Exam 2 - Lessons 11-22
Review Slides
Lesson 11
WW II -- Global War, Global Strategy
Events
September 30, 1938 Chamberlain: “Peace for our time”
Peace For Our Timehttp://library.byu.edu/~rdh/eurodocs/uk/peace.html
"My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time... Go home and get a nice quiet sleep."
Japan’s Next StepAfter China
Two factions in Japanese government• “Northern” Faction (Northern Strike Group)
• Led by Army
• Favored move north into USSR
• “Southern” Faction (Southern Strike Group)
• Led by Navy
• Favored move south into Dutch East Indies
Events
July-August 1939 Battle of Khalkin Gol (Nomonhan)
• Japan abandoned northern strategy
Reader’s Companion to Military History: Khalkin Gol
Soviet victory
Significance:
• Turned south • Set up confrontation with US
• USSR able to divert resources toward the west and Germany• Established Gen. Georgi Zhukov as armor commander
Japan’s Path to War
Increase in Militarism in Japanese society
US moves Pacific Fleet to Hawaii (May 1940)
US embargos iron & steel exports to Japan (Sep 1940)
Vichy government accedes to Japanese request for bases in southern Indochina (July 1941)
US embargos shipments of oil to Japan (Aug 1941)
Great East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere declared (Aug 1940)
Move into northern French Indochina (Sep 1940)
Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis formed (Tripartite Pact, Sep 1940)
Miracle of Dunkirk
300,000+ rescued
Equipment abandoned
Events
March 16, 1935 Germany announces conscription, formation of new army units, navy ships and an air force
Germany occupies Rhineland, successfully challenging France
March 7, 1936
Italy invades Ethiopia; League of Nations imposes economic sanctions
October 3, 1935
Events
October 25, 1936
November 1936
January 17, 1937
July 7, 1937
November 5, 1937
March 12, 1938
Germany & Italy form Axis
Germany & Japan sign Anti-Comintern Pact
Hitler renounces Versailles Treaty
Sino-Japanese War begins
Hitler discusses secret plan for Lebensraum (“living space”)
Germany annexes Austria (Anschluss)
Events
September 3, 1939 Britain, France declare war on Germany
“Phony war” begins
Germany invades Denmark & Norway
Germany invades Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
April 9, 1940
May 10, 1940
September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland
May 27-29, 1940 Evacuation of Dunkirk
June 4-22, 1940 Battle of France
June 22, 1940 France Surrenders
Lesson 12
WW II -- Battle of Britain
Operation Sealion
* The Royal Navy had to be eliminated. * The Royal Air Force (RAF) air strength had to be eliminated. * British coastal defenses had to be destroyed. * British submarine action against landing forces had to be prevented.
Germans began planning for invasion in November 1939
Initial criteria for success:
Operation Sea Lion1940
German Plan
Source: Royal Air Force
Take control of the air Defeat the RAF
Isolate the invasion area Neutralize Royal Navy, destroy communications & defenses
Invade England Land Panzers to employ Blitzkrieg tactics
Battle of Britain1940
Preliminary June – 10 July
Phase I: Attacks on Coastal Shipping 10 July –12 August
Phase II: Attacks on Fighter Command (airfields & radar) 12 August – 6 September
Phase III: Attacks on London 7 September- 5 October
Phase IV: Night Attacks on London 6-31 October (officially)Source: Royal Air Force
The Fog of War
August 24, 1940 Luftwaffe bomber crews mistakenly bomb London• Residential area
RAF bombers hit Berlin industrial area in retaliation
Enraged, Hitler orders massive attacks against London and other British cities
Attacks on cities continue into the fall, switching to night raids after September 15th
Significance: Gave the RAF a critically needed breather
August 25
August 26
Battle of Britain
Factors
British use of radar (command & control)
German underestimation of RAF strength
British “home field” advantage
German loss of focus (Change of Objective)
Lesson 14
WW II -- Unrestricted Submarine Warfareand the Second Battle of the Atlantic
Allied Strategy
• Protect existing shipping
• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet
• Go on the offensive against the U-boats
Allied Strategy
• Protect existing shipping• Employ convoy system immediately
• Increase escort capability
Allied Strategy
• Protect existing shipping
• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet • Expand US shipbuilding industry
• Apply mass production techniques to shipbuilding
Allied Strategy
• Protect existing shipping
• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet
• Go on the offensive against the U-boats• Improve intelligence on U-boat operations
• Close Mid-Atlantic Gap
• Develop Hunter-Killer teams
Hunter-Killer Team
Lesson 15
WW II: America Enters the War
Japanese Situation
1936: Army began to gain upper hand in government of Japan
Goal: Make Japan preeminent in AsiaObjectives:
• Conquer China
• Expand into SE Asia for bases & raw materials
• Strengthen military
• Build war industry
• Improve air & sea transportation
Ref: Morton: Japans Decision for War Return to Japan’s Decision
Japanese Situation
Driving Concern: Make Japan self sufficient
Morton: Japans Decision for War
US, Britain, Netherlands control Japan’s oil
(particularly in oil)
Problem:
Japanese Options
Move North: Attack Soviet Union
Move South: Invade East Indies
Reach Accommodation with US
Morton: Japans Decision for War
Timeline
1910
1921
1931
1932
1936: Nov 25
1937: Jul 7
Nov 6
Dec 12
Japan colonizes Korea
League of Nations awards Japan control of former German possessions in Micronesia
Japan invades Manchuria
Japan establishes a puppet state, Manchukuo, in Manchuria
Japan & Germany sign Anti-Comintern Pact
Japan provokes incident with China, declares war
Italy joins Germany, Japan in Anti-Comintern Pact
Japanese planes sink gunboat USS Panay inYangtze River
Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II
Timeline
1937: Dec 14
1938: May 17
May 28
Nov 18
1939: Jul 26
Aug
Sep
Ludlow Amendment introduced in Congress
• Proposed Constitutional amendment to require popular referendum prior to entry into war
US Naval Expansion Act
• Goal: Full-strength two-ocean navy in 10 years
Japanese cabinet increases military presence
Japan: New Order in East Asia replaces Open Door
US: Will not renew 1911 trade pact with Japan
Japanese forces defeated by Soviets at Khalkin Gol (Manchuria)
War in Europe beginsKen Polsson: Chronology of World War II
Timeline
1940: Jul
Jul 25
Aug
Sep
Sep 26
Sep 27
Nov 11
New Japanese government discusses ways to exploit weakness of European powers in Asia
Roosevelt announces restrictions on shipment of petroleum & scrap iron to Japan
US analysts crack Japanese codes
Japan occupies northern French Indochina
US embargoes shipment of av gas, scrap iron, steel to Japan
Japan, Germany, Italy sign Tripartite Pact
Royal Navy aircraft attack Italian fleet at Taranto, Italy
Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II
Timeline
1941: Jul 24
Jul 26
Oct 17
Nov 20
Japan occupies all of French Indochina
US freezes all Japanese assets in US *
General Hideki Tojo becomes Japanese Premier
Sec State Hull, Japanese Ambassador Nomora begin talks: nations exchange final positions
Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II
* Key turning point
Timeline
1941: Nov 25
Nov 27
Dec 1
Dec 1
Dec 4
Dec 7
Japanese naval task force sails for Hawaii
US Pacific commanders warned to expect war at any time with attack likely in Philippines of SE Asia
Japan rejects US counter but asks to continue talks
Japanese naval task force directed to proceed with attack on Pearl Harbor, subject to recall
US intercepts coded Japanese message indicating attack on US assets imminent
0755: Attack on US forces on Oahu begins
The US and the Coming of World War II
Japan’s Decision for War
Japan’s Objective:
Shortage of oil was the key to Japan's Grand StrategyMajor consideration in preparing for war
Key reason for going to war
, yet
“Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”
Preeminence in Asia
Japan’s Decision for War
Japanese Strategy• Neutralize US Pacific fleet and threats from the Philippines
Felt US would be unwilling to pay cost of overcoming these defenses
Felt US would compromise, allow Japan the dominant position in Asia
• Establish defensive perimeter
• Use new resources to build capability to defend indefinitely
Japan’s Decision for War
Japanese Miscalculations
Calculated Risk or Risky Calculation?
One man’s limited war may be another man’s total war
Did not anticipate US reaction to Pearl Harbor attack
Assumed US would accept Japan’s limited war objectives
Assumed they could keep the war limited
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Breaks in our favor: Two aircraft carriers at sea
Submarines, fuel stores not attacked
Repair facilities intact
Lesson 16
WW II – Society At War: The Home Fronts
Lesson 17
WW II -- Combined Bombing Offensive
Total War
… and thus become legitimate military targets
Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory
Hugh BichenoOxford Companion to Military History
… and rules of war are ignored.
Automatic
Targeting Philosophy
U.S.: Daylight, high-altitude precision bombing against specific industrial targets
Together: Combined Bomber Offensive
British:Night area-bombing of cities
Strategic BombingChallenge
Selecting the most productive target setsInitially
• U-boat facilities
After June 1943
• Fighter aircraft
• Ball bearings
• Petroleum
Prior to D-Day
• Transportation
Critique of Bombing Campaign
Established a “Second Front”
Precision bombing: results disappointing
Impact on morale: ultimately telling
• German experience different from British during Blitz
"Bombing appreciably affected the German will to resist. Its main psychological effects were defeatism, fear, hopelessness, fatalism, and apathy. It did little to stiffen resistance through the arousing of aggressive emotions of hate and anger. War weariness, willingness to surrender, loss of hope in German victory, distrust of leaders, feelings of disunity, and demoralizing fear were all more common among bombed than among unbombed people."
US Strategic Bombing Survey, European War
Critique of Bombing Campaign
Established a “Second Front”
Precision bombing: results disappointing
Impact on morale: ultimately telling
Impact on war production
• German production increased through mid-1944
• Late decision to mobilization
• Fighter production displaced bombers
• 85% of US bombs dropped after D-day
• Influenced final ground war after January 1945Phillip S. MeilingerBogus charges Against AirpowerAir Force magazine, September 2002
Lesson 19
WW II -- Russo-German War
Operation BarbarossaSiege of LeningradSeptember 1941 - January 1944
872 days Soviet Dead: Red Army: 330,000+ Civilian: 1,000,000+
Siege of LeningradBattle of MoscowOctober 1941 - January 1942
Germans: 1,000,000 men, 1,700 tanks Soviets: 1,250,000 men, 1,000 tanks
Battle of MoscowBattle of StalingradAugust 1942 - February 1943
German-Soviet War
Until June 1944
• Soviet Union bore main thrust of German army
• Stalin pressed for Second Front
WW II -- Amphibious Warfare:The Normandy Campaign
Lesson 18
Dieppe Raid19 August 1942
Attempt to prove capability to seize and hold a port
Secondary:
• Gather intelligence and capture material
• Study German responses
• Draw the Luftwaffe into open battle
Lessons from Dieppe
Need:
• Specialized vehicles• Increased fire support
• Specialized landing craft
• Alternative to capturing a port
Mulberry Harbor
Nando Times
PLUTO
Isle of Wight
Isle of Wight to Normandy1.3 million gallons per day
Pipeline Under the Ocean
Robert Capa – National Archives
Weather
Weather was Eisenhower’s biggest concern on D-Day
Operation already had been postponed from June 5th
• Forces had been briefed, loaded, deployments begun
Lesson 19
WW II -- End of the War in Europe
Attacking GermanyThe Plan
British - Montgomery
US - Patton
Attacking GermanyThe First Problem: Logistics
Only Ports
September 1944
Logistics Challenges
Only operational ports: Cherbourg & Normandy beaches
Supply lines stretched over hundreds of miles
• Not enough trucks to fill pipeline and provide needed supplies
Units in combat required huge amounts of material• One division in combat required 700-750 tons/day
• Average of 28 divisions north of the Seine after Paris liberated
Problem: How to deliver the goods with the trucks available?
Attacking GermanyProblem: Who gets the supplies?
British - Montgomery
US - Patton
Operation Market-Garden
Combined (US-British) attempt to flank the Siegfried Line
• Operation Market: airborne assault to secure bridges
• Operation Garden: ground ops to relieve airborne within 4 days
Market-GardenAfter Thoughts
Underlined the precarious nature of all airborne assaults
Major considerations:Airlift available for initial insertion & resupply
Likelihood of timely relief by ground forces
Intelligence
Availability of fire support (organic or air)
WEATHER
Success = Good Planning & Luck!
Battle of the BulgeSituation, December 1944Objective of German Counteroffensive
Primary Objective: Capture port of Antwerp
Fall of Germany
TimelineSignificant Events in Liberation of Western Europe
6 Jun 44 Operation Overlord, invasion of Western Europe, begins
25 Jul 44 Operation Cobra & breakout from Normandy begins
25 Aug 44 Paris is liberated
17 Sep 44 Operation Market-Garden begins
16 Dec 44 Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes) begins
7 Mar 45 US Forces cross Rhine River at Remagen, Germany
7 May 45 Germany Surrenders
End