Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Program 1.
Increasing the reliability of grain supply and reducing feed costs.
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Mike TavernerProgram Leader for Program 1Leader sub-program 1a – Innovative grain production
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Relative business indicators
Business indicator
USA NZ Australia Brazil
COP (A$/kg) 1.48 2.62 2.20 1.10
HFC- CW 3.68 3.90 4.20 3.8
Carcass Wt./sow/y (kg)
1700 1365 1450 1550
Feed ($/tonne)
200 335 270 < 220
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Research program 1
Investment in this area will lead to reduced production costs through:
1.More reliable and consistent protein and energy supplies;
2.Innovative grain, pulse and oilseed production;
3.Developing novel ingredients.
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Program 1. Increasing the reliability of grain supply and
reducing feed costs.TARGETS
1. Reduce average feed costs by 10%;
2. Increase the DE of grains by 1.0 MJ/kg
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Southern Australia Summer
2006 2005
SE Qld Summer
2006 2005
WHEAT $328 $188 $340 $190
BARLEY $340 $182 $350 $195
SORGHUM n/a n/a $313 $170
LUPINS $335 $360 n/a n/a
PEAS $340 $282 n/a n/a
CANOLA MEAL $289 $294 $340 $300
SOYABEAN MEAL 48.0 $409 $439 $420 $450
FULL FAT SOYBEAN MEAL $560 $760 $540 $505
MILLRUN 16% $213 $178 $235 $188
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Program 1: Securing more reliable and consistent supplies of protein and
energy for pig diets
• Subprogram 1a: Innovative grain production • Subprogram 1b: Quality assessment of feed
ingredients • Subprogram 1c: Wider range of feed
ingredients for use in pig diets
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
What we are doing about it ……
• Improving grain production
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
GRAIN YIELDS PBIN 1999-2003
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
39
6-2
4
CF
R5
Ya
rru
m
92
-10
4*6
Bo
ree
n
Gle
nro
y
Tra
pp
er
Cre
ssy
Blu
e
Kile
y
Mu
kta
96
-29
Pa
rafie
ld
Sa
nti
Variety
Yie
ld t
/ha
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
ComputerSoftware support
Seed Rate Calculator
Fungicide Use
Timing of Sowing
Strategic group visits
Fertiliser Management
AGRONOMICPACKAGES
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Site 5Walgett
Site 1Pittsworth
Site 4Inverell
Site 6Narrabri
Site 7Breeza
Site 8Curban
Site 3Weemelah
Site 2“Lundarva”
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
NIR CalibrationsNIR Calibrations
Pig faecal DE - dry matter basis (WHOLE - MJ/kg dm)
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
predicted pig faecal DE (MJ/kg dm)
actu
al p
ig f
aeca
l D
E (
MJ/
kg d
m)
wheat
barley
triticale
sorghum
rice
BLACK - 1st O/L passBLUE - 2nd O/L pass
1906
3828
6901
3904
1725
3909
3902
N 901-VR 0.81SECV 0.35SD 0.82
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Wheat 13.3-17.0
Barley 11.7-16.0
Triticale 14.8-16.0
Sorghum 15.8-17.4
DE (MJ/kg DM)
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Yield vs Predicted DE (MJ/kg)
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.00
4 5 6 7 8 9
T/ha
Pig FDE
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
The ideal cereal grain for pigs should allow:
• complete digestion of starch by the end of the small intestines,
• a high proportion of starch digestion occurring in the upper section of the small intestines,
• thin and fragile endosperm cell walls with low amounts of non-starch polysaccharides and having a short chain-length
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
CRC projects
TRITICALE 1A 102
BARLEY 1A 101
PEAS 1A 104
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
• “…… substantial increases in the availability of energy (0.5-1.5 MJ/kg) could be derived for pigs if more energy were digested in the small intestines”.
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
What we are doing about it ……
• Improving grain production
• Improving grain processing
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Projects in sub-program 1b:
• Processing methods for improving the utilization of cereal grains by pigs.
• Canola meal value chain quality improvement.• NIRS calibrations for predicting the nutritional
quality of feed ingredients for pigs.• Determining the nutritive value of weather
damaged grains for pigs using NIRS • Effects of genetics and processing on the
value of sorghums for ethanol production and pig nutrition
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
What we are doing about it ……
• Improving grain production
• Improving grain processing
• Creating supply chains
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Sub-program 1a
GRAINSEARCH 1A-103
Practical guidelines for the production and supply chain arrangements to deliver new and existing cereal and cultivars for the pig industry
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
What we are doing about it ……
• Improving grain production
• Improving grain processing
• Creating supply chains
• Finding alternatives
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Sub-program 1c
REVIEWS
• Novel and alternative feeds for use in the pig industry in Australia
• Review of Promising Novel Crops for pigs
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Novel feeds workshop: priority areas
Novel by-products:1. DDGS
2. Glycerine/biodiesel
3. Regional analysis of needs & opportunities
4. Fruit & vegetable waste
5. Food waste treatment
6. Dairy sludge
• Novel crops:• Pearl millet• Pearl lupins• Root crops• Forage crops and
styloanthes• ANF management
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Program 1 ……
• Improving grain production
• Improving grain processing
• Creating supply chains
• Finding alternatives
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
What is Triticale
• Man made crop
• Cross Between Durum Wheat and Rye
• AABBRR - Hexaploid
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
TRITICALE
Improved Production Through Breeding and Agronomy
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Project Aims
• Improved Yields – Breeding – Inbred and Hybrids– Agronomy
• Improved Quality – DE, I/F Ratio, Intake– NIR
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Progress
• Yield Trials and Rust Assessment of New Inbreds
• NIR Testing of a Subset of Lines.
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Grain Yield of Spring Triticale
% Tahara
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
JRCT-1
30
JCRT-7
4
JRCT-5
6
JRCT-2
30
JRCT-1
49
JRCT-1
01Tre
at
Prime
322
Tahar
a
Evere
st
Kosciu
szko
Credit
Abacu
sTick
it
% T
ah
ara
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Pig DE (MJ/kg)
Pig FDE (MJ/kg as fed)
13.20
13.40
13.60
13.80
14.00
14.20
14.40
14.60
14.80
JRCT-1
30
JCRT-7
4
JRCT-5
6
JRCT-2
30
JRCT-1
49
JRCT-1
01Tre
at
Prime
322
Tahar
a
Evere
st
Kosciu
szko
Credit
Abacu
sTick
it
MJ
/kg
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Pig I/F Ratio
Pig I/F DE ratio
0.8200
0.8300
0.8400
0.8500
0.8600
0.8700
0.8800
JRCT-1
30
JCRT-7
4
JRCT-5
6
JRCT-2
30
JRCT-1
49
JRCT-1
01Tre
at
Prime
322
Tahar
a
Evere
st
Kosciu
szko
Credit
Abacu
sTick
it
Pig
I/F
DE
Ra
tio
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Line
Pig FDE (MJ/kg as
fed) RankPig I/F DE
ratioRan
k
Pig FDE Intake Index Rank
Yield (t/ha) % Tahara Rank SR YR
JRCT-130 14.59 1 0.8680 4 54.11 58 7.56 130.6 1 5-6 1
JCRT-74 14.25 8 0.8520 28 60.73 52 7.47 129.0 2 3,6 2
JRCT-56 13.91 29 0.8570 14 69.66 11 7.42 128.2 3 4 1
JRCT-230 14.02 20 0.8555 16 63.58 42 7.3 126.1 4 2 2-3
JRCT-149 13.73 52 0.8395 50 75.48 1 7.29 125.9 5 2-3 1
JRCT-101 14.55 2 0.8750 1 56.15 55 7.25 125.2 6 3 3
Treat 14.05 19 0.8535 24 61.90 49 6.1 105.4 52 1 4
Prime 322 13.82 44 0.8505 34 71.71 7 6.06 104.7 56 1 4
Tahara 14.12 17 0.8555 17 55.88 56 5.79 100.0 69 1 2-3
Everest 13.96 27 0.8510 33 62.17 48 5.73 99.0 71 1 5
Kosciuszko 13.81 47 0.8525 26 64.83 31 5.45 94.1 80 1 6
Credit 13.79 50 0.8395 53 64.16 37 5.34 92.2 86 1 5
Abacus 13.97 26 0.8600 10 67.15 19 5.14 88.8 92 1 4
Tickit 13.98 25 0.8485 39 55.07 57 5.07 87.6 94 1 4
lsd 1% 0.229 0.0129 5.83 0.945 (5%)
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Lines from Dual-Purpose Program
• Jackie – Released 2000
• Breakwell – 2005. 10% higher yield
• AT528 – 2007. 20% higher yield
• AT574 – 2008. 30% higher yield.
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Semi-dwarfs and Hybrids
• Semi-dwarfs – anticipate a 10-20% increase in yield.
• Hybrids – cytolplasmic male sterile
– male sterile x maintainer
(T.timophevii) (normal wheat cytolplasm)
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Hybrids
• Cross ms x Restorer = Hybrid
• Tested using old maintainer
• Visual assessment at Cowra rated hybrids better than corresponding inbreds
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Hybrids
• Hybrid with JRCT101 was rated as the best plot
• JRCT74 appeared to be a maintainer.
• Produce hybrid from these two lines.
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Hybrids
• Should be able to achieve 20% heterosis
• Ultimate aim to produce a semi-dwarf hybrid.
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Pork CRC Annual ConferenceNovember 23, 2006
GRAINSEARCH
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Overview
AIM:To supply high yielding varieties with superior agronomy and predictable price, quality and supply
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Grainsearch
Two areas of investigation• Varieties and agronomy
– increased yield• Supply Chain Groups
– variety– agronomy– pricing & delivery
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Examples
• Charles IFE Group– Varieties– Agronomy– Delivery – over supply last year, (no
pricing)
• Western Plains Pork (WPP)– Includes pricing
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Grain supply pricing
• Understanding our wheat price
CBOT Futures
Exchange Rate
Basis (Domestic effect)
A$ per tonne at a given location and time
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
3 components
• Grain can be priced by locking in all 3 components at different times– To protect against drought prices– To take advantage of exchange rate– To take advantage of world supply
conditions
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Western Plains PorkCase study – 05/06
• April 05 agreed to supply/purchase at 0 basis
• April 05 growers locked in CBOT futures at 3.70/bu
• April 05 WPP locked in exchange rate at 76c
• May 05 WPP locked in CBOT futures at 3.20/bu
• Dec 05 Growers locked in exchange rate at 74c
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Western Plains PorkCase study – 05/06 (contd)
Final Prices
GrowerWPP
3.70 Futures 3.20
.74c Exchange rate .76c
0 Basis 0
$183/t$155/t
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Wheat CBOT
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Western Plains PorkCase study – 06/07
• March, 2006– WPP buys wheat with swaps from the
bank at $209/t for Dec 06 (cash settled)
– WPP buys basis (i.e. agreement to deliver grain) from grower co-op at
-$15/t– WPP fixed price $194/t
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Pricing mechanisms used within supply chain groups
Advantages– Group of farmers committed to growing
quality feed grains– Both consumer and producer are able to
have ability to make their own price decisions - “Not competing”
– Protection from drought price fluctuations– More feed grains grown due to longer term
price certainty / more stable market
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
End user requirement re feed supply
• Guaranteed supply
• Quality
• Pricing– Avoiding extremes– Budgeting margin (price maker)
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
WPP experience
• Outline
• Past and present
• Lessons
• Where to?
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
At present
What characterises the grain supply side?
– Uncertain demand– Uncertain price
Why would a grain grower wish to be a dedicated feed grain producer?
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
At present
Grainsearch direction to date– Encourage dedicated feed grain
production with;– Superior varieties and agronomy
Increased production= increased supply ?
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Future Direction
Changing industry mindsets– Grain producers, end users and
marketers– Encourages and rewards feed grain
growers in a similar manner to competing millers & maltsters
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Future Direction
A production system that encourages industry adoption of;– Dedicated feed grain production– Supply chain group establishment
• Superior varieties & agronomy,
– The use of grain price risk management products
• Assured delivery & pricing
– Competes with milling / malting industry
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Thank – you!
Thank you!
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Project 1B-103-0506
Canola Meal Value Chain Quality Improvement
Jointly Funded by
Pork CRC
&
Australian Oilseed Federation
John Spragg - JCS Solutions
Rod Mailer - NSW DPI
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Relevant Pork CRC outputs addressed
1.17.1 Investigate alternate processing techniques for oil extraction of canola seeds to increase bioavailability of lysine
1.15.1 & 1.15.2 NIR calibrations developed for measuring reactive lysine in canola meal – application and use of the NIR calibration
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Project Objectives – Stage 1
1. Identification of variation in nutritional quality of canola meal produced within Australian crushing plants.
2. Establish a reactive lysine NIR calibration for finished meal with application for further research and commercial use.
3. Gain information on canola meal processing conditions and their impact upon meal quality.
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Crushing Plant Processing Conditions
Variable
Seedcake into Screw Press temperature
Seedcake exit Screw Press temperature
Desolventising Toaster exit temperature
Post DT temperature
Finished Meal temperature
8-10% decline in lysine dig.
due to heat processing
Crushing Stage and Lysine Digestibility - broilers
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Methodology
Co-operation of crushing plants to take samples
8 plants 3 Solvent extraction
4 Expeller
1 Cold press expeller
Sampling = 270 samples collected
3 time periods – weeks
3 days within each time period
3 samplings per day
Sequenced sampling Seed, Expeller, Post Solvent, Post DT, Finished Meal
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Cold Press Expeller Solvent
No. 9 32 27
Oil % as is Mean 12.69 10.72 3.43
Min 9.44 8.54 1.78
Max 16.97 12.12 4.81
Std 2.241 0.652 0.701
Protein % as is Mean 35.11 36.61 37.32
Min 34.12 31.58 33.34
Max 36.55 41.27 42.53
Std 0.766 2.859 1.871
Results Summary – Canola Meal Samples
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Seed vs Meal Protein as is (all samples)
R2 = 0.6811
30.00
32.50
35.00
37.50
40.00
42.50
45.00
19.00 21.00 23.00 25.00 27.00 29.00
Seed Protein
Mea
l Pro
tein
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Cold Press Expeller Solvent
Ash % as is Mean 5.91 6.38 7.07
Crude Fibre % as is Mean 12.46 11.30 10.86
ADF % as is Mean 17.85 16.70 16.35
NDF % as is Mean 26.34 23.65 24.07
Bulk Density kg/hl Mean 58.6 59.3 52.4
CHO % as is Mean 9.62 9.87 10.46
Glucosinolates umoles/g Mean 7.93 4.51 1.73
Sinapine g/kg Mean 9.32 9.84 7.92
Linoleic Acid % as is Mean 2.73 2.31 0.87
Other – Tannins, Minerals, Amino Acids, Fatty Acid Profile, Phytate P
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Glucosinolates Seed vs Meal
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
Seed %
Mea
l % Solvent
Expeller
Canadian Canola Meal Glucosinolates ave. 16 umoles/g
Rapeseed Meal 120 -150 umoles/g
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Gross reactive lysine content was shown to be a good indicator of true ileal digestible reactive lysine content (and thus the degree of heat damage) van Barneveld et al 1999
Capacity to utilise NIR calibrations to quantify the extent of heat damage upon protein quality
Effect of Processing upon Protein Quality
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Canola meal lysine content (g/kg, air-dry)
Cold-pressed Expeller Solvent
van Barneveld et al 1999
Total Lysine 17.41 17.25 18.70
Reactive Lysine 13.00 10.88 11.38
Reverted Lysine ‘heat damaged’
25.3% 36.9% 39.1%
2006 AOF/Pork CRC
Total Lysine 20.68 19.58 20.17
Reactive Lysine 17.80 15.46 15.42
Reverted Lysine ‘heat damaged’
13.9% 21.0% 23.5%
8-12% Lysine ‘loss’ due to heat processing
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Processing Conditions
Seedcake expeller exit temp 53 - 122°C Cold Press through to high temp processing
Desolventising toaster exit temp 98 - 115°C
Expeller plants use heat and pressure to expel oilSolvent plants use solvent extraction to increase oil recovery.
Heat damage is occurring in both expeller and DT areas.
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
1. Identification of Canola Meal Quality Variation
Work with crushers to address variation - AOF
2. Reactive Lysine NIR Calibration
Enhanced Reactive Lysine NIR calibration
Lower cost method of assessing canola meal quality
Tool for further work in crushing plants
3. Industry Canola Meal Nutritional Guide
Publication of results for dissemination to Australian animal feed industries
Detailed analysis results for use in feed formulation
Research Outcomes
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Stage 2 – Subject to funding approval
1. Optimising processing conditions at crushing plants – canola meal
a) On site modifications – crusher co-oper.
b) Meal quality rapidly assessed at low cost – NIR
2. Livestock trials to validate data
a) Pigs (poultry, cattle)
b) Protein digestibility & energy
3. Publication of guidelines for crushers
4. Extension to assess imported soybean meal quality
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Enhancing the value of sorghum for pigs
1b 101-105
John BlackPork CRC subprogram 1b coordinator
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Energy value of grains for animalsEnergy value of grains for animals
Cereal grains are fed to livestock as a source of energy
– Available (digestible energy) content (MJ/kg)– Intake (kg/d) influenced by rate of passage
– Available energy intake (MJ/d) – total energy available for production
Available energy expressed as:DE for pigs, but proportion digested in small intestines is
important for determining total energy available
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Premium Grains for Livestock ProgramPremium Grains for Livestock Program
Grains vary widely in DE
Range in DE (MJ/kg DM) for pigs
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
12.4-15.0 10.6-14.7 12.3-16.5 15.5-16.6
Variation in DE 3-4 MJ/kg; less for sorghum
Sorghum has highest DE
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Sorghum digested differently in Sorghum digested differently in pigs compared with poultrypigs compared with poultry
Pigs Broilers
Ileal DE 13.0 16.1
Faecal DE/AME 16.4 15.9
Ileal/faecal 0.85 1.01
• Broilers digest more energy from sorghum in small intestine
• Opportunity to increase digestion of sorghum in small intestine of pigs & gain 1-2MJ/kg in available energy
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
PGLP ResultsPGLP Results
Pigs - Mean grain DE
12
13
14
15
16
17
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
Gra
in D
E (
MJ/
kg D
M)
Mean intake of 7 kg pigs
0.050
0.150
0.250
0.350
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
Inta
ke (
kg/d
)
Mean DE intake for 7 kg pigs
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
DE
inta
ke (M
J/d
)
No correlation between DE and intake
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Protein Matrix SorghumProtein Matrix Sorghum
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Protein Matrix SorghumProtein Matrix Sorghum
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Research strategiesResearch strategies
1. Goals:• Increase digestion of sorghum starch in SI of pigs• Increase intake of sorghum based diets• Improve energy value of DDGS from ethanol production
2. Research Strategies:• Select from ~ 200 lines grown in different environments samples with
highest starch digestibility and intake
3. Deliverables:• Identify sorghum lines with enhanced value for pigs and ethanol • DNA markers for breeding high value sorghum for pigs & ethanol• NIR calibrations for identifying high starch availability, intake and
high energy DDGS• Processing methods, including enzymes, for improving sorghum value
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Micro-waved sorghum
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Name: Avril FinnMasters of Tropical Animal ScienceJames Cook University, Townsville
Start Date: February 2006
Title: Improving utilisation of
sorghum grain by pigs through feed
additives
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Improving utilisation of sorghum grain by pigs through feed additives
Sorghums to be selected and assessed by:
• NIR
• Weaner trials
• Grower trials
• Ileal and faecal DE
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Additives to be tested for improving sorghum :
• Enzymes – protease, amylase and phytase
• Emulsifier (with surfactant properties) in combination with enzyme;
• Copper sulphate
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Weaner trial
• 7.5kg pigs
• 3 week feeding
• 20 pigs / treatment
• 32 treatments / grains
• At QAF
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Preliminary ResultsPreliminary ResultsFeed conversion ratio
Grain Type Grain
Id Predicted FCR (0 & 21 days)
Sorghum (Liberty) 7856 1.286 bcdefg Triticale 6826 1.283 bcdefg Barley 3757 1.277 bcdef Wheat 1754 1.276 bcdef Barley 3756 1.254 abcde
Triticale 6828 1.248 abcd Wheat 1841 1.246 abcd Wheat 1727 1.237 abc Barley 3868 1.235 abc
Wheat (Durum) 1757 1.229 abc Wheat 1753 1.226 abc
Triticale 6825 1.203 ab Triticale 6824 1.098 a
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Preliminary ResultsPreliminary Results
Rate of gain
Grain Type Predicted Value Wheat 0.4356 b
Triticale 0.4353 b Barley 0.4259 b
Sorghum 0.3725 a
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Novel Feed Materials for the Australian Pig Industry
Sub program 1C.
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
CRC Sub-Program 1c
• What is the potential for novel feed ingredients?
• Wider range of feed ingredients • More reliable, consistent and cost
competitive energy and protein supplies• Reduce variation and average feed costs
for the pig industry
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Starting point
• Two separate reports commissioned• Experience and contacts in respective fields
1. “Novel and alternative feeds for use in the pig industry in Australia”– Victorian Department of Primary Industries
– Cherie Collins, Ray King, Frank Dunshea, Paul Eason, Chris Hofmeyr
2. “Review of promising novel crops for pigs”– Queensland Department of Primary Industries and West
Australian Department of Agriculture
– Danny Singh, John Kopinski and Jay Kim, Bruce Mullan
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Novel feeds workshop: priority areas
Novel by-products:1. DDGS
2. Glycerine/biodiesel
3. Regional analysis of needs & opportunities
4. Fruit & vegetable waste
5. Food waste treatment
6. Dairy sludge
• Novel crops:• Pearl millet• Pearl lupins• Root crops• Forage crops and
styloanthes• ANF management
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Areas for immediate focus
1. DDGS2. Pearl Millet3. Desk top studies
a) Regional analysis of needs & opportunitiesb) Fruit and vegetable wastec) Root and forage cropsd) Pearl lupinse) Food waste treatment and management
4. Glycerol5. Dairy sludge
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
1.Ethanol production and DDGSCereal grain Wheat, sorghum, corn
Ethanol Process Overview
alpha amylase enzyme
CO2
Yeast and
Glucoamylase
Enzyme
w hole stillage
thin stillage
coarse solids
Feed Industry Co-products
GrainCleaning
Hammermill Mix SlurryLiquefaction
Cooker
Centrifuge Evaporator
Fermentation
Dist illat ion
Ethyl Alcohol
Cond. DistillersSolubles
Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles
Distillers Wet Grains
Rotary Dryer
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Dried Distillers Grains & Solubles
• Highest priority material– Potential scale of industry?– Legislated inclusion of ethanol or industry
subsidies will affect the overall scale
• Competition for grain and likely upward effect on energy costs
• Significant supply of DDGS as a by-product
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Ethanol industry players
• Manildra, Nowra NSW is the only current working plant of scale– Australian Ethanol Ltd promoting another working
plant in Southern NSW inside 2 years– Numerous other proposed plants throughout
eastern Australia
• Ethanol Producers Association• Understand and influence the development
of the ethanol industry to benefit the pig industry
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
What we do & don’t know about DDGS
• More than one waste stream– Dried distillers grains– Solubles (liquid)
• Number of grains can be used as feedstocks– Potential for different quality/value
• Manufacturing process involves some heating and drying
• Sometimes blended with dry materials
• Will there be differences between manufacturing plants?
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
What we do & don’t know about DDGS
• Colour, protein, nutrient content, availability and handling properties can change substantially
• Process concentrates residual components of the grain– Fibre– Gums– Mycotoxins?
• Accuracy of book values??– Lack of independent values for Aust. material
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Future CRC Programs 1.
• Collect DDGS from various feedstocks and plants– Establish accepted feeding values– Establish appropriate economic values
• Grain varieties that maximise the quality of DDGS - GRDC
• Develop quality programs and rapid analysis techniques (NIR) to measure quality/value
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Future CRC Programs 2.
• Establish maximum inclusion rates for various class of pigs
• Investigate enzymes and technology to maximise feeding value
• Quantify mycotoxin load• Establish working relationships within the
Ethanol industry• Feasibility for importation of DDGS from
U.S.A
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
2. Pearl Millet
• Feeding values established and accepted
• Agronomic performance equivalent or better than sorghum
• Adoption by pig producers and crop growers has been poor
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
2. Pearl Millet - CRC focus
• Focus on adoption strategies and promotional tools
• Closed loop systems ideal– growers, agronomy, feed and pig
producers
• Develop breeding programs to increase stocks of higher yielding varieties
• Investigate potential for widening the growing area
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
3a. Regional analysis study.
• Majority of by-products and some crops tend to be region specific
• Likely to be different nutrient shortages and surpluses between regions
• Different unit cost cost pressures on a nutrient basis for pig diets throughout Australia
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
3a. Regional analysis study.
• Parametric studies to define nutrient costs for specific regions– Various classes of pig– Present and future
• Need model of supply and demand for all potential feed commodities– Dairy Aust., Meat and Livestock Aust. – Ethanol?
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
3b.Fruit and vegetable waste
• Large volumes of vegetable waste produced regularly– Citrus, apple/pear, tomato, grape, olive etc.– Volumes produced exceed capacity of ruminant
industry’s consumption– Typically considered poor feed value for
monogastrics
• Conduct review on potential for enzyme technology (new or near) to enable utilisation of vegetable waste
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
3c. Root and forage crops
• Crops with highest potential to decrease feed cost are those with highest yields– Root and forage crops tend to have high biomass– May have some specific regional agronomic
advantage– Maybe specific to certain class of pig– Have different management and handling
properties compared conventional materials
• A review on the feasibility of root and forage crops for feeding and handling prospects
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
3d. Pearl Lupins
• Dedicated feed grain
• High protein and oil content (low hull and high kernel content)
• Anti nutritional factors (alkaloid) appear to be a limiting factor
• Low alkaloid varieties tend to be lower yielding
• Small amount of grain available
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
3d. Pearl Lupins – CRC focus
• Obtain samples to conduct chemical analysis and determine alkaloid content
• Determine agronomic potential– trials in eastern Australia
• Expand crops availability through breeding programs– GRDC, Pulse Aust., WA Dept Ag
• Determine animal performance
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
3e. Food waste treatment
• Significant amount of food waste generated– High level of logistical and disposal
problems– Land fill restrictions
• APL and CRC to determine long term feasibility of undertaking partnerships in food waste management
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
4. Glycerol
• By-product of manufacturing biodiesel
• Relatively high in energy
• Small number of decentralised plants
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Established and supported under the Australian
Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program