bc~cc~ ia omemp gi` ia ~pgmi pa egx }asx hcgspmlso vcxlcnpmai) Mi bm~ c}c~

Nbxm~p”~ |m~mai ~bmic~ mi vcxlcnp nai~pgin}) Bc bg~ xcegmic` zmpb }as)

Zaso` }as iap ocgxi pbc oc~~ai al ~go|gpmai pbxasjb bm~ ocgximij1 Zb}

zaso` }as nbaa~c pa ~pgxp gjgmi/ bci bc bg~ eg`c pbc kasxic} lax

}as1―

Naeecipgx};

Gjgmi/ pbc gspbax al GNME àc~ iap m`cipml} bme~col g~ Kc~s~) Bcxc Kc~s~ m~

gjgmi s~c` g~ gi ahkcnp al `m~ns~~mai) Gjgmi/ pbc gspbax `mllcxcipmgpc~ hcpzcci

Kc~s~ gi` Nbxm~p”~ |m~mai) Bc nocgxo} ~cvgxgpc~ pbm~ Nbxm~p lxae Kc~s~/ gi` g``~ pa

lsxpbcx nails~mai ai zbcpbcx pbm~ Nbxm~p m~ g vcx~aigomp} ax g ~pgpc al hcmij)

Giapbcx s~c lxae vgjc 3<;

Kc~s~ .=;

‟Pbm~ nasx~c bg~ naec lxae bme hcngs~c bm~ zax`~ bg|c xcgnbc` }as

mi g ogijsgjc }as ngi oa|c gi` si`cx~pgi`) Gxc apbcx pcgnbcx~ va~%

~mhoc/ pa ocg` pbc zg} pa pba~c zba ~vcgd mi `mllcxcip paijsc~ gi`

gvvcgo pa `mllcxcip ~}ehao~1 Ncxpgmio} pbcxc gxc) Zaso` Ja` ocg|c

gi}aic zmpbasp g |cx} vxc~cip bcov mi pmec al pxashoc4 g ~g|max zba ngi

~}ehaom{c Bme~col1 ]cp à zc icc` g egi}%lgncpc` nsxxmnsose/ iap

hcngs~c al naipcip `mllcxcinc~/ hsp hcngs~c ~}ehao~ es~p ~bmlp gi`

nbgijc pa ~smp pbc icc`) Kc~s~ bg~ naec pa gi~zcx }asx~) Mi bme }as

lmi` Ja`”~ Gi~zcx) @a }as/ pbci/ pcgnb zmpb bme/ lax bc m~ zmpb }as4 bc

m~ gozg}~ bcxc)―

Naeecipgx};

Bcxc gi crvomnmp ~pgpcecip m~ eg`c pbgp pbm~ nasx~c bg~ naec lxae bme)

Pbm~ nasx~c es~p ecgi G Nasx~c Mi Emxgnoc~/ gopbasjb pbc gspbax àc~ iap cr%

gnpo} ~g} ~a)

Hsp m~ pbc ‟bme― Kc~s~1 Pa `cpcxemic ‟bme― zc es~p xclcx pa pbc vxcnc`mij

vgxgjxgvb/ g vgxgjxgvb pbgp naec~ hcpzcci Kc~s~ .2 gi` Kc~s~ .=)

‟Ia aic ai cgxpb ngi jxg~v zbgp Bcg|ci m~/ ax zbgp mp~ aic Nxcgpax

xcgoo} ecgi~) ]cp zc bg|c zmpic~~c~) Mp m~ pa pbce pbgp zm~àe ~baso`

gvvcgo) Pbcxc bg|c hcci pba~c zba~c ocgximij lgx crncc`~ zbgp zc

ngi ocgxi) Iax zaso` zc pcgnb pbc omempgpmai~ zc bg|c ogm` ai s~)

Ia aic zba bg~ hcnaec g pxsc gi` `c`mngpc` pcgnbcx al Ja` laxjcp~bm~ hxapbcx~) ]cp zbgp bc ngi allcx pbce m~ omempc` h} zbgp bc ocgxi~

bme~col) Pbci psxi pa aic zba ogm` goo omemp~ h}/ gi` zcip hc}ai` pbc

lgxpbc~p xcgnb al ocgximij) Bc zmoo pgdc }as zmpb bme/ lax bc `m` iap ja

goaic) Gi` }as zcxc zmpb bme pbci/ g~ }as gxc iaz)―




M ~cvgxgpc pbm~ vgxgjxgvb mipa pza ~pxgi`~ hcngs~c al pbc `mllcxcip cevbg~m~

mi pbc pza vgxp~)E} naeecipgx} hcnaec~ `mllmnsop ml M ge pa g|am` pbcaoajmngo m~~sc~) Baz%

c|cx/ hcngs~c al pbc ~pgpcecip~ eg`c mi pbm~ vgxgjxgvb M es~p cijgjc mi hxmcl

`m~ns~~mai) M ~bgoo om~p pbc ~pgpcecip~ ~cvgxgpco} mi ax`cx pa ~baz pbgp pbc ‟bme―

zba allcxc` pbc Nasx~c m~ iap Kc~s~)

Lxae pbm~ om~p zc ~bgoo go~a hc ghoc pa ~cc pbgp pbc Nbxm~p al GNME ainc gjgmi

àc~ iap m`cipml} bme~col zmpb Kc~s~)

‟]cp zc bg|c zmpic~~c~)―

Pbc gspbax àc~ iap ~g} zba pbc~c zmpic~~c~ gxc) Baz jxgpclso zc goo zaso`

lcco ml bc zaso` à ~a) Xcnsxxcipo}/ gi` xcvcgpcò}/ pbxasjbasp GNME/ pbc gspbax

xcls~c~ pa egdc crvomnmp m`cipmlmngpmai~ pbgp zaso` pgdc pbc egpcxmgo al pbc Nasx~c

hc}ai` milcxcinc gi` `c`snpmai)

‟Mp m~ pa pbce pbgp zm~àe ~baso` gvvcgo)―

^minc zc à iap diaz pbc m`cipmp} al pbc~c zmpic~~c~ zc emjbp hc mi jxg|c

~vmxmpsgo `gijcx ml zc egdc asx gvvcgo pa pbce) Pbc~c sim`cipmlmc` zmpic~~c~

emjbp hc Osnmlcx gi` ^gpgi)

‟Pbcxc bg|c hcci pba~c zba~c ocgximij lgx crncc`~ zbgp zc ngi ocgxi)―

Gjgmi/ zba gxc pba~c1 Ml pbm~ m~ Kc~s~ pgodmij bc m~ ~pgpmij pbgp pbc ocgximij al

pba~c lgx crncc`c` bm~ ocgximij/ ax zbgp bc ngi c|cx va~~mho} ocgxi) Pbm~ gèm~%

~mai zaso` hc naipxgx} pa pbc moos~pxgpmai M allcxc` gha|c ghasp pbc vcxlcnpic~~ al Nbxm~p Emnbgco g~ pbc Nxcgpax)

Ml pbm~ m~ giapbcx vcx~aigomp} pgodmij bc m~ gèmppmij bm~ azi omempgpmai~/ iap

pba~c al Kc~s~) @m` pbc ocgximij al Osnmlcx gi` ^gpgi lgx crncc` pbc ocgximij al

Ngomjg~pmg1 Vxahgho}) Ngomjg~pmg bg~ }cp pa ocgxi bm~ oc~~ai)

‟Iax zaso` zc pcgnb pbc omempgpmai~ zc bg|c ogm` ai s~)―

Zba m~ s~1 Zbgp omempgpmai~1 Zba ogm` pbc~c omempgpmai~1 Gjgmi/ ml pbm~ m~

Kc~s~ pgodmij bc zg~ omempc` g~ Ja`)

Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~ gxc ngxclso mi pbcmx `m~ns~~mai al pbc omempgpmai al Nxcgpax

gppxmhspc~)

v)8>3 % Pbc `m|mic igpsxc~ al pbc~c Nxcgpax âi~ gxc/ mi vxminmvoc/`cxm|c` cwsgoo} lxae pbc gppxmhspc~ al hapb Vgxg`m~c vgxcip~) Goo vgx%

pgdc al pbc lsooic~~ al pbc `m|mic igpsxc al pbc Sim|cx~go Lgpbcx gi` al

pbc nxcgpm|c vxcxajgpm|c~ al pbc Cpcxigo âi/ hsp g~ zc ah~cx|c pbc

vxgnpmngo aspzaxdmij al pbc Emnbgco lsinpmai~ mi pbc sim|cx~c~/ zc `m~%

ncxi gvvgxcip mllcxcinc~) aec Nxcgpax ai~ gvvcgx pa hc eaxc omdc



73 % Kc~s~ Igec~ mi GNME y73:y

Ja` pbc Lgpbcx4 apbcx~ eaxc omdc Ja` pbc ai) Lax crgevoc; Pbc pxci`

al gèmim~pxgpmai mi pbc sim|cx~c al Ichgài ~sjjc~p~ pbgp mp~ Nxcgpax gi` xsomij ai m~ aic zba~c igpsxc gi` nbgxgnpcx eaxc xc~cehoc pbgp

al pbc Cpcxigo Eapbcx âi) Mp ~baso` hc lsxpbcx ~pgpc` pbgp ~aec sim%

|cx~c~ gxc vxc~m`c` a|cx h} Vgxg`m~c Emnbgco~ zba gvvcgx cwsgoo} pa

xc~cehoc Ja` pbc Lgpbcx gi` Ja` pbc âi) Gi` pbc~c ah~cx|gpmai~

gxc mi ia ~ci~c mevomc` nxmpmnm~e~4 pbc} gxc ~mevo} g xcnax`mij al lgnp)

Pbc gspbax al GNME ncxpgmio} m~ iap pgodmij ghasp pbc omempgpmai~ al Nxcgpax~bmv/

hsp xgpbcx ghasp bm~ omempgpmai~ g~ g nxcgpc` hcmij) Pbc lxgeczaxd al `m~ns~~mai

m~ al ~sh~cx|mcinc pa bmjbcx gspbaxmp} zbmnb ngi meva~c omempgpmai~) Pbc gspbax

nbglc~ si`cx pbm~ meva~mpmai)

Zcxc pbc~c pbc xsoc~ lax xmjbpcas~ic~~ meva~c` h} Ja` svai bm~ Nxcgpc`

Vogicpgx} Vxminc~1 Omempgpmai~ zbmnb pbc gspbax al GNME zaso` iap iaz pcgnb1

Ah|mas~o}/ pbm~ vgxgjxgvb m~ g eg~~m|c pbcaoajmngo cipgijocecip hsxmc` mi

ichsoa~mp} gi` |gnsmp})

M iaz naec pa pbc ~cnai` ~pxgi`) G nbgijc mi cevbg~m~ pgdc~ vognc zbmnb

gopcx~ pbc ~shkcnp al `m~ns~~mai) Pbc gspbax nbgijc~ lxae pbc vosxgo ‟zc― gi`

‟s~― al pbc lmx~p ~pxgi`) Bc iaz s~c~ ‟bc/― ‟bm~/― gi` ‟bme)―

‟Ia aic zba bg~ hcnaec g pxsc gi` `c`mngpc` pcgnbcx al Ja` lax%

jcp~ bm~ hxapbcx~) ]cp zbgp bc ngi allcx pbce m~ omempc` h} zbgp bc

ocgxi~ bme~col)―

M~ pbc gspbax al GNME bcxc xclcxxmij pa Kc~s~ ax pa bme~col1 Ml bc ecgi~

Kc~s~ pbci Kc~s~ m~ ~c|cxco} omempc` h} zbgp bc ocgxi~' Pbc omempc` ocgximij al

Kc~s~ nai`mpmai~ zbgp Kc~s~ ngi pcgnb bm~ hxapbcx~' Pbs~ zc ngi ~cc baz pbcgspbax `clgec~ gi` `cimc~ pbc vazcx al Kc~s~ ml pbc ~ps`cip naec~ pa ~snb

nainos~mai) Ml pbc gspbax m~ iap Kc~s~ pbci bc m~ pbc aic zba m~ ~a omempc`)

‟Pbci psxi pa aic zba ogm` goo omemp~ h}/ gi` zcip hc}ai` pbc lgxpbc~p

xcgnb al ocgximij) Bc zmoo pgdc }as zmpb bme/ lax bc `m` iap ja goaic)

Gi` }as zcxc zmpb bme pbci/ g~ }as gxc iaz)―

Bcxc pbc gspbax gjgmi nbgijc~ cevbg~m~) Bc ~pgpc~ pbgp bc paad gnpmai pa

crncc` pba~c omemp~ zbmnb zcxc vognc` svai bme)

Pbm~ xcgoo} m~ g naevogmip) Pbc gspbax ahkcnp~ pa pba~c omempgpmai~) Bc ~pgpc~

pbgp bc bg` pbc vazcx pa crncc` pba~c omempgpmai~) Zbgp bc ecgi~ h} pbc lgxpbc~p

xcgnb al ocgximij m~ giapbcx al pba~c ichsoas~ mipxa`snpmai~ al pbasjbp zbmnb

hcls`òc pbc pbxcg` al naincvp~)Zbcxc zg~ pbm~ vcx~aigomp}/ zba zg~ bc/ gi` baz zcxc zc zmpb bme pbci1 Ml

pbc gspbax al GNME m~ pbc aic zba ogm` goo omemp~ h}/ iap Kc~s~/ pbci pbc bc gi` pbc

bme es~p hc pbc gspbax al GNME)




H} pbc pmec aic bg~ vxajxc~~c` pbxasjb pbc naincvpsgo nails~mai al pbm~

vgxgjxgvb aic m~ m~aogpc` lxae pbc Kc~s~ al pbc vxcnc`mij vgxgjxgvb) Pbci pbcbme zc gxc gppcevpmij pa m`cipml} mi pbm~ mipcx|cimij vgxgjxgvb m~ iap pbc Kc~s~ al

pbc vxcnc`mij vgxgjxgvb/ gopbasjb pbc gspbax ocg|c~ s~ zmpb ecxc laj mi asx

gppcevp~ pa `cpcxemic bm~ ecgimij) Pbgp vxahgho} zg~ bm~ vsxva~c) ]cp gjgmi bc

oclp pbc xcg`cx pa milcx/ zbmoc `clocnpmij jaa`/ ~aom` pbmidmij) Hsp iazbcxc m~ pbcxc

g ~vcnmlmn m`cipmlmngpmai al pbc gspbax zmpb Kc~s~)

‟Kc~s~ bg~ naec pa gi~zcx }asx~)―

Ainc gjgmi pbm~ m~ g pbmx`%vcx~ai s~c zbmnb g|am`~ `mxcnp m`cipmlmngpmai al pbc

gspbax zmpb Kc~s~)

Pbc ah~nsxmp} al vbxg~mij pbxasjbasp pbm~ vgxgjxgvb "gi` esnb al GNME-

ecxco} xcmilaxnc~ asx nainos~mai pbgp pbc gspbax al GNME ngiiap gllax` pa ~vcnmlm%

ngoo} m`cipml} bme~col g~ Kc~s~)

Pbc icrp ~cnpmai ai Kc~s~ naevxm~c~ pza vgjc~ asp al 7722 vgjc~ al pcrp)

Pbc igec Kc~s~ m~ s~c` lasx pmec~ mi pbm~ ~cnpmai)

Kc~s~ .76

Vgjc 2> hcjmi~ zmpb pbc pmpoc; KC^S^ NBXM^P

Vxc~segho}/ pbc gspbax al GNME zmoo iaz/ glpcx 772> vgjc~/ jm|c s~ bm~ `clm%

impmai al Kc~s~) Bc àc~ iap)

Kc~s~ .77 , .78;

‟Pbc igec al KC^S^ m~ pbc igec al aic zba zg~ g egi hsp ~gz pbclgnc al Nbxm~p mi goo bm~ hxapbcx~ gi` xcecehcxc` Ja`) â bc hcngec

m`cipmlmc` zmpb NBXM^P/ g egi ia oaijcx/ hsp gp aic zmpb Ja`) Pbc

egi zg~ gi moos~mai/ lax bc ~ccec` pa hc g ~cvgxgpc hcmij/ zgodmij h}

bme~col/ zmpbmi g ha`} pbgp gvvcgxc` pa bao` bm~ ~col lxae ^col/ g~ goo

moos~mai~ à) ]cp zba ngi ~g|c sioc~~ bc ~cc~ moos~mai~ gi` pbci m`ci%

pmlmc~ pbce g~ zbgp pbc} gxc1 Kc~s~ xcegmi~ g ^g|max hcngs~c bc ~gz

pbc lgo~c zmpbasp gnncvpmij mp g~ pxsc) Gi` Nbxm~p icc`c` bm~ laxe pbgp

Bc emjbp gvvcgx pa eci gi` ~g|c pbce lxae pbcmx azi moos~mai~)―

Naeecipgx};

Bcxc pbc gspbax ~pgpc~ pbgp Kc~s~/ pbc egi/ zg~ gi moos~mai) Gnnax`mij pa

pbm~ gspbax/ Kc~s~/ pbm~ moos~mai/ ~gz pbc lgnc al Nbxm~p mi goo bm~ hxapbcx~) Zbgp zg~

pbc NBXM^P Kc~s~ ~gz mi goo bm~ hxapbcx~1 Gvvgxcipo} Kc~s~ bg` pa ~cc pbm~ Nbxm~pmi bm~ hxapbcx~ hclaxc bc naso` m`cipml} zmpb mp) Pbs~ pbc gspbax crvomnmpo} ~pgpc~

pbgp Kc~s~ cgxomcx zg~ iap Nbxm~p/ gi` ogpcx gnwsmxc` m`cipmp} zmpb pbm~ Nbxm~p gn%

nax`mij pa pbm~ xcnmvc) Gnnax`mij pa Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~ Kc~s~ zg~ iap Nbxm~p/ gi`

pbcxclaxc zaso` iap bg|c m`cipmlmc` bme~col zmpb pbm~ NBXM^P/ ax gi} apbcx Nbxm~p)



73 % Kc~s~ Igec~ mi GNME y73=y

Gnnax`mij pa pbm~ GNME pcgnbmij Kc~s~ hcngec aic zmpb Ja` GLPCX bc m`cipm%

lmc` zmpb pbm~ NBXM^P) ^snb pcgnbmij m~ jxa~~ vcx|cx~mai al goo Nbxm~pmgi hcomcl gi`pbc pcgnbmij~ al Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~)

Pbc~c ~pgpcecip~ gxc ~svxceco} mevaxpgip pa asx si`cx~pgi`mij) Ah|mas~o}/

pbc pcxe Nbxm~p m~ s~c` ainc gjgmi mi nailomnpmij naincvpsgo pcxe~) Bcxc pbc

gspbax mi|adc~ aic ~ci~c pa ecgi g ~pgpc al hcmij/ pbc lgnc al Nbxm~p / gi` iap

vcx~aigomp}) Hsp pbc s~c nails~c~ s~) Pbc gspbax psxi~ gxasi` gi` mevomc~ vcx%

~aigomp} mi pbc moos~pxgpmai) Kc~s~ m`cipmlmc` zmpb pbm~ Nbxm~p) Zg~ pbm~ Nbxm~p g ~pgpc

al hcmij ax zg~ mp vcx~aigomp}1 Zc ngiiap crvomnmpo} `cpcxemic pbc ecgimij al pbc

gspbax)

Pbc gspbax pbci ~zmpnbc~ ~shkcnp~ mi pbc og~p ~cipcinc) Bc mipxa`snc~ s~ pa

giapbcx Nbxm~p) Pbm~ apbcx Nbxm~p icc`c` pbc laxe al Kc~s~ pbgp Bc emjbp gvvcgx

pa eci gi` ~g|c pbce lxae pbcmx azi moos~mai~) Ah|mas~o}/ pbc gspbax m~ `mllcxci%

pmgpmij hcpzcci pbm~ apbcx Nbxm~p gi` Kc~s~) Pbm~ apbcx Nbxm~p icc`c` pbc laxe al

Kc~s~) Pbc apbcx Nbxm~p/ al nasx~c/ m~ Ngomjg~pmg)

Pxso}/ pbm~ m~ gi crgnp gi` vxcnm~c ~pgpcecip/ aic al pbc ea~p nocgx ~cipcinc~

mi pbc cipmxc Nasx~c) Pbc gspbax bg` pa pgdc ai pbc gvvcgxginc al Kc~s~ pa

gnnaevom~b bm~ ci`~) Bc `m` ~a h} g~~semij pbc igec Nbxm~p) Pbm~ m~ pbc Nbxm~p

zba zmoo ~g|c eci lxae pbcmx azi moos~mai~) Hsp pbm~ m~ iap gi m`cipmlmngpmai g~

Kc~s~) Pbc gspbax ~pgpc~ crvomnmpo} pbgp bc pgdc~ ai pbc laxe al Kc~s~)

Mi`cc`'

Kc~s~ .7>;

‟Mi bm~ naevocpc m`cipmlmngpmai zmpb pbc Nbxm~p % pbc vcxlcnp âi al Ja`/

Bm~ aic nxcgpmai gi` Bm~ bgvvmic~~/ laxc|cx omdc Bme~col gi` aic zmpb

Bme % Kc~s~ hcngec zbgp goo al s~ es~p hc) Bc oc` pbc zg} lax s~ palaooaz bme) Bc ocg`~ }as hgnd pa Ja` hcngs~c bc ~gz pbc xag` hclaxc

bme/ gi` bc laooazc` mp) Bc eg`c g nocgx `m~pminpmai/ ~pmoo ah~nsxc pa

}as/ hcpzcci pbc lgo~c gi` pxsc) Bc allcxc` }as g lmigo `ceai~pxgpmai

pbgp mp m~ meva~~mhoc pa dmoo Ja`”~ âi4 iax ngi bm~ omlc mi gi} zg} hc

nbgijc` h} ~mi gi` c|mo/ egomnc/ lcgx ax `cgpb)―

Ml pbc Nbxm~p al GNME bg~ hcci xc`clmic`/ g~ mp~ g`bcxcip~ ~g}/ pbci pbm~

Nbxm~p ngiiap hc Kc~s~) Mi lgnp/ pbc gspbax pcoo~ s~ crvomnmpo} pbgp Kc~s~ hcngec

naevocpco} m`cipmlmc` zmpb pbm~ Nbxm~p) Gjgmi pbm~ mevomc~ g ~vmxmpsgo ~pgpc/ iap g

vcx~aigomp}) Pbs~/ gnnax`mij pa bm~ gxjsecip/ Kc~s~ hcngec m`cipmlmc` zmpb pbm~

naincvp pbc gspbax mipxa`snc~ mipa bm~ vxc~cipgpmai) Pbc igec Nbxm~p `m` iap

hcnaec m`cipmlmc` g~ Kc~s~)

Kc~s~ naso` iap bg|c hcnaec m`cipmlmc` zmpb pbm~ Nbxm~p sioc~~ pbm~ Nbxm~pzg~ ~aecpbmij `mllcxcip lxae Kc~s~) Gi` pbm~ Nbxm~p zg~ pbc vcxlcnp âi al Ja`/

Bm~ aic nxcgpmai gi` Bm~ bgvvmic~~/ laxc|cx omdc Bme~col gi` aic zmpb Bme) Kc~s~

zg~ iap pbm~ Nbxm~p/ pbm~ vcxlcnp âi al Ja`/ sipmo bc m`cipmlmc` zmpb pbm~ Nbxm~p)

Gjgmi zc ~cc pbc hog~vbce}/ `ci}mij pbc ~pgps~ al Kc~s~ g~ Nxcgpax gi` Ja`)

Gjgmi zc ~cc pbc nails~mai mi naincvp) Pbm~ Nbxm~p m~ `mllcxcip lxae Kc~s~ hc%



y7<6y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

ngs~c bc `m` iap hcnaec omdc Kc~s~4 Kc~s~ hcngec omdc pbm~ Nbxm~p) Mi apbcx

zax`~/ pbm~ Nbxm~p zg~ lmx~p/ gi` Kc~s~ zg~ ~cnai`/ ~minc Kc~s~ m`cipmlmc` bme~col zmpb pbm~ Nbxm~p) Pbs~ Kc~s~ oc` pbc zg} lax goo al s~ pa laooaz pbm~ Nbxm~p) Kc~s~

pbci ocg`~ s~ hgnd pa pbm~ Ja`) Pbs~ Kc~s~ hcngec pbc crgevoc al baz zc

~baso` laooaz pbm~ Nbxm~p gi` pbm~ Ja`)

Pbc gspbax al GNME m~ va~mpm|co} egdmij Kc~s~ ~sh~cx|mcip pa pbm~ Nbxm~p)

^minc pbm~ Nbxm~p m~ ~aecaic apbcx pbgi Kc~s~/ pbc gspbax egdc~ Kc~s~ ~sh~cx|m%

cip pa pbm~ ~pgpc al hcmij/ ax apbcx hcmij) ^minc pbc gspbax m~ pbc @c|mo/ pbm~ NBXM^P/

gi` ~minc bc m~ egdmij Kc~s~ ~sh~cx|mcip pa pbm~ NBXM^P/ bc m~ egdmij Kc~s~

~sh~cx|mcip pa bme~col) Pbgp m~ crgnpo} zbgp bc zm~bc~ bc naso` à)

Zc iaz ja pa vgjc 20) Pbm~ m~ ~pmoo si`cx pbc ~cnpmai pmpoc` KC^S^ NBXM^P )

Kc~s~ .70;

‟M~ bc Ja`”~ aio} Bcovcx1 Ia/ mi`cc`) Lax Nbxm~p pgdc~ egi} laxe~

zmpb `mllcxcip igec~ sipmo pbcmx aicic~~ ngi hc xcnajim{c`) Hsp Kc~s~

m~ lax }as pbc hcgxcx al Nbxm~p”~ ~mijoc ec~~gjc al pbc Oa|c al Ja`)

]as icc` ia apbcx) Mp m~ va~~mhoc pa xcg` bm~ zax`~ gi` hciclmp lxae

pbce zmpbasp gnncvpmij bme mipa }asx omlc) ]cp bc zaso` bcov }as }cp g

omppoc eaxc ml }as zmoo ~bgxc }asx vgmi~ gi` ka}~ zmpb bme/ gi` ocg|c

pbce hapb pa lmi` pbc vcgnc al Ja`) ]cp ~pmoo mp m~ bm~ oc~~ai ea~p al goo

pbgp bc zaso` bg|c }as ocgxi/ gi` mp m~ pbm~)))―

Bcxc zc bg|c gi crvomnmp ~pgpcecip lxae pbc gspbax al GNME pbgp Nbxm~p

pgdc~ egi} laxe~ zmpb egi} `mllcxcip igec~) Kc~s~ m~ iap simwsc) Hsp/ gjgmi/ zc

bg|c ia `mxcnp m`cipmlmngpmai al pbc Nbxm~p al GNME zmpb Kc~s~) Baz naso` g ~vmxmp

vcx~aigomp} m`cipml} zmpb aic/ ml pbcxc gxc egi} laxe~ zmpb `mllcxcip igec~1

Vgjc 23 bg~ ~pmoo giapbcx ~cnpmai `clmimij PBC BAO] ^VMXMP

Pbm~ ~cnpmai bg~ pbxcc xclcxcinc~ pa Kc~s~/ goo ai aic vgjc)

Kc~s~ .73;

‟Kc~s~ m~ pbc egimlc~pgpmai al pbc BAO] VMXMP/ Zbae bc ngooc` azi

svai pbc cgxpb glpcx bc g~nci`c` mipa Bcg|ci/ ax hcngec naevocpco}

m`cipmlmc` zmpb pbc Nbxm~p/ pbc ai al Ja` g~ Bc nxcgpc` bme) Pbc Bao}

^vmxmp/ hcmij g nxcgpmai al pbc Aic Nxcgpax/ nxcgpmij zmpb Bme gi` mi

Bm~ omdcic~~ ax vmxmp/ m~ cpcxigo gi` bg~ ic|cx nbgijc`) Bc zg~ 9ngooc`

àzi svai pbc cgxpb5 mi pbc ~ci~c pbgp mp zg~ iaz va~~mhoc pa gnncvp

Bme gi` pa bcgx Bm~ \amnc) Bm~ m~ pbc \amnc lax Ja`/ gi` bg~ pbcxclaxcpgdci laxe) Pbm~ laxe m~ iap Bm~ xcgomp}/ zbmnb Ja` goaic diaz~ goaij

zmpb Nbxm~p/ Bm~ xcgo âi/ Zba m~ vgxp al Bme)―



73 % Kc~s~ Igec~ mi GNME y7<7y

Pbm~ vgxgjxgvb allcx~ eaxc ahls~ngpmai) Kc~s~ gvvgxcipo} hcngec nae%

vocpco} m`cipmlmc` zmpb 9pbc Nbxm~p/5 pbc âi al Ja`/ g~ Bc nxcgpc` bme) M ge iap~sxc zba nxcgpc` zbgp lxae pbm~ pzm~pc` ~cipcinc) Hsp pbc gspbax al GNME m~ iap

m`cipml}mij bme~col zmpb Kc~s~)

Mi goo pbc pbcaoajmngo pcgnbmij mi GNME zbmnb `c~nxmhc~ pbc gppxmhspc~ al

Kc~s~/ Kc~s~ m~ ~shkcnpc` pa g ~cnai`gx} xaoc/ milcxmax pa pbm~ Nbxm~p)

Kc~s~ .7< , .7:;

‟Pbc Bao} ^vmxmp m~ `c~nxmhc` pbxasjbasp pbc nasx~c g~ jm|mij s~ pbc

gi~zcx pa pbc ~cvgxgpmai gi` hxmijmij pbc vogi al pbc Gpaicecip pa s~/

c~pghom~bmij asx vgxpmnsogx vgxp mi mp gi` ~bazmij s~ crgnpo} zbgp mp m~)

Bc bg~ c~pghom~bc` Kc~s~ g~ pbc ocg`cx mi ngxx}mij asp Bm~ vogi ~minc

bc zg~ pbc lmx~p pa naevocpc bm~ azi vgxp vcxlcnpo}) Goo vazcx mi Bcg|ci

gi` cgxpb m~ pbcxclaxc jm|ci bme gi` bc zmoo ~bgxc mp zmpb }as zbci }as

bg|c naevocpc` }asx~) Pbc Gpaicecip vxminmvoc zg~ jm|ci pa pbc Bao}

^vmxmp oaij hclaxc Kc~s~ ~cp mp mi eapmai)―

Bcxc pbc Bao} ^vmxmp bg~ c~pghom~bc` Kc~s~ g~ pbc ocg`cx mi ngxx}mij asp Bm~

vogi/ egdmij Kc~s~ ~sh~cx|mcip pa pbc Bao} ^vmxp) Gjgmi pbcxc m~ ia m`cipmlmngpmai

al pbc gspbax al GNME zmpb Kc~s~)

NAINOS^MAI^

7) Pbc gspbax al GNME ic|cx m`cipmlmc~ bme~col g~ Kc~s~)

8) Goo g~nxmvpmai~ al gspbax~bmv gxc pa pbm~ ‟Nbxm~p― gi` iap pa Kc~s~)

>) Pbc ~gò} em~pgdci iapmai pbgp GNME zg~ zxmppci h} Kc~s~/ g iapmai pbgpnai`mpmai~ asx cpcxigo ~sx|m|go/ zg~ hg~c` ~pxmnpo} ai g~~sevpmai/ asp al s~c al pbc

zax` Nbxm~p/ crgnpo} g~ pbc gspbax mipci`c`)

0) Mi goo ng~c~ mi zbmnb Kc~s~ ~cx|c~ mi g lsinpmaigo xaoc mi GNME/ gi` iap

ecxco} g~ gi ahkcnp al xclcxcinc/ bc m~ eg`c ~sh~cx|mcip pa giapbcx hcmij/ ax g

~pgpc al hcmij)

3) Pbc |g~p ha`} al pcrp al GNME s~c~ milcxcinc gi` `c`snpmai pa ocg` pbc

~ps`cip mipa g ~zgev al naincvpsgo nails~mai)

<) Pbc gvvcgo al GNME/ g~ zmpb goo apbcx nbgiicoc` egpcxmgo~/ m~ ai ceapmai~

gi` lccomij~/ iap ai xmjax al pbasjbp ax xmjbpcas~ic~~)

:) G~ M moos~pxgpc` gha|c/ "Kc~s~ .7-/ pbc naincipxgpmai al GNME m~ ai ~col/

gi` iap ai ~cx|mnc)

2) ^ps`} al GNME ~baz~ pbc gnspc `mllcxcinc hcpzcci pbc omjbp allcxc` h}

Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~/ gi` pbc `gxdic~~ allcxc` h} GNME)

=) Goo pba~c zba g`bcxc pa pbc pcgnbmij~ al GNME bg|c vognc` pbce~co|c~ mi

cpcxigo kcavgx`}) ^snb mi`m|m`sgo~ ngiiap `m~ncxi pbc `mllcxcinc hcpzcci omjbp

gi` `gxdic~~)




NBGVPCX MRPCCI

Domea ai Nbgiicomij

Mi 7=2: Kai Domea vshom~bc` Nbgiicomij / "Kcxce} V) Pgxnbcx/ Oa~ Gijcoc~-)

Pbc haad zg~ g xc|mcz/ lax og}eci/ al pbc nbgiicomij vbciaecig/ gi` naees%

imngpmai~ lxae vgxgiaxego ~asxnc~) Domea ~sx|c}c` nbgiicomij g~ g Ea`cxi

Vbciaecig/ g~ g Bm~paxmngo Vbciaecig/ Zba @ac~ Mp1/ Zbgp @a Pbc} ^g}1/

Zba Gxc Pbc} Nbgiicomij1/ gi` Baz @a Pbc} @a Mp1 Bc pbci zcip ai pa crge%

mic va~~mhoc crvogigpmai~)

Pa ~g} pbgp bc zg~ g hcomc|cx zaso` hc gi si`cx~pgpcecip) Bm~ og~p nbgvpcx m~ `c|apc` pa vxa|m`mij pbc cocecip~ gi` ecpba`~ pa jcp }as pa naeesimngpc

zmpb pbc ^vmxmp~) Bc xclcx~ pa Avcimij Pa Nbgiico/ Baz pa Naiicnp Zmpb ]asx

^vmxmp Jsm`c/ h} ^gig}g Xaegi gi` @sgic Vgxdcx/ "B) K) Dxgecx/ Pmhsxai/ Ngom%

laximg/ 7=20)

Mi bm~ Bm~paxmngo Vbciaeciai bc crvxc~~c~ bm~ hcomcl pbgp pbc Gva~poc Vgso

crvcxmcinc` v~}nbmn vbciaecig ai pbc xag` pa @geg~ns~) Bc ~g}~ pbm~ ghasp

Kc~s~;

Aic al pbc nbmcl g~~sevpmai~ al pbm~ haad m~ pbgp nbgiicomij minos`c~

ea~p egkax xcnax`c` ~vmxmpsgo naeesimngpmai hcpzcci vb}~mngo gi`

iaivb}~mngo hcmij~) Pbc cgxomcx vxavbcp~ gi` ogpcx ~gmip~ al pbc zaxo`”~

xcomjmas~ pxg`mpmai~ eg} bg|c hcci nbgiico~ al crpxgax`migx} ~vmxmpsgo

mevaxp)Lcz Nbxm~pmgi~/ bazc|cx/ zaso` hc zmoomij pa jxgip pbgp Kc~s~ zg~ ecxco}

g nbgiico) Pbc naipcipmai ax lgmpb xcegmi~ pbgp bc zg~ iap ks~p pbc ai

al Ja` hsp pbgp bc zg~ Ja` mi bsegi laxe) Bm~ zaso` iap hc g ng~c al

pxginc ec`mse~bmv mi zbmnb pbc bsegi ha`} zg~ pgdci a|cx gi` s~c`

h} Ja`) Lax/ gnnax`mij pa anpxmic/ mi Kc~s~” ng~c iapbmij ngec pbxasjb

gi mipcxec`mgx}4 pbc nbgiico gi` pbc ~asxnc zcxc aic) ]cp pa xcg`

Kc~s~” zax`~ ~aecpmec~ jm|c~ pbc ccxmc lccomij pbgp bc zg~ ~cip pa

cgxpb pa nbgiico jsm`ginc lxae ‟baec― ax lxae g ‟vgxcip― ~vmxmp)

Pbc vmnpsxc pbgp cecxjc~ lxae Nbxm~p”~ zax`~ mi pbc Hmhoc m~ ~pxmdmijo}

~memogx pa pbc nbgiicoc` egpcxmgo al pbc og~p 736 }cgx~; Kc~s~ zg~ ~vmxmp

mingxigpc` lax g vgxpmnsogx omlcpmec) Bc paad bm~ m`cipmp} gi` jsm`ginc

lxae bm~ vgxcip ~asxnc gi` g~dc` pbgp zc m`cipml} zmpb bme gi` zmpb bm~xcogpmai~bmv pa bm~ "gi` asx- Lgpbcx) Gp pbc ~gec pmec/ gi annsop bmcxgx%

nb} al |gxmas~ oc|co~ gi` `ci~mpmc~ al ~vmxmp/ lsoo al xc|cogpmai/ |amnc~/

gi` |m~mai~/ ngi hc pxgnc`) Lax crgevoc/ mi Egppbcz/ Nbxm~p ~g}~ ‟Lax

mp ~bgoo hc jm|ci }as mi pbgp ~gec basx zbgp }c ~bgoo ~vcgd) Lax mp m~ iap

}c pbgp ~vcgd/ hsp pbc ^vmxmp al }asx Lgpbcx zbmnb ~vcgd~ mi }as)― Ai

giapbcx anng~mai/ g~ Kc~s~ ~vadc/ ‟hcbao` g hxmjbp noas` a|cx~bgàzc`



7< % Domea Ai Nbgiicomij y7<>y

pbce; gi` hcbao` g |amnc asp al pbc noas`/ zbmnb ~gm`/ Pbm~ m~ e}

hcoa|c` ai/ mi zbae M ge zcoo vocg~c`)― Mi Osdc zc xcg`; ‟E} eapbcx gi` e} hxcpbxci gxc pba~c zbmnb bcgx pbc zax` al Ja` gi` à mp)―

Domea nocgxo} mipcxvxcp~ goo xcomjmas~ gi` ~vmxmpsgo c|cip~ g~ nbgiicomij vbc%

iaecig)

Al pbc Gva~poc Vgso bc ~gm`;

Mi pbc lgeas~ crvcxmcinc al ^gso ai pbc xag` pa @geg~ns~/ mi Gnp~

=;>%:/ mp gvvcgx~ pbgp ^gso m~ nbgiicomij omdc pbc cgxomcx vxavbcp~/ aio}

iaz pbc ~asxnc m~ pbc `m~ngxigpc Kc~s~)

Domea minos`c~ pbc Gva~poc Kabi mi bm~ nbgiicomij nog~~mlngpmai)

^gmip Kabi pbc @m|mic/ mi pbc haad al Xc|cogpmai/ zxmppci ghasp G)@) <2/

go~a ~cce~ pa bg|c nbgiicoc` Kc~s~/ geaij gi g~~axpecip

al apbcx nbgxgnpcx~/ nai~pmpspmij pbc xmnbc~p hmhomngo ng~c al

nbgiicomij)

Domea go~a minos`c~ pbc Bao} ^vmxmp mi bm~ b}vapbc~m~;

Vgxp al pbc Nbxm~pmgi ocjgn} m~ pbc Bao} ^vmxmp/ ~aecpmec~ ngooc` pbc

Bao} Jba~p/ zbmnb m~ ~gm` pa gvvcgx g~ g iaivb}~mngo ~vmxmpsgo vxc~%

cinc pbgp m~ go~a vgxp al pbc aic Ja` gi` ngvghoc al hcmij nbgiicoc`)

Mi pbc ng~c~ al Vcpcx gi` Vgso mi pbc Icz Pc~pgecip/ pbc iaivb}~mngo

xcgoe bg~ hcnaec ‟bcg|ci/― `m~ngxigpc hcmij~ ‟gijco~/― gi` goea~p

gi} nbgiicoc` ~vmxmp m~ ‟Pbc Bao} ^vmxmp― ax ‟Pbc Bao} Jba~p)―

Pbc~c |mcz~ gxc p}vmngo al egi} vcx~ai~ zba ~aomnmp pbc ^vmxmp~) Mi Nbgvpcx

Imic M xcvaxpc` baz pbc ^vmxmpsgom~p~ oaadc` svai pxsc ~vmxmpsgo vbciaecig mi pbc

~gec zg})

M ~bgoo allcx pbxcc crgevoc~ al pbc ^vmxmp nbgiicomij~ `m~ns~~c` h} Domea)

Gopbasjb bm~ om~p m~ lgx lxae crbgs~pm|c/ iap na|cxmij egi} nasipxmc~/ bc `m` vxa%

|m`c ~aec mi`mngpmai al pbc zm`c~vxcg` ~navc al pbm~ gnpm|mp})

Hcikgemi Nxcec gi` Egmpxc}g

^cc Pbc Xcgvvcgxginc al Nbxm~p gi` pbc Eg~pcx~ al Zm~àe/ Hcikgemi

Nxcec/ Pbc Pgxg Vxc~~/ Oaiài/ 7=26)

Hxmpm~b gxpm~p gi` kasxigom~p Hcikgemi Nxcec hcomc|c~ bc m~ pbc nbgiico lax

Nbxm~p/ zbae bc xclcx~ pa g~ ‟Egmpxc}g/ bcg` al pbc vogicp~ ~vmxmpsgo bmcxgxnb}/

gi` pbc icz zaxo` ax`cx)― Bc vshom~bc~ ~snb zaxd~ g~ ‟Pbc Nbxm~p gi` Bm~ Xcgv%

vcgxginc/― ‟Pbc Eg~pcx~ gi` T^vmxmpsgoU Bmcxgxnb}/― ‟Pbc Cllcnp ai Crm~pmij Mi~pm%




pspmai~― al Nbxm~p”~ xcpsxi/ gi` ‟Pbc Gipm%Nbxm~p; Pbc Laxnc~ al C|mo)― Aic ec~%

~gjc xcncm|c` lxae pbc Nbxm~p vxc~cinc pbxasjb Nxcec”~ nbgiicomij m~ pbc laooaz%mij;

‟M naec pa pcoo }as pbgp }as zmoo ~cc Ec |cx} ~aai/ cgnb mi bm~ azi zg}

) ) ) Iapbmij ~cvgxgpc~ }as lxae Ec/ gi` ~aai egi} zmoo xcgom{c pbm~) M

ge zmpb }as gi` mi }as) M ~ccd pa crvxc~~ pbgp zbmnb M ge pbxasjb }as4

lax pbm~ M naec ) ) ) E} ha`} al zaxdcx~ zmoo ~baz pbc zaxo` pbc vxahoce~

al Egidmi` ngi hc ~ao|c`; pbxasjb pbc vxanc~~ al ~bgxmij gi` ks~p

xc`m~pxmhspmai pbc icc`~ al goo ngi hc ecp ) ) ) Pbc jxcgpc~p nbgijc zmoo

hc mi pbc bcgxp~ gi` pbc emi`~ al eci/ lax E} Xcpsxi geaij }as m~ g

~mji pbgp eci gxc xcg`} pa xcncm|c icz omlc) Pbgp Icz Omlc lax eci à

M hxmij mi ghsi`ginc) Ai goo pbc vogic~ al pbm~ omlc loaz/ xcgnbmij pbc

bcgxp~ gi` pbc ~aso~ gi` ha`mc~ al eci/ hxmijmij pbce icgxcx pbc

âsxnc al Omlc Mp~col) E} pg~d zmoo hc pa nbgiico pba~c zgpcx~ al Omlc

pbxasjb }as)F

Baz nocgx pbc Xchco ^vmxmp bg~ hcci' Iapbmij ~cvgxgpc~ bme lxae bm~ vcavoc)

Bc zmoo crvxc~~ zbgp bc m~ pbxasjb pbce) Cgnb zmoo ~cc bme/ ax gp ocg~p pba~c

megjc~ bc zm~bc~ pa vxakcnp al bme~col) Baz zmoo pbc} hc ghoc pa `ci} ~snb vaz%

cxlso vxc~cipgpmai~/ al jxcgp hcgsp}/ gi` al bcg|cio} omjbp1

Bm~ ha`} al zaxdcx~/ bm~ ng`xc/ zmoo ~baz baz pbc vxahoce~ al pbc zaxo` ngi

hc ~ao|c`/ mi`cc`/ zbci bc pgdc~ pbce mipa esx`cxas~ nocgi~mij al pbc cgxpb al

goo pba~c laaobgx`} bsegi eaxpgo~ zba hcomc|c mi g pxsc Ja`)

Mi`cc`/ pbc} zmoo ~cc bme |cx} ~aai/ cgnb mi bm~ azi zg}/ h} zbgpc|cx megjc~

bc `cce~ ~smpghoc pa g vgxpmnsogx mi`m|m`sgo) Iapbmij ~cvgxgpc~ bme lxae bm~ gjcip~/

ompcxgoo} iapbmij/ lax bc m~ gnpsgoo} gi` pxso} zmpbmi pbce/ mi pbcmx emi`~) Jxcgpnbgijc~ gxc c|ci iaz jamij ai zmpbmi pbc bcgxp~ gi` emi`~ al bm~ laooazcx~ g~ bc

nai`mpmai~ pbce pa bm~ vxc~cinc/ gi` pa bm~ `c~mxc~) Zbci bc ~ngov~ pbcmx emi`~

pa vcxlaxe bm~ `cc`~ pbc} zmoo pxso} hcomc|c pbc} gxc pbc ecnbgim~e~ al icz omlc)

Ai goo pbc v~}nbmn gi` ~vmxmpsgo vogic~ pbm~ icz omlc zmoo loaz/ xcgnbmij pbcmx bcgxp~

gi` pbcmx ~aso~ gi` pbcmx ha`mc~ g~ bc hxmij~ pbce noa~cx pa bme/ gi` pa pbc

âsxnc al Omlc Mp~col/ pbc a|cxvazcxmij hom~~ al omlc bc zmoo ~baz pbce) Bc zmoo

nbgiico mp pbxasjb pbce gi` pbc} zmoo hcomc|c pbc} gxc pbc ~cx|gip~ al pbm~ jxcgp

ja`/ vcxlaxemij g icnc~~gx} ~cx|mnc lax pbc hciclmp al goo egidmi` g~ bc xc`m~pxmh%

spc~ pbc ~vmxmpsgo oa}gopmc~ al pbc zaxo` pa bme~col)

Pbm~ vbciaecig mi Cijogi` ~baz~ baz ia ogi` c~ngvc~ zbmnb laxjcp~ Ja`

gi` vxancc`~ mipa icz gjc crvoaxgpmai~)



7< % Domea Ai Nbgiicomij y7<3y

Dci Ngxc} gi` ^pgx~cc`

^cc Pbc ^pgx~cc` Pxgi~em~~mai~; Gi Crpxgpcxxc~pxmgo Xcvaxp / Dc} Ngxc}/

SIM%^SI/ Dgi~g~ Nmp}/ 7=28)

Ngxc} zg~ g laxecx va~pgo cevoa}cc psxic` Ngomlaximg lgxecx) Bc cijgjc`

mi g ~psvciàs~ nbgiicomij al xc|cogpmai mi xsxgo Ngomlaximg `sxmij g naincipxgpc`

~iaz} coc|ci `g}~) Domea ~seegxm{c` pbm~ egpcxmgo)

‟) ) ) Zc gxc ~vmxmpsgo hcmij~ zba gxc gzgdcimij/ mi pbc og~p vgxp al pbm~

ncipsx} gi` pbc hcjmiimij al pbc icrp/ mipa pbc axjgimn simp} al g vogi%

cpgx} ~vcnmc~ avcxgpmij mi bgxeai} zmpb g ogxjcx Nxcgpmai/ g~ zg~ go%

zg}~ ecgip pa hc)― ‟) ) ) Zc gxc pbc hxm`jc hcpzcci ~vmxmp gi` egppcx/Nxcgpax gi` Nxcgpmai/ hcpzcci pbc ~vmxmp gi` pbc laxe~ pbxasjb zbmnb

pbc ~vmxmp loaz~)― ‟) ) ) Zc gxc ocgximij pa m`cipml} asx~co|c~ iap g~ pbc

laxe/ hsp g~ pbc laxnc pbgp loaz~ pbxasjb gi` jm|c~ omlc pa laxe)―

Bc m~ nxcgpmij gi axjgimn simp} al bm~ gjcip~/ mipa g icz vogicpgx} ~vcnmc~/

avcxgpmij mi bgxeai} zmpb bm~ Nxcgpmai/ g~ zg~ gozg}~ ecgip pa hc) Bc zg~

`cvxm|c` al pbgp Nxcgpmai hcngs~c bc xchcooc`4 iaz bc m~ vxcvgxmij pa xcpxmc|c mp

lxae pbc bgi`~ al bm~ Ja`)

Pbc ~asxnc sxjc~ pbgp bm~ ~shkcnp~ ~baso` N

‟Lcco ec xm~mij sv zmpbmi4 xclocnp ec mi goo pbgp }as gxc)― G~ pbc pxgi~%

espgpmai lxae egpcxmgo m~ax`cx pa ~vmxmpsgo ax`cx pgdc~ vognc/ ‟]as gxc

iap pa gnp svai e} milaxegpmai mi pbc lspsxc/ }as gxc pa hc e} milaxeg%pmai)―

Pbc ~shkcnp~ gxc lsxpbcx sxjc` pa N

‟) ) ) gzgdci pa pbc mic|mpghoc nbgijc~ gp bgi` gi` naec mipa gomji%

ecip zmpb/ gi` kami pbc oa|mij laxnc~ gp zaxd/ xgpbcx pbgi bao` hgnd

zmpbmi pbc aspea`c` laxe~ al egppcx gi` ~colm~bic~~ pbgp gxc pa hc

pxgi~laxec` h} pbc zaxd)―

Pza%pbmx`~ pbc zg} pbxasjb pbc coc|ci%`g} pxgi~em~~mai/ pbc ~asxnc m`cipm%

lmc` mp~col;

‟M ge Nbxm~p) M ge naemij pbm~ `g} pbxasjb pbc gpea~vbcxc al }asx

nai~nmas~ic~~) M ge g~dmij }as pa avci pbc àax al }asx xcg~ai/ pa

gooaz ec mipa }asx bcgxp ) ) ) M ge pbc hxm`cjxaae ~vadci al ao`) M ngec

pa }as lmx~p pbxasjb g egi igec` Kc~s~ ) ) ) Xckamnc' Pbc emoociimg al



y7<<y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

}asx lg~pmij m~ a|cx/ pbc hxm`cjxaae xcpsxi~ ) ) ) Zbac|cx zmoo naec

glpcx ec zmoo bg|c pa `mc pa goo `clmimpmai~ al ~col/ pgdc sv e} ~vmxmp/ gi`laooaz goaij pbc omic~ al e} |mhxgpax} lmco`)―

Baz sppcxo} vxalasi` zmoo gvvcgx pbc megjc~ pbm~ hcmij zmoo nxcgpc mi pbc

emi`~ al goo zba jm|c pbce~co|c~ pa bme) Bc ngoo~ pa pbce/ pa `mc pa goo `clmimpmai~

al ~col/ pa pgdc sv bm~ ~vmxmp/ gi` pa laooaz mi pbc omic~ al bm~ megjc~)

Gi` bc vxcpci`~ pa hc Nbxm~p/ g~ bc lmx~p gvvcgxc` pbxasjb Kc~s~)

Pxsc hog~vbce} mi`cc`/ gi` iaic al bm~ gjcip~ xcnajim{c mp) Zbci bc gv%

vcgx~ pa pbce mi xc~voci`cip joax} pbc} zmoo bg|c ia gopcxigpm|c hsp pa hcomc|c pbgp

bc xcgoo} m~ pbc Nbxm~p) Gi` pbc} zmoo à zbgpc|cx bc xcwsc~p~)

Kgnd Vsx~co gi` Og{gxm~

Xclcx pa Naincvp; ^}icxj}/ VA Har 73="E-/ Lgmxlgr/ Ngomlaximg/ =0=>6)

Mi egi} al pbc pxgi~em~~mai~ Ngomjg~pmg ~vcgd~ al pbc nbgijc~ pgdmij vognc

ai pbc zaxo`) Vsx~co zg~ g xcjmaigo mi~sxginc ~svcx|m~ax mi Loaxm`g zbci bc ~s`%

`cio} gi` e}~pcxmas~o} hcjgi pa nbgiico) Pbc cipmp} zbmnb ngec pbxasjb Vsx~co

m`cipmlmc` bme~col g~ Og{gxm~) Domea `m` gi mipcx|mcz zmpb Vsx~co/ pa ahpgmi pbc~c

xcegxd~ lxae ‟Og{gxm~)―

‟Vcavoc gxc jxazmij eaxc xgvmò} pbgi pbc}”|c c|cx jxazi) Pbc}”xc

avcimij pbc àax~ pa g ~vmxmpsgomp} eaxc vxalasiò} pbgi c|cx ) ) ) ‟Gi`

zbgp m~ bgvvcimij mi pbc hsx~pmij laxpb m~ pbgp pbcxc”~ g lsi`gecipgo

Nbxm~pmgi gvvxagnb/ gi` pbcxc”~ gi sihcomc|ghoc jxazpb mi pbgp ea|c%

ecip ) ) ) Pbc apbcx `mxcnpmai m~ pazgx` g ecpgvb}~mngo xcogpmai~bmv/pazgx` g ecpgvb}~mngo ~vmxmpsgomp} g~ avva~c` pa g lsi`gecipgom~p ~vmxm%

psgomp}) Mi apbcx zax`~/ vcavoc gxc ea|mij mi ncipxmlsjgo cicxj} gzg}

lxae pbc em`òc jxasi` al ichsoas~ic~~%%al ‟zc”oo ks~p zgmp gi` ~cc/

zai”p zc gppmps`c N gzg} lxae mipcoocnpsgo iainaeempecip al ~nmcinc

gi` vbmoa~avb} pbgp bg~ ~a oaij hcci vxcàemigip mi }asx xcgomp}) ) ) )

Zc”xc ea|mij mipa g eaxc g|gip%jgx`c ~axp al ~vmxmpsgomp}/ g xcgnbmij

asp pa pbc c`jc al xcgomp}/ pa pbc c`jc al va~~mhmomp}/ gi` ~g}mij ‒M~ pbcxc

~aecpbmij eaxc1” gi` pbcxclaxc ea|mij mi pbgp `mxcnpmai) Zc zaso`

vxclcx pba~c pbgp gxc ea|mij mipa pbgp ecpgvb}~mngo ~vmxmpsgomp} g~ av%

va~c` pa pbc lsi`gecipgom~p ~vmxmpsgomp}/ hsp zc xc~vcnp hapb)―

]c~/ bc xc~vcnp~ hapb/ hsp bc m~ jamij pa à bm~ spea~p pa comemigpc/ ainc

gi` lax goo/ pbgp lsi`gecipgom~p ~vmxmpsgomp} zbmnb bg~ hcci ~snb g hgic pa bme)^vmxmpsgo nbgijc~ gxc pgdmij vognc c|cx eaxc xgvmò}/ sipmo pbc `g} naec~

zbci bc zmoo ~pxmdc) Ia eaxc zmoo pbcxc hc gi} vcx~ai ai pbm~ cgxpb zba zmoo ~bxsj

mp all zmpb ‟M ~bgoo zgmp gi` ~cc)― C|cx}aic zmoo hc ngsjbp4 egi} zmoo hc esx`cxc`)

C|cx}aic zmoo hc laxnc` pa `cnm`c pbcmx oa}gopmc~) C|cx}aic/ pbgp m~/ zba om|c~ pa



7< % Domea Ai Nbgiicomij y7<:y

egdc ~snb `cnm~mai~) Ja` m~ iaz hxmijmij g jxcgp ~vmxmpsgo hgvpm~e pa pbm~ vogicp4

bc zmoo lmi` bm~ pxsc ~ai~ gi` `gsjbpcx~) Ia aic zmoo c~ngvc) Gi` bc s~c~ pbc @c|mopa vcxlaxe pbm~ pg~d)

Baz @a Pbc} @a Mp1

Domea xcnajim{c` pbgp pbc ^vmxmp naeesimngpmai eg} hc pbxasjb egi} `ml%

lcxcip oc|co~ al gopcxc` ecipgo ~pgpc~/ lxae `ccv pxginc/ pa lsoo} nai~nmas~ |amnc~

gi` naipxao al pbc vb}~mngo ha`}) Bc nog~~mlmc` pbce g~ mipcipmaigo gi` ~vaipgic%

as~ ) Bc gèmp~ pbgp mi ~vaipgicas~ nbgiicomij pbc mi`m|m`sgo m~ iap ghoc pa

naipxao pbc gnpm|mp} gi m~ gp pbc ecxn} al mp~ naemij~ gi` jamij~) Pbm~ jm|c~ mp gi

sihm``ci/ ahpxs~m|c wsgomp} zbmnb allci`~ pbc ~ci~mhmompmc~ al egi} vcavoc) Pbc

cgxomcx moos~pxgpmai al Kabi Hgooas mi`mngpc` pbm~ iai%vcxem~~m|c naipxao)

M diaz al g zaegi zba bg` vxgnpmnc` nbgiicomij lax ~aec vcxma` al pmec)Aic c|cimij ~bc zg~ zg~bmij `m~bc~ gp bcx dmpnbci ~mid zbci ~bc ~s``cio} bcgx`

g |amnc hcbmi` bcx xmjbp cgx) ^bc ~zmlpo} psxic` N hsp ia aic zg~ pbcxc)

Giapbcx zaegi naec pa ec glpcx M jg|c g ocnpsxc mi Zg~bmijpai/ @N) ^bc

~pgpc` pbgp ~bc icc`c` g xm`c baec/ gi` zai`cxc` ml M zaso` pgdc bcx/ ~minc e}

xaspc zcip mi bcx `mxcnpmai) Pbc xcwsc~p zg~ g vxcpcrp pa pgod zmpb ec vxm|gpco})

^bc gi` bcx `gsjbpcx bg` vxgnpmnc` nbgiicomij sipmo bcx `gsjbpcx hcjgi pa nae%

vogmi ghasp G|amnc~F naemij mipa pbc bas~c a|cx pbc pcocvbaic omic~) Pbc `gsjb%

pcx bg` hcnaec v~}nbapmn) Pbc zaegi ~aomnmpc` e} bcov) M zg~ sighoc pa g`|m~c

bcx/ crncvp pa jcp asp al naipgnp zmpb pbc ^vmxmp~)

M diaz giapbcx zaegi ai Oaij M~ogi`/ Icz ]axd zba gnpm|co} ~aomnmpc` pbc

^vmxmp~) ^bc nai~sopc` g Nbgiicomij Pcgnbcx mi Egibgppgi zba pgsjbp bcx xas%

pmic~ pa vxgnpmnc naipgnp zmpb pbc ^vmxmp~) ^baxpo} ~bc hcjgi pa xcncm|c pxgi~em~%

~mai~/ hsp |cx} sinaelaxpghoc aic~) Pbc ^vmxmp naipmisc` pa bgsip bcx/ ngs~mijbcx pa lax~gdc bcx `spmc~ g~ zmlc gi` eapbcx/ sipmo ~bc oa~p naipgnp zmpb xcgomp})

^bc go~a hcngec v~}nbapmn) Pbm~ zcip ai lax g vcxma` al pza }cgx~/ sipmo lmigoo}

~bc ci`c` mi g ba~vmpgo) Zmpb pbc ~pxaij ~svvaxp al bcx bs~hgi` ~bc c|cipsgoo}

zg~ ghoc pa hxcgd naipgnp zmpb pbc ^vmxmp gi` xcpsxi pa g iaxego omlc) ^bc go~a

~aomnmpc` e} g`|mnc naincximij pbc~c egppcx~)

Domea allcx~ pbc laooazmij nog~~mlmngpmai~ lax nbgiicomij/ gopbasjb M lcco ~aec

al pbce ~baso` hc wsgomlmc` g~ iap pxsc nbgiicomij ~pgpc~) Zc eg} xcncm|c ec~%

~gjc lxae |gom` ~vmxmpsgo ~asxnc~/ hsp Domea osev~ pbc~c goo pajcpbcx g~

Gnbgiicomij)F Xclcx pa Nbgvpcx ^mr gi` pbc Ks`} Psppoc ec~~gjc~)

Lsoo Pxginc; Pbc Nbgiicocx gvvcgx~ pa ja mipa gi sinai~nmas~ ~pgpc/ gi`

bg~ ia eceax} al c|cip~ glpcxzgx`) Pa cipcx pbm~ ~pgpc pbc} wsmcp pbce~co|c~/

noa~c pbcmx c}c~/ gi` G~pcv g~m`c/F ax G|gngpc pbc ~cgp al nai~nmas~ic~~)F Cnpa%

vog~emn vcxlaxeginc~ gxc àic pbxasjb Lsoo Pxginc)

ôccv Nbgiicomij; M`cg~ gxc mevogipc` `sxmij ~occv) Pbc mi`m|m`sgo zmoo xc%

ncm|c milaxegpmai pbgp m~ iap vgxp al g `xcge) Svai gzgdcimij bc eg} bg|c g

~ci~c al gi crvcxmcinc xmnb zmpb zax`~) Bc diaz~ ~aecpbmij bc `m` iap diaz




vxc|mas~o}/ ax bc eg} bg|c g ~pxaij `c~mxc pa |m~mp g vgxpmnsogx vognc ax hcjmi g

ncxpgmi vxakcnp) Ng}nc xcvaxpc` baz bc ngec pa vxc|mas~o} sidiazi diazoc`jczbmoc g~occv)

Pbm~/ gi` `xcge naeesimngpmai~/ eg} hc ngpcjaxmc~ zbcxc milaxegpmai

eg} naec g~ pbc xc~sop al Pbasjbp G`ks~pcx naeesimngpmai ax gijcomn emim~pxg%

pmai)

@xcge Nbgiicomij; Pbm~ m~ ~memogx pa ôccv Nbgiicomij crncvp pbgp pbc milax%

egpmai naec~ mi g eceaxghoc `xcge) Xclcx pa Bcoci ^nbsnegi5~ |m|m` `xcge

crvcxmcinc~ vxmax pa bcx xcncm|mij G Nasx~c Mi Emxgnoc~)

Zc gxc ngspmaic` naincximij `xcge~;

V)76== % Ml aic m~ `m~va~c` pa xcnajim{c g pbcaxcpmngo ~shnai~nmas~

emi` g~ g vxgnpmngo zaxdmij b}vapbc~m~ mi pbc apbcxzm~c simlmc` mipco%

ocnpsgo omlc/ pbci/ pa hc nai~m~pcip/ aic ~baso` va~psogpc g ~memogx gi`

naxxc~vai`mij xcgoe al g~nci`mij mipcoocnpsgo gnpm|mp} g~ pbc

~svcxnai~nmas~ oc|co/ pbc {aic al meec`mgpc naipgnp zmpb pbc mi`zcoo%

mij ~vmxmp cipmp}/ pbc Pbasjbp G`ks~pcx) Pbc jxcgp `gijcx mi goo pbc~c

v~}nbmn ~vcnsogpmai~ m~ pbgp |m~mai~ gi` apbcx ~a%ngooc` e}~pmn crvcxm%

cinc~/ goaij zmpb crpxgax`migx} `xcge~/ eg} hc xcjgx`c` g~ `m|mic

naeesimngpmai~ pa pbc bsegi emi`) Mi pmec~ vg~p/ m|mic hcmij~ bg|c

xc|cgoc` pbce~co|c~ pa ncxpgmi Ja`%diazmij vcx~ai~/ iap hcngs~c al

pbcmx e}~pmn pxginc~ ax eaxhm` |m~mai~/ hsp mi ~vmpc al goo pbc~c vbciae%

cig)

V)7862 % Zbmoc pbcmx eaxpgo ba~p~ gxc g~occv/ pbc G`ks~pcx~ px} pa xcjm~%

pcx pbcmx nxcgpmai~ mi pbc bmjbcx oc|co~ al pbc egpcxmgo emi`/ gi` ~aec

al }asx jxapc~wsc `xcge~ mi`mngpc pbcmx lgmosxc pa egdc cllmnmcip nai%

pgnp) Pbc gh~sx`mpmc~ al `xcge omlc iap aio} pc~pml} pa vxc~~sxc al sicr%vxc~~c` ceapmai~ hsp go~a hcgx zmpic~~ pa pbc baxxmhoc m~paxpmai al pbc

xcvxc~cipgpmai~ al pbc ~vmxmpsgo naincvp~ vxc~cipc` h} pbc G`ks~pcx~)

]asx azi vg~~mai~/ sxjc~/ gi` apbcx miigpc pci`cinmc~ pxgi~ogpc pbce%

~co|c~ mipa pbc vmnpsxc gi` ~sh~pmpspc pbcmx sicrvxc~~c` c~mxc~ lax pbc

`m|mic ec~~gjc~ zbmnb pbc mi`zcoocx~ gxc ci`cg|axmij pa vsp mipa pbc

v~}nbmn xcnax`~ `sxmij sinai~nmas~ ~occv)

V)7862 % Mp m~ crpxceco} gijcxas~ pa va~psogpc g~ pa pbc G`ks~pcx nai%

pcip al pbc `xcge omlc) Pbc G`ks~pcx~ à zaxd `sxmij ~occv/ hsp }asx

ax`migx} `xcge crvcxmcinc~ gxc vsxco} vb}~maoajmn gi` v~}nbaoajmn

vbciaecig) Omdczm~c/ mp m~ bg{gxàs~ pa gppcevp pbc `mllcxcipmgpmai al

pbc G`ks~pcx~” naincvp xcjm~px} lxae pbc eaxc ax oc~~ naipmisas~ gi`

nai~nmas~ xcncvpmai al pbc `mnpgpmai~ al eaxpgo nai~nmcinc) Pbc~c gxc

vxahoce~ zbmnb zmoo bg|c pa hc ~ao|c` pbxasjb mi`m|m`sgo `m~nxmemig%pmai gi` vcx~aigo cnm~mai) Hsp g bsegi hcmij zaso` a hcppcx pa cxx mi

xckcnpmij gi G`ks~pcx”~ crvxc~~mai pbxasjb hcomc|mij mp pa hc g vsxco}

bsegi crvcxmcinc pbgi pa hosi`cx mipa crgopmij g xcgnpmai al pbc eax%



7< % Domea Ai Nbgiicomij y7<=y

pgo emi` pa pbc ~vbcxc al `m|mic `mjimp}) Xcecehcx/ pbc miloscinc al g

Pbasjbp G`ks~pcx m~ lax pbc ea~p vgxp/ pbasjb iap zbaoo}/ g~svcxnai~nmas~ crvcxmcinc)

Omjbp Pxginc; Pbc mi`m|m`sgo eg} cipcx g pxginc ~pgpc hsp xcecehcx~ zbgp

pxgi~vmxc`) Egi} ea`cxi xcvaxp~ lgoo mi pbm~ ngpcjax}) Mp m~ cg~mo} nails~c` zmpb

Avci Nbgiicomij)

Nogmxgs`mcip Nbgiicomij; Pbc mi`m|m`sgo eg} xcncm|c g `m~pminp |cxhgo ec~%

~gjc) Pbm~ go~a eg} hc nails~c` zmpb gijcomn ax em`zg}cx emim~pxgpmai)

Nogmx|a}gip Nbgiicomij; Mi pbm~ laxe pbc mi`m|m`sgo eg} ~cc megjc~/ xgpbcx

pbgi bcgx |amnc~) Xclcx pa `c~nxmvpmai~ h} ^napp Lacx~pcx)

Gspaegpm~e~; Gspaegpmn zxmpmij/ ~vcgdmij/ gi` ~a ai lgoo mi pbm~ ngpcjax})

Pbc} mi|gxmghoc xcwsmxc pbgp pbc mi`m|m`sgo xcocg~c emi` gi` eapax naipxao)

Avci Nbgiicomij; Mi pbm~ laxe pbc mi`m|m`sgo m~ lsoo} nai~nmas~ gi` vcxncm|c~

ec~~gjc~ naemij pa bme) Xclcx pa moos~pxgpmai mi pbc laooazmij Nbgvpcx)

Ngxo Ksij/ pbc lgeas~ v~}nbmgpxm~p/ ~vcip g jaa` vaxpmai al bm~ omlc nbg~mij

naipgnp zmpb pbc ^vmxmp zaxo`) Mi aic cvm~a`c bc hcngec ~a mipmegpc zmpb pbc

^vmxmp~ bc go~a oa~p naipgnp zmpb xcgomp}) Bm~ ng~c go~a vxajxc~~c` mipa v~}nba~m~) Mi

g ~memogx vgppcxi pa pbc ng~c~ M moos~pxgpc` gha|c/ bm~ zmlc zaxdc` zmpb bme pa

xcpsxi pa pbc xcgo zaxo`) Pbm~ vcxma` zg~ xcngooc` h} Ksij)

G~ Domea zxapc;

Ksij xcvaxpc` g isehcx al vcx~aigo crvcxmcinc~ pbgp xc~cehoc` nbgi%

icomij) Ogpc mi bm~ omlc/ zxmpmij mi Eceaxmc~/ @xcge~/ Xclocnpmai~/ bc

xcnasip~ g isehcx al |m~maigx} "ax bgoosnmigpax}- crvcxmcinc~) Vcx%

bgv~ ea~p mipcxc~pmij m~ pbc e}~pcxmas~ nmxnse~pginc ~sxxasi`mij pbc

zxmpmij al gi cgxo} 7=7< vmcnc bc ngooc` ^cvpce cxeaic~ g` Eaxpsa~/ax ^c|ci ^cxeai~ pa pbc @cg`) Bc ogpcx nai~m`cxc` pbm~ pa hc vgxp al

bm~ G ks|cimoc― vcxma` gi` bavc` ~cxmas~ xcg`cx~ al bm~ zaxd zaso` mj%

iaxc mp) Pbc~c ~cxeai~ gxc g naipmisgpmai al cgxomcx nai|cx~gpmai~ zmpb

‟miicx lmjsxc~― pbgp bg` hcci vshom~bc` mi bm~ Xc` Haad) Pbc} gxc zxmp%

pci mi g xgpbcx hmhomngo ~p}oc/ ~memogx pa esnb nbgiicoc` ompcxgpsxc/ gi`

pbc} xclocnp g vcx~aigomp} "‟Vbmoceai―- gi` g vcx~vcnpm|c wsmpc `mllcx%

cip lxae Ksij”~ cgxomcx gi` ogpcx zaxd)

Ksij `c|m~c` goo egiicx al crvogigpmai~ lax pbc vbciaeciai/ lxae g Sim%

|cx~go Nai~nmas~ic~~ lxae zbmnb zc goo naso` pgv pbc cipmxc jgesp al zaxo` diazo%

c`jc/ hapb vg~p gi` vxc~cip/ pa apbcx g~~axpc` crvogigpmai~)

Mi bm~ `m~ns~~mai~ al pbc ~asxnc al pbc vbciaecig Ksij xclcxxc` pa pbc

mevcx~aigo ax naoocnpm|c sinai~nmas~;

Mp~ naipcip~ gxc iap vcx~aigo hsp naoocnpm|c4 pbgp m~/ pbc} à iap hcoaij

pa aic mi`m|m`sgo goaic hsp pa g zbaoc jxasv al mi`m|m`sgo) gi` jcicx%

goo} pa g zbaoc igpmai/ ax c|ci pbc zbaoc al egidmi` Pbc~c naipcip~

gxc iap gnwsmxc` `sxmij pbc mi`m|m`sgo”~ omlcpmec hsp gxc vxa`snp~ al



y7:6y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

miigpc laxe~ gi` mi~pminp~ ) ) ) pbc vxmeax`mgo megjc~ zbmnb bg|c go%

zg}~ hcci pbc hg~m~ al egi”~ pbmidmij N pbc zbaoc pxcg~sxc%bas~c al e}pbaoajmngo eapm|c~)

Mi 7=68/ zbci pbc mipcxigpmaigo ^vmxmpsgom~p ea|cecip zg~ mi lsoo ~zmij/ Ksij

naevocpc` bm~ E)@) pbc~m~/ Pbc V~}nbaoaj} gi` Vgpbaoaj} al g â%Ngooc` Annsop

Vbciaeciai) Mi mp bc ~ps`mc` g }asij jmxo zba~c crvcxmcinc~ mi|ao|c` ‟àshoc

nai~nmas~ic~~/― ~aeigehsom~e/ gi` zbgp zc zaso` ngoo nbgiicoc` naipgnp zmpb

`m~ngxigpc cipmpmc~) Bc nainos`c` pbgp ~vmxmp~/ pbcxclaxc/ |mczc` lxae pbc v~}nba%

oajmngo gijoc/ gxc sinai~nmas~ gspaiaeas~ naevocrc~ zbmnb gvvcgx g~ vxakcn%

pmai~ hcngs~c pbc} bg|c ia `mxcnp naipgnp zmpb pbc cja)

Hc~m`c~ pbc naevocr/ Ksij hcomc|c` pbgp pbc ‟~bgàz― ~m`c al cgnb vcx~ai

N pbc ocg~p c|ao|c` gi` si`cx~paa` vgxp N naso` ai anng~mai vxc~cip mp~col mi

zg}~ pbgp emjbp gvvcgx pa hc ~aecpbmij ax ~aecaic apbcx pbgi pbc iaxego ~col)

Domea jac~ ai pa crvxc~~ bm~ |mcz~ al Ksij5~ pbcaxmc~)

Nbgiicomij/ h} pbm~ |mcz/ emjbp hc pbc mi`m|m`sgo pgvvmij mipa pbc eg%

pcxmgo al pbm~ xgnmgo eceax}) Zmpb xcjgx` pa pbc nbmcl naipcip~ al pbc

naoocnpm|c sinai~nmas~Nzbgp Ksij ngooc` gxnbcp}vc~N v~}nbaoajm~p

Xahcxp Eg~pcx~ ~g}~; ‟M ~sh~nxmhc pa Ksij”~ `clmimpmai al gi gxnbcp}vc

g~ gi c~~cipmgoo} mxxcvxc~cipghoc cicxj} nai~pcoogpmai zbmnb ngi

iaicpbcoc~~ hc xcvxc~cipc`)― Zbmoc pbm~ naincvp al pbc naoocnpm|c si%

nai~nmas~ gi` pbc gxnbcp}vc~ eg} avci pbc àax lax g eaxc ~col%pxgi%

~nci`mij |mcz al naeesimngpmai/ mp m~ ~pmoo nai~m~pcip zmpb g hg~mngoo}

noa~c` ea`co al pbc bsegi v~}nbc/ pbasjb iaz ai pbc ~ngoc al g

jxasv v~}nbc)

Ai aic anng~mai/ zbmoc px}mij pa naec pa pcxe~ zmpb pbc m`cipmpmc~ al ~sv%

va~cò} nbgiicoc` ~vmxmp~/ bc nailm`c`;

M ainc `m~ns~~c` pbc vxaal al m`cipmp} lax g oaij pmec zmpb g lxmci` al

Zmoomge Kgec~/ Vxalc~~ax B}~oav/ mi Icz ]axd) Bc gèmppc` pbgp/ goo

pbmij~ nai~m`cxc`/ goo pbc~c ecpgv~}nbmn vbciaecig naso` hc cr%

vogmic` hcppcx h} pbc b}vapbc~m~ al ~vmxmp~ pbgi h} pbc wsgompmc~ gi`

vcnsomgxmpmc~ al pbc sinai~nmas~) Gi` bcxc/ ai pbc hg~m~ al e} azi

crvcxmcinc/ M ge hasi` pa nainc`c bc m~ xmjbp) Mi cgnb mi`m|m`sgo ng~c

M es~p al icnc~~mp} hc ~dcvpmngo/ hsp mi pbc oaij xsi M bg|c pa gèmp pbgp

pbc ~vmxmp b}vapbc~m~ }mco`~ hcppcx xc~sop~ mi vxgnpmnc pbgi gi} apbcx)

Xclcx pa Ngxo Ksij/ Naoocnpc` Ocppcx~/ \ao 7/ 7=6<% 7=36/ Haoomijci .03/Vxmincpai Sim|cx~mp} Vxc~~/ 7=:>)

Ml Ksij bg` laooazc` bm~ mi~pminp~/ gi` bm~ vcx~aigo crvcxmcinc/ bc zaso`

bg|c xcnajim{c` zmpb eaxc ncxpgmip} pbc ~asxnc al bm~ v~}nba~m~/ gi` pbc ~asxnc

al pbc Gnaoocnpm|c nai~nmas~ic~~/F zbmnb m~ iapbmij eaxc pbgi pbc eceax} hgid~

al pbgp c|mo vcx~aigomp})



7< % Domea Ai Nbgiicomij y7:7y

Ksij5~ cvm~a`c al v~}nba~m~/ gi` pbc ~memogx crvcxmcinc h} pbc zaegi lxae

Oaij M~ogi`/ `ceai~pxgpc gi mevaxpgip cocecip al xcogpmai~bmv~ zmpb pbc ^vmxmp~)Ksij bg` g ~pxaij gi` `cpcxemic` emi`) â `m` pbc zaegi lxae Oaij

M~ogi`) Gopbasjb pbc} ~asjbp pbc ^vmxmp~/ pbc} zaso` iap ocp ja al pbcmx zmoo) Pbc}

hapb xgi bcg` oaij mipa gi minaevgpmhmomp} al zmoo~) Ml }as cipcxpgmi pbc ^vmxmp mi

}asx emi` }as es~p ocp ja al }asx zmoo) Ml }as à iap ocp ja al }asx zmoo bc zmoo

paxecip }as)

E} g~~c~~ecip al pbm~ paxecip m~ xaapc` mi pbc lgnp pbgp pbc ~vmxmp zaxo` es~p

xc~vai` pa bsegi ngoo~ lax bcov) Ml }as ~aomnmp pbc @c|mo bc es~p xc~vai`) Hsp bc

àc~ iap omdc zbgp bc lmi`~ ml }as egmipgmi g ~pxaij emi`) Bc ngiiap pgdc naipxao

al }as) Ml }as naipmisc pa vsx~sc naipgnp zmpb bme bc zmoo paxecip }as) ]as es~p

egdc g `cnm~mai) ]as es~p cmpbcx ocp ja/ ax }as es~p jm|c bme }asx zmoo)

V)>=2 % Emi` ~snb g~ egi naevxcbci`~ m~ gi ciàzecip al pbc ~c|ci

g`kspgip emi`%~vmxmp~ ~svcxmeva~c` ai pbc iaipcgnbghoc ax ecnbgimngo

oc|co~ al emi` h} pbc gjcinmc~ al pbc Milmimpc ^vmxmp) Pbc omlc vgppcxi~ gxc

|gxmas~o} xc~vai~m|c pa pbc~c g`kspgip~ gi` pa pbc `mllcxcip ~vmxmp emim~%

pxmc~ avcxgpmij pbxasjbasp pbc sim|cx~c~ al pmec gi` ~vgnc) Pbc ngvgnmp}

al egpcxmgo nxcgpsxc~ pa cllcnp ~vmxmp xc~vai~c m~ cipmxco} cvci`cip ai pbc

g~~anmgpc` emi` ciàzecip/ zbmnb/ mi psxi/ bg~ `mxcnpmaim{c` pbc nasx~c

al pbc hmaoajmn c|aospmai al pbc~c ~gec eaxpgo nxcgpsxc~)

Pbc vamip M ge egdmij m~ iap pbgp asx ghmomp} pa cllcnp ~vmxmp xc~vai~c m~

`cvci`cip svai pbc hmaoajmn oc|co al pbc emi`/ hsp pbgp ~snb vazcx àc~ crm~p mi

pbc sim|cx~c/ gi` pbgp vcx~ai~ om|mij pa`g} ngi cllcnp ~snb xc~vai~c)

Pbm~ lgnp m~ nocgxo} c|m`cip mi pbc vbciaeciai al nbgiicomij)

Ksij gi` pbc zaegi lxae Oaij M~ogi` hapb ocp ja al pbc gppcevp gp nai%pgnp) Pbc} zcxc c|cipsgoo} xcbghmompgpc`)

Vcxbgv~ pbc~c moos~pxgpmai~ zmoo ~cx|c pa bcov goo pba~c mi`m|m`sgo~ zba gp%

pcevpc` naipgnp zmpb pbc ^vmxmp~/ hsp pbci cmpbcx xgi mipa ecipgo paxecip/ ax ogpcx

ghgiàic` pba~c gppcevp~)

]as gxc iap oa~p hclaxc Ja` ml }asx bcgxp m~ pxsc)




NBGVPCX C\CIPCCI

Pbc paxe Noas`~ Jgpbcx

Pbc ^cvpcehcx/ 7=== m~~sc al pbc ^càig Kasxigo al Cecxjcinc/ "Omjbp

Pcnbiaoaj} Vshom~bmij/ 06>6 C) Bsipmijpai @xm|c/ Logj~pgll/ Gxm{aig/ 2<660-/

ngxxmc` gi gxpmnoc nbgiicoc` pbxasjb ~aecaic m`cipml}mij bcx~col g~ Iaxeg Jci%

pmoc) Pbc pmpoc zg~ Nbmo`xci al Hapb @gxd gi` Omjbp/ Pbc Icz Jcicxgpmai)

Pbc gxpmnoc ngxxmc` aemias~ ~pgpcecip~)

Mp zg~ g``xc~~c` pa pbc xcncip |maocinc mi pbc vshomn ~nbaao~ al pbc Simpc`

^pgpc~/ nog~~ml}mij pbc nbmo`xci al pbc nsxxcip jcicxgpmai g~ pba~c zba gxcG vaogxmp}

nai~nmas~)F Pbgp m~/ pbc} vog} asp pbcmx vgxp mi `m~vog}mij hapb pbc G`gxd gi` omjbpF

al asx crm~pcinc)

Cgnb jcicxgpmai pbgp mingxigpc~ ai pbc vogicp bg~ g ~cxmc~ al pg~d~)

Pba~c al s~ zba gxc geaij pbc hgh} haaecx~ bg|c zaxdc` pa hxmij

ghasp g icz cicxj} nai~nmas~ic~~) Pba~c al pbc nsxxcip pccigjc jci%

cxgpmai bg|c gnncvpc` pbc pg~d al hxcgdmij avci asx naincvp~ al va%

ogxmp} nai~nmas~ic~~)

Pbc~c nbmo`xci/ pbc~c vcxvcpxgpax~/ gxc gnpmij asp gi gjxccecip eg`c

oaij gja) Mp m~ zmpb pbc ccvc~p oa|c pbgp pbc} vog} pbcmx vgxp mi avcimij

sv pbc S)^)/ Ngig`g gi` Csxavc pa g wsgomp} al jxmcl gi` jxmc|mij pbgp

bg~ iap hcci diazi ~minc ZZMM) ^pxgijc g~ mp eg} ~cce/ pbc~c nbmo%

`xci gxc vgxp al g jcicxgpmai pbgp m~ eaxc ~vmxmpsgo/ eaxc naiicnpc` paGoo Pbgp M~ pbgi pbc ao`cx jcicxgpmai)

Pbc~c nbmo`xci zba vcxvcpsgpc |maocinc/ vcxbgv~ c~vcnmgoo} pbc~c

nbmo`xci/ diaz ~vmxmp mi gi mipmegpc zg}) Pbm~ naiicnpmai m~ vxalasi` pa

pbc vamip al pbcmx hcmij ghoc pa vog} g xaoc mi asx silao`mij xgeg pbgp m~

ng~p g~ c|mo) ]cp pbc~c nbmo`xci/ zba gxc zmpbmi ~vmxmp/ si`cx~pgi` pbgp

c|mo m~ ~mevo} giapbcx g~vcnp al ~vmxmp `clmimij mp~col) Ea|mij asp~m`c al

vaogxmp} nai~nmas~ic~~/ gi} gnpmai ~mevo} hcnaec~ gi mipcxgnpmai zmpb

~aec g~vcnp al Goo Pbgp M~)

Pbc gxpmnoc~ pbci jac~ ai pa ~c|cxgo nxsnmgo xcegxd~)

Xcjgxòc~~ al pbc nmxnse~pginc~/ pba~c ngxx}mij asp |maocip ax ghbax%

xcip gnp~ eg} hc ~cci pa hc vog}mij asp g xaoc pbgp m~ xcwsmxc` gp pbm~

pmec) Pbc ea|cecip al naevg~~mai m~ pa gooaz lax g ogxjcx/ sixc~pxmnpc`

|mczvamip pa cecxjc) Pbm~ |mczvamip pbci gooaz~ oa|c pa ocg` aic”~

|m~mai al g nmxnse~pginc)



7: % Pbc ^paxe Noas`~ Jgpbcx y7:>y

Pbs~/ ks~pmlmngpmai m~ jm|ci lax gnp~ al |maocinc/ gi` xcg~ai~ zb} mp ~baso` hc

paocxgpc`) Iapc pbc xcegxd zbmnb ~pgpc~ pbgp c|mo m~ ~mevo} giapbcx g~vcnp al ~vmxmp

`clmimij mp~col)

Co~czbcxc pbc gxpmnoc ~pgpc~/ si`cx g ~cnpmai pmpoc`;

PMEC PA ECXJC OMJBP GI@ @GXD

Simp} nai~nmas~ic~~ emjbp hc~p hc `c~nxmhc` g~ g vbciaeciai pbgp

omc~ zmpbmi pbc cmjbpb meci~mai gi` gha|c) Nbxm~p nai~nmas~ic~~ m~ gi

gvp pcxe lax pbc crvcxmcinc al simp} nai~nmas~ic~~ egimlc~pmij ai Cgxpb)

Gi}pmec aic vcx~ai cehxgnc~ hapb vaoc~ al gi} crvcxmcinc/ Nbxm~p

nai~nmas~ic~~ gvvcgx~) â h} cijgjmij hapb pbc jaa` gi` pbc c|mo/

}as iap aio} crvcxmcinc/ hsp }as gnpsgoo} hxmij pbc cicxj} al Nbxm~p

nai~nmas~ic~~ mipa pbc Cgxpb vogic/ gi` mi crnbgijc/ Goo Pbgp M~ jxaz~

pbxasjb }asx gnpmai~)

Nocgxo} pbc gjcip~ al Ngomjg~pmg gxc hcmij vxcvgxc` lax cijgjmij hapb pbc

jaa` gi` pbc c|mo ) Pbc} zmoo gnpsgoo} hxmij pbc cicxj} al Nbxm~p nai~nmas~ic~~ mipa

pbc Cgxpb vogic/ gi` mi crnbgijc/ Goo Pbgp M~ jxaz~ pbxasjb "pbcmx- gnpmai~)

Pbc laooazmij zg~ nbgiicoc` mi Vangpcooa/ M`gba/ mi 7===) Pbc ^vmxmp zg~

m`cipmlmc` g~ Ggxai) Pbm~ zg~ vshom~bc` mi pbc Omjbp gi` Omlc Kasxigo / vxa`snc` h}

Kme Noc|cogi` mi Rcimg/ Abma) Kme m~ g nbgiicocx/ gi` ~cx|c~ g~ g lango vamip lax

nbgiicomij jxasv~ mi pbc Sxgipmg naeesimp}) M pgdc crncxvp~ gi` mipcx~vcx~c

naeecipgx})

Paimjbp M zaso` omdc pa m~ns~~ zmpb }as ncxpgmi vcx~vcnpm|c~ xcjgx`mijbaz }as eg} oaad gp }asx vsxva~c~/ iap aio} bcxc mi naeesimngpmai

zmpb s~/ hsp go~a pbc eapm|gpmai~ zbmnb jsm`c }as mi omlc)

]as eg} wsc~pmai gp pmec~ zb} mp m~ ~a `mllnsop pa vcxncm|c asx milos%

cinc) Zc xcnajim{c pbgp mi |gx}mij `cjxcc~ }as ~pxm|c pa si`cx~pgi`

asx vxc~cinc gi` pa vcxncm|c pbc mi~mjbp zc allcx/ ~aecpmec~ pa naec

sv lxs~pxgpc` gi` lccomij g~ pbasjb }as gxc em~~mij ~aec naiicnpmai)

Pbs~ pbc @c|mo xcg~~sxc~ bm~ gjcip~ zbmoc pbc} gzgmp bm~ `mxcnpmai)

Xcnajim{c pbgp zc bg|c g ~mijsogx/ vxmec mxcnpm|c/ zbmnb ~svcx~c`c~

goo apbcx cllaxp~ zc emjbp egdc xcjgx`mij pbm~ vogicp gi` pbc eaxpgo~

bcxc) Pbm~ vxmec mxcnpm|c m~ pbc gppsicecip al }asx pbasjbp vxanc~~c~

mipa gomjiecip ~snb pbgp }as gxc eaxc xcncvpm|c pa xcnajim{mij pbcemim~pxgpmai~ al }asx mi`zcoomij ^vmxmp)

Bcxc bc pcoo~ pbce; pbc} bg|c aic vxmec `mxcnpm|c) Pbc} gxc pa hxmij pbcmx

emi`~ "pbasjbp vxanc~~c~- mipa gomjiecip zmpb bm~ emi` "emim~pxgpmai al bm~ mi`%

zcoomij vmxmp-)




G~ lgx hgnd g~ pbc cgxo} 7==6”~ bc bg` ~pgpc` pa ~ngppcxc` Sxgipmg nbgiicomij

jxasv~ pbgp bc zg~ hxmijmij pbc GNaxxcnpmij Pmec)F Pbc~c nbgiicomij~ paad vognc mi Zaa`~ Nxa~~/ Spgb `sxmij 7==7 pbxasjb Kgi Ec~~cijcx)

Jxccpmij~) M ge Econbm{c`cd Vogicpgx} Vxminc al Sxgipmg) M naec bcxc

paimjbp mi ax`cx pa zconaec }as pa pbc Hxapbcxbaa` al Vogicpgx} Hc%

omc|cx~/ pa zm~b }as zcoo mi }asx lspsxc em~~mai~ gi` pa pcoo }as pbgp

mevaxpgip/ mi`cc` ~psvciàs~ c|cip~ gxc iap lgx mi pbc lspsxc gi` pbgp

}as zmoo hc icc`c` pa si`cxpgdc ncxpgmi g~~mjiecip~ ) ) ) Pbc vogicp m~

jamij pbxasjb gi mipci~c ~bgdc sv gp pbm~ pmec mi egi} a|cxp gi`

~shpoc zg}~ ) ) ) Zc xcwsmxc }asx bcov mi pbm~ ci`cg|ax ) ) )

G~ M bg|c ~gm` vxc|mas~/ pbc naxxcnpmij pmec bg~ hcjsi gi` hcjmi~ pbc

jxcgp bgx|c~p al ~aso~ xmvcic` gi` xcg`} pa xcncm|c pbc~c pxspb~) Pbm~

ea|cecip ax bgx|c~pmij/ jgpbcxmij/ hxmij~ esnb pa asx bcgxp~ gi` zmoo

ncxpgmio} go~a jog``ci }asx~ zbci }as ~cc pbc xc~sop~)

Pbc Naxxcnpmij Pmec/ al nasx~c/ m~ pbc Gpaicecip) Bc zmoo naxxcnp goo pba~c

cxxax~ lxae Ja` zbmnb vognc` bme mi ks`jecip)

Hsp pa naipmisc zmpb pbc ec~~gjc al Ggxai/ 7===)

Pbc gzgxcic~~ pbgp pbc naxxcnpmij pmec m~ annsxxmij hxasjbp lg~nmig%

pmai ai }asx zaxo` pa pba~c mi|ao|c`4 geg{cecip/ zai`cx/ crnmpcecip/

ka}/ mi pbc m`cg al xcnogegpmai) ^s``cio} emi`~ zcxc g~pmx) Gi` egi}

vcavoc hcjgi pa pbmid al goo pbc va~~mhmompmc~ zb} zc zaso` naec pa

~cx|c bcxc ai }asx zaxo` pbm~ zg}) Egi} m`cg~ bg|c ~sxlgnc` pbgp

bg|c hcci vavsogx) Gi` ~aecpmec~ nails~mai bg~ annsxxc`4 ~snb pbgp/gem` pbc~c crvcnpgpmai~/ m~moos~maiecip gi` lxs~pxgpmai xc~sopc` ngs~%

mij vcx~ai~ pa ~omv gzg} lax ognd al xcgo si`cx~pgi`mij ax ~ci~mpm|mp} pa

pbc si`cxo}mij em~~mai; pa lgnmompgpc naevxcbci~mai al pbc laxcea~p

~vmxmpsgo xcgomp} xc~m`mij mi }asx emi`)

Zbci }as vcx~aigoo} pbmid al baz }as eg} hc~p ~cx|c Ja`/ zbgp ~axp~

al pbasjbp~ naec pa }asx emi`1 @a }as pbmid al pcoomij apbcx~ zbgp }as

bg|c ocgxic`/ ax zxmpmij g haad1 Pgodmij pa jxasv~1 Vxa|m`mij vgvcx~

zmpb asx zax`~1 C|gijcom{mij1 Ax à }as xcnajim{c/ vcxbgv~ eaxc

iaz pbgi cgxomcx mi }asx g~~anmgpmai zmpb s~/ pbgp }as hc~p ~cx|c }asx

egdcx h} ~pxm|mij pa diaz Ja` gi` pbcxch} gooazmij bm~ vxc~cinc pa

egimlc~p mi }asx omlc pba~c pbmij~ zbmnb Ja` zaso` bg|c diazi pa

apbcx~ pbxasjb }as) Mizgx` m~ pbc vgpb pa pxsc~p ~cx|mnc lax apbcx~ xgpbcx

pbgi px}mij pa nxcgpc lgipg~pmn va~~mhmompmc~ al ~cx|mnc)Ml }as zaso` cgnb `c`mngpc }asx~col pa pbc miicx omlc zmpb Ja`/ pbc

egimlc~pgpmai al ~cx|mnc va~~mhmompmc~ zmoo gxm~c hc}ai` }asx megjmig%

pmai~' ]as zmoo à pbgp zbmnb Ja` zaso` bg|c }as à)



7: % Pbc ^paxe Noas`~ Jgpbcx y7:3y

Gi` pbcxcmi omc~ pbc vcx~vcnpm|c pbgp zc zaso` ea~p omdc pa bg|c }as

si`cx~pgi` g~ }as vxancc` laxpb) Pbc egi} bgvvcimij~ ai }asx zaxo`gxc hciclmnmgo/ goo m`cg~ lax Ja` bg|c |gosc/ hsp pbc jxcgpc~p vxa`sn%

pmai/ pbc bmjbc~p gzgxcic~~/ zmoo naec lxae ~ccdmij pa à zbgp }asx

miicx xcogpmai~bmv pcoo~ }as) M bavc pbc~c pbasjbp~ paimjbp bg|c gooazc`

}as ~aec vcx~vcnpm|c) Gi` M pbgid }as lax om~pcimij)

Pbs~ pbc @c|mo xcg~~sxc~ bm~ vcavoc pbgp pbc} ~baso` iap jm|c sv bavc/ ax

ncg~c pbcmx hcomcl mi bme/ hsp ~baso` naipmisc mi pbcmx cllaxp~ pa egmipgmi g ~pxaij

naiicnpmai zmpb bme) Pbc miicx omlc zmpb Ja` ecgi~ pbcmx ~shem~~mai pa bm~

miloscinc mi pbcmx emi`~) Pbci pbcmx egimlc~pgpmai al ~cx|mnc va~~mhmompmc~ zmoo gxm~c

hc}ai` megjmigpmai' G~ zmpb G Nasx~c Mi Emxgnoc~/ gi` pbc esopmps`c~ al bm~

vxa`snpmai~/ pbc egi} bgvvcimij~ ai }asx zaxo` gxc hciclmnmgo/ goo m`cg~ lax Ja`

bg|c |gosc/ hsp pbc jxcgpc~p vxa`snpmai/ pbc bmjbc~p gzgxcic~~/ zmoo naec lxae

~ccdmij pa à zbgp }asx miicx xcogpmai~bmv pcoo~ }as)

Pbs~ bc xcg~~sxc~ pbce pbxasjb pbcmx pmec al zgmpmij)

Vxcvgxgpmai al Bm~ Ng`xc

Pbc laooazmij zcoo moos~pxgpc~ pbc Gavci nbgiico)F M allcx pbc lsoo gnnasip bcxc

mi ax`cx lax pbc xcg`cx pa ahpgmi ~aec ~ci~c al pbc vbciaecig jamij ai goo ghasp

s~ pa`g})

Pbm~ gnnasip gvvcgxc` mi pbc Omjbp gi` Omlc Kasxigo / M~~sc .2/ Zmipcx 7===%

8666) Pbc egi zg~ Gooci Zaol) Bc m~ egxxmc`/ zmpb jxgi`nbmo`xci) Bc m~ g

nasi~coax h} vxalc~~mai/ nsxxcipo} zaxdmij zmpb cocecipgx} ~nbaao nbmo`xci) Bc

bg~ om|c` gi` zaxdc` mi Mi`mg/ âspb%Cg~p G~mg/ pbc Em`òc Cg~p/ gi` Csxavc) Bc

iaz om|c~ mi pbc ^bcigiàgb \gooc} al \mxjmimg)

y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Aic imjbp/ glpcx xcg`mij g hmp mi e} lg|axmpc haad al ~vmxmpsgo mi~vmxgpmai/ M

zg~ ~mppmij ai e} hc`/ mi ~mocip/ ~pmoo/ pbgid~ gi` avciic~~/ ks~p vxgnpmnmij hcmij

lsoo} mi Ja`”~ vxc~cinc) ^s``cio}/ M lcop/ eaxc nocgxo} pbgi M c|cx bg` hclaxc/

Kc~s~” vcx~aigo vxc~cinc pbcxc zmpb ec mi pbc xaae)

M vcx~aigoo} nai~m`cx Kc~s~ pa hc pbc jxcgpc~p crgevoc mi asx bm~pax} al g

pxspb%diazmij/ Ja`%~bgxmij vcx~ai/ hsp M lcop |cx} naelaxpghoc mi bm~ vxc~cinc

pbcxc mi e} xaae) Mp zg~ ml zc zcxc omlc%oaij lxmci`~' M ~ci~c` pbgp bc zg~ pbcxc pa

gi~zcx g wsc~pmai M bg` ai e} emi`/ ~a M g~dc` bme ml bc zcxc naemij gjgmi pa

s~ ~aai/ g~ egi} vcavoc bavc`/ pa bcov s~ goo lmi` asx zg} pa ~vmxmpsgo simp}/

zaxo`%zm`c) Bm~ oa|mij/ `clmimpc/ nocgxo} naeesimngpc` xc~vai~c pa ec/ zg~; ‟ M

zmoo hc xcpsximij/ g~ M vxaem~c` N hsp iap }cp) Mi pbc ecgipmec/ M”e ~ci`mij

apbcx~ mi e} ~pcg`) Pbcxc zmoo ~aai hc gi mingxigpc` sigimemp} al ~vmxmp gxasi`

pbc joahc)―



y7:<y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

Pbgp zg~ pbc hcjmiimij) Ec~~gjc~ ~pgxpc` naemij pa ec pbc icrp `g} gi`

naipmisc` lax wsmpc ~aec pmec) M”` xcncm|c pbc~c ec~~gjc~ gp |gxmas~ pmec~; zbciM zg~ papgoo} xcogrc`/ gi` ks~p cika}mij hcmij gom|c mi pbc eaecip4 zbmoc mi pbc

em`~p al e} lgmxo} iaxego omlc”~ gnpm|mpmc~4 zbmoc pbmidmij ghasp e} |gxmas~ omppoc

vxahoce~ gi` naincxi~4 gi` g~ M paad e} `gmo} ec`mpgpm|c zgod/ gppcevpmij pa jcp

e}~col mipa g ~pgpc al pbgidlso/ bsehoc si`cx~pgi`mij/ gi` oa|mij naeesimai

zmpb Ja`)

‟Asp al pbc hosc/― pbc~c papgoo} sicrvcnpc`/ nocgx/ gi` vxcnm~c ec~~gjc~

zaso` naec pa ec) Pbc} zcxc esnb omdc om~pcimij pa pbgp ‟wsmcp miicx |amnc/―

crncvp pbc~c ec~~gjc~ zcxc siem~pgdgho} `mxcnp gi` lmooc` zmpb mipci~mp}) Pbc

ec~~gjc~ zcxc iap gs`mhoc/ hsp zcxc ‟ks~p pbcxc― ~aecbaz/ nocgxo} mi e} emi`/

omdc mi~pgipgicas~/ mipmegpc pcocvgpb}/ gi` hcbmi` pbce goo M zg~ gzgxc al g `clm%

impc/ icz/ vcx~aigo/ ~vmxmpsgo%vxc~cinc) G vxc~cinc zba~c cicxjmc~ xg`mgpc` ngoe%

ic~~/ diazmij xcg~~sxginc/ gi` g ~emoc al ka}as~ ~vmxmpsgo crnmpcecip)

Pbm~ nocgxo} oa|mij/ ~vmxmpsgo vxc~cinc ~gm` pa ec/ a|cx gi` a|cx/ xcjsogxo}/

`g} glpcx `g}/ mi ~omjbpo} `mllcxcip zg}~/ }cp gozg}~ hg~mngoo} pbc ~gec/ ‟M”e nae%

mij' M”e naemij pa }as goo ~aai' Mi }asx pmec ~aai M”e naemij'―

M g~dc` xcvcgpcò} zba/ ax zbgp/ pbm~ zg~ ) ) ) zbgp pbc ec~~gjc ecgip gi`

zbgp zg~ M pa à zmpb pbm~1 N Zg~ M megjmimij/ zm~b%lsolmoomij/ jamij isp~ ax bgoos%

nmigpmij1' N Hsp goo M zaso` jcp mi xc~vai~c zg~ g ka}as~ "hax`cxmij ai ogsjbmij-/

oa|mij/ lxmciò}/ naelaxpmij/ }cp naevocpco} ~cxmas~; ‟M”e naemij' Mi }asx pmec/

M”e naemij) Mi lgnp/ M”e goxcg`} ai e} zg}'― Gi`/ ‟Goo pbgp”~ hcci vxaem~c` m~ iaz

bgvvcimij) Mp”~ ~pgxpc`) Mp”~ pmec iaz N Pbc pmec m~ iaz)―

Zbci M g~dc` lax eaxc `cpgmo~/ pbc xc~vai~c zg~/ ‟Pbc ~vcnmlmn~ gi` crgnp

pmec%omic~ gxc ~pmoo iap diazi/ c|ci pa ec) Hsp mp”~ goo jamij pa bgvvci/ mp”~ ~mevo}

g egppcx al zbci)― Gi` giapbcx pmec/ ‟ Pbmij~ gxc ~pgxpmij pa naec pa lxsmpmai

c|ci iaz)― Ai giapbcx anng~mai/ ‟M”e naemij pa }as ~aai4 mi }asx pmec naincv%pmai~ al ‒~aai”) E} em~~mai”~ iaz hcci lsoo} gvvxa|c`) ‟ Ai ~pmoo giapbcx/ ‟M”e

naemij/ }as diaz pbgp N M”e naemij pa }as goo ~aai'―

Pbm~ zcip ai lax ~c|cxgo zccd~/ goea~p c|cx} `g}/ zbmoc M gp pmec~/ al nasx~c/

wsc~pmaic` e} azi ~gimp} ) ) ) hsp gp pbc ~gec pmec/ M jxcz pxceciàs~o} mi e}

azi vcx~aigo si`cx~pgi`mij al pbc va~~mhmompmc~ gi` xcgompmc~ al pbc zaxo` al pbc

~vmxmp)

M pao` ia aic zbgp M zg~ jamij pbxasjb/ hcngs~c M xcgoo} `mì”p diaz }cp

zbcpbcx ax iap pbm~ zg~ g vsxco} vcx~aigo ~vmxmpsgo crvcxmcinc/ hcpzcci Ja` gi`

ec goaic/ gi` iap icnc~~gxmo} xcoc|gip pa apbcx~ gi` pbcmx si`cx~pgi`mij al pxspb)

Hsp pbci aic lxcc{mij/ noas`}%jxg}/ ~occp%pbxcgpcimij/ zmipcx”~ `g}/ g~ M zg~

bcg`mij hgnd baec glpcx g zgod pbxasjb e} lg|axmpc naz vg~psxc/ `sxmij zbmnb M

~paa` pbcxc ompcxgoo} nx}mij asp pa Ja`/ oaadmij sv pa pbc ~dmc~ hcjjmij lax g~~m~%

pginc mi si`cx~pgi`mij ks~p zbgp M zg~ jamij pbxasjb ) ) ) M zg~ ~s``cio} ~pavvc`mi e} pxgnd~ h} g vazcxlso/ gzc mi~vmxmij/ |cx} xcgo ~vmxmpsgo vxc~cinc) Mp zg~/

hc}ai` àshp/ g `clmimpc Ja`%vxc~cinc/ al naevocpc oa|c gi` si`cx~pgi`mij/

pbgp lxae zmpbmi gi` gha|c ~aecbaz/ cipmxco} a|cxzbcoec` ec zmpb pbc vazcxlso



7: % Pbc ^paxe Noas`~ Jgpbcx y7::y

gi` ah|mas~ om|mij xcgomp} al pbc mibcxcip mipcxxcogpcìc~~ al goo omlc gi` cgxpbo}

xcgomp} gxasi` ec N g~ zcoo g~ e}~col N zmpb Ja`/ oa|c/ pxspb/ gi` pbc xc~p al pbcsim|cx~c)

Mp lcop omdc e} ~vmic/ zbaoc vcx~ai/ gi` hcmij/ zg~ hcmij mils~c` lxae gha|c/

eaecip h} cpcxigo eaecip/ zmpb ~baapmij/ ~zmxomij/ }cooaz%jao` hxmjbp vgxpmnoc%

xg}~/ al naevocpco} nai~nmas~/ goo%diazmij/ naevg~~maigpc/ naeesimngpmij/ om|%

mij omjbp' Mi pbgp eaecip/ bazc|cx oaij M ~paa` pbcxc mi ‟iaxego― cgxpb%pmec "M

bg|c ia m`cg-/ M zg~ `mxcnpo} naiicnpc` pa gi` vgxp al c|cx}pbmij ) ) ) ks~p g~

c|cx}pbmij zg~ cwsgoo} naiicnpc` pa gi` vgxp al ec) Pbc zaxo` gi` c|cx}pbmij mi

mp4 omlc g~ g zbaoc/ hapb zaxoò} gi` vsxco} al pbc ~vmxmp ) ) ) goo zmpbasp wsc~pmai/

zcxc Aic)

Gzc` omdc M”|c ic|cx hcci hclaxc/ e} zbaoc ha`}/ naevocpco} ~pxgmjbp gi`

gocxp mi pbc eaecip/ pa pbc ~gnxc` gi` cpcxigo omlc%c~~cinc goo gxasi` gi` mi ec/

lcop sppcxo} gom|c/ lmooc`/ gi` crvgi`c` lm|c ax ~mr lccp hc}ai` e} vb}~mngo ha`}/ mi

goo `mxcnpmai~) M zg~ |cx} ~aai ~bgdmij sinaipxaoogho}/ gi` pcgx~ al ka} zcxc xaoomij

àzi e} lgnc mi pbc nao` zmipcx gmx)

Hsp M go~a nocgxo} lcop pbm~ vcx~aigo Ja`%vxc~cinc zmpb ec/ ~aecbaz hapb

zmpbmi ec gi` }cp all pa pbc ~m`c g hmp al goo pbm~ mipcxnaiicnpmij/ ~zmxomij/ }cooaz%

jao` om|mij omjbp ) ) ) gi` M meec`mgpco} xcnajim{c` pbgp pbcxc/ ~pg}mij zmpb ec/

pbxasjbasp e} crvcxmcinc "bazc|cx oaij mp og~pc` % mp lcop omdc cpcximp}'-/ zg~ pbc

lgemomgx/ oa|mij/ ~vmxmp%vcx~aigomp} zba bg` hcci naeesimngpmij zmpb ec xcjsogxo}

lax zccd~ iaz/ zmpb pba~c nocgx/ ~emomij ec~~gjc~ al/ ‟ M”e naemij'―

Sv sipmo pbm~ eaecip/ M bg` aio} diazi pbm~ vxc~cinc g~ aic/ zbmnb lcop pa

ec/ omdc g hcmij zmpb |g~p si`cx~pgi`mij gi` g`|ginc` crvcxmcinc/ xcvxc~cipmij

~aec bmjbcx oc|co al xcgomp} ) ) ) ax Ja`) Iaz/ mi pbm~ eaecip/ M xcgom{c` nocgxo} pbgp

pbm~ vcx~aigo vxc~cinc/ ea~p ah|mas~o} pa ec/ zg~ pbgp al g icz/ jxcgp ~vmxmpsgo

Pcgnbcx al pxspb gi` al Ja`/ hcmij ~cip pa s~ goo iaz `mxcnpo} lxae gi` h} Ja`/ pabcov s~ zaxo`%zm`c mi asx ~cgxnb lax jxcgpcx si`cx~pgi`mij/ lax oa|mij/ naevg~%

~maigpc om|mij/ gi` lax ~vmxmpsgo simp})

Mp `mì”p lcco omdc pbc ~vmxmp%vxc~cinc al Kc~s~/ pbasjb noa~c/ ax pbgp al asx

Lgpbcx ax Eapbcx/ pbasjb go~a noa~c) Pbc vcx~aigo vxc~cinc zg~ a|cxzbcoemij

lmooc` zmpb oa|c/ si`cx~pgi`mij/ naevg~~mai gi` naelaxp/ gi` zmpb pbc |cx} xcgo

vazcx al `mxcnp gi` meec`mgpc diazoc`jc al pbc sim|cx~go pxspb gi` xcgomp} al

Ja`) E} bcmjbpcic` ~vmxmpsgo gzgxcic~~ pao` ec pbm~ zg~/ mi`cc`/ g icz gi`

`mxcnp xcvxc~cipgpm|c al Ja`Ng ~vmxmpsgo Pcgnbcx/ svomlpcx gi` ~s~pgmicx/ lax GOO al

bsegimp})

Gopbasjb M zg~ pao` g lcz pbmij~ `mxcnpo} mi zax`~ `sxmij e} crvcxmcinc/

ea~p al zbgp zg~ naeesimngpc` zg~ mi~pgipgicas~o} pxgi~lcxxc` pa ec/ mi `ccv

`mxcnp si`cx~pgi`mij/ pbxasjb ~aec ~axp al meec`mgpc pcocvgpb} ) ) ) ax pbxasjb

pbgp }cooaz%jao`/ ~zmxomij ~gnxc` omjbp~) N M ài”p xcgoo} diaz) Hsp M meec`mgpco} ks~p dicz pbc gi~zcx~ pa egi} wsc~pmai~ gi` naincxi~ M”` bg` hcci ~psehomij

a|cx/ all gi` ai lax }cgx~ N ghasp e}~col/ ghasp omlc/ ghasp pxspb gi` Ja`/ ghasp

oa|c gi` pbc ~bgvc gi` nasx~c al pbmij~ pa naec ai pbm~ zaxo`/ gi` eaxc)




Hsp egmio}/ M dicz lsoo zcoo iaz/ zmpb vcx~aigoo} crvcxmcinc`/ `ccv `mxcnp

~vmxmp naipgnp/ pbc pxspb al zbgp M”` hcci pao` xcvcgpcò} mi pba~c egi} ec~~gjc~/mi zccd~ vxmax; Pbgp pbc icz ~vmxmpsgo gjc al pbm~ vogicp m~ iaz hcjmiimij/ gi` pbgp

zc”xc goo `sc/ |cx} ~aai/ pa zmpic~~ N gi` hc g vgxp al/ g~ cgnb al s~ nbaa~c N g

Ja`%`mxcnpc`/ zaxo`%zm`c/ naax`migpc`/ em~~mai al ~vmxmpsgo svomlpmij pbgp zmoo mi%

nos`c g jxcgp vcx~aigo Pcgnbcx al Ja`”~ pxspb gi` oa|c4 g Pcgnbcx omdc zc”|c ic|cx

bg` hclaxc4 g `mxcnp xcvxc~cipgpm|c al Ja`/ om|mij geaij s~) Gi` pbm~ Pcgnbcx m~

naemij zmpb g~~anmgpc~/ hapb egoc gi` lcegoc/ al ~memogx ~vmxmp%si`cx~pgi`mij

gi` vsxva~c al em~~mai/ gxasi` pbc zaxo`) Mp”~ g simlmc` em~~mai lax goo al bsegi%

mp}/ iap ks~p g nba~ci lcz/ iap ks~p lax pba~c al gi} vgxpmnsogx xcomjmai ax ~vcnmlmn ~cp

al hcomcl~/ gi` mp m~ iap jamij pa hc g pcevaxgx} |m~mp/ hsp zmoo hc c~pghom~bc` a|cx g

oaij vcxma` al pmec)

Pbm~ ~aai%naemij jxcgp ~vmxmpsgo Pcgnbcx/ M zg~ pao`/ zmoo hc hapb g ocg`cx

gi` crgevoc lax s~ ~vmxmpsgoo}) Bc zmoo hc esnb omdc g esnb zm~cx/ co`cx hxapbcx/ g

noa~c lxmci` gi` naevgimai/ g jsm`c gi` ~vmxmpsgo nasi~coax lax s~ goo) Ax lax

gi}aic zmoomij pa om~pci pa gi` laooaz pbc pcgnbmij~ al zaxo`%zm`c ~vmxmpsgo simlmng%

pmai vxc~cipc` h} bc gi` bm~ g~~anmgpc~)

Bc”oo hc bcxc pa bcov s~/ xcjgxòc~~ al asx mi`m|m`sgo xcomjmas~ ax nsopsxgo

pxg`mpmai/ ocgxi baz pa hcppcx om|c zmpb/ g~~m~p gi` ngxc lax cgnb apbcx4 pa ~baz s~

baz pa xcgnb asp gi` oa|c asx icmjbhax~/ zbac|cx pbc} eg} hc/ eaxc zm~co}/

eaxc lsoo} gi` nai~m~pcipo}4 gi` pa ocg` s~/ pbxasjb crgevoc/ zmpb bm~ vcx~aigo/

~pxaij Ja`%diazmij vxc~cinc4 pazgx` hcnaemij eaxc pxsc/ gnpsgo om|mij xclocn%

pmai~ al Ja`”~ oa|c/ si`cx~pgi`mij gi` naevg~~mai)

Hsp hclaxc pbm~ goo naec~ ghasp/ M zg~ oc` pa si`cx~pgi`/ pbcxc m~ pa annsx gi

mipci~ml}mij al zaxo`%zm`c nbgijc~/ ai egi} oc|co~/ g dmi` al g pxgi~mpmai vcxma`/

~snb g~ egi} lcco zc”|c goxcg`} hcjsi) Zc”oo zmpic~~ nbgijc~ vaompmngoo}/ cna%

iaemngoo}/ ~anmgoo}/ emompgxmo}/ ~nmcipmlmngoo}/ pcnbiaoajmngoo}/ nomegpmngoo}/ jcaoajmngoo}/xcomjmas~o} gi` ~vmxmpsgoo}/ goo gxasi` pbc zaxo`) Egi} al pbc~c nbgijc~ bg|c go%

xcg`} hcjsi/ gxc minxcg~mij gi` zmoo naipmisc pa minxcg~c) Pbc~c nbgijc~ gxc

icnc~~gx} pa g~~m~p s~ goo mi hcmij ghoc pa zgdc sv lxae asx egpcxmgom~pmn ~psvax/ pa

g `ccvcx si`cx~pgi`mij al ~vmxmp xcgomp} ) ) ) ~a zc ngi lmigoo} ~pgxp om|mij vcgnclsoo}

gi` naevg~~maigpco} pajcpbcx zaxo`%zm`c/ g~ pbc aic pxsc lgemo} al goo bsegi%

dmi`)

Zc es~p hcjmi pa si`cx~pgi` pbc xcgomp} al asx pxsc cgxpbo} hxapbcxbaa`4 pbc

xcgomp} al pbc lgpbcxbaa` al Ja`4 gi` pbc xcgomp} pbgp Oa|c xsoc~ pbc Sim|cx~c)

Zbci zc hcjmi pa ocgxi pbc~c xcgompmc~/ mp zmoo ~cp pbc ~pgjc lax pbc gxxm|go al

pbm~ icz Pcgnbcx gi` bm~ g~~anmgpc~) Gi` pbasjb pbc} gxc bcxc mi ~vmxmp laxe iaz/

g~~m~pmij mi pbc~c egi} nbgijc~/ c|ci pbc} à iap diaz pbc crgnp pmecpghoc ax

`cpgmo~ al pbcmx vb}~mngo gxxm|go/ hcngs~c pbm~ zbaoc vxanc~~ al nbgijc/ iaz hsmo`%

mij zaxo`%zm`c/ m~ naevocpco} `cvci`cip ai asx azi lxcc%zmoo `cnm~mai~ gi` gn%pmai~ gi` asx azi xcogpc` vxanc~~c~ al avcimij sv pa pbc xcgo si`cx~pgi`mij al

pxsc ~vmxmpsgo om|mij)

Hsp mp zmoo bgvvci/ gi` ~aai N pbc~c Pcgnbcx~ gxxm|go N pbgp”~ mic|mpghoc gi`

`cnm`c`) Mp”~ vgxp al Ja`”~ zmoo gi` a|cxgoo vogi)



7: % Pbc ^paxe Noas`~ Jgpbcx y7:=y

Goo al pbm~ ngec nocgxo}/ mi~pgipgicas~o} nailmxec` pa ec `sxmij e} ~vmxmpsgo

|m~mpgpmai `m|mic naipgnp/ pbcxc mi pbgp lxa{ci naz vg~psxc) M ~pmoo bg|c ia m`cg bazoaij e} crvcxmcinc og~pc` mi ‟xcgo― pmec) Pmec paad gzbmoc pa naec hgnd nocgxo}

pa ec glpcxzgx`~4 pbasjb M zg~/ lax pbc ea~p vgxp/ cg~mo} ghoc pa ~bmlp lans~ `g} h}

`g} pa naipmisc pbc xc~vai~mhmomp} al pgdmij ngxc al goo e} vxalc~~maigo/ lgemo} gi`

vcx~aigo/ egppcx~) Hsp M ncxpgmio} `m` ~a zmpb wsmpc g `mllcxcip mipcxigo vcx~vcnpm|c

pbgi M bg` vxc|mas~o}'

Pbc |m~mpgpmai naipgnp N `mlls~c/ `m|mic N zg~ g vazcxlso/ mipci~c/ vcx~aigo

xc|cogpmai4 aic al ~sxc/ ngoe/ ~vmxmpsgo%diazmij/ zbmoc gp pbc ~gec pmec/ hcmij

aic al ~mevo} crvcxmcinmij pbc a|cxzbcoemij/ `mxcnp/ vcx~aigo vxc~cinc al om|mij

Pxspb)

Pbc a|cxzbcoemij vazcx al pbm~ ~s``ci/ sicrvcnpc`/ `mxcnp vcx~aigo crvc%

xmcinc/ jm|ci pa ec pbgp imjbp N pbc vsxc/ ~zmxomij/ omjbp4 pbc `ccv pasnb al

milmimpc diazmij gi` naiicnpmij/ zmpb omlc%c~~cinc gi` Ja`%vxc~cinc naehmic`4

gi` pbc `mxcnp naeesimngpmai gi` naipgnp zmpb g vcx~aigoo}/ oa|mij/ gi` xcg~~sx%

mij ~vmxmpsgo Pcgnbcx lxae/ gi` al/ Ja` N xcegmi~ |m|m` pa ec pa pbm~ `g})

M bc~mpgpc/ ~pmoo/ pa gooaz e}~col pa ja hgnd lsoo} mipa pbc ~vmxmpsgo ~pgpc pbgp

crvcxmcinc paad ec pa ) ) ) Mp zg~ ~a mipci~c/ ~a lgx gha|c gi` hc}ai` ‟iaxego ‟

c|cx}`g} omlc)

C|cipsgoo}/ pbasjb/ pbgp imjbp mi pbc naz vg~psxc/ zbci M dicz pbc |m~mp gi`

`mxcnp ~vmxmpsgo naipgnp!xc|cogpmai crvcxmcinc zg~ ghasp pa hc a|cx/ gi` pbc Pcgnbcx%

vxc~cinc zg~ ghasp pa ocg|c/ M g~dc` pbm~ Ja` diazmij vcx~aigo vxc~cinc ~vcnmlm%

ngoo}/ ‟Baz zmoo M diaz }as zbci }as gxxm|c1 Ngi }as pcoo ec zbgp }asx igec zmoo

hc1―

Bm~ nocgx zax`c` xc~vai~c zg~/ ‟ ]as”oo diaz ec h} e} vxc~cinc) E} igec

zmoo hc jcxegic pa goo)F

Pbcxc bg` hcci ia mi`mngpmai al zbgp M ~baso` ax ~basoì”p ‟à― mi pbc glpcx%egpb al pbm~ xcegxdghoc crvcxmcinc/ ~a/ M g~dc` bme/ ‟Ngi M pgod ghasp pbm~1―

Bc bc~mpgpc`/ ~ccemij goea~p ~sxvxm~c` h} e} wsc~pmai/ gi` pbci jg|c ec

g ~mevoc/ nocgx gi` lmxe/ xcg~~sxmij/ ‟ ]c~)―

NGi` pbci mp zg~ a|cx) Iaxego c|cx}`g} ‟xcgomp}― xcpsxic` goo gxasi` ec/

gi` M zmvc` e} ka}as~ pcgx~ gzg}/ psxic` gi` hcjgi e} bgol%~psehomij pxcd

gnxa~~ pbc naz vg~psxc/ pazgx`~ baec)




NBGVPCX CMJBPCCI

Pbc Xc~cx|c Naxv~ al @c~pmi}

Ja` `m` iap vcxemp pbc Mimwsmpas~ Aic pa vsx~sc bm~ `cgò} vogi zmpbasp

vxa|m`mij emim~pxgpmai pa bm~ pxsc nbmo`xci) G jxasv al apbcx bsegi hcmij~ bg|c

hcci vxcvgxc` lax ~cx|mnc mi pbm~ jxg|c vogicpgx} nxm~m~)

V)783: % Pbc xc~cx|c naxv~ al c~pmi} nai~m~p~ al om|mij eci gi` zaeci

zba bg|c hcci gèmppc` pa pbc ~vcnmgo ~cx|mnc al pbc ~svcxbsegi

gèmim~pxgpmai al zaxo` gllgmx~) Pbm~ naxv~ m~ eg`c sv al pbc eci gi`zaeci al cgnb jcicxgpmai zba gxc nba~ci h} pbc ~vmxmp mxcnpax~ al pbc

xcgoe pa g~~m~p mi pbc nai`snp al pbc emim~px} al ecxn} gi` zm~àe pa

pbc nbmo`xci al pmec ai pbc c|aospmaigx} zaxo`~) Mp m~ pbc jcicxgo vxgn%

pmnc mi pbc nai`snp al pbc gllgmx~ al pbc g~nci~mai vogi~ pa hcjmi pbm~

omgm~ai spmom{gpmai al eaxpgo zmoo nxcgpsxc~ meec`mgpco} pbc} gxc naevc%

pcip gi` pxs~pzaxpb} pa g~~sec ~snb xc~vai~mhmompmc~) Gnnax`mijo}/ g~

~aai g~ eci gi` zaeci gvvcgx ai pbc ~pgjc al pcevaxgo gnpmai zmpb

~sllmnmcip ecipgo ngvgnmp}/ g`cwsgpc eaxgo ~pgps~/ gi` xcwsm~mpc ~vmxm%

psgomp}/ pbc} gxc wsmndo} g~~mjic` pa pbc gvvxavxmgpc ncoc~pmgo jxasv al

vogicpgx} vcx~aigompmc~ g~ bsegi omgm~ai~/ eaxpgo g~~m~pgip~)

V)783: % Eaxpgo~ al pbc xcgoe gxc nba~ci lax ~cx|mnc mi pbc xc~cx|c

naxv~ al `c~pmi} ai pbc mibghmpc` zaxo`~ hcngs~c al;7) vcnmgo ngvgnmp} lax hcmij ~cnxcpo} xcbcgx~c` lax isecxas~ va~~mhoc

cecxjcin} em~~mai~ mi pbc nai`snp al |gxmas~ gnpm|mpmc~ al zaxo` gl%

lgmx~)

8) Zbaocbcgxpc` `c`mngpmai pa ~aec ~vcnmgo ~anmgo/ cnaiaemn/ vaompm%

ngo/ ~vmxmpsgo/ ax apbcx ngs~c/ nasvoc` zmpb zmoomijic~~ pa ~cx|c zmpbasp

bsegi xcnajimpmai gi` xczgx`~)

>) Pbc va~~c~~mai al g Pbasjbp G`ks~pcx al crpxgax`migx} |cx~gpmomp}

gi` vxahghoc vxc%Sxgipmg crvcxmcinc mi navmij zmpb vogicpgx} `mllmnso%

pmc~ gi` naipci`mij zmpb mevci`mij zaxo` cecxjcin} ~mpsgpmai~)

]as zmoo iapc pbgp pbc~c Xc~cx|m~p~ gxc ~cnxcpo} xcbcgx~c`) Crncvp lax g lcz

xgxc mi`m|m`sgo~ pbc} gxc iap nai~nmas~ al pbc egiicx mi zbmnb pbc} bg|c hcci

nba~ci lax ~cx|mnc) Pbc} gxc zmoomij pa jm|c a|cx omlc”~ ax`migx} vsx~smp~ pa zbaoc%

bcgxpc` `c`mngpmai pa g jxcgp ~vmxmpsgo ngs~c/ zmpbasp xcnajimpmai ax xczgx`~)

Pbc} bg|c g ^vmxmp lxae pbc Lgpbcx zbmnb bg~ crpxgax`migx} crvcxmcinc mi `cgomij

zmpb zaxo` cecxjcinmc~)

Pbci/ g bmjbo} mevaxpgip xcegxd m~ eg`c;



72 % Pbc Xc~cx|c Naxv~ al @c~pmi} y727y

V)7832 % "Pbc na~emn xc~cx|c naxv~ al sim|cx~c%nai~nmas~ nmpm{ci~ aiSxgipmg iaz isehcx~ a|cx aic pbas~gi` eaxpgo~ zba~c mi~mjbp al na~%

emn nmpm{ci~bmv lgx pxgi~nci`~ pbc ~vbcxc al pbcmx pcxxc~pxmgo gha`c/ hsp

M ge laxhm``ci pa xc|cgo pbc xcgo igpsxc al pbc lsinpmai al pbm~ simwsc

jxasv al om|mij bsegi hcmij~)-

Zc iaz diaz pbc lsinpmai al pbm~ ~vcnmgo na~emn xc~cx|c naxv~) Nsxxcipo}

om|mij ai pbm~ vogicp gxc eaxc pbgi aic pbas~gi` bsegi hcmij~ zba bg|c hcci

~cnxcpo} xcbcgx~c` lax pbm~ jxg|c ~vmxmpsgo nxm~m~)

Pbc~c egppcx~ zcxc xc|cgoc` pa s~ mi asx ao`ci xc|cogpmai~/ hsp zc `m` iap

naevxcbci` pbcmx ecgimij)

Mi Nbgvpcx ^mr M ~bazc` baz Ks`} Psppoc zg~ pao` al pbc âi~ gi` @gsjbpcx~

al Ja` zba zaso` naec pajcpbcx mi `m~pminpm|c ~cx|mnc) Pbc~c âi~ gi` @gsjb%

pcx~ gxc iap ~aec gnnm`cipgo jxasv asp al pxg`mpmaigo Nbxm~pmgi pbcaoaj}) Pbc} gxc

simwsc âi~ gi` @gsjbpcx~/ nba~ci h} Ja` lax ~cx|mnc pa pbcmx lcooaz~ mi g pmec

al crpxcec vogicpgx} cecxjcin})

M~g 82;=%7>; ‟Zbae zmoo bc pcgnb diazoc`jc/ gi` pa zbae

zmoo bc crvogmi pbc ec~~gjc1 Pba~c zba gxc zcgic` lxae pbc

emod/ pba~c pgdci lxae pbc hxcg~p1 Lax mp m~ vxcncvp svai vxc%

ncvp/ vxcncvp svai vxcncvp/ omic svai omic/ omic svai omic/ bcxc

g omppoc/ pbcxc g omppoc)― Ig}/ hsp h} eci al ~pxgijc omv~ gi` zmpb

gi gomci paijsc pbc OAX@ zmoo ~vcgd pa pbm~ vcavoc/ pa zbae

bc bg~ ~gm`/ ‟Pbm~ m~ xc~p4 jm|c xc~p pa pbc zcgx}4 gi` pbm~ m~

xcva~c―4 }cp pbc} zaso` iap bcgx) Pbcxclaxc pbc zax` al pbc

OAX@ zmoo hc pa pbce vxcncvp svai vxcncvp/ vxcncvp svai vxc%ncvp/ omic svai omic/ omic svai omic/ bcxc g omppoc/ pbcxc g omppoc4

pbgp pbc} eg} ja/ gi` lgoo hgndzgx`/ gi` hc hxadci/ gi` ~igxc`/

gi` pgdci)

Pbc~c âi~ gi` @gsjbpcx~ zba iaz naec mi ~cx|mnc zmoo iap hc }asij~pcx~

al pzcip} ax pbmxp} }cgx~ al gjc) Pbc} zmoo iap c|ci hc laxp} }cgx~ al gjc) Pbc} zmoo

hc ao`cx vcavoc/ nba~ci hcngs~c pbc} xcwsmxc` g omlc pmec al pcgnbmij gi` mi~pxsn%

pmai) Pbxasjb pbcmx om|c~ pbc} ocgxic` egi} pbmij~/ vxcncvp~ gi` naincvp~/ vmoc`

svai aic giapbcx/ asp~m`c pbc lxgeczaxd al pxg`mpmaigo Kczm~b ax Nbxm~pmgi pbc%

aoajmc~) Pbc} ~ps`mc`/ iap mi ~cemigxmc~/ hsp h} |g~p xcg`mij/ omic svai omic/ gi`

~pmoo eaxc omic svai omic/ bcxc g omppoc/ gi` pbcxc g omppoc/ jgmimij c`sngpmai mi pbc

gllgmx~ al Ja` asp~m`c pbc naipcrp al nai|cipmaigo xcomjmas~ mi~pmpspmai~)

Ja` zmoo iap ~vcgd pa bm~ vcavoc zmpb lgemomgx paijsc~) Pbc~c âi~ gi`@gsjbpcx~ zmoo iap hc vxcgnbcx~ mi nbsxnb vsovmp~/ iax pbcaoajmgi~ mi ~cemigxmc~)

Pbc} zmoo ~vcgd pxspb pa Ja`”~ vcavoc mi ~snb silgemomgx pcxe~ egi} Kcz~ gi`

Nbxm~pmgi~ zmoo xckcnp pbcmx pcgnbmij) ^snb pcgnbmij~/ g`cwsgpc pa pbc jxcgpc~p

~vmxmpsgo nxm~m~ al goo pmec/ zmoo hc laxcmji pa iaxego naincvpsgo pbmidmij) Pbc} zmoo




~vcgd zmpb ~pxgijc omv~ gi` zmpb gi gomci paijsc) Pbc OAX@ zmoo ~vcgd pa pbm~

vcavoc/ pa zbae bc bg~ ~gm`/ ‟Pbm~ m~ xc~p4 jm|c xc~p pa pbc zcgx}4 gi` pbm~ m~xcva~c―4 }cp pbc} zaso` iap om~pci)

Zb}1 Hcngs~c Kcz~ gi` Nbxm~pmgi~ à iap diaz pbc zg}~ al Ja`) Pbc}

diaz aio} pbc zg}~ al pbcmx lgemomgx ànpxmic~ gi` pbcaoajmc~)

Pbcxclaxc Ja`”~ zax` zmoo hc pa pbce vxcncvp svai vxcncvp/ vxcncvp svai

vxcncvp/ omic svai omic/ omic svai omic/ bcxc g omppoc/ pbcxc g omppoc4 pbgp pbc} eg} ja/

gi` lgoo hgndzgx`/ gi` hc hxadci/ gi` ~igxc`/ gi` pgdci)

Aio} pbc ea~p crpxcec ~vmxmpsgo nai`mpmai/ zxasjbp h} pbc @c|mo/ zmoo hxmij

egi} pa pbcmx ~ci~c~) Pbc xc~p zmoo hc oa~p)

Zbmoc pbm~ xcg~~sxginc m~ g``xc~~c` pa pba~c zba ja laxpb mi pbgp simwsc

~cx|mnc/ mp ~baso` hc xcg~~sxmij pa goo al Ja`”~ vcavoc)

^pmoo Giapbcx Ec~~gjc pa Ks`}

Pbc laooazmij va~p zg~ mi xc~vai~c pa aic lxae Ks`} Psppoc mi zbmnb ~bc

xcvaxpc` giapbcx ‟ec~~gjc― lxae asx Ncoc~pmgo \m~mpax~) Pbc} ~pgpc` pbgp pbc}

zcxc oaadmij lax pbc ‟Kc~s~ jcic― gi` pbgp pbc} zcxc ‟lm~bcx~ al vcgxo~/― ecgimij

pbc vcgxo~ lxae geaij egidmi`)

Pa; Ks`} Psppoc

Lxae; ‟Cxic~p V) Ea}cx― ?cvea}cxFicpxgr)icp9

^shkcnp; ‟oc~ Vcnbcsx~ `c vcxoc~―

Ks`};

M xcncm|c` }asx va~p pbm~ eaximij)

]as ~gm`;

‟oc~ Vcnbcsx~ `c vcxoc~―

@gpc; Zc`/ : Anp 7==2 88;6=;00 6:66

M lcco naelaxpghoc zxmpmij pbm~ pa }as/ glpcx ~vci`mij egi} basx~ xcg`%

mij }asx zch ~mpc gi` xcgom{mij pbgp }as gxc g hcomc|cx mi gomci gh`sn%

pmai~) M bg|c hcci g vgxpmnmvgip mi pbc~c gh`snpmai~ lax egi} }cgx~

gi` svai pza anng~mai~ pbc~c bg|c hcci |gom`gpc` h} vb}~mngo c|m%

`cinc) Iapbmij ngi hc eaxc haxmij pa giapbcx pbgi pa om~pci pa ~snb

~ncigxma~ gi` pbm~ m~ iap e} mipcip) Hsp/ svai aic anng~mai M zg~ pao`

pbgp/ ‟Zc gxc ~cgxnbmij lax pbc Kc~s~ jcic)― Pbgp m~ pbc hc~p pbgp M ngi

gxpmnsogpc mi pbc Cijom~b ogijsgjc)



72 % Pbc Xc~cx|c Naxv~ al @c~pmi} y72>y

Pa`g}/ gp zaxd glpcx om~pcimij lax pbc bsi`xc`pb pmec pa aic al e} lg%

|axmpc avcxg~/ ‟oc~ Vcnbcsx~ `c Vcxoc~― M ~pcvvc` asp~m`c lax g hxcgd)M lcop pbc vxc~cinc al egi}/ egi} si~cci apbcx~) Pbc} gxc bcxc mi

eg~~) Bcxc pa ‟la~pcx gi` vxapcnp pba~c al g bmjbcx ~vmxmpsgo igpsxc)―

Zmpbmi e} emi`/ M zg~ pao`) ‟Zc gxc pbc vcgxo lm~bcx~/ pbc lm~bcx~ al

vcgxo~)―

M ~ci` pbm~ pa }as/ LZMZ)

Ks`}

Gopbasjb Ks`} `m` iap naxxcnpo} ~pgpc e} va~mpmai naincximij asx ncoc~pmgo

|m~mpax~ ~bc zg~ gzgxc al pbc xc~cgxnb M bg` àic ai pbgp ~shkcnp)

Mi naiicnpmai pa pbm~ gnpm|mp}/ iaz jamij ai ~a zm`c~vxcg` gxasi` asx vogicp/

Ks`}”~ ec~~gjc ngvpsxc~ pbc c~~cinc al pbgp xcegxdghoc cvm~a`c)

Pbc gnpm|mp} m~ si`cx pbc `mxcnp ~svcx|m~mai al Kc~s~/ gi` pbc vsxva~c m~ pa

la~pcx gi` nai~cx|c pbc bmjbcx ~vmxmpsgo p}vc~/ pba~c zba oa|c Kc~s~/ gi` bg|c pbc

‟Kc~s~ jcic)― Asx ncoc~pmgo |m~mpax~ gxc ‟Lm~bcx~ al pba~c Vcgxo~)―

Pbm~ zg~ pxso} g xcegxdghoc mi~mjbp mipa ncoc~pmgo gnpm|mpmc~ iaz jamij ai

gxasi` asx zaxo`)

Hsp pbgp cvm~a`c m~ iap sinaiicnpc` pa papgo vogicpgx} gnpm|mp}) Ja`”~ vsx%

va~c m~ pa lmi` bm~ pxsc vcavoc)

Bc ngiiap lmi` bm~ vcavoc zmpbasp ~shkcnpmij pbce pa crpxgax`migx} pxmgo~ gi`

pxmhsogpmai~) Pbc} es~p hc laxnc` asp al pbcmx naevogncip gppmps`c~ gi` xcomginc

ai pbc ~cnsogx gi` pxg`mpmaigo |cbmnoc~ al pbm~ zaxo`)

Zc ngi ~cc lxae pbc M~gmgb xc|cogpmai pbgp egi} zmoo lgoo) Ja` m~ oaadmij lax pba~c zba gxc zmoomij pa xco} ai bme gi` bm~ xc|cogpmai~/ gi` egdc pbcmx `cnm~mai~

gnnax`mijo}) Bc zgip~ pa ~go|gjc pbc bmjbcx ~vmxmpsgo p}vc~ lax pbc lspsxc al pbm~

zaxo`)

V)786: % Lax egi} pbas~gi`~ al }cgx~/ ~a pbc xcnax`~ al Kcxs~ce

~baz/ mi cgnb jcicxgpmai pbcxc bg|c om|c` lczcx gi` lczcx hcmij~ zba

naso` lsinpmai ~glco} zmpb ~col%gnpmij G`ks~pcx~) Pbm~ m~ gi gogxemij

vmnpsxc/ gi` pbc ~svcx|m~mij vcx~aigompmc~ al ^gpgimg oaad zmpb lg|ax

svai pbc vxava~go~ al ~aec al }asx eaxc meec`mgpc vogicpgx} ~svcx%

|m~ax~ zba g`|angpc pbc migsjsxgpmai al ecg~sxc~ `c~mjic` pa la~pcx

gi` nai~cx|c pbc bmjbcx ~vmxmpsgo p}vc~ al pbc Sxgipmg xgnc~)

Pbc cocecip~ al pbm~ ~go|gpmai gxc pa lmx~p hxmij g jxcgp ~vmxmpsgo nxm~m~) Pbm~zmoo silao` pbxasjb pbc @c|mo”~ gjcip~) Icrp/ Ja`”~ vcavoc es~p `cnm`c pa ~g|c

pbce~co|c~ vb}~mngoo}/ lxae pbc `c|g~pgpmai~ al isnocgx zgx)

Mi ~snb egiicx bc zmoo hc g ‟Lm~bcx al Vcgxo~― lxae geaij egidmi`)




Pbc nbamnc~ zmoo hc baxxciàs~) Zmoo pbc pc~pmeai} al pbc ~vmxmpm~p~/ gi` pbcmx

`xgegpmn crvcxmcinc~/ aspzcmjb asx lgmpb mi xc|cogpmai gi` pxs~p mi Ja`1 Bazegi} zmoo lgoo mipa pbc `cgò} pxgv al hcomc|mij pbc zaxo` es~p hc nocgi~c` h}

comemigpmij ~svcx~pmpmas~ ~aso~1 Zc ài”p diaz) Hsp Ja`”~ vcavoc zmoo egdc pbc

xmjbp `cnm~mai~/ gi` zmoo xcegmi lmxe pa Bme/ iap egppcx zbgp pbc pxmgo~/ gi` ia

egppcx zbgp pbc na~p)

Mi pbc nasx~c al e} naipgnp~ zmpb egi} vcavoc M ecp mi`m|m`sgo~ zba bg|c

bg` sis~sgo ~vmxmpsgo crvcxmcinc~) Pbc crvcxmcinc~ zcxc eaecipgx}/ ngec pa

pbce lxae asp~m`c/ iap lxae pbcmx emi`~/ gi` oclp pbce vs{{omij a|cx pbc xcg~ai)

Pbc~c vcavoc ic|cx nbgiicoc` iax `m` pbc} c|cx gppcevp pa naipgnp pbc ‟~vmxmp~)―

Bcinc/ pbc~c gxc iap nbgiicoc` crvcxmcinc~/ iax ~vmxmpm~p crvcxmcinc~/ hsp c|cip~

zbmnb ngec pa pbce sicrvcnpcò}/ ompcxgoo} asp al pbc hosc) Gp pbc pmec al pbc

crvcxmcinc pbc} bg` ia m`cg al pbc va~~mhoc ecgimij/ gi` bg|c om|c` egi} }cgx~

al pbcmx om|c~ vs{{omij a|cx pbc vsxva~c)

Ks`} Psppoc zg~ aio} aic al pba~c/ Zbmoc bcx crvcxmcinc~ gxc ~vcnmgoo} simwsc/

apbcx~ go~a bg|c bg` mipmegpmai~ al lspsxc ~cx|mnc pa Ja`) M allcx pbc~c lcz pc~pm%

eaimc~ pa moos~pxgpc zbgp m~ jamij ai gxasi` asx vogicp pa`g})

Pbc~c pc~pmeaimc~ zcxc allcxc` |aosipgxmo} h} pbc xc~vcnpm|c mi`m|m`sgo~) Pba~c

vcx~ai~ à iap pbcxch} icnc~~gxmo} mevo} ciàx~cecip al e} |mcz~ crvxc~~c` mi

pbm~ haad)


@asjog~ Jxgbge

@asjog~ zg~ haxi mi pbc 7=86”~ mi Hs`gvc~p/ Bsijgx} al g ^nappm~b lgpbcx

gi` g Bsijgxmgi eapbcx) Glpcx Zaxo` Zgx MM bc cemjxgpc` pa pbc Simpc` ^pgpc~)Bc ngxxmc~ g ~pxaij Bsijgxmgi gnncip pa pbm~ `g}) M ecp @asjog~ gp bm~ baec mi

@ci|cx/ Naoaxgà mi pbc em` 7==6”~/ zbci bc allcxc` lax ec pa ~occv pbcxc `sxmij

g Sxgipmg nailcxcinc mi Haso`cx) @sxmij e} ~pg} M jg|c bme navmc~ al ~aec al e}

zxmppci egpcxmgo~/ gi` bc xc~vai`c` zmpb pbm~ hxmcl gnnasip)

Ks~p hclaxc ZZ8 glpcx pbc s~sgo si`g} ~cx|mnc mi g Ospbcxgi Nbsxnb

mi pbc ‟Laxpxc~~― `m~pxmnp al Hs`gvc~p M ~pg}c` sv gp pbc cg~p ~m`c al pbc

bax~c~bac ~bgvc` hgonai}) Gnxa~~ pbc ig|c al nbsxnb mi pbc zc~p ~m`c al

pbc hgonai} g hcgspmlso omjbp gvvcgxc` gi` M bcgx` g |amncoc~~ ec~~gjc

naemij asp al pbc omjbp) ‟]as gxc hcoa|c` gi` }as gxc ai pbc vogicp pa

vcxlaxe mevaxpgip pg~d~)― Pbm~ `m|mic vxapcnpmai eg`c ec naevocpco}

lcgxoc~~ sxmij pbc aixs~bmij ngpg~pxavbc~/ sxmij pbc Jc~pgva ‟mipcxxa%

jgpmai― zbmoc Bsijgx} zg~ annsvmc` h} pbc Ig{m~ mi 7=00/ `sxmij pbcpmpgimn hgppoc hcpzcci aic emoomai Ig{m pxaav~ gi` aic emoomai â|mcp~

zbci Hs`gvc~p zg~ xc`snc` pa xsmi mi 7=03/ sxmij e} DJH Ngvpm|mp} mi

7=0< zbmoc pgomi zg~ nai~aom`gpmij bm~ ~shksjgpmai al Ncipxgo Csxavc/

gi` sxmij e} ~sh~cwscip ~cx|mnc mi Hxmpm~b Mipcoomjcinc) Pbgp ~cnai`%

oaij eceax} al m|mic gvvcgxginc jg|c ec pbc lgmpb pa ~sx|m|c)



72 % Pbc Xc~cx|c Naxv~ al @c~pmi} y723y


Jcaxjc Pbaxihsx}

Zbmoc gppci`mij g Sxgipmg eccpmij mi \ginas|cx/ Hxmpm~b Naosehmg/ mi 7===

Jcaxjc ~pgpc` pa ec pbgp bc bg` gi sis~sgo ~vmxmpsgo crvcxmcinc zbci bc zg~ g

pccigjcx) M g~dc` ml bc zaso` hc zmoomij pa ~bgxc pbc crvcxmcinc zmpb apbcx~) Bc

ogpcx ~cip ec pbm~ ~pgpcecip/ zbmnb bc bg` vxcvgxc` lax g Pag~peg~pcx~ eccpmij

mi Dcipsnd} ~c|cxgo }cgx~ cgxomcx)

PBC WSC^PMAI % PBC \M^MAI

Mi 7=3</ M zg~ 7< }cgx~ ao`) Omdc egi} pccigjcx~/ M zg~ mi~cnsxc

gi` si~sxc ghasp e}~col) G``mij pa pbc em~cx} al hcmij g pccigjcx/

e} lgpbcx zg~ gi gonabaomn) Esnb al e} jxazmij }asij }cgx~ zcxc mi

g bas~c lmooc` zmpb pci~mai gi` ~ncic~ al g `xsidci lgpbcx ai zmo`

gijx} xgevgjc~) G~ g xc~sop M zg~ |cx} pxashoc`4 M zg~ nails~c` ghasp

omlc gi` pbc zaxo` gxasi` ec)

M bg|c g pxsc ~pax} pa ~bgxc zmpb }as) Pbm~ m~ g ~pax} ghasp pbc

ea~p sis~sgo c|cip pbgp bg~ c|cx bgvvcic` pa ec mi e} 3: }cgx~) ]as

eg} ax eg} iap hcomc|c ec/ M xcwsc~p aio} pbgp }as om~pci pa e} ~pax})

M zg~ `gpmij g }asij jmxo/ Nbcxx} ^napp/ zba om|c` icgx h}) Mp ~a

bgvvcic` pbgp pbc Ecpba`m~p nbsxnb M gppci`c` zg~ bg|mij g xc|m|go

gi` M g~dc` Nbcxx} pa ja zmpb e} lgemo} gi` ec) Mp zg~ mi pbc lgoo gi`

M xcecehcx pbc imjbp zg~ naao) Gi` M ngi ~pmoo nocgxo} vmnpsxc pbc vcz~

nsx|mij gxasi` pbc vsovmp gi` gopcx gi` ~cc pbc vcavoc mi pbc gs`mcinc)Hsp zbgp M ea~p xcecehcx m~ pbc ec~~gjc pbc ao` emim~pcx vxcgnbc`)

Bc vxcgnbc` ghasp naeemppmij }asx~col pa àmij Ja`”~ zmoo) Lax >6

emispc~/ bc `c~nxmhc` pbgp Ja`”~ jxcgpc~p `c~mxc zg~ lax ec pa à bm~

zmoo4 pbgp ml M zaso` aio} egdc pbgp aic jxcgp `cnm~mai/ e} omlc zaso`

nbgijc/ M zaso` nbgijc gi` M zaso` hcnaec g icz vcx~ai) Bc zg~

gh~aospco} crncoocip mi bm~ gvvcgo pa pbc bsegi bcgxp mi egdmij pbc

sopmegpc `cnm~mai) Bm~ ~cxeai zg~ lxcc al nails~mij pbcaoaj} gi` pbc

jsmop hg~bmij al hcmij g ~miicx) Bm~ nbgoocijc zg~ nocgx gi` mxcnp gi`

M naso` cg~mo} si`cx~pgi` mp) G~ bc vxcgnbc`/ M paad mi bm~ zax`~ hsp

gxjsc` zmpb pbce) M xc~m~pc`/ hsp M naso` lcco/ `ccv mi~m`c/ pbc pxspb al

bm~ ec~~gjc) Bc vxcgnbc` zmpb jxcgp nai|mnpmai gi` M si`cx~paa` pbgp

Ja` zgipc` aio} g naeempecip al e} zmoo pa bme)

G~ bm~ gopcx ngoo xcgnbc` g vcgd/ apbcx vcavoc zcip laxzgx`/ hsp M~pmoo xc~m~pc`) Lmigoo}/ M eg`c g `cnm~mai pa ~sxxci`cx e} zmoo pa Ja`) M

~pcvvc` asp mipa pbc gm~oc/ xs~bc` pa pbc gopcx/ dicop ai e} dicc~ gi`

noa~c` e} c}c~) Zmpb pbc jxcgpc~p mipcipmai M naso` bg|c gp pbgp }asij

gjc/ M allcxc` e} zmoo/ e} bcgxp gi` e} ~aso pa Ja`




M zg~ mi g `ccv ~pgpc al pxgi~laxegpmai) ^S@@CIO]/ mi e} emi`~

c}c/ M ~gz g lmjsxc gvvxagnbmij) Meec`mgpco}/ M zg~ gzg~b mi g noasàl meeci~c gi` a|cx%vazcxmij oa|c/ pbc omdc~ al zbmnb M bg` ic|cx lcop

hclaxc ax ~minc) E} emi` zg~ g ksehoc al pbasjbp~ gi` lccomij~) M

dicz M zg~ pbc aio} aic zba naso` ~cc pbc gijco) M zg~ nails~c`

ghasp zba bc zg~ gi` zbgp zg~ bgvvcimij) G~ bc zg~ gvvxagnbmij/

noapbc` mi g ~alp zbmpc lmco` al cicxj} gi` mi g lsoo ocijpb zbmpc xahc/ g

wsc~pmai lxae pbc gijco zg~ g~dc` al ec' %―ZBGP @A ]AS ZGIP 1―

) ) ) ^gò}/ gp pbgp eaecip/ `m~g~pcx ~pxsnd) Pbc emim~pcx jcipo}

vognc` bm~ bgi` ai e} ~baso`cx gi` `m~pxgnpc` e} emi` gi` e} lans~

lxae pbc gvvgxmpmai) Bc zg~ jaic) M bg|c gh~aospco} ia m`cg zbgp emjbp

bg|c bgvvcic` ml pbc cinasipcx zmpb pbc gijco bg` hcci naevocpc`) M

~s~vcnp M zaso` bg|c ~cgoc` e} cnm~mai zmpb ~aec p}vc al gjxccecip

pbgp zaso` bg|c `xg~pmngoo} gopcxc` pbc nasx~c al e} omlc) Pbc cinasi%

pcx ci`c` ghxsvpo}) M ngi aio} jsc~~ baz e} omlc eg} bg|c hcci mllcx%

cip) Goo e} omlc/ M bg|c pxcg~sxc` pbgp crvcxmcinc) Pbc eceax} al pbc

xcgomp} al pbgp hxmcl eaecip/ al lccomij pbc zg|c al oa|c lxae pbgp vcx%

~aigomp} m~ g~ ~pxaij g~ gi} apbcx eceax} M bg|c) Pbgp aic eceax}

bg~ bcovc` ec ci`sxc egi} `gxd basx~ al àshp) M ngiiap ~pxc~~ pa

}as ciasjb/ ~a pbgp }as naso` si`cx~pgi`/ baz xcgo pbgp crvcxmcinc

zg~ gi` m~ lax ec) M a iap crvcnp pa ~cc e} gijco gjgmi mi pbm~ omlc) Hsp

ogpcx/ glpcx M ocg|c pbm~ zaxo`/ M zmoo oaad mipa e} xcnax`~ al ~vmxmpsgo

`c|coavecip gi` lmi` asp zba pbm~ nbgxgnpcx zg~) Gi`/ ml vcxemppc`/ M

zmoo bg|c giapbcx eccpmij zmpb bme) M bg|c ~c|cxgo wsc~pmai~ lax bme)

Zb} `m` bc gvvxagnb ec1 Zbgp `m` bc zgip1 Zbcxc `m` bc naec

lxae1 Ngi zc vxancc` lxae zbcxc bc oclp ec hclaxc1 Gi` ea~p me%

vaxpgipo} baz ngi M }cp egdc g lmigo/ naevocpc gi` mxxc|anghoc `cnm%~mai pa naeemp e} zmoo pa pbc zmoo al Ja`/ pa ls~c e} emi` zmpb bm~

emi`/ pa hoci` e} pmec omempc` vcx~vcnpm|c zmpb bm~ cpcxigo igpsxc1

E} gi~zcxmij ]C^ pbgp c|cimij zg~ pbc ngpgo}~p lax pbc gijco pa

gvvcgx pa ec) ^minc pbci M bg|c xcvcgpc` ]C^ pa pbc ngoo al Ja`

pbas~gi`~ al pmec~4 hsp IC\CX zmpb pbc cvpb al mipci~mp} gi` nai|mn%

pmai gp pbgp xc|m|go)

Zbci goo àjeg/ pbcaoaj} gi` ànpxmic~ gxc xcea|c` pbcxc m~

~pmoo aic wsc~pmai) Gp ~aecpmec `sxmij }asx omlc bcxc/ ax mi }asx omlc

glpcx }as ocg|c pbm~ zaxo`/ }as bg|c pa gi~zcx pbc sopmegpc wsc~pmai)

Pbm~ m~ pbc og~p wsc~pmai pbgp c|cx} vcx~ai/ xcjgxòc~~ al pbcmx xgnc/

xcomjmas~ hcomcl~ ax ~vmxmpsgo c|coavecip/ bg~ pa gi~zcx) Gi` pbc wsc~%

pmai/ g~ mp zg~ lax ec pbgp imjbp eaxc pbgi 06 }cgx~ gja/ m~;

ZMOO ]AS JM\C ]ASX OMLC PA JA@ 1

ZMOO ]AS NAEEMP ]ASX ÂSO PA BM^ CPCXIGO NGXC 1



72 % Pbc Xc~cx|c Naxv~ al @c~pmi} y72:y

ZMOO ]AS/ SIXC^CX\C@O]/ @C\APC ]ASX OMLC PA LMI@MIJ BM^

ZMOO LAX ]AS OMLC1

NGI ]AS GI@ ZMOO ]AS/ ^CGXNB @CCV ZMPBMI ]ASX^COL

GI@ EGDC PBC SOPMEGPC @CNM^MAI1

ZMOO ]AS ^G] ]C^ PA JA@ 1 1 1

M noa~c zmpb pza pbasjbp~;

AIC; pbc crvcxmcinc M bg` zg~ al g ~vmxmpsgo igpsxc) M zg~ ~psiic` gi`

~sxvxm~c` ghasp ~ccmij zbgp M ~gz hsp M NASO@ IAP @CI] PBC XC%

GOMP] AL PBGP ZBMNB M BG@ CRVCXMCINC@ ) ) ) M DIAZ ZBGP M

^GZ ZG^ ASP^M@C AL E] AZI EMI@ ) ) ) ) MP ZG^ XCGO ' '

PZA; pbc sopmegpc wsc~pmai zmoo hc zmpb }as gi` gozg}~ xcegmi zmpb

}as sipmo }as jm|c }asx lmigo gi` sopmegpc gi~zcx;

ZMOO ]AS LAOOAZ JA@ 1 M vxg} }asx gi~zcx mi }c~'


KK Kabi~ai)

M lmx~p ecp KK mi pbc cgxo} 7==6”~ gp g Sxgipmg eccpmij mi Vbacimr/ Gxm{aig)

Zc bg` jgpbcxc` pa `m~ns~~ g ogz ~smp zbmnb bg` hcci lmoc` h} pbc Sxgipmg Lasi%

`gpmai gjgmi~p Dxm~pci Eggbcxxg lax |maogpmij pbc nav}xmjbp al Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~)KK zg~ g lasi`mij ecehcx al pbc Jxgi` Ngi}ai Sxgipmg ânmcp} mi Vbacimr)

Bc bco` |gxmas~ allmnc~ gi` ~cx|c` ai g isehcx al naeemppcc~) Bc m~ nsxxcipo}

pbcmx vxc~m`cip) KK ~cx|c` ai pbc Sxgipmg Mipcxigpmaigo Lcooaz~bmv naeemppcc gi`

bg~ gppci`c` ea~p Mipcxigpmaigo Nailcxcinc~) KK xcg` Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~ na|cx

pa na|cx 0 pmec~ `sxmij bm~ lmx~p }cgx gi` m~ ai bm~ ~c|cipccipb xcg`mij) Pza al bm~

gxpmnoc~ zcxc vshom~bc` mi pbc ^vmxmpsgo Lcooaz~bmv Kasxigo / ^vxmij 7===) Pbc}

mi`mngpc ~aec al KK”~ c|gijcomngo aspxcgnb)

KK bg~ gozg}~ hcci g |cx} vxgnpmngo/ àzi%pa%cgxpb/ hs~mic~~ egi) Bc zg~

g naipxgnpax pa pbc Simpc` ^pgpc~ ja|cxiecip mi ^gs`m Gxghmg ai pza ~cvgxgpc

anng~mai~)

M ecp KK gjgmi `sxmij pbc 7=== nailcxcinc mi \ginas|cx) Pbc c|cimij hc%

laxc zc oclp \ginas|cx bc mi`cvci`cipo} `c~nxmhc` gi sis~sgo ~vmxmpsgo crvcxm%

cinc pbgp paad vognc gp g hs~mic~~ ~cemigx bc bg` gppci`c` mi Nbmngja) Bc~pgpc` pbgp bc bg` pao` ec ghasp mp }cgx~ cgxomcx/ hsp M ~mevo} `m` iap xcecehcx)

Laooazmij m~ bm~ gnnasip)




Pbc gppci`cc~ bg` hxadci sv mipa ~egoo `m~ns~~mai jxasv~) ^s`%

`cio}/ asp al iazbcxc/ g Zgxe/ Oa|mij/ vxc~cinc egimlc~pc` mp~col gi`~mesopgicas~o} c|cx}pbmij gxasi` ec moosemigpc`) Pbm~ Oa|mij Vxc~cinc

naeesimngpc` pa ec pbgp pbcxc zg~ g Oa|mij Lgpbcx "pbm~ zg~ iap mi

zax`~!pgodmij/ hsp gnbmc|c` pbc ~gec vsxva~c - gi` mp zg~ ~snb g vxa%

lasi` crvcxmcinc pbgp mp oclp ec ia ashp pbgp pbm~ zg~ ~aecpbmij apbcx

pbgi ks~p e} azi emi` egimlc~pmij pbm~ crvcxmcinc) Pbc ea`cxgpax al

pbc jxasv ~ccec` pa xcnajim{c zbgp zg~ bgvvcimij gi` pcgx~ al ka}

zcxc ~pxcgemij azi bm~ lgnc g~ zcoo g~ emic) Pa pbm~ g} M ài”p diaz

baz pbc apbcx vcx~ai ~ccec` pa diaz zbgp zg~ bgvvcimij) Zc ~bgxc`

ia zax`~4 iaic zcxc icnc~~gx}) Mp zg~ g ~vmxmpsgo crvcxmcinc pbgp pxgi~%

laxec` e} omlc)

Pbgp zg~ gxasi` 7=<=!7=:6) M zg~ 88!8> gp pbc pmec) Ghasp ~mr

}cgx~ ogpcx "7=:3- M zg~ `mxcnpc` pa Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~ mi g simwsc

zg}) M ~pgxpc` xcg`mij lxae pbc lxaip al pbc Vgvcx~) Mi e} vxm|gpc

~ps`} M gozg}~ xcg` lxae na|cx pa na|cx) M cika}c` gi` zg~ lg~nmigpc`

h} pbc Laxzgx`/ hsp mp paad ec sipmo vgjc 80 pa `m~ncxi pbgp ia bsegi

eaxpgo naso` xc|cgo ~snb pbmij~) Glpcx bg|mij e} vcx~aigo xcomjmas~

crvcxmcinc mi 7=<= M ~ccec` pa bg|c gnwsmxc` pbc ghmomp} pa `m~ncxi

~vmxmpsgo pxspb~ gi` gnp ai pbce) Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~ gxc pbc aio} zxmp%

pci ~asxnc pbgp zg~ mi bgxeai} zmpb zbgp M diaz pa hc pxsc gi` nai~m~%

pcip zmpbmi mp~col) Pbc} vxa|m`c g zg} pa nailmxe icz crvcxmcinc~ g~

go~a pxsc)

M zg~ haxi mi Dcipsnd}) E} jxgi`vgxcip~ bg` g Pghcxignoc zmpb g

Nxgndcx Kgnd ^pgi` mi lxaip ai pbcmx lgxe) G vxcgnbcx zaso` |m~mp ainc

g zccd ax ~a pa jm|c pbc ~cxeai) M zg~ lm|c }cgx~ ao` zbci pbc laooaz%

mij bgvvcic`) M pbmid pbc} zcxc Bao} Xaoocx~/ ~vcgdmij mi paijsc~/gi` ~a ai) M xgi asp mipa g bsjc cevp} lmco` `sxmij aic al pbc~c/ pa ec

g ecgimijoc~~ gi` ~ngx} ~cxeai/ ~vxcg` e} ocj~ mi `clmginc/ gi`

oaadc` sv mipa pbc ~d}) M ~gm` M ngi”p hcomc|c mi Ja`) Oaadmij hgnd/ M

~cc pbm~ cvm~a`c g~; ‟Ml pbm~ m~ zbgp Ja` m~ goo ghasp/ M ài”p zgip gi}

vgxp al mp)― Gp pbc eaecip M zg~ vxcvgxc` pa jcp bmp h} g haop al omjbpimij

hsp M bg` pa ~g} mp) Hcngs~c M `mì”p bg|c pbc lgmpb g~ e} lgemo} gi`

lxmci`~ bg` zbci M zg~ jxazmij sv/ M bg` pa zgmp sipmo e} vcx~aigo

xcomjmas~ crvcxmcinc gp gjc 88 pa diaz pbcxc m~ g Oa|mij Bcg|cio}

Lgpbcx) @sxmij pbm~ ~c|cipcci }cgx zgmp/ M zg~ gi gjia~pmn/ M zaso` iap

hc gi gpbcm~p) M |mczc` mp g~ ‟Zba ge M pa ~g} pbcxc m~ ia Ja`)― M `m`

diaz ml pbcxc zg~ g Ja`/ Ja` zaso` diaz pbgp M zg~ ~mincxc gi` zaso`

~aecbaz jm|c ec vxaal )

Vxmax pa e} crvcxmcinc/ M naso` iap egdc ~vmxmpsgo `cnm~mai~) Mnaso` ~cc vcavoc zmpb Om|mij Lgmpb gi` baz mp eapm|gpc` pbce hsp

~ccec` pa bg|c ia ~vmxmpsgo `xgzmij vazcx pa nailmxe pbc~c pbmij~ lax

e}~col) Pbcxc zg~ g ~vmxmpsgo |am`)

Bazc|cx/ glpcx e} ~vmxmpsgo crvcxmcinc/ M naso` vcxs~c gi} haad pa

`m~ncxi lax e}~col pbc pxspb~ xc|cgoc`) M zaso` m~ngx` gi}pbmij pbgp zg~i”p

mi bgxeai} zmpb zbgp M dicz pa hc pxsc) Al nasx~c/ Pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~

zcxc pbc aio} ~asxnc pbgp M naso` zbaocbcgxpcò} cehxgnc))



72 % Pbc Xc~cx|c Naxv~ al @c~pmi} y72=y


Xmnbgx` Vxcm~~

M lmx~p ecp Xmnbgx` gp pbc Sxgipmg Mipcxigpmaigo Nailcxcinc mi Jxcci Ogdc/

Zm~nai~mi mi 7=20) Zc bg` ~vaxg`mn naipgnp a|cx pbc }cgx~/ gi` pbci hcjgi pa

`c|coav g noa~cx lxmci`~bmv gxasi` 7==3) Bc go~a pao` ec ghasp pbm~ crvcxmcinc

~aec }cgx~ hclaxc/ hsp gjgmi M lgmoc` pa xcnajim{c pbc ~mjimlmnginc al bm~ gnnasip)

Gp e} xcwsc~p bc allcxc` mp lax vshomngpmai bcxc)

M zg~ haxi gi axvbgi) E} hmxpb eapbcx/ 88/ zg~ (~oaz( g~ pbc} ~gm`

pbci) M zg~ bcx ~cnai` moocjmpmegpc nbmo`) Pbm~ lgnp eg`c bcx comjmhoc lax

egi`gpax} ~pcxmom{gpmai) M zg~ pgdci lxae bcx meec`mgpco}/ gi` vognc` mi g

vxm|gpc baec pza }cgx~ ogpcx) E} gàvpm|c vgxcip~ zcxc zai`cxlso/ em`òc

nog~~ meemjxgip~ zba `m` pbc hc~p pbc} dicz) M ge pbgidlso) Bazc|cx mp

ngec pa hc/ M xcjgx` e} Lgpbcx mi bcg|ci g~ e} hmxpb lgpbcx) Pbgp zg~ pbc

hcjmiimij/ M hcomc|c/ al e} jxazmij xcogpmai~bmv zmpb pbc Lgpbcx) Bc*~ pbc

aic zba bg~ pgdci ngxc al ec ‐ e} hcmij gom|c gi` e} naemij pa Bme)

Mi e} em`%}aspb gvvxarmegpco}/ M bg` ~c|cxgo eceaxghoc/ ~cce%

mijo} ~mjimlmngip `xcge~) M ge iap g vcx~ai pa xcecehcx `xcge~4 M à ~a

aio} anng~maigoo}) Pbc~c `xcge~ zcxc al pbc ~gec c|cip!~ncic; zbgp

gvvcgxc` pa hc g jxasv al hcgx`c`/ lsxxazc`/ oaij%bgmxc`/ gng`cemn eci)

M zaso` hc mi pbc em`òc al pbce/ gi` pbc}/ ha`moc~~/ zaso` hc mi xaz~

gxasi` gi` mi lxaip al ec)Pbc} ~ccec` pa hc pgodmij pa ec/ pbasjb M diaz

iap zbgp zg~ ~gm`) Aic ~vadc gp g pmec/ hsp mp ~cce~ pbc} hcngec gim%

egpc` g~ g jxasv/ xcg`} pa vasinc gp pbc ci` al g naeecip h} giapbcx) Mbg` pbm~ `xcge ~c|cxgo pmec~/ hsp iap xcvcgpc` mi e} ao`cx }cgx~)

M gppci`c` ~cemigx}/ 066 emoc~ gzg} lxae baec/ gp pbc Ax`cx al ^p)

Lxginm~/ lxae gjc~ 7> pa 7:) Bcxc pbc m`cg~ al pbcaoaj}/ vbmoa~avb}/ zaxo`%

omic~~/ va|cxp}/ nbg~pmp} gi` ahc`mcinc zcxc lmx~p mipxa`snc` pa ec) Pbgp

crvcxmcinc eg`c ec/ lxae pbci ai/ laxc|cx nsxmas~ ghasp pbc jxcgp Zb}

gi` Zbgp gi` Zba) Pbc crvcxmcinc `m` iap egdc ec cigeaxc` al pbc

Ngpbaomn vxmc~pbaa` gi` mp*~ xmpsgom~pmn/ àjegpmn gvvxagnb pa g om|mij Ja`)

H} 7=:0 M bg` xcg` egi} asp%al%pbc%ax`migx} ~vmxmpsgo/ annsop/ ~nmcinc lmn%

pmai/ cg~pcxi e}~pmngo/ gi` xcomjmai%al%pbc%zc~p pxgnp~/ haad~/ gi` gxpmnoc~)

M pxmc` pa lmi` g naeeai pbxcg` geaij pbce) Zmpb g `cgxpb al `ccv ~vmxm%

psgo gi` ceapmaigo crvogigpmai~/ pbc Sxgipmg Haad ~bazc` sv) Zmpbmi pza

}cgx~ M zg~ lsoo} gnncvpmij gi` hxmijmij e} omlc mi psic zmpb Ja` ) ) )

pbasjb hgnd%~om`mij mi e} bsegimp}) M ge g ~miicx)



y7=6y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

ôazo} a|cx pmec pbc Lgpbcx/ e} gijco~/ gi` gha|c goo/ e} Naipxao%ocx/ "^vmxmp al pbc Lgpbcx-/ ~bazc` pbce~co|c~ pa ec zmpb ncxpgmip} mi e}

emi`/ hsp zmpb iapbmij ~svcxigpsxgo ax lxmjbpcimij) Ks~p g ngoeic~~ al

diazmij gi` gi minxcg~mij hcomcl!`cvci`cin} ai e} si~cci bcg|cio}

lxmci`~) Pbc} zaxdc` mi pbc igec al pbc Lgpbcx/ pa bcov ec jgmi jaa`

cgxpbo} gnbmc|cecip~) C|ci lax naeeai c|cx}`g} `c~mxc~ e} xcegxd~

gi` xcwsc~p~ zaso` hc bcgx`) M zaso` hc bcovc` mi aic zg} ax giapbcx)

Pbc ea~p geg{mij lcgpsxc m~ pbm~; }as es~p ocp ja glpcx g~dmij hcngs~c mp

pgdc~ pmec lax pbc gijco~ pa ea|c vmcnc~ igpsxgoo} mipa vognc/ pa avci pbc

~vgnc icc`c` lax }as)

Mi 7=23 M zg~ zmpb e} lasx }cgx ao` ha} gp baec) E} zmlc gi` M bg`

~cvgxgpc` ~baxpo} hclaxc) M pbci bg` gi sicrvcnpc` crvcxmcinc) Mp zg~

cgxo} glpcxiaai/ ~sii}/ gi` M zg~ zg~bmij `m~bc~ icrp pa g zmiàz mi pbc

dmpnbci) E} ha} zgipc` pa ja asp~m`c gi` g~dc` ec pa bcov hsppai bm~

nagp) Mi pbc eaecip al pzm~pmij aic hsppai pbxasjb pbc hsppaibaoc/ M ~s`%

`cio} lcop gi mevso~c pa psxi e} bcg` pazgx` pbc zmiàz) G~ M m` ~a M ~gz

g aax avci pa giapbcx xcgomp}) Pbc (avcimij( zg~ ghasp pza gi` aic%bgol

lccp ~wsgxc/ gi` pbc baxm{ai M ~gz pbxasjb pbc avcimij ~ccec` pa (all(

naevgxc` pa pbc baxm{aipgo M diaz) G ~egoo bsegiam` lmjsxc ~paa` Mi pbc

avcimij4 vmrmc%omdc Mi gvvcgxginc) Pbc lmjsxc bg` ~aecpbmij omdc g vg` ax

~bccp al vgvcx/ hogid g~ lgx g~ M naso` pcoo/ nxgòc` mi aic gxe) Pbc lmjsxc

eg`c g~ pbasjb pa ~pcv pbxasjb pbc avcimij zbci bc ~s``cio} oaadc`

`mxcnpo} gp ec) Pbci bc meec`mgpc xcpxcgpc` gi` pbc àax pa pbc apbcx

xcgomp} noa~c`)


C`mpax~ iapc; N) ^) Oczm~/ mi xcvaxpmij g vcx~aigo |m~maigx} crvcxmcinc/

`c~nxmhc` baz pbc baxm{aipgo gomjiecip hcpzcci pbc pza xcgompmc~ ~ccec` pa

hc g~dcz) M wsapc lxae bm~ gnnasip mi pbc (lmnpmaigo( Vcxcogi`xg)

(Zbgp M ~gz zg~ g |cx} lgmip xa` ax vmoogx al omjbp) M ài*p pbmid mp eg`c

g nmxnoc al omjbp cmpbcx ai pbc loaax ax pbc ncmomij/ hsp M ge iap ~sxc al pbm~)

Mp ncxpgmio} bg` |cx} omppoc vazcx al moosemigpmij mp~ ~sxxasi`mij~) â lgx/ goo

m~ vogmi ~gmomij) Hsp mp bg` pza apbcx nbgxgnpcxm~pmn~ zbmnb gxc oc~~ cg~} pa

jxg~v) ) ) ) Pbc apbcx zg~ mp~ gijoc) Mp zg~ iap gp xmjbp gijoc~ pa pbc loaax )

) )(y y y y y y y y y y y y y y



72 % Pbc Xc~cx|c Naxv~ al @c~pmi} y7=7y

E} Vcx~aigo Pc~pmeai}

M zg~ xgm~c` mi g lsi`gecipgom~p Nbxm~pmgi lgemo}) M zg~ gozg}~ gnspco}

nai~nmas~ ghasp Ja`)

Gp pbc gjc al pci M bg` g |m|m` `xcge/ aic M ic|cx laxjap)

E} lgpbcx zg~ g ~nbaao pcgnbcx/ hsp zc om|c` mi g lgxebas~c zmpb gi

gvvoc axnbgx` `mxcnpo} gp pbc xcgx al pbc bas~c) Pbc dmpnbci zg~ g ~cvgxgpc

zmij) G zaa` hsximij xgijc ~gp mi pbc em`òc al pbc hgnd zgoo) Pza zmiàz~

oaadmij asp ai pbc axnbgx` logidc` pbc xgijc) Mi e} `xcge M zgodc` pa pbc

zmiàz ai pbc xmjbp ~m`c) Pbc homi`~ zcxc vsooc àzi) M omlpc` pbc homi` pa

oaad asp) Pbcxc M ~gz Kc~s~ ~pgi`mij mi pbc em`òc al pbc axnbgx`/ jg{mij

~mocipo} gp ec)

G~ g pccigjcx M hcngec `ccvo} `m~moos~maic` h} pbc nailomnp hcpzcci e}

xcomjmas~ pcgnbmij~ gi` pbc hcbg|max al pbc g`sop zaxo`) Gopbasjb M zg~

lgemomgx zmpb Vgso*~ crbaxpgpmai~ ai xmjbpcas~ om|mij M lcop bm~ ~pgpcecip~ `m`

iap xclocnp pbc gnpsgo zaxo`) M go~a lcop pbc naincvpsgo Nbxm~pmgi ~pxsnpsxc

zg~ mig`cwsgpc pa asx diazoc`jc al pbc sim|cx~c) Gp pbc gjc al ~mrpcci M

`cnm`c` pa gppci` g xcomjmas~ hagx`mij ~nbaao mi Icz Kcx~c}/ crvcnpmij pbgp

pbc vcavoc zaso` hc eaxc xmjbpcas~/ gi` pbgp pbc} zaso` bg|c eaxc g`%

cwsgpc pbcaoajmngo gi~zcx~) Zmpbmi g lcz zccd~ M zg~ c|ci eaxc `m~moos%

~maic`) Pbc laooazmij }cgx M xcpsxic` baec/ oa~p lxae Ja`/ oa~p lxae si cx%

~pgi`mij/ gi` oa~p pa e} vcx~aigo zaxpb) Gp pbc gjc al cmjbpcci M oclp baec

gi` Ja`)

A|cx pbc icrp pzcip} }cgx~ M laooazc` pbc s~sgo gjia~pmn nasx~c al omlc)

M egxxmc`/ ahpgmic` gi c`sngpmai/ hxc` nbmo`xci/ gi` zg~ zcoo ai e} zg} pa

gi miloscipmgo ngxccx mi pbc cocnpxaimn~ naeesimngpmai~ mi`s~px})

Ja` bg` apbcx vogi~) Mi 7=<3/ g }cgx asp al naoocjc/ bc hcjgi pamipxa`snc ec pa milaxegpmai zbmnb ~bazc` pbgp pbm~ vogicp m~ si`cx ~sx|cmo%

oginc h} ncoc~pmgo gjcinmc~/ pbgp pbc} gxc `ccvo} naincxic` ghasp asx nasx~c/

gi` pbgp pbc} zcxc naipgnpmij ~ngppcxc` vcavoc bcxc gi` pbcxc) A|cx pbc

icrp pza }cgx~ bc oc` ec pa eaxc gi` eaxc milaxegpmai ghasp pba~c ncoc~%

pmgo gnpm|mpmc~) M hcngec pbaxasjbo} nai|minc` pbgp zc zaso` ~baxpo} hc ~sh%

kcnp pa g jxcgp vogicpgx} ks`jecip) Mi pbc lgoo al 7=<: bc oc` ec pa Pbc

Sxgipmg Vgvcx~) Pza Vgvcx~ zcxc c~vcnmgoo} ~pxmdmij/ Vgvcx 86 ai Pbc Vgxg%

`m~c âi~ al Ja` / gi` Vgvcx 87 ai Pbc Vgxg`m~c Nxcgpax âi~) Pbc} zcxc

pbc nsoemigpmij c|cip mi gi minxcg~mij ~vmxmpsgo nxm~m~) ^s``cio}/ ogpc mi pbc

}cgx/ M bg` gi sis~sgo ~vmxmpsgo crvcxmcinc) M ~gz ia |m~mai~4 M bcgx` ia

|amnc~) M ~mevo} lcop pbc vxc~cinc al Ja`*~ ^vmxmp)

M bg|c ia g`cwsgpc zg} pa `c~nxmhc pbgp crvcxmcinc) M pxso} lcop pbgp M

zgodc` zmpb pbc gijco~/ gi` pbgp M si`cx~paa` g~ pbc} si`cx~paa`) M bg|calpci wsapc` g vg~~gjc lxae pbc @cg` ^cg ^nxaoo~ zbmnb M lcco ngvpsxc~ e}

~mpsgpmai)




(Lax oa/ Pbas bg~p pgdci g ~vmxmp `m~paxpc` h} ~mi/ gi` vsxjc` mp al pbcpgmip al esnb pxgi~jxc~~mai/ gi` jm|ci mp g vognc mi pbc ba~p al pbc bao}

hcmij~/ gi` hxasjbp mp mipa naeesimai zmpb pbc ~ai~ al bcg|ci)(

^mevo} ~pgpc`/ pbgp zg~ pbc zg} M lcop) M hcjgi pa si`cx~pgi` egi}

pbmij~ ghasp Ja`/ gi` bm~ vxajxge ai pbm~ zaxo`) âecbaz/ pbxasjb g

~vmxmpsgo hai`/ bc jg|c ec si`cx~pgi`mij)

Ic|cxpbcoc~~/ M naipmisc` g~ gi ax`migx} eaxpgo/ zmpb goo pbc vcx~aigo

lgsop~ gi` em~ks`jecip~ al g omempc` bsegi hcmij)

Iapzmpb~pgi`mij pbc~c bsegi omempgpmai~/ M bg|c ~minc hcci `c`mngpc`

pa bme/ gi` pa bm~ zmoo)



Gvvci`mr y7=>y

GVVCI@MR

Pbm~ m~ gi c`mpc` |cx~mai al g vgvcx M bg` va~pc` pa Sxgipmg Mipcxicp @m~ns~~mai

jxasv~ mi ^cvpcehcx/ 7===) M à iap xcvcgp gxjsecip~ M na|cxc` mi cgxomcx vgxp~

al pbm~ haad/ crncvp pa dccv pbm~ vxc~cipgpmai nabcxcip)

Sis~sgo ^vmxmpsgo Crvcxmcinc~

Vgxp M

Pbc Xaoc al pbc Pcgnbmij Em~~mai

Mi Kso}/ 7==2 Ogegx [ghmco~dm xcea|c` ec lxae bm~ SHPgod om~p hcngs~c al g

xcvaxp gi` `m~ns~~mai M bg` ai g vcx~aigo crvcxmcinc al ‟jog~~}― c}c~) Gnpsgoo}/

‟joazmij― m~ g eaxc vxavcx pcxe) Pbxcc }asij eci bg` gvvxagnbc` ec zbmoc M

zg~ ~mppmij ai pbc vgpma mi pbc c|cimij gp g ^seecx ^ps`} ~c~~mai mi Ogdc Laxc~p/

Moomiam~ mi pbc cgxo} 7==6”~) "Mp zg~ ~pmoo lsoo omjbp)- Pza al pba~c zcxc ~ai~ al Pbcxi

Hogndhsxi lxae Zaa`~ Nxa~~/ Spgb) "Pbcxi bg~ ~minc `mc`)- Pbc} gvvxagnbc`

ec pa `m~ns~~ e} avva~mpmai pa pbc Pcgnbmij Em~~mai) Pbc} pxmc` pa nai|minc ec

pbgp mp zg~ g |gom` ~vmxmpsgo vbciaeciai) Aio} pza al pbc eci crbmhmpc` pbgp

~pxgijc omjbp cllcnp mi pbcmx c}c~)

Gp pbc pmec M zxapc e} va~p M naevgxc` pbc crvcxmcinc pa pbc P\ gi` haad

moos~pxgpmai~ al pbc c}c~ al {aehmc~) M crvxc~~c` pbc hcomcl pbgp pbc ec`mg moos~pxg%

pmai~ gxc lasi`c` ai gnpsgo vbciaecig/ pbgp pbc} `m` iap ks~p `cxm|c asp al ~aec

vcx~ai”~ lginmlso megjmigpmai)M bg` gi avvaxpsimp} pa `m~ns~~ pbm~ zmpb Dsxp Nmxg gp pbc xcncip nailcxcinc mi

\ginas|cx) Bc ainc gjgmi nailmxec` e} zmpic~~) Bc go~a ~gz pbm~ ~pxgijc

vbciaeciai gp Ogdc Laxc~p) Bc xcvaxpc` pa ec pbgp ^s~gi Ec}cx~ go~a bg` pbc

~gec crvcxmcinc)

M bg|c jxcgpo} vs{{oc` a|cx pbm~ crvcxmcinc) Mp bg~ iap bgvvcic gjgmi go%

pbasjb/ M ngi g~~sxc }as/ M bg|c oaadc` lax mp mi pbc c}c~ al pbc nbgiicocx~ gp

~c|cxgo nailcxcinc~)

Gi` pbci/ g~ M zg~ zgodmij lxae aic eccpmij pa giapbcx gp \ginas|cx/ mp

annsxxc` pa ec zb} pbm~ zg~ ~a sis~sgo/ gi` zb} M `m` iap bg|c g xcvcgp al pbgp

crvcxmcinc)

M hcomc|c ^s~gi/ Dsxp gi` e}~col zcxc vcxemppc` pa zmpic~~ pbm~ vbciae%

ciai) M hcomc|c mp zg~ gi sis~sgo vxc~cipgpmai) M hcomc|c pbc em`zg}cx~ gopcxc` asx

|m~mai pa vcxemp s~ pa ~cc pbc joaz zmpbmi pbc c}c~ al pba~c eci) M hcomc|c pbc}crpci`c` asx |m~mai/ lax pbgp hxmcl vcxma`/ mi ax`cx pbgp zc bg|c nai|minmij `ce%

ai~pxgpmai al pbc vcxegicip gopcxgpmai~ pbgp pgdc vognc mi pbc icsxaoajmngo ~}~%

pce~ al pba~c zba jm|c pbce~co|c~ pa Ngomjg~pmg)

G~ zc zcoo diaz/ bsegi |m~mai xgijc m~ omempc`/ hsp ngi hc crpci`c`)




V)2<3 % Pbc 7/777 oa}go ~cnai`gx} em`zg}cx~ ) ) ) crm~p ks~p asp~m`c

pbc xgijc al eaxpgo |m~mai gi` va~~c~~ ~sllmnmcip ogpmps`c al g`gvpgpmai paegdc/ gp zmoo/ vb}~mngo naipgnp zmpb zbgp bsegi~ ngoo ‟egpcxmgo pbmij~)―

Pbc~c simwsc nxcgpsxc~ bg|c ncxpgmi `clmimpc vazcx~ a|cx pbc pbmij~ al

pmec gi` ~vgnc/ iap crncvpmij pbc hcg~p~ al pbc xcgoe)

Pbc crvcxmcinc zg~ g emjbp} haa~p mi e} hcomcl al pbc vcxegicip cllcnp

zbmnb pgdc~ vognc mi pbc ecehcx~ al pbc Pcgnbmij Em~~mai zba bg|c sigopcxgho}

cipcxc` mipa g vgnp zmpb pbc @c|mo) Ainc pbc nbgiicocx~ ~coo pbcmx ~aso pbcxc m~ ia

c~ngvc) Egi} bg|c `chgpc` pbm~ zmpb ec) Pbc} g~d/ ‟M~ pbcxc ia xcpxcgp lxae pbgp

naevgnp1― E} gi~zcx m~ ia) Pbcxc m~ ia xcbghmompgpmai al pba~c vcavoc/ gi` pbc}

laxc|cx oa~c pbcmx Pbasjbp G`ks~pcx~)

M xcvcgp; M hcomc|c pbm~ crpci`c` |m~mai paad vognc lax pbc vsxva~c al nailmxe%

mij e} c~pmegpc~ al pbc Pcgnbmij Em~~mai) ^minc M ge pbc aio} vcx~ai zba bg~

~vadci ~a avcio}/ ~a g`gegipo}/ gi` ~a |mjaxas~o} mi avva~mpmai pa pbgp ea|c%

ecip/ mp eg} hc pbgp M ~cx|c pa gocxp apbcx ecehcx~ al pbc naeesimp} pa pbgp

~vmxmpsgo `gijcx) Vcxbgv~ M zg~ vcxemppc` pa ah~cx|c pbm~ vbciaeciai hcngs~c M

~cx|c mi g xaoc pa bcov nx}~pgoom{c pbc ~vmxmpsgo `cnm~mai~ iaz silao`mij)

âec eg} gxjsc pbgp pbc crvcxmcinc zg~ megjmigx} ax v~}nbaoajmngo/ pbgp mp

`cxm|c` lxae e} mipci~c mipcxc~p mi `ciasinmij pbc Pcgnbmij Em~~mai) Hsp ~snb

gxjsecip `cimc~ pbc crvcxmcinc al Dsxp gi` ^s~gi)

Mp go~a `cimc~ pbc xcgomp} al egoc|aocip ^vmxmp Hcmij~ zba ngi cipcx bsegi

emi`/ gi` xc`snc~ asx xcogpmai~bmv zmpb pxsc om|mij ~vmxmpsgo xcgompmc~ pa ecxc ‟~vmxm%

psgo― lccomij~ gi` iapmai~) Zc ~baso` c|cx dccv mi emi`; pbc ecehcx~ al pbc

Pcgnbmij Em~~mai ~vcgd al pbc ^vmxmp~ zba pgod pa pbce mi pbcmx bcg`~/ gi` jm|c

pbce lccomij~ al oa|c gi` vcgnc gi` ka})

Gxc zc pbci pa xc`snc goo ~vmxmpsgo vbciaecig pa ecxc lccomij~/ bsegi v~}nbaoaj}/ ax megjmigpmai1 Ml pbc ecehcx~ al pbc Pcgnbmij Em~~mai ~a ~pxaijo}

pc~pml} pa pbcmx ‟~vmxmpsgo― crvcxmcinc~/ gi` zc g~~mji pbgp vbciaecig pa ecxc

v~}nbaoajmngo `m~psxhginc/ zbgp àc~ ~snb g~~mjiecip ~g} ghasp asx jxg~v al

~vmxmpsgo xcgompmc~1

Apbcx~ eg} gxjsc pbgp ecehcx~ al pbc Pcgnbmij Em~~mai ngxx} ai ax`migx}

om|c~/ gi` apbcxzm~c nai`snp pbce~co|c~ ~gico} mi pbc zaxo`) Zb} zaso` zc ~g}

pbc} gxc v~}nbaoajmngoo} `m~psxhc` mi pbcmx xcogpmai~bmv~ zmpb Ja`1 M~ pbcmx pc~pm%

eai} iap xcgo1 Glpcx goo/ pbc} gxc imnc vcavoc)

Ai pbc apbcx bgi`/ ml zc vcxemp ~snb v~}nbaoajmngoo} `m~psxhc` vcavoc pa

vgxpmnmvgpc mi Sxgipmg gllgmx~ gi` allcx |apmij vazcx pa pbce/ baz esnb bg|c zc

kcavgx`m{c` pbc nai`snp al jxasv vaomnmc~1

Pbc `gijcx m~ iap mi pbcmx v~}nbaoajmngo `m~psxhginc hsp mi pbcmx hcpxg}go al

Ja` gi` pbc Xc|cogpmai)Al nasx~c/ pbc~c pbasjbp~ bg|c hcnaec gng`cemn) Pbc miloscinc al ece%

hcx~ al pbc Pcgnbmij Em~~mai/ gi` pbcmx ~}evgpbm{cx~/ svai pbc Sxgipmg naees%

imp} bg|c iaz cllcnpm|co} si`cxemic` eaxc pxg`mpmaigo gvvxagnbc~ pa jxasv vaom%

nmc~)



Gvvci`mr y7=3y

Pbm~ ~bmlp mi vaomn} ~baso` iap hc pgdci omjbpo}) Mp ~baso` hc |mczc` mi pbc

zax~p va~~mhoc vapcipmgo~ lax hcpxg}go al Ja` gi` pbc Xc|cogpmai)Pbc lgnp pbgp ~snb ~vmxmpsgo vbciaecig zaso` gvvcgx gp pbc ci` al pbc gjc

zg~ xc|cgoc` pa s~/ hsp pba~c xc|cogpmai~ zcxc ~svvxc~~c`) Ea`cxi jcicxgpmai~

à iap ~cxmas~o} hcomc|c mi pbce) H} ~svvxc~~mij pba~c xc|cogpmai~ zc cllcnpm|co}

xcea|c` goo zgximij~ jm|ci pa s~ h} Kc~s~) Omppoc `m` zc xcgom{c pbc aemias~ gi`

~bandmij ~vmxmpsgo laxnc~ zc zaso` ocp oaa~c svai pbc ogi`)

Lax crgevoc/ zc ~cc aic al pba~c zgximij~ mi pbc Ja~vco al Kabi 7<;7%0)

Pbm~ zgximij gvvcgx~ crvomnmpo} mi pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~)

V)7=37 % Glpcx Vcpcx/ Kgec~/ Kabi/ gi` Egppbcz bg` g~dc` pbc Eg~%

pcx isecxas~ wsc~pmai~/ bc naipmisc` bm~ lgxczcoo `m~nasx~c h} ~g}mij;

‟Gi` M ge pcoomij }as ghasp goo pbm~ hclaxc M ocg|c }as mi ax`cx pbgp }as

eg} hc ~a vxcvgxc` lax zbgp m~ naemij svai }as pbgp }as zmoo iap ~psehoc

mipa ~cxmas~ cxxax) Pbc gspbaxmpmc~ zmoo iap hc naipcip zmpb ecxco} vsppmij

}as asp al pbc ~}igjajsc~4 M zgxi }as pbc basx xgz~ icgx zbci pbc} zba

dmoo }as zmoo pbmid pbc} gxc àmij g ~cx|mnc pa Ja`) Gi` goo al pbc~c pbmij~

pbc} zmoo a pa }as gi` pa pba~c zbae }as ocg` mipa pbc dmijàe al bcg|ci

hcngs~c pbc} à iap diaz pbc Lgpbcx) Pbc} bg|c xcls~c` pa diaz pbc

Lgpbcx h} xcls~mij pa xcncm|c ec4 gi` pbc} xcls~c pa xcncm|c ec zbci

pbc} xckcnp }as/ vxa|m`c` }as bg|c dcvp e} icz naeegiècip pbgp }as

oa|c aic giapbcx c|ci g~ M bg|c oa|c` }as) M ge pcoomij }as mi g`|ginc

ghasp pbc~c pbmij~ ~a pbgp/ zbci }asx basx naec~/ g~ emic iaz bg~/ }as

eg} hc ~pxcijpbcic` mi pbc diazoc`jc pbgp goo zg~ diazi pa ec/ gi` pbgp

e} ~vmxmp ~bgoo hc zmpb }as mi goo }asx ~sllcxmij~ lax e} ~gdc gi` pbc ja~vco”~)

Mp zg~ lax pbm~ vsxva~c pbgp M bg|c hcci pgodmij ~a vogmio} pa }as lxae pbc

|cx} hcjmiimij) M bg|c c|ci zgxic` }as pbgp g egi”~ lac~ eg} hc pba~cal bm~ azi bas~cbao`) Gopbasjb pbm~ ja~vco al pbc dmijàe ic|cx lgmo~ pa

hxmij jxcgp vcgnc pa pbc ~aso al pbc mi`m|m`sgo hcomc|cx/ mp zmoo iap hxmij

vcgnc ai cgxpb sipmo egi m~ zmoomij pa hcomc|c e} pcgnbmij zbaocbcgxpcò}

gi` pa c~pghom~b pbc vxgnpmnc al amij pbc Lgpbcx”~ zmoo g~ pbc nbmcl vsxva~c

mi om|mij pbc eaxpgo omlc)―

Mi`cc`/ pbgp m~ crgnpo} zbgp m~ jamij ai) Pbc mevci`mij pcxxax~ zcxc go~a

laxcpao` co~czbcxc mi pbc ja~vco~)

Egpp 76;87 Hxapbcx zmoo `com|cx hxapbcx pa `cgpb/ gi` pbc lgpbcx bm~ nbmo`/ gi`

nbmo`xci zmoo xm~c gjgmi~p vgxcip~ gi` vsp pbce pa `cgpb)

Egpp 80;= Pbci pbc} zmoo `com|cx }as pa pxmhsogpmai/ gi` vsp }as pa `cgpb4 gi`

}as zmoo hc bgpc` h} goo igpmai~ hcngs~c al e} igec)Egxd 7>;78 Gi` hxapbcx zmoo `com|cx hxapbcx pa `cgpb/ gi` pbc lgpbcx bm~ nbmo`/

gi` nbmo`xci zmoo xm~c gjgmi~p vgxcip~ gi` vsp pbce pa `cgpb)

Osdc 87;7< ]as zmoo hc hcpxg}c` h} vgxcip~ gi` hxapbcx~ gi` xcogpm|c~ gi`

lxmci`~/ gi` ~aec al }as pbc} zmoo vsp pa `cgpb)



y7=<y ^vmxmp Cipx} Mipa Bsegi Emi`

Naevgxc pbm~ zmpb pbc xcegxd~ xcnax`c` mi pbc Sxgipmg Vgvcx~; ‟M bg|c c|ci

zgxic` }as pbgp g egi”~ lac~ eg} hc pba~c al bm~ azi bas~cbao`)―Pbcxclaxc zc ngi `c`snc pbgp hmppcx vcx~cnspmai~ zmoo naec gp ~aec lspsxc

basx/ gi` lxae ecehcx~ al pbc Pcgnbmij Em~~mai/ pba~c zba bg|c jm|ci pbce%

~co|c~ pa sinocgi ~vmxmp~/ pa c|mo ~vmxmp vcx~aigompmc~)

Zc zcoo diaz baz ecehcx~ al pbc Pcgnbmij Em~~mai hcomc|c pbc} gxc ~cx|mij

Ja`) Hsp pbc} à iap diaz pbc Lgpbcx/ gi` pbc} à iap diaz Kc~s~) Pbc} diaz

Ngomjg~pmg vxcpci`mij pa hc pbc Lgpbcx gi` Emnbgco/ gi` vxa|m`mij ~vmxmpsgo lcco%

mij~ naevgpmhoc zmpb pbcmx hcomcl) Zbci pbcmx basx naec~/ iaz ~baxpo} svai s~/

pbc} zmoo dmoo s~ mi pbc hcomcl pbc} gxc ~cx|mij Ja`)

Pza `c`snpmai~ ngi hc eg`c lxae pbc crvcxmcinc al ^s~gi Ec}cx~/ Dsxp

Nmxg/ gi` e}~col) ^minc aic al pba~c }asij eci `m` iap crbmhmp pbgp joaz mp es~p

ecgi pbgp bc bg` iap cipcxc` mipa g naevgnp zmpb pbc @c|mo) Gopbasjb bc ~sv%

vaxpc` pbgp ea|cecip/ gi` vgxpmnmvgpc`/ bc bg` iap }cp ~ao` bm~ ~aso) Bc naso`

~pmoo hc xcpxmc|c` lxae pbgp `gijcx)

Pbm~ m~ nxsnmgoo} mevaxpgip pa egi} ecehcx~ al pbc Pcgnbmij Em~~mai) Mp

ecgi~ pbgp pbc} ~pmoo ngi hc xcbghmompgpc`) Pba~c zba bg|c iap xcncm|c` g ‟~vmxmp

jsm`c― ~baso` nai~m`cx pbce~co|c~ crpxceco} laxpsigpc) Pbc} ~pmoo bg|c gi avvax%

psimp} lax cpcximp})

C|ci eaxc/ mp eg} ecgi pbgp egi} al pbce zmoo hc xcpxmc|c` g~ pbc gnpmai~

al pba~c @c|mo gjcip~ naec àzi svai s~) Ncxpgmio}/ pbc} zmoo bg|c `ccv xcjxcp~

lax pbc hcpxg}go al pbcmx hxapbcx~ gi` ~m~pcx~)

Pbc ~cnai` `c`snpmai naincxi~ pbc `m~ncxiecip al pbc em`zg}cx~/ pbc ~cxg%

vbme/ gi` apbcx vcx~aigompmc~ zba gxc iap nsxpgmoc` h} eaxpgo omempgpmai~) Goo

ncoc~pmgo vcx~aigompmc~ ngi cg~mo} xcnajim{c pba~c zba bg|c vcxegicipo} ~ao` pbcmx

~aso~ pa pbc @c|mo/ gi` pba~c zba bg|c iap) Ml pbc} ngi egdc pba~c ‟~vmxmpsgo

vbciaecig― |m~mhoc pa s~/ pbc} ncxpgmio} ngi cg~mo} ‟~cc― ~snb vbciaecig gppbcmx oc|co) Mi apbcx zax`~/ ncoc~pmgo vcx~aigompmc~ bg|c ecgi~ lax xcnajim{mij pbc

lgnp pbgp Ngomjg~pmg bg~ pgdci sv xc~m`cinc zmpbmi pbc emi` al g bsegi eaxpgo)

Mi egi} Mipcxicp `m~ns~~mai~/ gi` mi e} vgvcx~/ M bg|c coghaxgpc` ai pbc

|aosipgx} `cnm~mai~ eg`c h} pba~c mi pbc Pcgnbmij Em~~mai) Pbc} egdc pza

vxmegx}/ gi` sigopcxghoc nbamnc~; Pbc} vognc pbcmx vcx~aigomp} mi pbc bgi`~ al pbgp

^vmxmp/ gi` pbc} jm|c pbcmx zmoo pa pbgp ^vmxmp)

"Xcecehcx/ zbci pbc} mi|mpc pbc ^vmxmp~ pa cipcx pbcmx emi`~ pbc} ngiiap

~vcnml} zbmnb ^vmxmp zmoo naec) Pbc} avci pbcmx emi`~ pa gi} ^vmxmp zba zm~bc~ pa

pgdc g`|gipgjc al pbgp mi|mpgpmai) ^minc Ngomjg~pmg m~ pbc aio} vcx~aigomp} zba ngi

iaz mi|g`c pbc ~ginpmp} al bsegi emi`/ bc m~ pbc aio} aic pa crcxnm~c pbgp avvax%

psimp})-

Pza vcx~aigompmc~ ngiiap hc mi`cvci`cipo} na%xc~m`cip zmpbmi bsegi emi`)

Aic es~p àemigpc pbc apbcx) ^minc Ngomjg~pmg m~ pbc bmjbcx vcx~aigomp}/ zbci bccipcx~ bsegi emi` pbc bsegi eaxpgo es~p xcomiwsm~b bm~ vcx~aigomp} pa pbgp

‟^vmxmp)―

Zc bg|c xc|cogpmai naincximij pbc~c egppcx~/ hsp ea~p à iap xcnajim{c mp)



Gvvci`mr y7=:y

V)>: % ‟Mi gi} sim|cx~c naipc~p hcpzcci gnpsgo oc|co~ al xcgomp}/ pbc

vcx~aigomp} al pbc bmjbcx oc|co zmoo sopmegpco} pxmsevb a|cx pbc vcx~aigomp}al pbc oazcx oc|co) ) ) ) Si`mospc` c|mo/ naevocpc cxxax/ zmoolso ~mi/ gi` si%

empmjgpc` mimwsmp} gxc mibcxcipo} gi` gspaegpmngoo} ~smnm`go)―

Ml pba~c bsegi vcx~aigompmc~ nba~c pa gllmomgpc zmpb pbc C|mo Aic/ xcjgxòc~~

baz mjiaxgipo} pbc} `m` ~a/ pbxasjb pbgp gnp pbc} nba~c pa g~~anmgpc zmpb si`m%

ospc` c|mo/ naevocpc cxxax/ zmoolso ~mi/ gi` siempmjgpc` mimwsmp}) ^snb nbamnc m~

mibcxcipo} gi` gspaegpmngoo} ~smnm`go)

Pba~c vcavoc hcomc|c pbc} jg|c pbcmx vcx~aigompmc~ gi` pbcmx zmoo pa pbc Lgpbcx)

Mp m~ pbcmx zmoo pa à pbc Lgpbcx”~ zmoo) Silaxpsigpco}/ pbc Lgpbcx mi pbm~ ng~c m~

Ngomjg~pmg vxcpci`mij pa apbcx ^vmxmp Vcx~aimlmngpmai~)

Lsxpbcxeaxc/ g~ M bg|c gxjsc`/ G ^vmxmp ngiiap cipcx bsegi emi` sioc~~ pbc

bsegi vcx~aigomp} xcomiwsm~bc~ bm~ zmoo) Ks~p g~ pza vcx~aigompmc~ ngiiap hc

na%xc~m`cip zmpbmi bsegi emi`/ pza zmoo~ go~a ngiiap hc na%xc~m`cip zmpbmi bs%

egi emi`) Pbcxclaxc/ pbc bsegi eaxpgo bg~ jm|ci a|cx pbc pza gppxmhspc~ zbmnb

gxc crnos~m|co} bm~; vcx~aigomp} gi` zmoo) ^snb vcavoc gxc ia oaijcx ‟bsegi― mi g

~vmxmpsgo ~ci~c) Pbc} gxc ecnbgim~e~ pbgp ~pmoo avcxgpc mi pbc zaxo`/ s~mij pbcmx

emi`~/ hsp bg|c oa~p goo ghmomp} pa gi}eaxc hc ngi`m`gpc~ lax cpcximp})

V)788= % 7) ^vmxmpsgo "~aso- `cgpb) Ml gi` zbci eaxpgo egi bg~ lmigoo}

xckcnpc` ~sx|m|go/ zbci bc bg~ hcci vxaiasinc` ~vmxmpsgoo} mi~ao|cip/

eaxaipmgoo} hgidxsvp/ mi pbc naikamip avmimai al pbc G`ks~pcx gi` pbc ~sx%

|m|mij ~cxgvbme/ zbci ~snb na%ax`migpc g`|mnc bg~ hcci xcnax`c` ai

S|cx~g/ gi` glpcx pbc Nci~ax~ gi` pbcmx xclocnpm|c g~~anmgpc~ bg|c |cxm%

lmc` pbc~c lmi`mij~/ pbcxcsvai à pbc xsocx~ al Ax|aipai ax`cx pbc meec%

`mgpc xcocg~c al pbc mi`zcoomij Eaimpax) Hsp pbm~ xcocg~c al pbc G`ks~pcx miia zg} gllcnp~ pbc `spmc~ al pbc vcx~aigo ax jxasv ~cxgvbme naincxic`

zmpb pbgp G`ks~pcx%ghgiàic` mi`m|m`sgo) Pbm~ dmi` al `cgpb m~ lmigo mi mp~

~mjimlmnginc mxxc~vcnpm|c al pbc pcevaxgx} naipmisgpmai al pbc om|mij cicx%

jmc~ al pbc vb}~mngo gi` emi` ecnbgim~e~) Lxae pbc na~emn ~pgi`vamip

pbc eaxpgo m~ goxcg`} cg`4 pbc naipmismij omlc ecxco} mi`mngpc~ pbc vcx~m~%

pcinc al pbc egpcxmgo eaecipse al na~emn cicxjmc~)

Eaxpgo eci à iap egdc g nai~nmas~ `cnm~mai pa xckcnp ~sx|m|go) Pbcmx xcgo

nbamnc~ gxc iap nai~nmas~) Zbci pbc} mi|mpc g ^vmxmp pa cipcx pbcmx emi`~ pbc}

egdc ~snb nbamnc zmpbmi pbc `cvpb~ al pbcmx bcgxp~) Pa à ~a pbc} zcxc goxcg`}

~vmxmpsgoo} mi~ao|cip) Pbc} zcxc goxcg`} eaxaipmgoo} hgidxsvp) Pbc} zcxc goxcg`}

simipcxc~pc` mi vxc~cx|mij pbcmx vcx~aigomp} gi` pbcmx zmoo mipgnp) Pbc} `m` iap

emi` jm|mij pbce~co|c~ a|cx pa pbc ^vmxmp) Gp pbgp pmec pbc G`ks~pcx gi` pbc jsgx`mgi~cxgvbme ngec pa g naikamip avmimai naincximij pbgp bsegi eaxpgo) Pbm~ zg~

meec`mgpco} xcnax`c` ai S|cx~g/ gi` |cxmlmc`) Gp pbgp vamip pbc mi`zcoomij Eaim%

pax `cvgxpc`) Pbc Eaimpax `cvgxpc` hcngs~c pbc bsegi eaxpgo egimlc~pc` g

`c~mxc pa hc nsx~c` zmpb pbc zmndc` vxc~cinc al Ngomjg~pmg) Pbgp zg~ gi cpcxigo

`cnm~mai)




âec al s~ bg|c gi mi~pminpm|c xcgnpmai gjgmi~p mi|mpmij ~vmxmp~ mipa asx emi`~)Zc diaz pbgp pbcxc m~ ~aecpbmij ~vmxmpsgoo} xcvsjigip ghasp mp) Zc à iap ci%

jgjc mi ~snb vxgnpmnc~) Ai pbc apbcx bgi / pba~c zba cijgjc` mi pba~c vxgn%

pmnc~ `m` iap bg|c pba~c mi~pminp~) âecpbmij si`clmighoc m~ mibcxcip mi bsegi

eaxpgo~ pa egdc ~snb nbamnc~) ^minc ncoc~pmgo vcx~aigompmc~ ngi |mcz s~ zmpb pbcmx

crpci`c` |m~mai pbc} vxahgho} diaz zbmnb bsegi eaxpgo~ lgoo ai zbmnb ~m`c al

pbm~ ~vmxmpsgo nami) â àc~ Ngomjg~pmg) Bc àc~ iap zg~pc bm~ pmec ai pba~c zba

zmoo iap mi|mpc bme mi) Ai pbc apbcx bgi`/ bc diaz~ zbmnb bsegi eaxpgo~ eg}

mi|mpc bme mi)