Exploration & Production Life Cycle
• Exploration• Appraisal • Development• Production• Decommissioning
Petroleum System
Seismic Survey
Performance rate• Survey location • Time of year • Survey size, particularly sail line length• Vessel configuration • Line orientation and prevailing current direction • Fishing and shipping activity in the survey area • Other seismic operations • Marine mammal activity • Drilling and subsea equipment maintenance
Types of Seismic Survey
• 2-D Seismic Survey• 3-D Seismic Survey• 4-D Seismic Survey
2-D Seismic Survey
2- D Seismic Interpretation
Advantages of 2-D Seismic Survey• Easiest survey method• Inexpensive
Disadvantages of 2-D Seismic Survey
• Not effective in some location• Anomalies are harder to map,• Not of better quality • Exploration drilling success rate using 2D seismic data is very less (25%)
3-D Seismic Survey
Acquisition of a typical 3D marine seismic survey
Effect of Azimuth Angle
Comparison between images acquired with narrow-azimuth and wide-azimuth methods
Towing-Depth Trade-Offs
Ghost multiples, or reflections at the underside of the sea surface
4-D Seismic Survey
3-D Time 4-D
Benefits of 4-D seismic Survey
The flow of the hydrocarbons within can be
traced and better
understood
Helps geologists to understand
how the reservoir
reacts to gas injection or
water flooding
Help to locate untapped
pockets of oil or gas within the reservoir
Comparison Between 2-D and 3-D
1. Survey Line
2-D and 3-D seismic Survey Line
2. Image Quality
Analogical comparison of quality of image in 2-D and 3-D
3. Economic Analysis
Comparisons of 2D and 3D activities in Western Canada for the year of 1997