Download - Ethics and Business Ethics

7/28/2019 Ethics and Business Ethics

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ETHICAL APPROACHES

JUSTICE

ETHICS OF CARE RIGHTS

UTILITARIANISM


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JUSTICE


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JUSTICE

Justice is the ideal, morally correct state of

things and persons.

It is based on individual moral rights.

Justice can be handled in three

subcategories which are distributive

justice, retributive justice, and

compensatory justice.


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JUSTICE

JUSTICE

DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE COMPENSATORY JUSTICE


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DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE

It is interested in the fair distribution of

societys benefits and burdens.

The main principle of distributive justice is;

If individuals are similar in the relevant

aspects, they should be given similar

benefits and burdens; if they are not, they

should be treated dissimilarly in proportionto their dissimilarity.


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RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE

All, and only, guilty people deserveappropriate punishment.

In order to maintain justice while punishing

the person, some criteria should be takeninto account. First, ignorant or unablepeople should not be punished. Second,there must be evidence of guilt. Finally,punishment system must be consistentand proportionate


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COMPENSATORY JUSTICE

It deals with just offsetting the loss of a

person who is wronged by others.

The rationale behind this theory is that the

person who damages someone else by

doing a wrong must compensate that

persons loss.


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Justice as Equality: Egalitar ianism

Each individual in the society or group

should be given exactly the equal shares

of benefits and burdens.

There are objections to this view claiming

that people do not have the same degree

in a single aspect and some

characteristics are disregarded like need,ability, and effort.


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Justice Based on Contribution:Capita list Jus t ice

What should be the basis of an individuals

share of benefits must be the contribution

to the society or group.

Work effort,productivity, and market

forces of supply and demandare the

terms argued by critics to measure the

value of contribution.


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Justice Based on Needs and Abilities:

Social ism

Peoples abilities should be the determiner ofwork burdens and theirneeds should be thedeterminer of benefits.

Potential, which is a value, can only be realizedby exercising ability so burdens should bedistributed considering abilities.

There is an opposing argument claiming that if

needs, not effort, determine benefits, there willbe no motivation to strive which will declineproductivityin return.


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Justice as Freedom: Libertar ianism

Free individual choices are the cornerstone of

the libertarian view of justice according to Robert

Nozick, a famous libertarian.

Freedom from coercion is the right of everyindividual. If an individual is forced to do

something, it is unjust.

This argument completely disregards people

needs counting freedom from coercion supreme

over anything.


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Justice as Fairness: Rawls

According to John Rawls, two principles should be usedto distribute the benefits and burdens of a society justly.

First principle, called asprinciple of equal liberty, statesthat each individual has a right to protect his/her liberties

from invasion by others. Second principle consists of two parts. First part, called

as difference principle, says that although there will beinequalities in the society, most needy people should begiven special importance unless this causes everyone

get worse than before. Second part, called asprinciple offair equality of opportunity, argues that every individualbe given an equal opportunity to qualify for the moreprivileged positions in societys institutions.


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ETHICS OF CARE


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ETHICS OF CARE

People have an obligation to exercise special

care toward those particular persons with whom

we have worthy close relationships. This theory

is known as ethics of care. Feminist ethicists, Carol Gilligan mostly, have

developed this theory. They claim that women

approach ethical issues from a nonindividualistic

focus on relationships and caring.


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ETHICS OF CARE

Sometimes care and justice contradictswith each other.


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RIGHTS


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RIGHTS

A rightis an individuals entitlement tosomething.

If this entitlement may be derived from a

legal system that allows the person tobehave in a certain way, it is called a legalright.

Rights can also be the consequences ofmoral standards. In this case, they arecalled as moral rights orhuman rights.


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RIGHTS

Rights can be understood in several ways.

They can be interpreted as absence of

prohibitions,authority, orexistence of

prohibitions.


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RIGHTS

MORAL RIGHTS

They are tightly correlated with duties

because what is ones right is anothers duty.

Moral rights enable individuals in the free

trace of their interests.

Moral rights constitute a basis for justifying

ones actions and for invoking the protectionor assistance of others


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THE BASIS OF RIGHTS

Utilitarians argue that moral rights exist

because their existence maximizes utility.

However, right is an entitlement and it

should be regardless of utility

maximization so there should be another

source of moral rights


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THE BASIS OF RIGHTS

Immanuel Kant (Categorical Imperative)

Everyone has a moral right to suchtreatment and everyone has again the

correlative duty to treat others in this way.


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KANTS CATEGORICAL

IMPERATIVE

1) An action is morally right for a person if

that person is absolutely sure that s/he

will approve the same action of another

person.

2) An action is morally right if a person does

not use other people as means to attain

his/her interest but respects them.


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UTILITARIANISM


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UTILITARIANISM

Utilitarianism is a general term which

argues that actions and policies should be

evaluated on the basis of the benefits and

costs they will have on society.

Correct action is the one producing the

greatest net benefits orlowest net costs.


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UTILITARIANISM

Utilitarian approach requires a three-step

process.

List the alternative actions to be applied in a

certain situation

Measure all costs and benefits of all

alternatives

Subtract the benefits from the costs and findthe action with the net greatest benefits or net

lowest costs


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UTILITARIANISM

The net greatest benefit forall peopleaffected by the action, not just theperson

doing the action


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UTILITARIANISM

Utilitarianism has its origins in the works ofthe Greek philosopher Epicurus, but as aspecific school of thought, it was originally

proposed by Jeremy Bentham. From the principle of utility, Bentham

found pain and pleasure to be the onlyintrinsic values in the world: "nature hasput man under the governance of twosovereign masters: pleasure and pain."


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UTILITARIANISM

Some critics argue that it contradicts withboth justice and rights.

They say that while maximizing the gain of

society in an action, they engage in unjustactions or they violate some peoplesrights.

Utilitarians have developed an alternativeversion of utilitarianism, which is rule-utilitarianism.


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RULE-UTILITARIANISM

The theory of rule-utilitarian is composed

of two principles.

An action is ethically right if and only if it

would be required by correct moral rules.

A moral rule is correct if and only if the sum

total of utilities produced if everybody to follow

that rule is greater than the sum total utilitiesproduced if everyone to follow some

alternative rule.


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UTILITARIANISM

It targets the net greatest benefit for all

people affected from the action.

People affected from this action have a

stake in this decision. In other words, they

are the stakeholders of this action.

Enterprises should not disregard this

approach in their businesses in todays

highly competitive world.


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Niccol Machiavelli 1469-1527

An Italian politician philosopher best

known for his work "The Prince detailing

his theory of government and maxims ofpractical statecraft suggesting certain

principles of conduct specifically: cunning,

duplicity, or bad faith.


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The main theme of this short book is that

all means may be resorted to for the

establishment and preservation ofauthority and that the worst and most

unethical and unreliable acts of the ruler

are justified by the wickedness of thegoverned. Machiavelli principles have

more to do with the efficient management

of government, making management andcontrol priority over morality


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WHAT IS ETHICAL CODE?

Ethic codes is the total of behavior principles

specific to each organization. These principles

help employees understand, what these rules

are, in what way they affect their behaviors, whatkind of sanctions there are if they do not obey

these rules

Ethic codes provide a framework for employees

to approach work life and organizationalfunctioning with a pragmatic view.


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HOW IS ETHICAL CODE

DEVELOPED?

Developing ethical code, it will be helpfulto apply a democratic and participative

method and to make code prepared by a

committee selected through election.


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The ethical program to ensure that ethical

behaviors are implemented in an

organization is composed of the 12 steps.


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1.Vision Statement

2.Values Statement3.Organizational Ethic Principles

4.Ethic Officials

5.Ethic Committees

6.Ethic Communication Strategy7.Ethic Education

8.Ethic Help Line

9.Assessment and Awarding

10.Supervision and Monitoring11. Performance Measurement

12.Ethic Leadership


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HOW IS ETHICAL CODE

IMPLEMENTED?

1. The contribution of organization

2. Motivation

3. Communication4. Associating culture with ethics