DOE MICROGRID WORKSHOP, IIT Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation, Chicago, July 30-31, 2012
EU Microgrids Projects
Prof. Nikos Hatziargyriou
National Technical University of Athens,
Vice Chair and Deputy CEO, PPC, Greece
211 SmartGrids related projects running in EU27
at a total investment of 5 b€ (source : European Commission JRC)
e.g. in Germany
“E-energy – ICT
based Energy System
of the Future”,
6 Lighthouses
(2008-2013), 140 M€
DOE MICROGRID WORKSHOP, IIT Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation, Chicago, July 30-31, 2012
FP6 Areas
Nr of
projects
Total budget
(M€)
EC funding
(M€)
Sustainable Energy Systems
33 137,5
78,3
Information Society Technologies
5 29,3
15,1
Scientific Support to Policies
5 4,1
3,5
SMEs Research Activities
1 2,4
1,4
International Cooperation (INCO)
8 10,7
8,1
Research and Innovation
2 2,9
1,9
Marie Curie Host Fellowships
1 1,6 1,6
Total Electricity 55 188,5 109,9
FP6 Funding of Electricity projects (2002-2006)
MICROGRIDS Project (FP5)
•GREAT BRITAIN • UMIST
• URENCO
•
•PORTUGAL • EDP
• INESC
•
•SPAIN
• LABEIN
•NETHERLANDS
• EMforce
•GREECE
• NTUA
• PPC /NAMD&RESD
• GERMANOS
•
• GERMANY • SMA
• ISET
•FRANCE • EDF
• Ecole des Mines de Paris/ARMINES
• CENERG
“Large Scale Integration of Micro-Generation to Low Voltage Grids
• ARMINES
•CENERG
• ISET
• ICCS / NTUA
•GERMANOS
• EDF
•SMA
•UMIST
•URENCO
•PPC/NAMD&RESD
•LABEIN
•14 PARTNERS,
•7 EU COUNTRIES
•INESC
EDP
http://www.microgrids.eu Budget: 4.5M€
DOE MICROGRID WORKSHOP, IIT Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation, Chicago, July 30-31, 2012
“Large Scale Integration of Micro-Generation to Low Voltage Grids Contract : ENK5-CT-2002-00610
Budget: 8M€
MORE MICROGRIDS Project (FP6)
DOE MICROGRID WORKSHOP, IIT Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation, Chicago, July 30-31, 2012
Objectives
– Sophisticated control techniques for Distributed
Generators and Load Controllers
– Study of integration of several Microgrids into
operation and development of the power system.
Interaction with DMS.
– Field trials to test control strategies on actual
Μicrogrids
– Quantification of Microgrids effects on Power
system operation and planning
DOE MICROGRID WORKSHOP, IIT Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation, Chicago, July 30-31, 2012
Next generation Sunny Island
inverters, to deal with islanded mode
Intelligent Load Controllers
Monitoring: Data logging equipment
Off-grid settlement, 12 houses
Generation:
5 PV units connected via
standard grid-tied inverters.
A 9 kVA diesel genset (for
back-up).
Storage:
Battery (60 Volt, 52 kWh)
through 3 bi-directional
inverters operating in parallel.
Flexible Loads:
1-2 kW irrigation pumps at
each house
.
DOE MICROGRID WORKSHOP,IIT Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation, Chicago, July 30-31, 2012
• Test decentralized control in a real
environment with the aim to increase energy
efficiency
• Technical challenges of the Multi Agent
System – test negotiation process
• Test novel features in MAS implementation
including communication capabilities
• Test of new inverters
Technical Challenges
DOE MICROGRID WORKSHOP, IIT Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation, Chicago, July 30-31, 2012
System House
Batteries
Wi-Fi
PV
Diesel
Step 1: The agents identify the status of the environment
Step 2: The agents negotiate on how the share the available energy
DOE MICROGRID WORKSHOP, IT Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation, Chicago, July 30-31, 2012
Intelligent Load Controllers
In each house an
ILC is installed:
• Windows CE 5.0
• Intel XscaleTM
PXA255
• 64MB of RAM
• 32MB FLASH
Memory
• Java VM
• Jade LEAP
The shedding procedures start later
In this case the frequency if almost 52Hz. This is an indication that the batteries are full and the PV inverters via the droop curves limit their production.
Technical Lessons learned • Fully satisfactory performance of the Load Controllers with
embedded processors to host the agents.
• Novel techniques successfully tested, such as: negotiation
algorithms, wireless communication, CIM based ontology etc...
• Key issue the communication among the Load controllers.
Problems in Wi-Fi (due to humidity) and in the PLC (system
frequency near 52Hz) affected the system although this did not
affect the citizens.
• The Java applications require
a lot of memory
• Architecture too complex for
such small systems, but
offering great scalability.
Non-technical lessons learned
• MAS for energy optimization provides a technical limitation and protection of
the system to prevent over-use. This helps to maintain the good relationships
between the neighbours.
• Importance of involving or at least explaining to users negotiation process to
equally share the available energy - development of demonstration software
• Only a few of the residents of the settlement are
interested. The rest expect the full benefits of the
interconnected system
• The technical and economical aspects of system
operation are evaluated positively: the system works
quite reliably, users pay regularly, the maintenance
and repairs of the system are well organized.
DOE MICROGRID WORKSHOP, IIT Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation, Chicago, July 30-31, 2012
Potential for replication,
business case • Microgrids operation – the way to unlock the full benefits of DER in
isolated systems. The coordinated operation of several DGs and Loads
(Consumers) increases the efficiency and provide opportunities for better
network management.
• Decentralized MAS based control well suited to manage multitude of DERs
and flexible loads with conflicting objectives and different ownerships
• Decentralized control provides cheap solutions,
with low communication requirements,
without need for central operator
• The solution provides ‘plug and play’ capabilities
• The approach is suitable for large scale systems
The Bronsbergen Microgrid
Holiday park, Zutphen, NL
108 cottages with PV roofs
Installed solar power 315 kWp
Peak load 150 kW
Systems added:
Storage > Batteries + inverters
Control > MGCC and isolating CB
Monitoring > Battery mon. system
10 kV utility network
Dyn5400 kVA
630 A
200 A
LV feeder 1
200 A
LV feeder 2
200 A
LV feeder 3
200 A
LV feeder 4
batteryunit B
inverter B
batteryunit A
inverter A
automatic islanding and reconnection
switch
Objectives
1. Demonstrate stable islanded mode
2. Demonstrate automatic isolation from and reconnection to MV network
3. Demonstrate fault level sufficient to ride through MV fault and microgrid feeder
faults
4.Demonstrate reduced harmonic distortion, damping of resonances
5. Develop optimal energy management for service life optimization of battery
system
6. Demonstrate stable parallel operation of inverters
7. Black start demonstration
Technical challenges
Reduction of harmonics from PV systems
Microgrid-level island detection
Synchronizing the microgrid to the
public grid
DOE MICROGRID WORKSHOP, IIT Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation, Chicago, July 30-31, 2012
Non-technical challenges
Avoiding annoyance to the residents of the
park during installation and operation
Obtaining civil and environmental
permissions for the test site
Scarcity of formally certified staff for
supervision on safety during work
and tests
Technical lessons learned
• Power Quality was the toughest problem: Resonances successfully
damped, but traditional harmonics were overlooked
• Monitoring of as many parameters as possible is key
• Our strategy for island detection on microgrid level needs refinement. It
works but is rather blunt
• Droop mode is a perfect way of operating inverters in a plug and play
manner.
• Black start capability relies on a
short-circuit proof inverter.
Ours did an excellent job.
DOE MICROGRID WORKSHOP, IIT Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation, Chicago, July 30-31, 2012
Non-technical lessons learned • There was no space for a test shack or containers: We just
purchased one of the properties in the park and converted that
into a lab. Excellent choice both for staff and for avoiding
inconvenience to other residents
• Obtaining formal permissions takes at least a year
• Availability of qualified staff members has to be ensured from a
high level within the company
• Only a few of the residents in the park take interest. The rest
doesn’t want to be bothered
• A fine team is everything !
DOE MICROGRID WORKSHOP, IIT Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation, Chicago, July 30-31, 2012
Potential for replication,
business case • Network companies are only starting to understand the technical
potential of “smart storage”
• Performance of the equipment in Bronsbergen has been well
received by Dutch network operators, a second project now in
preparation will use a similar set-up
• First applications are now seen as grid-connected units for load
levelling and power quality improvement. Business case follows
from savings on network upgrading and reduced network losses
• Islanded operation is not considered as a short-term benefit in the
Netherlands because of high availability of the public network.
This may be viewed differently in other countries
DOE MICROGRID WORKSHOP, IIT Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation, Chicago, July 30-31, 2012
Economic
Benefits
Environmental
Benefits
Technical
BenefitsPeak Load
Shaving
Local Market
Value
Voltage
Regulation
Energy
Loss
Reduction
Reliability
Enhacement
Aggregation
Platform Value
Network
Hedging Value
GHG Reduction
Consumer
Micro-
SourceDSO
Microgrid Benefits by Criteria & Recipient
Identification of Microgrid benefits is a
multi-objective and multi-party coordination task
European Network Data
•Germany •Denmark
•Greece
Italy
Portugal,
rural UK
Poland
the Netherlands
FYROM
Portugal,
urban
RES and CHP
Energy in
Annual Local
Microgrid
Demand
Microgrid Dissemination Ratio in National Grids
Typical Microgrid Buildups for 2010,
2020, 2030, and 2040 Annual RES&CHP Share in Micogrid Local Energy Consumption
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
DE_U DE_R DK_U DK_R GR_U GR_R IT_U IT_R MA_U MA_R NL_U NL_R PL_U PL_R PT_U PT_R UK_U UK_R
2010
2020
2030
2040
Micogrid Dissemination Ratio in National Grid
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
DE_P DE_O DK_P DK_O GR_P GR_O IT_P IT_O MA_P MA_O NL_P NL_O PL_P PL_O PT_P PT_O UK_P UK_O
2010
2020
2030
2040
Summary of Technical Benefits from Microgrid
– ideal MS allocation
- A Microgrid could potentially offer (90% self supply): Energy loss reduction (~70% ± 20% loss reduction)
Mitigation of voltage variation (~50% ± 15% voltage regulation credit)
Peak loading (congestion) relief (~40% ± 12% peak reduction credit)
Reliability improvement
• Technical benefits can be either traded in a local service market between
MS and DSO or implemented as price signals
• Needs to achieve expected technical benefits:
Optimum dimensioning and allocation of Micro Sources
Coordinated multi-unit MS dispatch based on real time grid condition
Summary of Economic Benefits
A Microgrid could potentially offer (90% self supply):
Price reduction for end consumers (~35 ± 25 €/MWh maximum total
consumer benefit)
Revenue increment for Micro Sources (~60 ± 30 €/MWh maximum total
MS benefit)
Investment deferral for Distribution System Operators
Suggestions to achieve expected economic benefits:
Recognition of local (‘over-the-grid’) energy trading within a
Microgrid
Application of real-time import and export prices for Microgrids
RES support scheme and favorable tariffs (optional)
Summary of Environmental and
Social Benefits
Main environmental benefits:
Shift toward renewable or low-emission fuels used by internal
MS
Adoption of more energy efficient technologies such as CHP
Main social benefits:
Raise public awareness and foster incentive for energy saving
and GHG emission reduction
Creation of new research and job opportunities
Electrification of remote or underdeveloped areas