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March 2008Font: Arial (9 point), Win Researcher (14 point)PDF Format
www.existencemgz.wordpress.com
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Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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(Existence) udk zGJUwnfvmapaom taMumif;cHrsm;xJrS
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qHkrdjcif;onfvnf; ]zGJYwnf&m} (Existence) udk zGJYwnfapom
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owd&jcif;taMumif;^vufwurf; - ndKrif;c 1
vGrf;w,f - cdkifpdk;vif; 1
udk,fydkiftbd"mef - nDvif;ol 2
EIwfqufjcif; - vif;jymaEG 2
ewforD;ESifhuckefjcif; - Albert Mine 3
acgif;pOfrJh - autrfauZuf 4
pdwful;,OfyGifhopf - atmNrdKif 4
umwGef;zJGUwnf&m umwGef;zJGUwnf&m umwGef;zJGUwnf&m umwGef;zJGUwnf&m umwGef;zJGUwnf&m cartoon
jyefvnfqef;opfazmfjyjcif; - armifpdef 5
jyefvnfqef;opfazmfjyjcif; - atmfyDus,f 6
pdwful;zJGUwnf&m pdwful;zJGUwnf&m pdwful;zJGUwnf&m pdwful;zJGUwnf&m pdwful;zJGUwnf&m essay
uRefawmfESifhtcsdef - mm Thinker 7
olcdk; - rif;*½kPm 9
Or®wu - cdkifpdk;vif; 11
tnmjyef cHpm;rI - tnmom;armifarmif 42
uRefawmfESifh udef;*Pef;rsm; - vm&m 45
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okn eJY wpf - ql;&Sae 13
acgufqJGjyKwfESifh a&oefY - ausmfZifOD; 16
rSef + bDvl; - olvif;quf 17
tarSmifxJu ausmufacwf - au*Ref 20
rGef;wnfha&mif - ndKrif;c 22
wdwfwcdk; - pnfol 35
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csif;rdkif'dkif,m&D - [efopfNidrf 26
enf;ynmzJGUwnf&m enf;ynmzJGUwnf&m enf;ynmzJGUwnf&m enf;ynmzJGUwnf&m enf;ynmzJGUwnf&m IT
Photoshop Tutorial (3D Text) - MMPhotoshop 36
tjrifzJGUwnf&m tjrifzJGUwnf&m tjrifzJGUwnf&m tjrifzJGUwnf&m tjrifzJGUwnf&m movie review
ema&pGrf½kyf&Siftm; cHpm;jcif; - xGef;xGef;OD; 38
CONTENTS
CONTENTSrmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdum
ynm&yfynm&yfynm&yfynm&yfynm&yfzJGzJGzJGzJGzJGUwnf&m Uwnf&m Uwnf&m Uwnf&m Uwnf&m philosophy
jrefrmESifh acwfopf 0g'^0g'Drsm; - oifum 47
Deconstruction - bkef;jrifhOD; 52
ynm&yfzJGUwnf&m ynm&yfzJGUwnf&m ynm&yfzJGUwnf&m ynm&yfzJGUwnf&m ynm&yfzJGUwnf&m architecture
Deconstruction in Architecture - udkAdokum 53
okwzJGUwnf&m okwzJGUwnf&m okwzJGUwnf&m okwzJGUwnf&m okwzJGUwnf&m knowledge
urÇmausmf vQdKU0Sufcsufrsm; - azmfaumif 48
bmaMumifh - *sLyDwm 51
&nf&nf&nf&nf&nfñTef;ñTef;ñTef;ñTef;ñTef;zJGYwnf&m zJGYwnf&m zJGYwnf&m zJGYwnf&m zJGYwnf&m reference
udkoifum\ Zefe0g&D ydkYpf bavmh*f tñTef; 55
English Section
Existence cartoon
International Cartoon - Johnny Hart 60
International Cartoon - Charles M. Schulz 61
Existence poem
Don't look at me like that - Mobius 62
Existence short story
Phase in Space - Paul O' Neill 63
Honey, I Love You - Han Thit Nyeim 64
The Man Who Married Himself - Charlie Fish 65
Existence knowledge
Fortune Telling - Maung Kyaa Nyo 67
Existence research
A Note on the Development of the
Burmese Language - U Pe Maung Tin 69
1
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3
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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13
zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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14
zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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ql;&Sae
Salary of Kisses
Dear Sweetheart,
I can’t send my salary this month, so I amsending 100 kisses.
You are my sweetheartYour husbandAllen.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
His wife replied back after some days toher husband:
Dearest sweetheart,
Thanks for your 100 kisses, I am sendingthe expenses details.1. The Milk man agreed on 2 kisses forone month’s milk.2. The electricity man only agreed after 7kisses.3. Your house owner is coming every dayand taking two or three kisses instead ofthe rent.4. Supermarket owner did not acceptkisses only, so I have given him someother items...........5. Other expenses 40 kisses
Please don’t worry for me, I have aremaining balance of 35 kisses and I hopeI can complete the month using thisbalance.
Shall I plan same way for next months,Please Advise !!!
Your Sweet Heart.
aemufqHk;ay:aq;aemufqHk;ay:aq;aemufqHk;ay:aq;aemufqHk;ay:aq;aemufqHk;ay:aq;
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Joke
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16
zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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http://www.ngoinmyanmar.org
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
olvdkufíydwfvdkufonf/ xdkaemuf rjrifuG,f&mwGif
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
xdkw&m;a[mq&m\ rkwfqdwfonf qdwfwpfaumif\
rkwfqdwfESifhwlonf/ odkYaomf a&Ta&mifjzpfonf/
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olodonf/ olodonfudk
w&m;a[mq&mvnf; odyHk&onf/
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
csif;rdkif 'dkif,m&D (1)csif;rdkif 'dkif,m&D (1)csif;rdkif 'dkif,m&D (1)csif;rdkif 'dkif,m&D (1)csif;rdkif 'dkif,m&D (1)
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
em&Du olY&JUvufwHawGeJY
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rodbl;/ aocsmwmu bmvJ/
ààà
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nf&m no
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
tNyD;vkyfc d ki f ;aew,f? igtJvd krs d K ; pdwfnpf
pdwfaemufp&mawG rvdkcsifbl;[m}}
]]rrsdK;? uRefawmf wu,frodwmyg? aemufNyD;
tpfrwpfa,mufwnf;udk ydkYwmrS r[kwfwm}}
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igrBudKufbl;qdkwm eifodvsufom;eJY/ igu eifhqDu Mail
vmvdkY tm;emNyD;awmh zwfw,f/ NyD;awmh eiftJvdkvkyfwm
aumif;ovm;...}}
]]r[kwfygbl; rrsdK;&,f...}}
]]awmfNyD[m... wu,fqdk igu Illegally
apmfum;cHae&wm... igeifhudkajymzl;w,faemf... ighudk
tJvdkrsdL; cHpm;csufeJYywfouf&if...}}
]]'gayr,fh uRefawmfuawmh &yfvdk Yr&bl;
aemf... uRefawmfhb0u 'gawGeJY toufqufaewm?
NyD;awmh rrsdK;wpfa,mufwnf; udka&;aewmrSr[kwfwm}}
]]at;av... eif hbmomeifa&;csifa&;?
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ausmif;om;awGvnf; vmpm;wwfMuw,f/
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wu,f 0rf;enf;w,fAsm... uRefawmfu bmjzpfjzpf
uAsma&;w,f... tJ'Dvdk...}}
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pma&;q&mawGu NyD;&ifvnf; wd kufqd ki frI&S d&if
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cHpm;csu
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30
zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
uRefawmfhudk tJvdkrMunfhygeJYvdkU ajymvnf;r&
tJvdkra0zefygeJYvdkY ajymvnf;r&
'DrSm...
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tvkyfvkyfaeus/ 'DaeYnawmh pdwfvnf;npfaewmeJY
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w,f/ 'geJYyJ vG,faeus ausmydk;tdwf&,f uifr&m udk,lNyD;
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orD;av;wpfa,muf&Sdw,f/ udk0if;aZmf tckaewJh
taqmifuvnf; bD,mqdkifawG&JU a&SUwnfhwnfh qdkawmh
ol YtwGufu a&ueftoifh Mumtoifhvd kawmif
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oGm;ac: bD,maomuf/ rl;rl;eJY&ifzGifhaeus/ ajym&&if
csif;rdkifvdk ta0;wpfae&mrSm tazmfrufwJh olYtwGufawmh
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zefwD;rIudk tpfrzwfvdkY&atmif... tpfru rBudKuf&if
rBudKufbl;ajymvdkufaygh}}
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eifhudk... NyD;awmh rBudKufbl;vdkY jyef Reply vkyfvdkuf
jyef&ifvnf; eifupdwfqdk;OD;r,f? eifhzefwD;rIudk Appreciate
rvkyfbl; bmnmjzpfOD;r,f}}
]]r[kwfbl;av... uRefawmfh Mail u uAsmudk
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xyfrajymjzpfawmhbl;/ ]oGm;NyD} eJY ]wmhwm} qdkwJh
ar;xl;ac:ajymESpfcku vJG&ifaygh/
avmurSm toGm;eJY tjyefqdkwm&Sdw,fwJh/ vlrI
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jyefvmvdkY r&bl;vm;/ aocsmwmu bmvJ/
ààà
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
]]a[hvl... ydkifxl;? bmjzpfvmwmvJAs/
cifAsm;rsufESmMunfh&wm viykyf acG;acs;rSefxm;ovdk ½HIUrJY
rJarSmifvScsnfvm;As}}
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rrs d K;eJ Yrsm; uGmygh vd k Y twif;uma&m olY[mol
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]]rJqdk... rrsdK;eJY pum;rsm;vmvdkYAs}}
] ] jzpf jyef Ny D... cifAsm;wd k Yuvnf;
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cifAsm;wdkYacwfyJ}}
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xkwfoHk;zdkYenf;enf;rSrarh/
]][mAsm... vkyfNyD...}}
] ][m*sm... [m*sm... a[m*smawG
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]]ar;aep&mvdkvm;As? xHk;pHtwdkif; Cheer udk
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rdef;rtaMumif;aygh}}
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] ]a[hvl... usKy fud k rpeJ YAsm...
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
]]r&bl;Asm... ajymajym}}
]]aMomf... bmrS r[kwfygbl;qdk.../ olY File
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b,fvdk jzpfwmvJAs}}
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pum;awmif ajymcsifpdwfr&Sdbl; jzpfaeawmhwm...
usKyfvkyfcJhwJh tjypfawGaMumifhvm; rodygbl;Asm...}}
]]cifAsm;wdkYu tcspfprf;aeMuwmygAsm}}
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cHpm;csu
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
cifAsm; usKyfwdkYudk 0w¬Kwpfyk'fawmh a&;ay;Asm.../
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[efopfNidrf
(31-01-08)
http://www.myanmarblogdirectory.blogspot.com
cHpm;csu
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nf&m no
vel
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
odapcsifvdkufwmav/ uRefawmfh&ifxJ
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nf&m sh
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tory
36
zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
en
f;yn
mzJGUw
nf&m IT
Photoshop Tutorial - 3D Text
'D Tutorial uawmh Text wpfckudk 3D yHkpHav;&atmif
zefwD;MunfhrSmyg/ wu,fawmh Photoshop [m 2D
Composition awGeJYom tvkyfvkyfwJhtjyif Raster Image
awGudktajccHwJh software vnf;jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
3D tppfawmh jzpfr Smr[kwfygbl;/ yH kp Hwl& H kwif
jyKvkyfMurSmyg/
1) yxrOD;qHk;taeeJh Text wpfckudkt&if create vkyfygr,f/
2) tJ'D Text udk Layer Palette rSm Right Click vkyfjyD;
Rasterize Layer vkyfyg/ ( Layer>Rasterize>Type
vkyfvnf;&ygw,f)
3) Foreground udkteD eJY Background udkawmh t0ga&mif
av;a&G;xm;&atmif/
4) Layer Palette rSm pmom; Layer tm; Ctrl + Click
vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh Layer &Jh{&d,mudk Select vkyfyg?jyD;&if
Gradient Tool oHk;jyD;awmh tJ'D Layer udk b,frSnmodkY
ta&mifjc,fyg/ ( Gradient Preset udkawmh Foreground to
Background eJY Liner Gradient yJa&G;xm;ygw,f) /
Tutorial by: MMPhotoshop
37
zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
Deselect vkyfyg (Ctrl+D)/ 'gqdk&ifyHkrSmygwJhtwdkif;jrif&ygjyD/
'gu Layer wpfckxJ&Sdygao;w,f/
5) aemufquf&rSmu tJ'D Layer udk Duplicate vkyfyg/
(Layer Palette wGifxdk Layer tm; Right Click ESdyfjyD;
Duplicate Layer udka&G;yg/ Duplicate Layer Option dialog
wGif OK ESdyfyg)
6) Move Tool udka&G;yg? 'gayr,fh 'D Layer udk Mouse
eJhra½TUbJ Keyboard rS UP Arrow wpfcsufESifh LEFT Arrow
wpfcsufESdyfyg/ pmom;av;[m tay:eJYnmbufudk
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7) tay:qHk;u pmom; Layer udkyJ Duplicate vkyfjyD;
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8) 'Dtwd ki f;y J tay:qH k;u Layer awGud k 7
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uyfygOD;/ xkxnfyH kav;xGufvmygjyD/ 'gayr,fh
tvif;tarSmifav;yg xnfhvdkuf&ifydkaumif;vmrSmyg/
9) Layer Palette rSmtay:qHk;u pmom; Layer udk select
vkyfyg? Ctrl+L udkESdyfjyD; Levels Dialog box udkac:yg/ Slider
udkb,fbufodkh tenf;i,fuyfjcif;jzifh ta&mifydkazG;
wufvmygvdrfhr,f/ ESpfoufaomyrmPa&mufvQif OK
udkESdyfyg/
10) tck 'kwd,ajrmuf Layer udk Select vkyfyg/
oluaeatmufqHk;u pmom; Layer txdudk Link vkyfyg/
yHkwGifMunfhyg/
jyD;&ifxdk Link vkyfxm;aom Layer tm;vHk;udk (Ctrl+E)
udkESdyfjyD; Merge Linked vkyfyg/ xdkYaemuf Ctrl+L udkESdyfjyD;
Levels udkac:ygOD;? 'Dwpfcgawmh Slider udknmbufodkh
tenf;i,foGm;jy D; ta&mifud kr Jwufvmapyg/
rdrdESpfoufaom taetxm;wGif OK ESdyfyg/
þenf;tm;jzifhvSyaom 3D Text rsm;udk tvG,fwul
jyKvkyfEdkifygw,f/
'D oifcef;pmudk Photoshop tutorials rsm;tm; jrefrmvdk
avhvmEdkifaom MM Photoshop rS contribute vkyfygonf/
MMPhotoshophttp://mmphotoshop.net
en
f;yn
mzJGUw
nf&m IT
38
zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
cJhwJhESpfv,fykdif;avmufu befaumufykdUpf
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taMumif; crf;crf;em;em;&kduful; aewJh &kyf&Sif
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39
zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
tultnD ,lcJ h Ny D ; jrefrmEk di fi HtwGif;e J U
e,fpyfa'oawGukdvnf; oGm;a&muf avhvmcJhw,fvkdU
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
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emrnfausmfacwf NydKif*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif; umvwGif
NrdKUav;ua&m rnfonfhzG HUNzdK; wkd;wufrI vrf;
aMumif;ay:a&muf aeovJ[k pOf;pm; Munhfrdaom
tcg.../
xHk;pHtwkdif; NrdKUav;wGif ESpf&ufxufykdNyD;MumMum
raeEkdif/ &efukefjyefrnhfaeUu oJacsmif;ukdjzwfí
um;*dwfuk d qif;awmh rsufESmcsi f;qk di fu
jcpfjcpfawmufylaeaom tnmaEG&JU rGef;vGJaeu
uRefawmhf&ifxJtxd ylaeonf/
tnmom;armifarmif
http://www.thewhiterainbow.blogspot.com
armifrsdK; rif;rrSm;rD ararrdefYrSmr,f
armifrsdK;... rrl;rD? rarhrD... rSwfrSwf... rif;rdef;r armfarmf NrdK;NrdK;jrufjrufrsm; jrifrSjrif? rsm;rSjrwfrSjrif/
armfarmfrSm rif; armrSmrdkY? rSm;rSmrdkY rar;rjref;? rar;rjrL/
rif;rSwf? armifrsdK; rSwf... arar rSmr,f? rdefY>rufr,f/
armfarmfhrSm armrSarm... arNrdKUrSm arsmufrsm;? jrif;rsm;arG;NrL... jrdwfrS rJrJarSmifarSmif rdI? jruf? rufref;rsdK;rsm;rSm...
ajrmif;jrrS rQpf? arQmh? a>r rsm;rSm... rkefYrIefYref... rD;NrdSKuf? rD;jrSif;...
arsmufrsm;? jrif;rsm;? arsmufarG;? arsmufNrD;? jrif;arG;? jrif;NrD;rsm;? rufref;? rId? rQpf? arQmh? a>rrsm; rdk;rrdrD jrpfrS jrefjrefarQm/
rif;rdef;rarmfharmfhrSm jrefrSjref... jrifrSjrif/
armifrsdK;? rsm;rsm;rSwf rif;rSwfrS/ rif;rSm jrifhjrifhrm;rm; jrifhjrifhjrwfjrwf rrSef;... rdef;r rjrif? rIefrIefrdIif;rdIif;... rlrrSef?
rdk;rarSmifrD NrdefYNrdefYrl;r,f? rdef;rrmefrJr,f... arar rsufjrifrSrsufjrif/
rSm;r,f... armifrsdK; rif;rSm;r,f... rif;.... ajrrsdKrSm? rif;rrSm;rD arar rdefYrSmr,f rSefrSefjrif... armifrsdK;/
[efopfNidrf[efopfNidrf[efopfNidrf[efopfNidrf[efopfNidrf
The White RainbowtjzLa&mifoufwefYtjzLa&mifoufwefYtjzLa&mifoufwefYtjzLa&mifoufwefYtjzLa&mifoufwefY
Creation]armifrsdK;ararh rdefYrSmrI}
pdw
ful;zJGUw
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say
45
zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
&ufydkif; avmufu uRefawmfqDudk ol
i,fcsif; wpfa,ufu tD;ar;vf wpf apmif
ydkUvdkufw,f/ aemuf pmxJrSm tquftpyf
r&Sd 'DaeY ]7.7.07} [ vdkY xnfha&;xm;awmh bmvJ[
vdkY awG;rdoGm; w,f/ tJ'g bmvJjyefar; vdkufawmh
'grsdK;u wpfoufrS wpfcg vdkY ajymygw,f/
atmf 'gqdk&ifawmh *Pmef;awG wlwmudk
ajymwmyJ/ *Pef;wlwmrsm; txl;tqef;vkyf&w,f
ayghaemf/ (ckus tJ'DvdkrsdK; awG;rdoGm;wmaygh) ausmif;
wkef;uawmh *Pef;awGtay: udk,fvnf; &k;oGyfcJh
wmyJ/ armif;aewJh um;awG&JU eHygwfawG tajy;tvTm;
zwf? b,favmuf&ovJwGuf... ][m... bl...
uGJjyefo[} eJU/ aemufydkif; vkyfief;cGifxJa&muf?
tcsdefu ukefrSef;rodukef? *Pef;awGtay: &l;oGyfwm
vnf; arhoGm;w,f/ aemufqHk; &ufawG vawG
ESpfawGawmif wpfcgwpfav arhoGm;wJh txdygyJ/
aemufrSoli,fcsif;u 'D ]07.07.07} *Pef;
awG&JUaemufuG,frSm t"dyÜm,fawG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f?
eifajymwm usefao;w,fqdkawmh xl;qef;jyefa&m/
Zlvdkif 7 &ufu bmrsm; xl;jcm;ygvdrfh/ bmawGudk rsm;
ajymif;vJapEdkifygvdrfh/ b,folawGudkrsm; atmifjrif
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aemufqHk; olu eifrodvJ aemufwpfa,muf
ar;Munfh[mvdkY pdwfaygufaygufeJY ajymawmh aemuf
wpfrsdK; pOf;pm;rdjyefa&m/
atmf... 'D&ufydkif;yJcl;rSmrsm; a&BuD;wJh udpö
ajymwmrsm;vm; rodbl;vdkY tawG;e,f csJUjyefa&m/
aemufrS tif;...yJcl; a&BuD;wm? vlawG 'ku©
a&mufwmawmh rSefygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tJ'g qdkvdkwm
r[kwfavmufyg bl;/
aemufqHk; *sme,fwpfapmif zwfrSyJ
oabmayguf oGm;w,f/ udk,fhudkudk,f vnf;
tjypfwifrdw,f/ awmfawmf ydef;wJh igyg vm;/
'DvdkrsdK; ]07.07.07} xyfzdkYqdkwm ESpf
wpfaxmifMumrS wpfMudrfxyfEdkifwm qdkwmrsdK;? ckESpf
*Pef;u odyfjrifhjrwfw,f qkdygw,f/ EdkifiHjcm;rSm 'D
*Pef;udk odyf&l;oGyfw,f qdkygw,f/ tJ'DaeYrSm
vufxyfzkdYapmifhaewJh ZeD;armifESHawG wef;pDaeMu
wmyJ wJh/ rkefYyGJ [if;yGJawGawmif ckESpf*Pef;udkyJ
toHk;jyKw,f qdkw,f/ tar&duef EdkifiHwpf0ef;rSm
'D&ufrSm vufxyfMuwJh pHkwGJaygif; ckESpfaomif;ausmf
&Sdw,fwJh/ ('D&ufudk tjrwfxkwfwJh pD;yGm;a&;orm;awG
uRefawmfESifh udef;*Pef;rsm;uRefawmfESifh udef;*Pef;rsm;uRefawmfESifh udef;*Pef;rsm;uRefawmfESifh udef;*Pef;rsm;uRefawmfESifh udef;*Pef;rsm;
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pdw
ful;zJGUw
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say
46
zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
enf;rSm r[kwfbl;/)
tJ'DawmhrS 'D*Pef;tay: vlawG&JU&l;oGyfrIudk
owdxm;cJhrdw,f/ b,favmuf &l;oGyfMuovJ
ajym&r,f qdk&if ]urÇmh acwfopf tHhcsD;zG,f&m ckESpfck
a&G;cs,fwJh? aMunmwJhaeYudk Zlvdkif (7) &ufaeYrSm
usif;ycJhwmudk pOf;pm;Munfh&if &l;oGyfrIu aMumuf
cref;vdvdyJaygh/ atmifbmavxDzGifhr,fh &ufyg wcsdKU
EdkifiHawGu owfrSwfxm;jyefw,f/
pmapmifawGxJu tqdkawGt& ckESpf
*Pef;[m arSmfqefNyD; tav;teufxm;wJh oabm
aqmifw,f qdkw,f/ olu &kyf0w¦KoauFw (4) eJY
pdwf0dnmOfoauFw (3) udk aygif;pyfxm; w,fvdkY
qdkw,f/
*Pmef;awGtay: tawmfBuD; &l;oGyfMuwJh
olawGu *Pef;awG[m vlawG&JUb0udk pdk;rdk;jc,fvS,f
w,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ uRefawmfhudkvnf; ,Hkovm;vdkY
ar;&if ,Hkw,fvdkU ajz&rSmyJ/ ajym&&if uRefawmf
uawmh ckESpf *Pef; xufpm&if &Spf*Pef;eJY av;
*Pef;udk ydkBudKufw,f/ uRefawmfhckHeHygwf (4)
'grSr[kwf (8) *Pef;uswJhtcsdefrSm uHaumif;avh
&Sdw,f/ twef;rSmvJ pmaumif;aumif; &dk;vfeHygwf
aumif;aumif;eJU atmifw,f/ aemuf uRefawmfwdkU
uGefysLwm ausmif;rSmvnf; qGJaqmifrI&SdwJh ausmif;ol
wpfa,mufudk ]Group -8} vdkY ac:cJhzl;w,f/ olUckHygwfu
aygif;vdkuf&if &Spf*Pef; tNrJ&aew,f qdkawmhav/
olu ql;vSnf;BuD;vdkyJ tm;vHk;odrf;BuHK; qGJac:oGm;Ekdif
vdkU &Spf*Pef;a&SUrSm tkyfpk ]Group} xnfhvdkuf&w,f/
'DvdkrsdK; ausmif;u uRefawmfwdkUwawG tawmfhudk
&k;oGyfcJhMuw,f/ tJ'Dwpfcgawmh uRefawmfwdkY tzGJU
vdkuf vludka&m *Pef;udka&m &l;oGyfwmaygh/
uRefawmfwdkYwifyJ &l;ovm; qdkawmh r[kwf
jyefbl;/ uRefawmfwdkY tdrfeD;em;csif;awGvnf; olYenf;
olU[efeJU &l;Muwmyg/ [dkwpfavmu uG,fvGef tedpö
a&mufoGm;wJh rif;om;wpfa,muf&JU toufjzpfwJh
(42) udk olwdkUtac: yg0gwifNyD; ESpfvHk;xdk;wm ayguf
Muw,fqdkyJ/ ]4 yg0g 9} pojzifh wGufMuwmayghav/
'DvdkrsdK; 'DvdkrsdK; *Pef;awGtay:u uRefawmf
wdkU jzwfavQmufvmcJhw,f/ toufawGvnf; waeY
wjcm; BuD;vmw,f/ ouú&mZfawGrsm; NzdKvdkYr&
atmifudk *Pef;awGu wpfvHk;NyD;wpfvHk; wdkufpm;vmcJh
w,f/ uRefawmfwdkUu *Pef;awG tay: trSwftom;
vkyfwmvm;/ *Pef;awGuyJ uRefawmfwdkYtay:
jc,fvS,faecJhovm;/ bmyJajymajym vlwdkif;rSm
&l;oGyfrI wpfckawmh tenf;qHk; &SdMuw,fvdkY uRefawmf
xifw,f/ tjypfwifp&mawmh r&Sdbl;avAsm/
vm&m
'DvdkrsdK; ]07.07.07} xyfzdkYqdkwm
ESpfwpfaxmifMumrS
wpfMudrfxyfEdkifwm qdkwmrsdK;?
ckESpf *Pef;u odyfjrifhjrwfw,f
[email protected]; ay;ydkYEdkifygonf
pdw
ful;zJGUw
nf&m es
say
47
zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
yn
m&yfzJGUw
nf&m ph
iloso
phy
rmEdkifiHrSm armf'ef0g' (Modernism)? ydkYpfarmf'ef0g'
(Post-modernism)? Constructionism,Deconstructionism, Structuralism,
Poststructuralism pwmawGudk pmay? uAsm oabmw&m; eJY
a0zefa&;oHk;avmufyJ abmifusOf;usOf; rSwfxifaeMuygw,f/
bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh 'D0g'awGudk pwifrdwfqufcJhpolrsm;u
pmayabmifxJu pwifcJhwmrdkYyg/
'DvdkabmifusOf;usOf;rSwfxifjcif;[m rvdkvm;tyfwJh pGyfpGJ?
tjypfwifrIrsKd;awG ay:aygufapygw,f/ Oyrm taemufudk
yHkwlul;csw,f? 'gawGul;csNyD; udk,fhudk,fudk acwfrDw,f xifaew,f
pojzifh/ 'Dvdk tpysKd;yHk rvSwmaMumifh wcsKdUtjrifus,fwJh
yk*¾dKvfrsm;uawmif 'D0g'awG[m todÚmPfudk ydwfqdkYapwJh
rdIif;awGvdkY txif&SdrsKd; awGU&ygw,f/
wu,fawmh 'D0g'awG[m olYe,fy,f? olYtoHk;csrIeJYol
todÓPfudk yGifhapwJh? toHk;0ifwJh 0g'awGjzpfygw,f/
pmayoabmw&m;eJY a0zefa&;rSm 'D0g'awGudk tapmydkif;rSm
q&maZmfaZmfatmif? aemufydkif;rSmqdk&if rif;cuf&J polwdkYu
jref rm ESif h acwf opf 0g ' ^ 0g 'D rsm;jref rm ESif h acwf opf 0g ' ^ 0g 'D rsm;jref rm ESif h acwf opf 0g ' ^ 0g 'D rsm;jref rm ESif h acwf opf 0g ' ^ 0g 'D rsm;jref rm ESif h acwf opf 0g ' ^ 0g 'D rsm;
pwifzGif hqdk rdwfqufcJhygw,f/ 'D0g'awGxJu wcsKdUudk
q&marmifpl;prf;? q&mausmf0if;wdkYu EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fawGrSm
pwifvrf;aMumif; rdwfqufcJhygw,f/
'D0g'awG jzpfwnfp umvwkef;u olUe,fy,feJYol
qdkwmawmh arhxm;vdkY r&ygbl;/ aemufydkif; toHk;csrItay:rlwnfjyD;
e,fy,f us,fvGifhoGm;wmjzpfygw,f/ EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIodyÜH
(Social Science)? zGHjzdK;a&;? abm*aA'? EdkifiHa&;abm*aA'
(Political Economy)? EdkifiHa&;a*[aA' (Political Ecology)pwJ h ynm&yfawGud k E d ki fi HwumpHcs de fe J Y oifawmh ?
avhvmawmhr,fqdk&if 'D0g'abmifawGxJu ajy;rvGwfygbl;/
Poststructuralism [m zGHjzdK;a&;pDrHudef;awG? NGO awG&Jh
pDrHcefYcGJyHkawGudk a0zefqef;ppf&mrSm ajymifajrmufvSwmudk awGY&ygr,f/
xdkYtwl Constructionism [m vlrsKd;pkrsm;&JUp&kduf oauFw?
usm;r uGJjym;rI (Gender) pwmawGudk avhvm&mrSm toHk;0ifwm
awGU&ygvdrfhr,f/ rsufpdudkzGifhxm;Mu&Hkwifrubl;? jrifEdkifoavmuf
rsufpdwqHk;MunfhMuzdkYyg/
oifum
oifumoifumoifumoifumoifum
jrefjrefjrefjrefjref
48
zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
okw
zJGUw
nf&m kn
owle
dge
urÇmausmf
vQdKU0Sufcsufrsm;
azmfaumif
onf awG;ac:pOf;pm;wwfjcif;
jzifh tjcm;aom owå0grsm;xuf
xufjrufavonf/ xdkodkYtm;jzifh
vlay: vlaZmf vkyfvdkaom vlrsm;udk vSnfhywf
EdkifzdkY&efu wu,fawmh rvG,f/ odkYaomfvnf;
acwftqufquf rsufvSnfhynmonfrsm;
onf olwdkY wwftyfaomynm (wenf;)
tEkynmjzifh vlxkudk azsmfajzí wzHk? vSnfhpm;í
wenf; toufarG;cJhMuonf/ uRefawmfonf
rsufvSnfhynmudk jrwfEdk;onf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf;
i,fpOfuwnf;u tcktcsdeftxd rsufvSnfhyJG
jrifvQif raeEdkifrxdkifEdkif 0ifMunfhrdaeqJ
jzpfonf/ rsufvSnfhq&mrsm;ESif hvnf;
oli,fcsif; jzpfcJhzl;onf/ tcifqHk;rsufvSnfh
q&muawmh MuHK&ifMuHKovdk xl;xl;qef;qef;
awG vkyfjywwfwJh [efopfNidrfjzpfonf/ olu
uRefawmfhudk olpkaqmif;xm;wJh rsufvSnfh
pmtkyfawGudk ay;iSm;zwfw,f/ 'Dvdk iSm;wJhtcg
olYpmtkyfawGxJu wpftkyf&JU a&SUqHk;pmrsufESm
udk twif;vSefNyD; zwfcdkif;w,f/ tJ'DrSm
a&;xm;wmu “Never tell anyone, how your
tricks are done” wJ h/ ]]bmvJ? rif;u
pmtkyfriSm;csif vd k Yvm;}} vd k Yar;awmh
]]r[kwfygbl;uGm? rif; rsufvSnfhyJGrsm;awGUrd&if
azmfaumifrvkyfrdzdk YajymwmyguGm}} wJh/
olYudkawmh &,fusJusJeJYyJ wkefYjyefcJhw,f/
jrefrmvdk ]rsufvSnfh} vdkYt"dyÜm,f
&wmud k t*Fvdyfvd kawmh trs d K ;rs d K ;
oHk;EIef;ygw,f/ Magic vdkYjcHKNyD;ac:Edkifw,f/
rsufvSnfh q&mudkawmh Magician vdkYac:w,f/
'gayr,fh tJ'D Magic qdkwJhpum;vHk;[m
arSmfqdkNyD;oHk;EIef;wwfwmeJY a&mEdkifvdkY wcsdKUu
Conjuring vdkYac:w,f/ tJ'DtcgrSmawmh
rsufvSnfhq&mudk Conjuror vdkYoHk;ygw,f/
'gayr,fh emrnfausmf a';Apfaumfyg;zD;vf
(David Copperfield) &J YvSnfhuGufawG[m
tjrifudk t"duvSnfhpm;wmaMumifh Illusion
vdk Yac:Muw,f/ ol Yud kawmh Illusionist
vdk Yac:w,f/ 'Daqmif;yg; rSmawmh
vSnf hpm;jcif;awGeJ Y toufarG;aewJ h
urÇmausmfawG&JU vQdKU0SufcsufwcsdKUudk
&Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;rSmyg/ t"du&nf&G,f&if;
uawmh olwdkYbmaMumifhtJvdkrsdK; qpfqpfaygufaygufawG awG;rdovJ
qdkwmudk pOf;pm;rdapzdkY&,f rsufvSnfhq&mawGqdkwm vlxJuvlawG
omjzpfNyD; omrefxuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; awG;wwfolrsm;jzpfMuw,f
qdkwmudk owdjyKaprdzdkYjzpfygw,f/
avay:<uwufMuolrsm;
a';Apf bvdef; (David Blaine) vdkYqdkvdkuf&if rsufvSnfh
0goemtdk;awGuawmh odMurSmyg/ ol[m tar&duefwvTm;
c&D;vSnfhvnfcJhNyD; vrf;ay:u azsmfajzrIrsm; (Street Magic) qdkwJh
wDADtpDtpOfeJY emrnfausmf vlBudKufrsm;jcif;udk cHcJ h&olyg/
tJ'DtpDtpOfawGxJrSm wDADMunfhy&dowfawGudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
qJGaqmifoGm;cJhwmu (Self-Levitation) qdkwJh avay:udk <uysH
wufjyjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ bvdef;[m rnfonfhtultnDrSrygbJ?
vrf;ay:u y&dowfawGudk rsufpda&SUwifrSmyJ 5vufravmuftxd
avay:udkysH<uwufjyoGm;ygw,f/
'Dvdkavay:ysHwufwJhenf;udk rsufvSnfhavmurSmawmh
(Balducci Levitation) vdkYac:ygw,f/ 'Denf;udk pwifjyocJhwJh Balducci
uawmh olawGU&SdcJhwJhenf;r[kwfbl;? olYrdwfaqG Erwin Levine
jyocJhwJhenf;ygvdkYqdkw,f/ Levine uawmh b,folpawGYcJhw,fqdkwm
vlvlvlvlvl
49
zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
olvnf; rodygbl;vd k YajymcJ hw,f/ rnfod k Yyifqd kapawmh
vQd KU0Sufcsufud kom od&S dxm;w,fqdk&if 'DvSnh fpm;csufud k
b,fae&mb,ftcsdefrSmrqdk rnfonfhtultnD wefqmyvmrS
rvdkbJ jyovdkY&ygw,f/ (yHk-1) u y&dowfjrif&wJh &Iaxmifh
taetxm;jzpfygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm wpfckowdxm;zdkYu 'Denf;[m Angle Sensitive
tricks vdk Yqdk&r,fh uefYowfxm;wJh ae&muom y&dowfudk
Munfh&IapEdkifwJhenf;jzpfygw,f/ (Bad Angle) vdkYac:wJh rjyooifhwJh
ae&mrSmom y&dowf &SdaecJh&if 'Denf;tvdrfay:zdkYaocsmygw,f/
'Denf;udktxyfxyfavhusifhxm;wJh bvdef;[m vrf;ay:rSmyJ
y&dowfawGudk vSnfhpm;oGm;EdkifcJhygw,f/
(yHk-1)u vSnfhpm;rItwGuf pwifae&m,lwJh taetxm;
jzpfygw,f/ y&dowfawGeJ Y 8ay (od k Y) 10aycef YuaeNyD;
taemufbufudk 45} cyfapmif;apmif; jzpfatmifudk,fudk
vSnfhxm;ygw,f/ cPavmuf qdkif;NyD;wmeJY
rsufvSnfhjyol[m wjznf;jznf;csif; avay:udk
<uwuf vmygw,f/ (yHk-2) udkMunfhyg/
ajrBuD;ud k jyefrxdcifr Sm 3vufreJ Y
5vufravmuf taetxm;txd
ajrmufwufaecJ hygw,f/ wu,fyg?
oyfoyf&yf&yfeJY rSefrSefuefuefom jyoEdkif&if
'Denf;[m wu,fhudk tHhMobeef; jzpfapr,fh
vSnfhpm;csufwpfckyg/
oifaum avay:<uwufMunfhrvm;
'DvSnfhpm;csuf[m wu,fwrf;
qdk&ifawmh avay:ysHwmr[kwfygbl;/
rsufvSnfhq&m[m avay:<uwufoGm;ovdk
[efaqmifwJhtcsdefrSm y&dowfeJYa0;wJh
aemufajcwpfbufu ajczsm;axmufNyD;
tomav; yifhoGm;wmjzpfygw,f/ ,Hkcsif,Hk
r,Hkcsifaeyg/ wu,fhudk tHhrcef;ygyJ/
vrf;ay:u tenf;i,frQaom y&dowf
awG[m bvdef; cd k ; Ny D;axmufxm;wJ h
ajczsm;aemufwpfzufudk jrifcGifhr&cJhygbl;/
bmaMumif hvJqd k&ifawmh atmufyg
tcsufoHk;csufaMumifhyJjzpfygw,f/
- rsufvSnfhq&m 0wfqifxm;wJh
abmif;bDp&,f
- a&G;jc,fxm;wJh &Iaxmifh&,f?
- 0wfqifxm;wJh &I;zdeyf&,f ('gudk
toHk;jyKNyD; ajczsm;axmufxm;wJh ajc
wpfzufudk y&dowf rjrifatmif zkH;uG,f
xm;Edkifygw,f)
(yHk-3) [m jyoaepOfrSm&Sdr,fh
(Balducci Levitation) udk tjcm;jrifuGif;rS
jrif&yH k jzpfygw,f/ b,fbufuyH k[m
vSnfhpm;csuf rpcifjzpfNyD; nmbufyHkuawmh
vSnfhpm;csuf&JU txGwftxdyfvdkYqdk&r,fh
ae&mjzpfygw,f/
'DvSnf hpm;rIe J Y ywfoufNy D;
wpfckowday;vdkwmuawmh y&dowfawGqDudkk
wef;ceJoGm;NyD; ]'DrSm? cifAsm;wdkY uRefawmf
avay:ysHwufwmudk Munfhcsifovm;}
vdkYb,fawmhrSrar;vdkufygeJY/ yxrOD;qHk;
okw
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
tjcm;aom tvG,fwul&EdkifwJh zJcsyfwdkY? ta<uaphwdkYeJY
y&dowfudk t&ifqHk;zrf;pm;xm;oifhygw,f/ wu,fvdkY
olwdkYawGu oifhvSnfhpm;csufawGrSm pdwfr0ifpm;bl;?
'grSr[kwf oifhudk taESmuft,Sufay;aer,f qdk&ifawmh
'Denf;udk rjyowm taumif;qHk;jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ (Balducci
Levitation) udk xdkufwefwJh wav;wpm; tm;ay;cHpm;EdkifwJh
y&dowfudk jyowm[m toifhawmfqHk;jzpfygw,f/
]]rsufvSnfhq&maumif;wpfa,muf jzpfzdkYu b,fvdk]]rsufvSnfhq&maumif;wpfa,muf jzpfzdkYu b,fvdk]]rsufvSnfhq&maumif;wpfa,muf jzpfzdkYu b,fvdk]]rsufvSnfhq&maumif;wpfa,muf jzpfzdkYu b,fvdk]]rsufvSnfhq&maumif;wpfa,muf jzpfzdkYu b,fvdk
vSnfhpm;csufawGudk jyoEdkifw,fqdkwmu t"duvSnfhpm;csufawGudk jyoEdkifw,fqdkwmu t"duvSnfhpm;csufawGudk jyoEdkifw,fqdkwmu t"duvSnfhpm;csufawGudk jyoEdkifw,fqdkwmu t"duvSnfhpm;csufawGudk jyoEdkifw,fqdkwmu t"du
r[kwfygbl;/ y&dowfudk em;vnfNyD; b,fvdkvSnfhpm;csufeJYr[kwfygbl;/ y&dowfudk em;vnfNyD; b,fvdkvSnfhpm;csufeJYr[kwfygbl;/ y&dowfudk em;vnfNyD; b,fvdkvSnfhpm;csufeJYr[kwfygbl;/ y&dowfudk em;vnfNyD; b,fvdkvSnfhpm;csufeJYr[kwfygbl;/ y&dowfudk em;vnfNyD; b,fvdkvSnfhpm;csufeJY
tHhMooGm;aprvJqdkwmu t"dujzpfygw,f/}}tHhMooGm;aprvJqdkwmu t"dujzpfygw,f/}}tHhMooGm;aprvJqdkwmu t"dujzpfygw,f/}}tHhMooGm;aprvJqdkwmu t"dujzpfygw,f/}}tHhMooGm;aprvJqdkwmu t"dujzpfygw,f/}}
'Denf;udk ydkifEdkifuRrf;usifzdkY twGufuawmh
rSefa&SUrSm txyfxyfavhusifh&ygvdrfhr,f/ AD'D,dkuifr&meJY
&dkufNyD; jyefMunfhEdkif&ifawmh taumif;qHk;jzpfygw,f/
uifr&mudk vlrsufvHk;eJY wpfwef;wnf;ae&mavmufuae
&dkuful;xm;wmudk jyefMunfhNyD; avhusifh&ifawmh y&dowfudk
vSnfhpm;EdkifwJh taumif;qHk;taetxm;udk oifawGU&SdrSmyg/
'D (Balducci Levitation) udk oabmaygufr,fvd k Y
arQmfvifhygw,f/ wu,fvdkYrsm; oif[m 'DvSnfhpm;csufudk
y&dowftv,frSmjyzdkY BudK;pm;cJhr,fqdk&if oli,fcsif;
wpfa,mufa,muftultnDeJY AD'D,dkrSwfwrf;wifvdkufzdkY
rarhygeJYqdkwmudkvnf; owday;vdkufyg&ap/ aemuf
aqmif;yg;awGrSmvnf; tvm;wl urÇmausmfawG&JU
pepfwus zefwD;xm;wJh ysHoef;rIawG? vSnfhpm;rIawG
taMumif;udk ajymjyoGm;ygOD;r,f/
'DvSnfhpm;csufudk uRrf;uRrf;usifusifavhusifhxm;wJh
rsufvSnfhyd k;awG&JU AD'D,dkawGudk Munfhcsif&ifawmh
atmufuvifhcfawGrSm MunfhEdkifygw,f/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWDK7Iqw_f4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OE7jdgkvZHw
vltcsif;csif;vSnfhywfjcif; uif;&Sif;Muygap/
azmfaumif
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
aocsmcsm ae&m,ljyifqifNyD;½dkufxm;wJh
rdom;pkyHkawG? Group Photo awGwcsdKU[m
yHkxGufvmwJhtcgrSm vlawGu bDvl;awGvdk
rsufvHk;awG eDaeMuavawmh tifrwef ESajrmzdkY
aumif;ygw,f/ 'g bmaMumifhvJ qdk&ifawmh tvif;a&mif&JU
jzpfjrJ obm0tjyKtrlaMumifhygyJ/ tvif;wef;qdkwm
bdvd,uf pm;yJGudk ½dkufNyD; jyefxGufvmwJh abmvHk;av;eJY
oabmtm;jzifh twlwlyJjzpfygw,f/
tvif;a&mif tm;enf;wJhtcg zGifh&wJh uifr&m
Flashgun uvmwJh awmufywJh tvif;a&mif[m
rsufvH k ;xJud k wd kuf½ d kuf 0ifa&mufoGm;Ny D;
rsufvHk;taemufjcrf;xJu teDa&mif aoG;aMumrQifav;
awGudk oGm;xdwJhtcg uifr&m rSefbDvl; (Lens) qDudk
axmifhcsdK;jyef½dkufoGm;NyD; Redeye Effect jzpfoGm;wJh
rvSry"mwfyHkawGudk &&Sdygvdrfhr,f/ taMumif;uawmh
tvif;a&mif[m odyfonf;qenf;wJh avxkuae
odyfonf;qrsm;wJh rsufvHk;xJut&nfudk oGm;a&muf
½dkufcwfwJhtcgrSm wkefYjyefwJh tvif;&JU omref ½lyaA'
oabmw&m;wpfckyJjzpfygw,f/
'gudk a&Smif&Sm;zdkYu Bounce Flash vdkYac:wJh
wqifhcHtvif;udk toHk;jyKjcif;yJjzpfygw,f/ Bounce Flash
qdkwm uifr&muxGufvmwJhtvif;[m txufbufudk
wufoGm;r,f 'Daemuf rsufESmMuufudk ½dkufcwfNyD;
jyefqif;vmwJh tvif;rsdK;jzpfygw,f/ tJovdk wqifhcH
tvif;udk oHk;NyD;½dkufjcif;u wtm;vif;wJh wdkuf½dkuf Flash
xuf ydkNyD; ysHUESHYwJh? Diffused jzpfwJh obmtvif;rsdK;udk
&&S dr Smjzpfygw,f/ 'Doabmw&m;ud k 0g&if h
uifr&morm;awG toHk;jyKwwfMuygw,f/
wu,fvdkY tJvdk wul;wu &Smae&r,fh Bounce
Flash uvnf;r&Sdbl; qdkonfhwdkif Redeye Effect
udka&Smif&Sm;Edkifygw,f/ 'guawmh "mwfyHk½dkufwJhtcg
t½dkufcH&wJh vleJ Yuifr&mudk wnfhwnfhr½dkufbJ
axmifhtenf;i,f apmif;½dkufjcif;jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm
"mwfyHkxJygr,fholudk uifr&mudk wnfhwnfhrMunfhzdkY
nTefMum;xm;&ygr,f/
*sLyDwm
]]tvif;a&mif[m wdkuf½dkufrjyefbJeJYvnf; ,dkifoGm;wwfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh rsufvHk;eJY
wnfhwnfhOD;wnf&muae tvif;0ifa&mufvmr,fqdk&ifawmh bdvd,uf abmvHk;vdkrsdK;wkefYjyefNyD;
cifAsm;&JU "mwfyHkudk rvSryjzpfapr,fh Redeye Effect 0ifvmygvdrfhr,f/}}
bmaMumifhbmaMumifhbmaMumifhbmaMumifhbmaMumifh
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bmaMumifh Flashgun oHk;NyD;½dkufwJh "mwfyHkawGxJu vlawGrSm rsufvHk;awGeDae&wmvJ/
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
rmEd ki fi Hr Sm 'D0g'[m txl;ojzif h
pmayoabmw&m;eJY a0zefa&;avmurSm
wGifus,faewmawGU&ygw,f/]]taqmufttHk
zsuf0g'}} pojzifh em;vnf&cufwJh bmomjyefxm;wmrsKd;
vnf; awGUEdkifygw,f/ usaemfuawmh ]]acszsufqef;ppfrI
0g'}} vdkY teufay;csifygw,f/
'D0g'[m *suf'g&D;'g; (Jacques Derrida 1930-2004) &Jh 'óe eJY bmomaA' a0zefa&;vuf&mawGrSm
tpysKd;jyD; aemufydkif;rSm vlrIaA'awG (Humanities)
tjyif vlrIodyÜH (Social Sciences) e,fy,f udkyg
ys H UE S H YoGm;ygw,f/ acszsufqef;ppfr I 0g'&J h
&nf&G,fcsufuawmh tMurf;tm;jzifh awG;ac:rIpepfeJY
usrf;awGrSm zGJUwnfvmwJh ESpfcG 0da&m"d (Binary
Opposisition) awG&Jh jzpfpOfudk &Sif;vif; em;vnfaprIeJY
qufpyfygw,f (DSS 2002)/ 'DvdkzGJUwnfapwm?
zG J Uwnfvmwm? zG J Uwnfaewmudk Construction
vdkYqdkwmjzpfjyD;? 'gudk o&kyfcGJ? w&m;udk,fxkwf?
qef;ppfjywmudk Deconstruction vdkYnTef;wmygyJ/
'óeausm&kd;taeeJY acszsufqef;ppfrI0g'[m
bmompum;&JUjzpfEdkifajc (Possibility) wenf;tm;jzifh
b,fvdkyHkpHeJY tvkyfvkyfw,f (Operation) qdkwmudk
qef;ppfw,fvdkY qdkEdkifygw,f/ trSefw&m;eJY bmompum;&Jh
yHkazmfrI (Present) Mum;rSm ]][}} aewJhtcsufawG
&Sdw,fqdkwmyJ/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if bmompum;[m
tjyKtrI&Jh t"dyÜg,fudk tjynfht0 razmfaqmifEdkifbl;/
]]edAÁmef}} qdkwJh pum;vHk;udk pOf;pm;Munfhyg/
'Dpum;vHk;udk &Sif;jyzdkY a*gwrAk'eJY &[ef;ynm&Sdrsm;u
Oyrm Oyar,srsm;uwqifh yHkazmf ay;Mu&ygw,f/
'gayr,fhusaemfwdkY ykxkZOfrsm;tzdkY “edAÁmef” udk
vdk&if;trSefw&m;qdkufatmif em;rvnfEdkifygbl;/ 'gaMumifh
a*gwrAk'u pmawGY (bmompum;^y#d,w¬d) eJYwif
edAÁmefudk em;rvnfEdkif? udk,fawGY (tjyKtrI y#dywÅd) eJYrS
&r,fvdkY qdkcJhwm jzpfygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh 'DawmhrS
[ aewJh tcsufudk udk,fwdkifodrSm rdkYvdkY jzpfw,fvdkY
em;vnf&ygw,f/
pmaytEkynmqdkif&mavhvmrI (Literary Stud-
ies) rSm Deconstruction enf;[m tMuD;us,fqHk;
& k dufcwfrIud k jzpfapcJ hygw,f/ 'g htjyif 'D
Deconstructionism [m Poststructuralism eJYvnf;
qufpyfrI&Sdygw,f/ vlrIodyÜHrSm Deconstruction enf;[m
Poststructuralist &Iaxmifhuae qef;ppfavhvmenf;rSm
tc&mvnf;jzpfygw,f/ txl;ojzifh rEkóaA' (An-
thropology) e,fy,frSm 'Dt,l0g'udk tajcjyKjyD; usm;? r
uGJjym;rI (Gender)? vlrsKd;a&; (Race) pwmawGrSm
aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefrIawG ay:xGufvmapygw,f/
bkef;jrifhOD;
Deconstruction
jrefjrefjrefjrefjref
bkef;jrifhOD;bkef;jrifhOD;bkef;jrifhOD;bkef;jrifhOD;bkef;jrifhOD;
yn
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
econstrucion (0g) Deconstructivism qdkwJh
t,ltqwpf&yf[m jyifopf 'óe ynm&Sif
*suf'g&D;'g (Jacques Derrida) tpysdK;cJhwmjzpfygw,f/
Deconstruction qdkwJ h pum;vHk;&JU t"dyÜm,fudk
em;vnfzdkYuawmh cufygvdrfhr,f bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh 'g&D;'g
tygt0if olYpmawGudk bmomjyefwJholawGudk,fwdkifu
cufatmifvkyfcJhyHk&Sdygw,f/ pmawGudk pmaMumif;awGudk
c J G jcr f ;p dwf jzmwJ h
enf;wpf&yftjzpf
ay:aygufvmc J h
wmyg/ 'gayr,fh
tckqdk&if Visual Arts
(yef;csD) Architecture
(Adokum) e,fy,f
awGtxd toHk;cs
aeygNyD/
A do kum
rSm&SdwJh Deconstr-
uction uawmh Ar-
chitect qdkwJh Adok
umwpfa,mufudk
ypönf;awG t&m
0w¬KawGudk New
Way vdkYac:wJh tjcm;&Iaxmifhu jrifapjcif;ygyJ/
aemufwpfckuawmh taqmuftOD;awGudk Traditional
Architectural Conventions Building vd k Yac:wJ h
orm;a&S;Adokumvuf&mawGeJY uJGjym;wJh rl[efeJY
wnfaqmufNyD;? taqmuftOD;twGuf yHkrSefvdktyfwJh
vky fief;aqmifwm (Uitility) awGud kavsm hyg;
xdcd kufrIr&S datmif Adokumu qef;qef;jym;jym;
yHkpHxkwfonfhtjyif Fundamental Physical Laws vdkYqdkwJh
tajccH&lyaA' ed,mrawGudkvnf; 'DZdkif;pOf;pm;wJh
ae&mrSmyg toHk;csao;ygw,f/
1980 aemufydkif;rSm pwifzGHUNzdK;vmwJh 'D
Deconstruction udk AdokumawGtoHk;jyKwJhtcg Frag-
mentation qdkwJh cJGjcrf;pdwfydkif;jcif;oabmudk t"du
tajccHxm;ygw,f/ yHkpHxkwf aqmufvkyfwJhtcg Structure's
surface or skin (rsufESmpm'DZdkif;awGudk tcsyfvdkuf
tvTmvdkufwyfqifwJh tdkif'D,m)? Non-rectillinear
Deconstruction in ArchitectureudkAdokumudkAdokumudkAdokumudkAdokumudkAdokum
(axmifhrSefr[kwfwJh tdkif'D,m) awGudk toHk;jyKNyD;
taqmuftOD;awGudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm;qef;qef;jym;jym;
'DZdkif;xkwfMuygw,f/
Post-modern Architecture acwfrSm tpysdK;cJhwJh
'Dvd k wGef YvdrfaumufauG;aewJh Deconstruction
vuf&mawG[m Architecture Elements vdkYac:wJh
taqmuftOD;&JU tpdwftydkif;awG (rsufESmpmeJY
xkxnf'DZdkif;? twGif;eJY tjyif'DZdkif; pwmawG)udk
o w f o w f q D
cJGjcm; jrifapyg
w,f/ 'Dawmh
Deconstructivist
awG aqmufxm;
wJh taqmuftOD
awG&JU tNyD;owf
tjyif yHkyef;u
ay;wmuawmh
Unpredictability
(rcefYrSef;Edkifjcif;)
eJY Controlled -
Chaos (xdrf;uGyf
xm;wJ h y&rf;
ywm) pwm
awGyJ jzpfygw,f/
Deconstruction tdkif'D,mudk AdokumavmuxJ
o,faqmifvmoluawmh 'g&D;'g;&JU vTrf;rdk;rIcHcJh&wJh yDwm
tdkifpfref; (Peter Eisenmen) yJjzpfygw,f/ ol[m
pmaye,fxJu Deconstruction oabmw&m;awGudk
tajccHyHkpHxkwfcJhwJhtjyif 'g&D;'g;eJY aygif;pyfNyD; Adokum
Projects awGvkyfaqmifcJ hygao;w,f/ 'g&D;'g;eJ Y
tdkif;pfref;tjyif aemufxyf Deconstructivist wpfOD;jzpfwJh
',feD,,f vDbufpfuif; (Daniel Libeskind)
wdkYpdwf0ifpm;wmuawmh ]]Metaphysics of Presence}}
(wnf&SdrIe,fvGef &kyfoabmw&m;) jzpfygw,f/ olwdkYawG&JU
Adokumvuf&mawGrSm yg0ifwmawGu Dialectic of Pres-
ence and Absence (wnf&S dr I rwnf&S dr I)
awGudkazmfMuL;zd k YqdkwJh t"dyÜm,feJ Y wnfaqmuf
xnfhoGif;xm;wJh Solids and Voids (xkxnfawG?
Avme,fawG) jzpfygw,f/
Deconstructivist vdkY AdokumrSm xif&Sm;wJh
D
UFA-Palast in Dresden byCoop Himmelb(l)au
yn
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
olawGuawmh Peter Einsemen (yDwm tdkif;pfref;)? Daniel
Libeskind (',feD,,f vDbufpuif;)? Frank Gehry (z&efY
a*&D)? Richard Miere (&pfcswf rD,m)? Rem Koolhaas
(&rf udk;vf[mpf) polawGyJjzpfygw,f/ tJ'DxJrS Daniel
Libeskind [m topfjyefaqmufr,fh tar&duefu
World Trade Center twGuf NydKifyJGta&G;cHcJh&wJh
Adokumjzpfygw,f/ omrm;&dk;us 'DZdkif;yHkpHxkwfjcif;jzpfwJh
Grid Pattern udk csdK;azmufxm;wJh Deconstructivist
',feD,,f vDbufpfuif;&JU 'DZdkif; World Trade Center
taqmuftOD;opfudk New York NrdKU&JU Skyline rSmrMumcif
xdk;xdk;axmifaxmif jrifawGU&awmhrSmyg/
udkAdokum
Award winning Design ofNew World Trade Center byDaniel Libeskind
yn
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zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
udkoifum\ Zefe0g&D ydkYpf bavmh*f tñTef;
&HkawGaemuf? vkyfcsifwmawGursm;? tdk;eif;cGufeif;/ 'guawmh Zefe0g&Dv aemufqHk;ywfawGrSm
jzpfysufyHktcif;tusif;ygyJ/ nrSm tapmqHk;tdyfwm 2 em&DyJ/ Blogging &wm tcsdefavmufw,fudk
r&Sdbl;/ tcsdefjynfheD;yg; xdkifaewmawmif vkyfcsifwmawGu rjyD;bl;/ ausmif;pm jyD;pvG,fvkyf/
bavmh*fudk uvd/ wzufuvnf; armiftefY? [efopfjidrfwdkYeJY zGJYwnf&m (Existence) r*¾Zif;udk pdwfwdkif;us
jyifqif/ vukefjyDqdkawmhrS vpOfvkyfygr,fvdkY uwdjyKxm;wJh ydkYpf^bavmh*f tnTef;udk rudkif&ao;wm
owd&onf/ 'geJY vkyfr,fqdkawmh udk,foHk;aeus uGefysLwmr[kwfjyef/ uGefysLwm topfeJY oHk;ae&wm/
az;z&dwfr&Sd? History eJY oGm;vdkYr&/ bavmh*fwpfckuae wpfckul;jyD; bavmh*fpOfvSnfh&onf/ 'DwpfvtnTef;twGuf
pdwfwdkif;tusMuD;awmh r[kwfvS/
udkbaumif;udk ulay;r,fh 0ufbfqdkuftwGufvnf; tcsdefay;jyD; acgif;xJ xnfhxm;onf/
aoaocsmcsmav; vkyfcsifonf/ [efopfjidrfuvnf; WP eJY bavmh*fvkyfcsifowJh/ aumif;w,f vkyfay;r,fvdkY
ajymvdkufonf/ ckwavm rdk;&Gmonf/ raeYu avawGwdkufonf/ 'DaeY tdyf,muEdk;awmh aeYvnfa&mufaejyD/
rdk;wazsmufazsmuf&Gm\/ &moDOwkonf tzsm;rdaeaomvlemvdk cyf0yf0yf&Sdonf/ at;at; arSmifarSmif
tcef;xJwGif Adkufuvnf;qmqmESifh ydkYpfawGvdkufpk&onf/ aumif;ygvsufESifh usaemfrawGYí usefae&pfonfh
ydkYpfrsm;&Sdaeygvdrfhrnf/ xHk;pHtwdkif; vufvSrf;rDoavmufygyJ/ acgif;pOfavmufyJ azmfjyjyD; wdkuf&dkufvifhcfay;wmrdkY
b,folYudkrS cGifhrawmif;awmhyg/
uAsm
ausmif;zGifhawmhr,f pdwfavzG,f &Tef;rD
http://4friends2flip.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_10.html
Why?^tmz&duwdkufrS uav;wpfOD;^*sif;*sufuufav;bavmh*f
http://jeanjacketlay.blogspot.com/2008/01/why.html
rdk;ay:rSm qHkMur,f aumif;uifudk
http://kaungkinko.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post_30.html
udk,fhvl….olYbufom;^ndKMuD;
http://bigbbrown.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_15.html
&mZ0if&dkif;aeaom pum;yHkrsm;^rif;wap
http://a-paw-sar-myar.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_1305.html
wpfckckrSm;^wmwl;-e-Journal
http://ver-bo-ten.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_1231.html
0wÅKwdk
va&mifatmufu acG;trsm;^jidrf;a0
http://sandaywe.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_27.html
tufqpfwpfcGuf^aumifqdk;av;
http://www.ansunmswe.blogspot.com/
oa&mfpm
qlemrDESifh jrefrmjynf udkvQm&Snf- ajymcsifvGef;vdkY bavmh*f
http://koshershay.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_30.html
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tawG;tjrif
uRefawmfwd k Y bmaMumif h ausmif;ae&rSmvJ 1+2+3^a'gufwmcifarmif0if;? a'gufwmvSEkaxG;^
prdkif;ar\pdwful;,OfyHk&dyfprsm;bavmh*f
http://smilemay.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_16.htmlhttp://smilemay.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_5281.htmlhttp://smilemay.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_9016.htmlhttp://smilemay.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_4440.html
OD;oefYESifhawGYqHkjcif;^udkvlopf
http://luthit.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post_23.html
'g[mtwif;wJhvm;…tJ'gtwif;wJhvm;^uvdkap;xl;
http://klosayhtoo.blogspot.com/
acwfaemufusaewJh bDbDpD rif;rif;
http://hteinkmin.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post_21.html
pmMunfhwdkufr&SdawmhwJh &efukef armifpGrf;&nf- a'gufwmvGrf;aqGbavmh*f
http://drlunswe.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_8350.html
xifoavmufrqd;k;wJh avmuygcifAsm^twÅausmf- taiGYbavmh*f
http://angwei.myanmarbloggers.org/
ordkif;
vGwfvyfa&;usdefpm (e,fajropfudk&SmazGMuolrsm;) tydkif; (1)^bdk;awmfMuD;
http://www.boesein.com/2008/01/blog-post_30.html
bmoma&;
edSAÁmef[lonf^t&Sifem,u- reufjzefbavmh*f
http://manatphyan.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_03.html
owif;ESifh owif;a0zefcsuf
b&pfwae pyD;,m;ESifh [Dvfwef jrefrmjynfvmrnf…DID
http://didfortwayne.blogspot.com/
*kPfjyKcH&rnfh 0uf0Hppfonf bdk;awmfMuD;
http://www.boesein.com/2008/01/blog-post_26.html
rD'D,mazmf rD'D,mqdwfrsm;odkY em,fjcm;rJh jrefrmbavmf*grsm;tzGJY
http://drlunswe.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_703.html
enf;ynm? bavmh*fa&;&m
Alpha Zawgyi Version 1.0.0.12/Blogger Layhttp://bloggerlay.iblogger.org/Downtime of Byethost.Com {Free Hosting MMWP Users}/arSmfq&m
http://mbl0gger.iblogger.org/?p=261Blogger Free Gathering and MBS’s Future Plan/yifh*dk;vf
http://www.cuttiepinkgold.info/2008/01/blogger-free-gathering-and-mbss-future.html
AsKwfpAsif;awmif; wuúepf&Sifrsm;/CMMhttp://cmmaung.blogspot.com/2007/05/blog-post.htmlWordpress Database Backup/pyfrdpyf&m
http://smsy.iblogger.org/?p=116
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EdkifiHa&;
'Drdkua&pDESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;^baumif;(rEÅav;)
http://bakaung.blogspot.com/2008/01/democracy.html
vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;^armif&if
http://maungyin.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_17.html
vlxkwdkufyGJ rdk;xufae^cGyfa'gif;wdkY\ bHk,Hom
http://pofpeacocks.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_2188.html
okw
e0&wfudk;yg;vufpGyfjyKvkyfyHk^ywÅjrm;ajrbavmh*f
http://ruby-land.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_10.html
rdef;uav;rsm;wwftyfwJh ynmrsm;^cGefjrvSdKif
http://khunmyahlaing.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post_3487.html
bmrif[rfaxmifrSay;pm^rmwifvlomuif;^a&T*srf;\ ajymyg&ap&Sifbavmh*fh
http://shwegyan.blogspot.com/
pum;BuD; q,frsdK;^jynfhpHkav;
http://pyaesonelay.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_26.html
pdwfusa&m*gESifh tcsufjya&m*gvu©Pmrsm;/Danialog- Philophosnion Blog
http://philopinion-danialog.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_8551.html
pdwfusa&m*gwu,fjzpfaeNyDvm;¿/ Danialog- Philophosnion Blog
http://philopinion-danialog.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_7364.html
jrefrmtp^yDau
http://pikay.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post.html
jrefrmhMuufajceD zcifMuD;^a'gufwmrsdK;oefYwif- yDaubavmh*f
http://pikay.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post_05.html
tdyfpufjcif;ESifh ywfoufí^0uFyg
http://winkabar.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post.html
tawGUtMuHK
tifwmAl;jcif;^oZifPD
http://thazinni.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_6932.html
oHk;em;nD cHpm;csuf ausmfxuf
http://kyawhtet.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post.html
usaemfodorQ (4)^vif;OD;
http://linoo2007-arsenalclub.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_14.html
ESpfopf&moD^EdkifEdkif;pae
http://nineninesanay.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_27.html
jrefrmjynfrSmuG,f yDtdyfcsf'Dursm;^auoG,f
http://kthwe.blogspot.com/2008/01/phd-myarmar.html
uREkfyfMunfhcJhaom &rfbdk (Zmwfvrf;tusOf;r[kwf)^bdk;awmfMuD;
http://www.boesein.com/2008/01/rambo.html
Contributed by: http://mmthinker.iblogger.org/
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urmÇUawmifbufjcrf;onf rzGHYjzdK;ao;aoma'ojzpfonf[k rdefYcGef;xJwGifxnfhoGif;í yxrqHk;tMudrftjzpf tar&duefor®w
Harry S. Truman uaMunmvdkufaom 1949 ZGefv 20 &ufaeYudk zGHYjzdK;a&;udk pwiftm&Hkusaomacwf (The Age ofDevelopment) pwifonfaeY[k ,lqvdkygonf/ (The Dev; Dic;)
uREkfyfwdkY wpfESpfpm oHk;pGJvdkufaom o,HZmwrsm;onf urmÇMuD;tzdkY ESpfwpfoef;pmrQ pkaqmif;xm;&jcif;jzpfonf/ (TheDev; Dic;)
pufrIxGef;um;a&; erlemyHkpHtwdkif; EdkifiHtm;vHk; ]atmifjrifpGm} csDwufEdkifa&;twGufqdkvQif o,HZmw owÅKwGif;ESifh
pGefYypfypönf;rsm;pGefY&ef aemufxyf urmÇ ig;ck (odkY) ajcmufckrQvdktyfygvdrfhrnf/ (The Dev; Dic;)
tESpfav;q,fumv (1950-1990) twGif; zGHjzdK;a&; (Development) [laomudpöonf EdkifiHa&;pepfrsm; tm;jydKif&mü
vufeufozG,fjzpfcJhonf/ (The Dev; Dic;)
,cktcg zGHjzdK;a&;[laomudpöonf wdusaom yHkoP²efvnf;r&Sd (Shapeless)? azsmufzsufívnf;rvG,f (Ineradi-cable) aom trD;bm;ESifhwlonfh (Amoeba-Like) t,ltqozG,fjzpfvmonf/ (The Dev; Dic;)
zGHjzdK;a&;[lonf þtcgor,rSpí *rÇD&arSmfpum;vHk;jzpfvmjyD;vQif uREfkyfwdkYü ywfvnf0dkif;aeaom ya[Vdaygif;rsm;pGmudk
ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifrnfh (odkY) t,kwfqHk;tm;jzifh ,if;ya[Vdrsm;udk tajz&Sma&; vrf;jyay;Edkifrnfht&m jzpfayawmhonf/
(Haeckel/The Dev; Dic;)
zGHYjzdK;qJEdkifiHa'o (Development Country or Region) - pD;yGm;a&;wGif ajrmuftar&du? taemufOa&myponfh
EdkifiHwdkY\tqifhudk ra&mufao;aomEdkifiH? a'o/ zGHYjzdK;rIaemufaumufusaeaom (Underdeveloped) [lonfhpum;vHk;tpm;
oG,f0dkufí oHk;aompum;/ (development yk'ftzGifh? Petit Robert Dictionary-1987)
1960 wGif urmÇYajrmufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;onf urmÇYawmifjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;xuf tq 20 csrf;omonf/ 1980 wGifrl 46 q txd
csrf;omvmonf/
Notes of Develpment and Sustainable Development - 1bkef;jrifhOD;bkef;jrifhOD;bkef;jrifhOD;bkef;jrifhOD;bkef;jrifhOD;
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English Section
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Johnny Hart
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International CartoonCharles M.Schulz
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Please….Don’t look at me like that!Does my face look so sad;Or does it look so bad?
But please….Don’t look at me like that!All of your eyes say I am bad.Bad guy with good luck!
Anyway, please….Don’t look at me like that!Life is not that stuffed with dirtIf you try to look it from another part.
Again, pleaseDon’t look at me like that!Life is not so tight with the sadIf you understand the way it passes.
So, pleaseDon’t look at me like that!We are not like friendsThat just met in a short moment
Please, please, please….Don’t look at me like that!All of us have the same chance;You try your best and I try my best.In our lives, Good or bad,We each other should trust.
Mobius(14 Feb 2007)
Don't look at me like that!Han Thit Nyeim
zGJYwnf&m (Existence) e-Magazine wGif aMumfjimrsm; xnfhoGif;vdkvQif aMumfjimrsm;onf…
(1) tcrJh jzpfonf/
(2) y&[dw vkyfief;? vlrla&;vkyfief; toif;tzGJYrsm;\ aMumfjim (odkYr[kwf) aMunmcsufrsm;om
jzpf&rnf/
(3) pD;yGm;a&; aMumfjimrsm; vufrcHyg/
(4) ygwDEdkifiHa&; 0g'jzefYrIrsm; rjzpf&/
þvdyfpmodkY ar;vfjzifhay;ydkYEdkifygonf/ [email protected]
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hase was lost. There was no question about it. Atfirst, the jungle had seemed a nice enough place -full of interesting birds and animals, and lots of
smokeable looking plants growing all around. Now, four days later, the plants had all been too damp tolight, the birds kept him awake at night and Phase had yet toencounter an animal which did not try to attack him. Scratchthat. He had yet to encounter an animal which did not succeedin attacking him. Now he was lost in an uninhabited, alien jungle on a faraway planet in a completely parallel universe and thosedrums were driving him insane. The impossibility of drumming in an unihabited jungle hithim about the same time as the spear-butt from out of thebushes to his left. He awoke to find himself sat in a clearing surrounded byabout four dozen young women wearing the sort of fur bikinithat would have made Raquel Welch give up and go home. He very carefully didn’t pinch himself in case he wasdreaming. “Hello,” he said, still quite dazed from the attack. Several of the younger ones (aged around 18) took flightacross the clearing towards the mud huts that surrounded it.“My God!” he thought “They look almost as good from thatangle as they do from this” The eldest woman there (23ish) looked him up and down. “You are male?” She asked. “You can’t tell?” he replied, trying to keep the tremor out ofhis voice. “All our men were killed several years ago in a bizarreaccident involving a herd of Tortoise. Don’t ask. We havespent the last few years searching the jungle for more mento help with the whole ‘having children’ thing.” Phase quietly resolved never to pinch himself again for aslong as this lasted, just in case. “So, when do I start?” “Right away, if you like,” said the tall brunette to his left. Phase rubbed his hands with glee. “The children are over here.” Said a redhead. Phase was confused. “Children?” “Yes,” informed a blonde, “We have more than enoughmen for the first bit. This jungle was full of tribes whosemales were only too willing to volunteer. But we’re much toobusy having sex to raise the children ourselves, so any othermen are assigned the task of looking after them.” The first girl took his arm. “Don’t worry, the rest of your lifewill just fly by if you concentrate on changing nappies and nottrying to escape in any way.” She looked puzzled. “Why areyou pinching yourself like that?”
Paul O' Neill
Phase in SpacePaul O’Neill
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A young couple was chatting in a canteen.Suddenly, the young man opened his backpack andtook out two sachets of cookie. He handed one to hisgirl friend.
“Honey, I love you…” He uttered.‘’Really?” asked the girl.The man didn’t say anything and he took a bite
of his cookie. The girl did too and they stared at eachother for a while.
A few minutes later, he opened his backpackagain and this time he took out two cans of Coke. Hehanded one to her.
“Honey, I love you so much…” he whispered.Then they sat in silence and gazed over each
other’s shoulder.
Later the man took out two oranges from hisbackpack.
“You’ll join me, won’t you?” he murmured, “AndI love you so much for sharing your times with me. Youknow? Sometimes I sit here and look at the sky, eatfresh oranges…”
“No, I won’t!” the girl said.“Why? What’s wrong? You know that I love you
so much”“No! You are cheating,” the girl retorted “You
said that you love me too much but whatever you tookout of your bag, you shared only half to me, not all. NOTALL…!”
The young man looked at her for a long time.Then he said, “Honey…, you need to think about thissimple sentence: ‘I love you’. And it consists of threeparts: I, Love, and You…”
“Huh,” she sniggered.
Han Thit Nyeim
Honey,I
loveYou
http://www.mmopenlibrary.com/
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“No, I am not kidding honey. So as to become‘I love you’, there must be- I, love, and you…. Only twowords, love and you will not make a complete sentence‘I love you’… You understand?”
“Hinn…” she tittered.“So you should give ‘I’ a chance to survive.
Leave him alone and please don’t insist him to be apart of ‘You’, otherwise, it will become ‘You love you’…”
“Oh yeh,” she smiled.“Honey…,” he said, “I love you so much and
the moment that I love you is completely different fromthe moment that I love myself. Come, walk with me andyou will know that it is also different from the momentthat you love yourself…”
For those who love and being loved,Han Thit Nyeim(31 May 2007)
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‘Why not?’ With those two words, my good friend ReverendZatarga changed the course of my life. When he saidthem to me, he had just spent two hours on thetelephone with Bishop Fleming discussing varioussections of the Bible in excruciatingly fine detail. Hepointed out that Leviticus warns Christians not to marrytheir sister, aunt, mother, mother-in-law, daughter oreven their granddaughter (should they be tempted). Butnowhere in the good book is there a rule againstmarrying oneself. So when I told Reverend Zatarga thatwas exactly what I wanted to do, he eventually concededthose two fateful words: ‘Why not?’ Of course, the Bible also neglects to forbid anyonefrom marrying great-grandmothers, tables or pet fish. Iwouldn’t be surprised to learn that Bishop Flemingended up marrying his beloved French poodle as aresult of all this. Or his blanket - after all he’s beensleeping with it for years. Anyway, once I convinced thegood Reverend to let me marry the man of my dreams,I had to convince my mother and father. I’d have to saythat between an international religion, firmly establishedfor two millennia, and my own humble parents, myparents were far more difficult to persuade. My mother just wouldn’t take it seriously at first. OK,very few people took it seriously, but I needed her toknow I meant it. She kept asking me silly things like‘Why marry - you can just live with yourself?’ or ‘Whatwill you wear for the wedding?’ And sadly, it drove my father quite mad. Literally. Foryears after the wedding he spent days typing up articlesfor a wide variety of news journals, record books andspace administration newsletters claiming that he wasthe first person to have had sex in space. He seemedquite convinced, despite the fact that the closest he hadcome to space was the big button on his computerkeyboard. When asked who he had allegedly had sexwith, he would usually pause briefly for dramatic effect,turn his wild eyes towards you and yell shrilly: ‘Myself!’ I would have hoped that I could trust my best friendsto be sympathetic towards my cause, but I think it was
all a bit of a joke for them. They were often supportive,but after the wedding they just spent a lot of time makingfun of me. Some of the wedding presents I receivedfrom them were quite demeaning: pornographicmagazines, silk gloves, even a ceiling mirror. And I’mdisappointed in them for not stifling their mirth whenReverend Zatarga recited the marriage vows: ‘Will youkeep yourself as a husband, to live as one in marriage?Will you love and comfort yourself, obey and honouryourself in sickness and in health, and be faithful toyourself as long as you shall live?’ I swear one of myfriends wet himself laughing. I had a great honeymoon in Las Vegas, gamblingaway all my savings with nobody to nag me about howmuch money I was spending. I had a penthouse suitein the Luxor hotel for the night of consummation . . . I had many reasons for getting married when I did,apart from the tax benefits of course (trying to make thetax inspector understand that I was my own spousewas hell, though). Ever since I understood the conceptof wedlock, I longed for a partner that I could trust. Iwanted to have someone with me always, to whom Icould tell all my deepest, darkest secrets without havingthem laugh at me. Unfortunately, although gettinggirlfriends was usually not too big a problem for me, Itended to have excruciatingly bad taste. Then I realisedthat my perfect partner was closer to home than anyonecould have realised. Altogether, I think the marriage was a great successfor the most part. I rarely argued with my spouse; in factI found myself to be the best conversation holder around.The few times that I did argue, I always won. And the sexwas, well - it was whatever I made of it. There wassome media intrusion of course, lots of cheapjournalists trying to cash in on this unusual union. Ifound some of their articles amusing, and others quiteoffensive, especially the ones dubbing me the mostconceited and/or narcissistic man in the world. I don’tthink I’m such an egotist, I just happen to enjoy mycompany. I suppose it was a hormonal thing, a stage of life orsomething, that made me suddenly crave a child. The
The Man Who Married HimselfCharlie Fish
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cliche is that I realised I was mortal, and I thereforewanted to pass on my genes. So after many daysweighing up the pros and cons I decided to split upfrom my husband in order to find a wife. I had a chat withReverend Zatarga, and he informed me that I couldn’tjust file for a divorce on a moment’s notice. I had tohave legitimate justification. Curiously, wanting a babywasn’t on the list of good reasons to divorce. As the good Reverend explained, I could only divorceif I had been living apart from my spouse for at least ayear which would be difficult without major surgery or ifmy spouse had treated me cruelly or been imprisonedfor at least a year. I wasn’t particularly willing to beatmyself up a bit or lounge around in prison just so Icould divorce myself. That left one option: Adultery. I justhad to have sex with someone other than myself;normal, straight, human sex, and I could be free fromthe bonds of marriage. And so it was that I reluctantly removed my weddingring and started searching for a mate. My friends werecruel about it, saying that I was separating to stop myselffrom going blind. I think my mother was relieved when Itold her that my relationship with myself was coming toan end. My father just paused for dramatic effect, turnedhis wild eyes towards me and yelled shrilly: ‘Myself!’Maybe he really is on another world.
I expected it to take me quite a while to find someonewho was both willing to sleep with me and who hadn’tread the newspapers enough to know that I was alreadymarried, but I soon found a plain-faced Malaysian girlwho was relatively easy to seduce. The sex was, to behonest, rather disappointing. It seemed that she knewalmost nothing of what turns a man on, whereas by thatpoint I myself had become quite an expert. I suppose itwasn’t great for her either - I wasn’t practised inpleasuring members of the fairer sex. The divorce was easy after that. It seemed that thechurch was keen to split me apart, as if my marriagehad been a big mistake. I felt quite lonely for severalmonths after the break-up. At least the local psychiatrist(specialising in multiple personality disorders) stoppedsending me his damned business cards every week. It took me nearly a decade to find a good wife whodidn’t think she’d be marrying into a threesome. Most ofthat time was just waiting for the media to forget about‘The Man Who Married Himself’. Meanwhile, I wrote anautobiography with that very title. Included in the bookwas a detailed account of my marriage to myself,including the ups and downs of living with myself, howI dealt with everyone’s criticism of me and my husband,and some intimate details of my relationship. I think itwas these sections that made the book a real successwhen it was published some years later. People werejust curious to read about the implications of such anunusual marriage. I suppose it made people think. Theywould read my book and ask themselves: ‘Am I easy tolive with? If I had to live with me, could I do it?’ They allstopped searching for their Mister or Little Miss Rightfor just a moment to ask themselves if they would evermake a good spouse for anyone. I didn’t hear of any copycat self-marriages, whichprobably either means the media lost interest or thechurch is determined not to let it happen again. Anyway,that’s all behind me now. My wife and I have just movedinto a new home, big enough to accommodate our newchild when he is born. I am happy now. In fact, right nowI can’t wipe the smile off my face. You see, our next doorneighbours are Bishop Fleming and his lovely wife, theFrench poodle.
Charlie Fish
But nowhere in the
good book is there
a rule against
marrying oneself.
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ost people everywhere like to find out, if theycan, what future holds for them andMyanmars are no exception to this rule. No
wonder, various forms of fortune-telling such asastrology and palmistry flourish in this country.
Come to think of it, they’re popular in the Westtoo, aren’t they? I’ve heard that many Westernnewspapers and popular magazines carry astrologicalpredictions as a regular feature. I once read in a TimeMagazine article that there are about 60,000 astrologersand their ilk in Paris alone if I remember right. You musthave also heard or read about how then U.S. PresidentReagan and his wife Nancy consulted a lady astrologerbefore making important decisions, during their tenureat the White House.
Long ago, an American lady astrologer wassent up before a U.S. law-court for trickery or a similarcharge. She convinced the judge of the authenticity ofher profession by asking for his date of birth anddescribing his past life in impressive detail after makinga few quick calculations. Not surprisingly, he acquittedher of the charge ruling that astrology is a scientificmethod of prognostication. I’m sorry I can’t give you hername now as it has slipped my memory, but what Ihave told you is a fact and you can easily verify it bylooking up old copies of Time Magazine published two-three decades ago.
As a typical Oriental – meaning a spiritualperson – I feel that there is nothing to be ashamed ofbelieving in fortune-telling and the like since the worldhas seen many great seers like Nostradamus andCheiro, and numerous astounding astrological and
similar predictions have come true since timeimmemorial.
We can find instance of those feats ofprediction without any difficulty if we them with the openmind of scientific observers, for many authenticated,well-documented books and other records on suchmatters are available these days. You can easily findout whether the arts or sciences of fortune-telling suchas astrology and palmistry are hocus-pocus or not, byconsulting any reputable astrologer or palmist. You arelikely to learn that his or her description of your past andpredictions for your future are more accurate than cleverguesswork or chance allows.
You will see what I mean more clearly if you tryyour hand at making similar guesswork about the pastof a total stranger. The chances are that your descriptionof that person’s past will be off the mark.
To get a more accurate, you will need totest0consult not one but two or three astrologers orpalmists, for quacks and charlatans abound in any fieldof human activity especially fortune-telling. However,encounter with few con-artists does prove that aprofession is inoperative as bona fide masters ormistresses are invariably found sooner or later in anylong established profession.
Famous pagodas all over Myanmar are theplaces where you can see all manner of fortune-tellers,not all of them very famous or accurate in theirpredictions, I’m afraid. Naturally, precious stones cannotbe found in every mountain – as a Myanmar sayinggoes – but, if you are interested, you can find fairly good
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fortune-tellers here without much difficulty with help ofyour embassy people or knowledgeable local friends.
Although many people seem to feel somewhatashamed to own up to their belief in such “unscientific”things as fortune-telling, there must be very few peopleindeed here who have not consulted astrologers andthe like at one time or another.
As a rule, most astrologers and their ilk plytheir trade at famous pagodas with the exception of thegreat Shwedagone. This time-honoured arrangementhas a sound reason behind it. A considerable numberof devotees who visit pagodas also consult astrologersor palmists thereby killing two birds with one stone. Itshouldn’t be too hard to guess at the purpose of thesetwin actions, which is to seek solace from life’s generalsuffering or from the tribulations of a passing problem.
Buddhists are firm believers of Karma, that isto say, they believe that they will have to suffer from orenjoy the consequences of their actions (Karma)immediately or later – in the next existence if not in thisone.
They believe that worshipping at a pagoda is agood deed as a result of which the troubles or misfortunefacing them will be mitigated. That is one way of securingrelief from woe: another is enlisting the services of anastrologer or a palmist. Incidentally, many of the fortune-tellers in Myanmar are – or claim to be – well versed inboth astrology and palmistry since the two disciplinescomplement each other in making predictions. Theastrologer-cum-palmist helps his clientele in two orthree ways.
First he emphasizes the bright prospects thefuture holds for his clientele although he also has tomention misfortune laying in Waite, to show that he canread the future all right.
Next, he prescribes certain cryptic rites to wardoff the misfortune that is due to befall the client and tobring in good luck. The most common of those rites ispouring water on a particular planetary post at a pagodato propitiate the guardian spirit of the planet underwhose evil influence the client has fallen. As a rule, asmany cups of water as the number of years the personconcerned has lived up to that point in his or her life arepoured.
The astrologer-cum-palmist also givespractical advice concerning the client’s affairs. I somecases, the fortune-teller also offers to procure – at aprice, of course – the clientele a charm or talisman thatwill do away with bad luck and bring in good luck. Evenif this act of solicitation is highly questionable or evenunethical, most clients willingly pay the required amountand go away feeling sure that things are going tochange for the better from then on.
I have a startling piece of information for youwhich is, there are virtually no psychiatrists in Myanmar!Even among the intelligentsia who normally cannot dowithout the service of a shrink, here, in this country, avisit to a psychiatrist is something unheard of unless,of course, one I raving mad!
The reason is not hard to find. Being firmbelievers in Karma, Myanmar Buddhists rarely blamethemselves when something goes wrong. Instead, theyblame bad luck, the result of their past Karma.
This attitude frees them from guilt complexwhich usually leads to mental problems. And then theyhave the fortune-tellers who serve as safety-valves fortheir worries and also as sources of hope. They alsobelieve that they could alleviate impending misfortuneby doing good deeds – performing good Karma –especially by visiting a pagoda.
Thus a visit to a pagoda never fails to bringpeace of mind and hope to a Buddhist. You shouldrealize by now that fortune-tellers serve a definitepurpose.
Maung Kyaa Nyo(from Presenting Myanmar)
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is a happy sign for the future of the Burmeselanguage that it is seriously grappling withthe task of shaping itself into an ade8uate
vehicle for the expression of modern Western ideas. Inthe course of their administration of the country, theEnglish have found it necessary to impart these ideasto the people through the medium of Burmese as wellas of English. Thus all government publications inBurmese (made of course with native assistance), areessays in modernized Burmese. But the new terms andexpressions which these essays have introduced, willremain more or less stranded as petrified curiosities,until they happen to flow with the stream of the languageand pass through the whirlpool of popular usage. Theproblem, however, is reciving national attention; andnative writers, roused by the awakening of the nationalspirit, are finding suitable terms for the new ideasimported from the West.
A similar problem presented itself whenearliest writers, in the days of th kings of Pagan, wereadapting the language to the needs of Buddhist thought,embedded in that highly metaphysical language, thePali. Through the efforts of generations of writers thelanguage has now attained a standard of efficiency, bywhich it can enter into the subtlest discussions ofBuddhist philosophy either as independentcontributions or as literal translations from the Pali. Thisachievement is all the more remarkable when we thinkof the difficulty, which English scholars, having accessto the whole realm of Western philosophy, experiencein translating the same Buddhist texts. A language whichhas moulded itself to the requirements of philosophicalthought will, in so far as mental philosophy is moreabstruse than physical science, be found equal to theneeds of modern scientific thought. And there is noreason why, when it has assimilated Buddhistphilosophical terms from Pali, it should not assimilatescientific terms from the English, which, be it noted, isa descendant of the family to which Pali belongs.
But there is a prior claim on our attention.Whatever its origin the language has its traditions whichmust be studied and respected, if it is to develop alongproper lines. For the history of any language will showthat newly-coined words and expressions, which donot obey the laws of phonology, are not likely to bepermanently adopted into the language. Our first taskthen is to study Burmese from the philological point ofview. A philological knowledge of Burmese is necessarynot only for the sake of Burmese itself, but also for acomparative study of Burmese and other language, withwhich it is known to be connected. There are, forinstance, many words which are common to Burmeseand Talaing. Not until we know the oldest forms of thesewords in both languages and find out their phonologicalvalues, shall we be in a position to discover whichlanguage has given them to the other, or whether bothlanguage have taken them from an earlier commonsource.
A Note on the Development of the Burmese LanguageBy U Pe Maung TinJournal of Burma Research Society (JBRS), Vol. 14, 1951
Now the philological study of a language mustbegin with the earliest extant texts. Putting asidehypothetical considerations, we may regard theinscriptions of the Pagan period as among the earliestBurmese texts we have. A critical edition of theseinscriptions (such as is being undertaken in theEpigraphia Birmanica) is urgently needed in order thatwe may find out the philological changes, which operatein them and through them in the later texts also. It wouldnot only be a valuable contribution to Burmese history,but would provide the lexicographer with many a rareword and phrase current before the great poets beganto write. Again it would to philological studies just thatstarting-point, the lack of which is mainly responsiblefor or present amazing ignorance.
There are also other branches of the Burmeseliterature which have been unduly neglected. From thelanguage standpoint works in Burmese on technicalsubjects, such as astrology, medicine, architecture andso on, are as important as the inscriptions. Withoutdiscussing, for the present, the scientific value of theircontents, we may say at once that they need to bestudied for their technical vocabulary and phraseology,which will help us considerable in our work of findingsuitable words and phrase in dealing with modernscientific works. A scholarly edition of such works inBurmese is therefore an urgent necessity.
When we have explored the whole range of thelanguage and have compiled a dictionary worthy of itself(such as the Oxford Dictionary is for the English weshall not only be guided by its history but be able todraw on its resources in our work of shaping it for modernrequirements. Many an old word will come to be revived,with a new meaning if need be; and many new termsformed out of old associations will come to be coinedin consonance with the laws of phonology; while poetsand artists will add beauty to the life of the language bycreating works of art and style out of the materialsgathered.
U Pe Maung Tin
• Scanned and maintained by Win Tint, Librarian, Meiktila University, 2006• Typing by Existence Magazine, 2008
Sayargyi Dr. U Pe Maung Tin
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Biography
U Pe Maung Tin (1888-1973) was born in 24 April1888 in Pauktaw quarter, Insein town. His parentsare U Pe and Daw Myaing. His father is aSuperintendent of Insein vetenary Department. HisChildhood name is Maung Ba Tin in 1891. He is anoutstanding student in Middle School. He gotscholarship for 7th Standard and in 9th Standard hegot first prize for “Renoun Prize”. In 1906 he got firstprize for English Essay writing competition held fromSPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty toAnimals). In 1907 he attended Inter-class and gotfirst prize for “Jadine Prize” for Christian Student andthen he got “Datt Scholarship” prize, this prize wasawarded from Calcutta University. He got B.A, Palihonous degree in 1909. In 1911 Sayagyi got M.A.degree specialized in Pali. At that year he wrote thefirst article “Missionary Burmese” in Journal of BurmaResearch Society Vol.1, Part.1. He use pan-nameMaung Tin (B.A). In 1912 he became Pali Professorin Rangoon College. He is the first Myanmarprofessor, who appointed for Rangoon College. Atthe same time he became Librarian in “Bernard FreeLibrary”. In this year he published the books“Dipavamasa” and “ Khuddaka Patha”. He workededitor in JBRS. In 1915 he published “Milinda Pinna”in English. In 1918 he published “A Pali Reader”.From 1920 – 1922 he went to Oxford University forattended for the “Bachelor of Literature” and got “ B.Lit” degree and submitted the “The Path of PurityPart I”. He changed his name Maung Tin to Pe MaungTin in 1924 at that year he became DepartmentalHead in Dept. of Oriental Studies. He assigned dutyin Editor and Librarian of JBRS accompany withprofessor G.H. Luce. He wrote Burmese Reader. In
9 June 1928 he married with Ma Kyi Kyi (Edith)daughter of U Pho Dan and Daw Mya Gyi inThayarwady Town Anglican Church. In 1930, hebecame Vice President in Burma Research Society.He translated “Visuddi Megga Text” in 1931 and theKing of Thailand awarded £1000 for this text, hedonated all of them to London Pali Text Society. 19June 1937 Sayagyi became a principal in YangonUniversity. He published “History of BurmeseLiterature” in 1938. He retired in 1946 at the age of58 years, but he worked as Emeritus professor inDept. of Oriental studies. He gave lecture ofBuddhism in Chicago University at 1957. He attendedAsia Christian Council Conference held in Kulalumpuin 1999 and that year he went to China for delegationwith U Chit Kaung, Minister of Culture. From 1960 –64 he assigned duty as Chairman of the BurmaHistorical Commission. At this year he edited andpublished “Cambudipa u saung kyan”, Joint with J.S.Furnivall. In May 1961 University authorities appointedSayagyi as Emeritus Professor in Dept. of Myanmar,Yangon University. He published his research articles“The Burmese Novels and other articles” from SeinPan Myaing Sarpay. In 1971 – 73 he publishedEnglish translation works of “Visuddi Megga andDhamasaga and Annatalakhana Sutta”. Sayagyi wasdied in 22 March 1973. He is a Myanmar famouswriter and honourable person for Yangon Universityand Myanmar, so his students and London Pali TextSociety held his 110th Birthday for paper readingConference in 1998 at Myanmar ChristianAssociation, 78th Anniversary of Yangon University andin London.
Consideration for others is the basis of a good life, a good society.(Confucious)
Golden Rules for Living
If you open it, close it.If you turn it on, turn if off.If you unlock it, lock it up.If you break it, admit it.
If you can't fix it, call it someone who can.If you borrow it, return it.
If you value it, take care of it.If you make a mess, clean it up.
If you move it, put it back.If it belongs to someone else and you want to use it, get permission.
If you don't know how to operate it, leave it alone.If it's none of your bussiness, don't ask questions.
If it ain't broke, don't fix it.If it will brighten someone's day, say it.
If it will turnish someone's reputation, keep it to yourself.(Source Unknown)
As Human Beings, we are endowed with freedom of choice, and we cannot shuffle off our responsibilityupon the shoulders of God or nature. We must shoulder it ourselves. It is up to us.
(Arnold J. Toynbee)
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