A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
in partial fulfillment of the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FABRICATION OF SELF LUBRICATION SYSTEM FOR COMPLICATED MACHINES
J. GAUTHAM KUMAR
K. KARTHIK RAJ
M. KARTHIK
Karth
ik
ABSTRACT
This system reduces manual errors and prevent from major accidents while
lubricating on the complicated machines. It typically delivers a controlled amount
of lubricant (oil) to multiple, specific locations on a machine while the machine is operating,
at specific times from a central location. Self lubrication systems offer superior features than
manual lubrication. The benefits of self lubrication include less downtime due to bearing
failure, reduced man-hours required for the lubrication task, and increased worker safety, as
well as reduced lubricant and cleanup costs.
This system or method for precisely controlling lubricant supply to one or more
rotating mechanical gear parts in machines. The pump draws lubricant form a lubricant
source and supplies it to a rotating machine. This system is automated by means of a timer
device. The sequential time is controlled by using microcontroller, which is fed by a
programming language. The time interval can be varied by a controller. Self lubricating
system is used to reduce the noise produced inside the machine and to achieve the efficient
work.
ii
Karth
ik
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
NO.
TITLE PAGE
NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2
3 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 6
4 FABRICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 7
4.1 LAYOUT DESCRIPTION 8
4.2 AC MOTOR 9
4.2.1 AC Motor’s Principle and Working 9
4.2.2 AC Motor Feedback 9
4.2.3 Basic Types of an AC Motor 10
4.2.3.1 Induction AC Motor 10
4.2.3.2 Synchronous AC Motor 10
4.2.3.3 Industrial AC Motor 11
4.2.4 Applications 11
4.2.5 Advantages of an AC Motor 11
4.2.6 Disadvantages of an AC Motor 11
4.2.7 Grinder Motor 12
4.3 DYNAMO 13
4.3.1 Working 13
4.3.2 Armatures 15
4.3.3 Bicycle Dynamo Specification 15
4.4 12V DC PUMP 16
4.4.1 Features 18
4.4.2 Applications 18
4.4.3 Limitations 18
4.5 RECHARGABLE BATTERY 19
4.5.1 Specification 19
4.5.2 Applications 19
iii
ABSTRACT iiLIST OF FIGURES vLIST OF TABLES viLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii
Karth
ik
4.6 SUMP 20
4.7 LUBRICATING OIL 20
4.7.1 Motor Oil 20
4.7.2 Uses 21
4.7.3 Non-Vehicle Motor Oils 23
4.7.3 Properties 23
4.7.4 Grades 24
4.8 TIMER CIRCUIT 25
4.8.1 Microcontroller 264.8.1.1 Applications 26
4.8.2 Capacitor 27
4.8.2.1 Working Principle of Capacitor 27
4.8.2.2 Applications 27
4.8.3 Resistor 28
4.8.3.1 Working of Resistor 28
4.8.3.2 Applications 28
4.8.4 Diode 29
4.8.4.1 Working of Diode 29
4.8.4.2 Applications 29
4.8.5 Relay 30
5 ROLE OF MICROCONTROLLER IN TIMER CIRCUIT 315.1 MICROCONTROLLER 31
5.2 8051 ARCHITECTURE 32
5.3 PROGRAM FED IN MICROCONTROLLER 33
6 DISCUSSION 38
7 CONCLUSION 39
8 REFERENCE 40
iv
Karth
ik
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE No. TITLE PAGE No.
4.1 Layout 8
4.2 Rotor Magnets interaction with Stator 9
4.3 AC Motor 12
4.4 Armature 14
4.5 Dynamo 15
4.6 12V DC Pump 16
4.7 Rechargeable battery 19
4.8 Motor oil 20
4.9 Timer Circuit 25
4.10 8051 Microcontroller 26
4.11 Relay 30
5.1 8051 Microcontroller Architecture 32
6.1 Comparison between Manual vs Automated Lubrication 38
v
Karth
ik
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE No. TITLE PAGE No.
4.1 12V DC Pump specification 17
vi
Karth
ik
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC Alternating Current
DC Direct Current
HP Horse Power
RPM Revolutions Per Minute
ISO International Standards Organization
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
I/O Input and Output
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read Only Memory
vii
Karth
ik
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Machines produce more heat and noise due to the motion of rotating and
reciprocating parts. Lubrication will minimize the noise produced by the machine
components. Lubrication systems and equipment are essential components of manufacturing
and industrial machinery and technology. To ensure reliable and efficient operation of such
equipment, these moving parts often need a constant supply of lubricating fluids, and the
lubrication system is able to provide this at the proper temperature, viscosity, flow rate and
pressure. Lubrication allows smooth continuous operation of equipment, with only mild
wear, and without excessive stresses or seizures at bearings. When lubrication breaks down,
metal or other components can rub destructively over each other, causing destructive
damage, heat, and failure. The most important components of a lubricating system are the
reservoir, pump and filter. The reservoir is the area in which the lubricant is stored after
coming back from the area it lubricates. The pump is used to move the lubricant through the
system and into areas that need to be lubricated.
OBJECTIVES
To fabricate the self lubricating setup with timer circuit
To lubricate the complicated machine components
Karth
ik
2
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Nathan E. McIntire and Zelma M. Porter proposed on automatic lubrication system.
An automatic lubrication system for conveyors and the like, said system comprising means
for initiating a lubrication cycle whereby a lubricant agitator and pump are sequentially
actuated to deliver lubricant to a dispensing passageway, a timer and relay arrangement
effective to open a lubrication solenoid valve to permit a quantity of lubricant to flow into the
dispensing passageway and subsequently open a gas solenoid valve to blow gas through the
passageway and expel substantially all of the lubricant there from onto the member being
lubricated, in such a manner that dripping of the excess lubricant or clogging of the
passageway is eliminated.
Richard W.dochterman and Fort Wayne were invented the lubrication system for
electric machine. A lubrication system which serves both to lubricate bearings and to occlude
the primary airflow path through a machine. The system includes a capillary seal (spaced
apart plates with or without wick material there between) serving both as a capillary air seal
and as portion of lubricant transfer path. This system is especially effective to support a
pressure differential across an electric motor. This invention relates generally to lubrication
systems for bearing supported shaft members , and more particularly to improved air sealing
lubrication systems for supplying lubricant to the bearing journaling surfaces in electric
machines while also preventing air flow there –through .
In current refrigeration systems having at least one refrigerated compartment and a
compartment open to the ambient area and housing such systems components as a condenser
and compressor, a motor driven fan is usually mounted in each compartment for purposes of
circulating air. In such systems, it has been the practice to mount a separate motor and fan
within each compartment.
In order to reduce cost and yet retain the air circulation benefits, it is quit desirable to use
only one motor to drive a number of fans since this obviously will cost less than a separate
motor for each fan. It is also desirable in order to accomplish this end that this one motor be
Karth
ik
3
mounted exteriorly of the refrigerated compartment so that motor heat will not be introduced
in to the refrigerated compartment during operation of the motor.
However, this approach introduces certain difficulties since there is a pressure
differential between the interior of a refrigerated compartment and the ambient area about the
compartment. Thus, when a refrigerated compartment is cooled, the pressure and the
temperature in the compartment are lowered, and a pressure differential is created between
the compartment and the surrounding area such an s the room or the condenser compartment.
It is well known that in commercial refrigerator units for example, pressure differentials
ranging between three and six inches of water occur during at least the first portion of the
each cooling cycle. Normal leakage through the door seal, electrical conduit openings etc,
equalizes the pressure within and without the refrigerated compartment after some period of
time.
It would be desirable to place externally mounted fan motor in sealed engagement
within an opening in the wall of a refrigerated compartment with the motor shaft extending
through the opening into the compartment for mounting the fan with the shaft also being
accessible in order to drive a second fan in another compartment. However, if there is an air
flow path through the motor, relatively warm, moist ambient air will be drawn through the
motor into the refrigerated compartment due to the initial pressure differential across the
motor. this air flowing through the motor into the compartment deposits it’s moisture on to
the first cold object it conducts, which is the motor shaft, fan blades, fan enclosure is will
results in ice forming on the shaft and blades and the motor may then over load and
eventually burn out, damage to the motors used in this application is especially undesirable
as this motors are normally mounted in relatively inaccessible locations and thus are difficult
to repair and replace.
I have found that the usual fan motor is unacceptable for the discussed application as
it will not support a pressure differential without at least some air leakage. The primary path
of air flowing through the usual totally enclosed fan motor when it is mounted across a
pressure differential occurs in the bearing lubrication system.
Karth
ik
4
Accordingly it would be highly desirable to provide a fan motor which may be
mounted externally of a refrigerated compartment in communication both with the interior of
the compartment and with the surrounding locations such as the room in which the
refrigeration apparatus is present or the compressor compartment. In this regard, it would be
advantageous to provide an inexpensive fan motor having a highly dependable air sealing
lubrication system which prevents air flow through the motor and especially through the
primary air flow path of the motor.
It is therefore, a general object of this invention to provide an electric machine having
a lubrication system which alleviates the problems and incorporates the desired result
mentioned above. It is a more specific object of the present invention to provide an improved
lubrication system for an electric machine having a bearing supported rotatable shaft which
incorporates an air flow sealing arrangement for occluding the primary air flow path through
the machine.
A further object of the present invention is the provision of a capillary sealed
lubrication arrangement for an electric machine which is inexpensive to produce and highly
dependable in operation, and which nonetheless provides adequately controlled lubricant
feed to the motor bearing shaft area.
Hermann Werner, Erich Lessol and Burkard Mueller were invented the bicycle
dynamo having a rotary-current generator. Bicycle dynamo having a rotary-current generator
having stator and a rotator which can be rotated relative to the stator. The stator or the rotor
has radially extending pole fingers which are wound individually with one surrounding
magnetic coil winding respectively. The ratio of the number of poles of the rotor to the
number of poles of the stator is a non-integer value, this permits the implementation of a
bicycle dynamo of a high efficiency event at a relatively low riding speed, which may be
used, for an example, to power bicycle lighting systems.
Cheng-Hsien Wu and Yu-Tai Kung proposed journal of a parametric study on oil/air
lubrication of a high-speed spindle. The ball-bearing is widely used on many high-speed
spindles due to its low starting friction and high load capacity. However, heat generation and
dynamic loading caused by high-speed rotation have been obstacles for increasing the speed
Karth
ik
5
limit in many high-speed ball-bearing applications. Applying an appropriate lubrication and
preload cannot be overemphasized. Recently, oil/air lubrication has been used on high-speed
spindles because of its accuracy in oil quantity control and high cooling efficiency. However,
an oil/air supply with inadequate parameters is undesirable. In this study, the performance of
a high-speed spindle under different lubrication parameters and preloads was investigated.
The Taguchi method was applied to study the effects of design parameters on the lubrication
efficiency. This method can also be used to obtain the optimum lubrication conditions. The
optimum operating conditions that create the smallest temperature increase were established.
The effects of preload on the temperature increase, the thermal deformation and the static
stiffness of an oil/air lubricated spindle were studied. The results provide a useful tool in
designing a high-speed spindle with a small increase in temperature and sufficient static
stiffness.
James C. Gwynn proposed paper on programmable electronic timer circuit. A
programmable timer circuit includes a counter that contains a plurality of sequentially
arranged counter stages. A toggle logic gate is disposed between each sequential pair of
counter stage to accept the output signal from the preceding stage and to the input signal
from the preceding stage and to issue an input signal to the succeeding counter stage. The
logic state of the input signal is determined by the logic state of the program signal is
determined by the state of a fuse associated with the program stage. The logic state of the
program signal is determined by the state of a fuse associated with the program stage.
Selected fuses can be blown by a programming routine to adjust the time delay between the
initiation signal and issuance of the output signal. This sets the counter stages at power-up to
a predetermined logic state in which the output signal will be produced with a predetermined
time delay when the initiation signal is applied to the integrated circuit. The program routine
includes activating the counter stages that will be active at the desired count and issuing a
programming signal to burn the fuse associated with the active counter stage.
Karth
ik
6
CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
In some major industries, machine runs continuously for their production. Due to
continuously running process of machines leads to more tear and wear. For this problem,
some industries employed labours to lubricate the machine. Manual lubrication typically
produces inconsistent lubrication. The uneven lubrication cycle leads to wasted lubricant and
allows contaminants to enter the bearing – producing premature wear. Even though labours
are equipped with safety features, during manual lubrication many accidents are happened in
industries. Many machines are dangerous to lubricate while running. Under lubrication will
cause bearing damage and premature failure.
This project describes a fabrication of self lubrication system which automated by timer
that works by dynamo. Dynamo gets power by rotational motional for ac motor which is
coupled with belt.
Benefits of an Automatic Lubrication System
All critical components are lubricated, regardless of location or ease of access
Lubrication occurs while the machinery is in operation causing the lubricant to be
equally distributed within the bearing and increasing the machine’s availability
Less wear on the components means extended component life, fewer breakdowns,
reduced downtime, reduced replacement costs and reduced maintenance costs
Safety - no climbing around machinery or inaccessible areas
Karth
ik
7
CHAPTER 4
FABRICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental apparatus of our project consists of major parts like ac motor,
dynamo, pump, sump, timer circuit and rechargeable battery. First of all the materials were
brought to fabricate the ac motor and dynamo, and then the major parts of the system that is
pump, timer circuit and rechargeable battery. The whole experimental setup made into
rectangular steel frame with supported bars.
AC motor is mounted on the steel frame and in other end dynamo is mounted. The
top surface of the steel frame is covered by sheet metal where other components like timer
circuit and pump are placed on it. Sump contains lubricating oil, which placed in bottom of
steel frame.
For our convenience, we have used AC motor of 1440 rpm converted to dynamo by
means of belt. Dynamo produces 5V ac voltage which is used for timer circuit. With
programmed microcontroller, which performs further operations based upon the preset value.
Thus relay gets activated by the signal instructed from the timer. Based the relay function,
pump gets power supply from rechargeable battery. Whereas pump draws lubricating oil
from sump to supply on gear parts which needs to be lubricate.Karth
ik
8
4.1 LAYOUT DESCRIPTION
Dynamo produces electric energy by rotation motion of AC motor. Power produced
by dynamo used to run the timer circuit. Relay switch is activated by timer circuit which
incorporates microcontroller. Relay switch is placed between the rechargeable battery and
pump. Lubricating oil can be pumped from sump and distributed to varies complicated
components of machines.
Figure 4.1 Layout
MAINMOTOR
DYNAMO
RECHARGABLEBATTERY
TIMER
CIRCUIT
RELAY PUMP
SUMP
(Lubricating Oil)
To lubricatingparts
Karth
ik
9
4.2 AC MOTOR
4.2.1 AC Motor’s Principle and Working
The standard definition for an AC Motor is an electric motor that is driven by
alternating current. The AC Motor is used in the conversion of electrical energy into
mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is made from utilizing the force that is exerted
by the rotating magnetic fields produced by the alternating current that flows through its
coils. The AC Motor is made up of two major components: the stationary stator that is on the
outside and has coils supplied with AC current, and the inside rotor that is attached to the
output shaft.
The fundamental operation of an AC Motor relies on the principles of magnetism.
The simple AC Motor contains a coil of wire and two fixed magnets surrounding a shaft.
When an electric (AC) charge is applied to the coil of wire, it becomes an electromagnet,
generating a magnetic field. Simply described, when the magnets interact, the shaft and the
coil of wires begin to rotate, operating the motor.
Figure 4.2 Rotor Magnets interaction with Stator
4.2.2 AC Motor Feedback
AC Motor products have two options for feedback controls. These options are either
an AC Motor resolver or an AC Motor encoder. Both the AC Motor resolver and the AC
Motor encoder can sense direction, speed, and the position of the output shaft. While both the
AC Motor resolver and AC Motor encoder offer the same solution in multiple applications,
they are greatly different.
Karth
ik
10
AC Motor resolvers use a second set of stator coils called the transformer to provoke
rotor voltages across an air gap. Since the resolver lacks electronic components, it is very
rugged and operates over a large temperature range. The AC Motor resolver is also naturally
shock resistant, due to how it is designed. The resolver is often used in harsh environments.
The type of application will establish whether a resolver or an encoder is desired. AC
Motor encoders are easier to implement and more precise, so they should be the primary
preference for any application. A resolver should only be chosen if the environment in which
it will be used requires it.
4.2.3 Basic types of an AC Motor
The AC Motor comes in three different types known as Induction, Synchronous, and
Industrial. These AC Motor types are determined by the rotor design used in the construction.
Anaheim Automation carries all three types in its product line.
4.2.3.1 Induction AC Motor
Induction AC Motor is referred to as asynchronous motors or rotating transformers.
This type of AC Motor uses electromagnetic induction to power the rotating device which is
usually the shaft. The rotor in Induction AC Motor products typically turns slower than the
frequency that is supplied to it. Induced current is what causes the magnetic field that
envelops the rotor of these motors. This Induction AC Motor is designed in one or three
phases.
4.2.3.2 Synchronous AC Motor
The Synchronous Motor is typically an AC Motor that has its rotor spinning at the
same rate as the alternating current that is being supplied to it. The rotor can also turn at a sub
multiple of the current it is supplied. Slip rings or a permanent magnet supplied with current
is what generates the magnetic field around the rotor.
Karth
ik
11
4.2.3.3 Industrial AC Motor
Industrial AC Motors are designed for applications requiring a three-phase, high-
power induction motor. The power ratings of an industrial motor exceed those of a standard
single-phase AC induction motor. Anaheim Automation offers Industrial AC Motors from
220W to 2200W, in 3-Phase operation at 220VAC or 380VAC.
4.2.4 Applications
AC Motors are primarily used in domestic applications due to their relatively low
manufacturing costs, and durability, but are also widely used in industrial applications.
They can also be found in industrial applications:
Pumps
Blowers
Conveyors
Compressors
4.2.5 Advantages of an AC Motor
Low Cost
Long Lifespan
High-Efficiency and Reliability
Simple Construction
High Starting Torque (Induction)
No Slip (Synchronous)
4.2.6 Disadvantages of an AC Motor
Frequency Causes Rotation Slips (Induction)
Starting Switch Needed (Induction)
Karth
ik
12
4.2.7 Grinder Motor
Figure 4.3 AC Motor
Capacity: 0.5 HP
Speed: 1440 RPM
Phase: Single Phase
Features
Stampings: Stator consists of thin lamination of high quality low core loss silicon
steel
Copper Wire: Super enamel insulated high conductivity copper wire of an ISO
9002 company
Rotor: Dynamically balanced pressure die cast rotor for complete vibration free
operation
Shaft: High graded mild steel machined and centrelex grinding to close tolerance.
Insulation: Class B insulation specially treated to withstand a maximum
temperature of 120°C.
Bearings: Sealed ball bearings are used at both ends to ensure smooth running.
Karth
ik
13
4.3 DYNAMO
A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with use of
commutator. It converts mechanical power to electrical power. It converts the mechanical
motion of the driven wheel into electrical energy, with the aid of a magnet. A dynamo is an
electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were
the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation
upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the
electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. Today, the simpler
alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons.
A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. Also, converting alternating to
direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is
effective and usually economic.
In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy. A generator forces electric charge (usually carried by electrons)
to flow through an external electrical circuit. The source of mechanical energy may be a
reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an
internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air, or any other source
of mechanical energy.
The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by an
electric motor, and motors and generators have many similarities. Many motors can be
mechanically driven to generate electricity and frequently make acceptable generators.
4.3.1 Working
It converts the mechanical motion of the driven wheel into electrical motion, with the
aid of a magnet. Many scientists say that the full circle of energy that keeps the world
spinning, grows crops, and paints the sky with the Aurora Borealis, begins and ends with
magnetism that the sun’s rays are magnetic rays. Magnetism is the force that keeps the
compass needle pointing north and south. Take a steel rod and hold it along the north and
south line, slightly inclined towards the earth, and strike it a sharp blow with a hammer, and
it becomes a magnet feeble, it is true, but still a magnet.
Karth
ik
14
4.3.2 Armatures
This experiment gives the theory of the dynamo. Instead of passing only one wire
through the field of force of a magnet, we have hundreds bound lengthwise on a revolving
drum called an armature. Instead of one magnetic pole in a dynamo we have two, or four, or
twenty according to the work the machine is designed for always in pairs, a North pole next
to a South pole, so that the lines of force may flow out of one and into another, instead of
escaping in the surrounding air.
Figure 4.4 Armature winding in Dynamo
If we could see these lines of force, they would appear in countless numbers issuing
from each pole face of the field magnets, pressing against the revolving drum like hair brush
bristles trying to hold it back. This drum, in practice, is built up of discs of annealed steel,
and the wires extending lengthwise on its face are held in place by slots to prevent them from
flying off when the drum is whirled at high speed. The drum does not touch the face of the
magnets, but revolves in an air space.
If we give the electric impulses generated in these wires a chance to flow in a circuit
flow out of one end of the wires, and in at the other, the drum will require more and more
power to turn it, in proportion to the amount of electricity we permit to flow. Thus, if one
electric light is turned on, the drum will press back with certain strength on the water wheel;
if one hundred lights are turned on it will press back one hundred times as much. Providing
Karth
ik
15
there is enough power in the water wheel to continue turning the drum at its predetermined
speed, the dynamo will keep on giving more and more electricity if asked to, until it finally
destroys itself by fire.
We cannot take more power, in terms of electricity, out of a dynamo that we put into
it, in terms of mechanical motion. In fact, to insure flexibility and constant speed at all loads,
it is customary to provide twice as much water wheel, or engine, power as the electrical
rating of the dynamo.
4.3.3 Bicycle Dynamo Specification
The max diameter of the dynamo body is: 40.5mm, the longest length of the main
body is: 94.5mm. Maximum Output: 12V
Figure 4.5 Dynamo
Components of Dynamo
1. Friction roller 6. Coil
2. The dynamo body 7. Wrench
3. Magnetic steel 8. Lug plate
4. Winding support 9. Rear Cover
5. Spring housing
Karth
ik
16
4.4 12V DC PUMP
This is a brushless DC motor-driven centrifugal pumps, use special design closed
impeller. Main features: High water head, moderate flow rate, long life (use fine ceramic
bearing), continues work, low noise, stable performance.
Figure 4.6 12V DC Pump
Pump chamber and the motor is absolutely isolated, magnetic drive technology
can be guaranteed no leak forever, completely avoid the presence of traditional
DC motor pumps' liquid leakage. If the mining epoxy resin package, you can
completely and totally waterproof diving use.
Brushless motor circuit design optimization using a large movement of low-
temperature, stable performance, long life. Closed impeller simple structure, with
less water loss, pump output high efficiency, can effectively enhance higher water
head.
Impeller/rotor shaft with ceramic materials, enhance the wear resistance, high
accuracy, precision with resistance to shock, to extend the life of the pump.
Bearing sleeve with graphite self-lubricating properties, reduce noise at work.
Low noise down to 35dB, smaller consumption pump even down to 30 decibels,
almost silent operation.
Pump chamber seal can withstand 5 bar pressure without leakage. Each pump in
the production line has to go through stress tests, which can effectively prevent
the leakage of product defects.
Karth
ik
17
Pump uses high-strength engineering plastics, PPS PPE, PA66, etc., can be used
for hot water circulation, strong endurable capacity, resistance to weak acid
corrosion. Can be recycled with a small impurity of the liquid; do not plug the
pump chamber.
For our project, we have used 12V DC pump and specification below:
Table 4.1 12V DC Pumps Specification
No. Items Specifications
1 Sizes and weight 83x63x48; 250g
2 Dimension of inlet 5mm
3 Dimension of outlet 6mm
4 Driving method Brushless, Magnetic , 2 phase or 3 phase
5 Pump material PA66+GF30% (optional)
6 Condition of use Continuously
7 Fluids Water, oil, gasoline, acid and alkali solution etc
8 Max working temp 60 degree (2 phase)or 100 degree (3 phase)
9 Power consumption 2.5W~26.4W
10 Rated voltage 12Vdc
11 Voltage used 5Vdc ~ 12Vdc
12 Max rated current 1.2A
13 Power supply Solar panel; DC electric source; battery
Karth
ik
18
4.4.1 Features
1. Durable magnetic rotor and ceramic /stainless steel shaft
2. Long life brushless pump, ideal life for 30000 hours
3. Low noise: ≤ 42dB far from 1m distance
4. Low or no maintenance
5. Low power consumption
4.4.2 Applications
1. Circulation system
2. Solar energy panel
3. Aquarium
4. Cooling system
5. Water heater and so on
4.4.3 Limitations
1. Power to DC Power Supply, reverse polarity is strictly prohibited, generally red
positive power supply, black to negative.
2. Pumps in addition to immersible work can be identified, the rest cannot be immersed
in water, or they will cause a short circuit burned.
3. Pumps is prohibited by the strong shock, fall from a height on the ground and other
external damage.
4. Pumps cannot take strong acid and other corrosive liquids and granular solids with a
tiny hard.
5. Pumps were not long-time stall, causing the motor burned.
6. Pumps cannot withstand high voltage shock.
Karth
ik
19
4.5 RECHARGEBLE BATTERY
The rechargeable batteries are lead-lead dioxide systems. The dilute sulfuric acid
electrolyte is absorbed by separators and plates and thus immobilized. Should the battery be
accidentally overcharged producing hydrogen and oxygen, special one-way valves allow the
gases to escape thus avoiding excessive pressure build-up. Otherwise, the battery is
completely sealed and is, therefore, maintenance-free, leak proof and usable in any position.
Figure 4.7 Rechargeable Battery
4.5.1 Specification
Voltage: 6V
Capacity: 4ah
Dimensions (mm): 70(L)*45(W)*99(H)*104(TH)
Approx Weight (Kgs): 0.7
4.5.2 Application
Power: Electric tools, toys, portable suction fans, Robots, electric bicycle
Speakers: Insert earphones, cassette decks, portable CD players
Video: Cameras, portable TV sets, lap-tops
Correspondence: Car telephone, mobile system, portable radio transmitter
Survey: Measuring instruments
Medical treatment: Blood-pressure meters, electric wheelchairs
Karth
ik
20
4.6 SUMP
The oil is used to lubricate the machine's moving parts and it pools in a reservoir,
known as a sump. Use of a sump requires the engine to be mounted slightly higher to make
space for it. Often though, oil in the sump can surge during hard cornering starving the oil
pump.
4.7 LUBRICATING OIL
4.7.1 Motor Oil
Motor oil or engine oil is an oil used for lubrication of various internal combustion
engines. The main function is to lubricate moving parts; it also cleans, inhibits corrosion,
improves sealing, and cools the engine by carrying heat away from moving parts. Motor oils
are derived from petroleum-based and non-petroleum-synthesized chemical compounds.
Figure 4.8 Motor Oil
Motor oils today are mainly blended by using base oils composed of hydrocarbons,
polyalphaolefins (PAO), and polyinternal olefins (PIO), thus organic compounds consisting
Karth
ik
21
entirely of carbon and hydrogen. The base oils of some high-performance motor oils however
contain up to 20% by weight of esters.
4.7.2 Uses
Motor oil is a lubricant used in internal combustion engines. These include motor or
road vehicles such as cars and motorcycles, heavier vehicles such as buses and commercial
vehicles, non-road vehicles such as go-karts, snowmobiles, boats (fixed engine installations
and outboards), lawn mowers, large agricultural and construction equipment, locomotives
and aircraft and static engines such as electrical generators. In engines, there are parts which
move against each other causing friction which wastes otherwise useful power by converting
the energy to heat. Contact between moving surfaces also wears away those parts, which
could lead to lower efficiency and degradation of the engine. This increases fuel
consumption, decreases power output and can lead to engine failure.
Lubricating oil creates a separating film between surfaces of adjacent moving parts to
minimize direct contact between them, decreasing heat caused by friction and reducing wear,
thus protecting the engine. In use, motor oil transfers heat through convection as it flows
through the engine by means of air flow over the surface of the oil pan, oil cooler and
through the buildup of oil gases evacuated by the Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV)
system. In petrol (gasoline) engines, the top piston ring can expose the motor oil to
temperatures of 160 °C (320 °F). In diesel engines the top ring can expose the oil to
temperatures over 315 °C (600 °F). Motor oils with higher viscosity indices thin less at these
higher temperatures.
Coating metal parts with oil also keeps them from being exposed to oxygen,
inhibiting oxidation at elevated operating temperatures preventing rust or corrosion.
Corrosion inhibitors may also be added to the motor oil. Many motor oils also have
detergents and dispersants added to help keep the engine clean and minimize oil sludge
build-up. The oil is able to trap soot from combustion in itself, rather than leaving it
deposited on the internal surfaces. It is a combination of this, and some singeing that turns
used oil black after some running.
Karth
ik
22
Rubbing of metal engine parts inevitably produces some microscopic metallic
particles from the wearing of the surfaces. Such particles could circulate in the oil and grind
against moving parts, causing wear. Because particles accumulate in the oil, it is typically
circulated through an oil filter to remove harmful particles. An oil pump, a vane or gear
pump powered by the engine, pumps the oil throughout the engine, including the oil filter.
Oil filters can be a full flow or bypass type.
In the crankcase of a vehicle engine, motor oil lubricates rotating or sliding surfaces
between the crankshaft journal bearings (main bearings and big-end bearings), and rods
connecting the pistons to the crankshaft. The oil collects in an oil pan, or sump, at the bottom
of the crankcase. In some small engines such as lawn mower engines, dippers on the bottoms
of connecting rods dip into the oil at the bottom and splash it around the crankcase as needed
to lubricate parts inside. In modern vehicle engines, the oil pump takes oil from the oil pan
and sends it through the oil filter into oil galleries, from which the oil lubricates the main
bearings holding the crankshaft up at the main journals and camshaft bearings operating the
valves. In typical modern vehicles, oil pressure-fed from the oil galleries to the main bearings
enters holes in the main journals of the crankshaft. From these holes in the main journals, the
oil moves through passageways inside the crankshaft to exit holes in the rod journals to
lubricate the rod bearings and connecting rods. Some simpler designs relied on these rapidly
moving parts to splash and lubricate the contacting surfaces between the piston rings and
interior surfaces of the cylinders. However, in modern designs, there are also passageways
through the rods which carry oil from the rod bearings to the rod-piston connections and
lubricate the contacting surfaces between the piston rings and interior surfaces of the
cylinders. This oil film also serves as a seal between the piston rings and cylinder walls to
separate the combustion chamber in the cylinder head from the crankcase. The oil then drips
back down into the oil pan. Motor oil may also serve as a cooling agent. In some
constructions oil is sprayed through a nozzle inside the crankcase on the piston to provide
cooling of specific parts that underly high temperature strain. On the other hand the thermal
capacity of the oil pool has to be filled up, i.e. the oil has to reach its designed temperature
range until it can protect the engine under high load. This typically takes longer than heating
the main cooling agent - water or mixtures thereof - up to its operating temperature.
Karth
ik
23
4.7.3 Non-Vehicle Motor Oils
An example is lubricating oil for four-stroke or four-cycle internal combustion
engines such as those used in portable electricity generators and "walk behind" lawn mowers.
Another example is two-stroke oil for lubrication of two-stroke or two-cycle internal
combustion engines found in snow blowers, chain saws, model airplanes, gasoline powered
gardening equipment like hedge trimmers, leaf blowers and soil cultivators. Often, these
motors are not exposed to as wide service temperature ranges as in vehicles, so these oils
may be single viscosity oils.
In small two-stroke engines, the oil may be pre-mixed with the gasoline or fuel, often
in a rich gasoline: oil ratio of 25:1, 40:1 or 50:1, and burned in use along with the gasoline.
Larger two-stroke engines used in boats and motorcycles will have a more economical oil
injection system rather than oil pre-mixed into the gasoline. The oil injection system is not
used on small engines used in applications like snowblowers and trolling motors as the oil
injection system is too expensive for small engines and would take up too much room on the
equipment. The oil properties will vary according to the individual needs of these devices.
Non-smoking two-stroke oils are composed of esters or polyglycols. Environmental
legislation for leisure marine applications, especially in Europe, encouraged the use of ester-
based two cycle oil.
4.7.4 Properties
Most motor oils are made from a heavier, thicker petroleum hydrocarbon base stock
derived from crude oil, with additives to improve certain properties. The bulk of typical
motor oil consists of hydrocarbons with between 18 and 34 carbon atoms per molecule.[6]
One of the most important properties of motor oil in maintaining a lubricating film between
moving parts is its viscosity. The viscosity of a liquid can be thought of as its "thickness" or a
measure of its resistance to flow. The viscosity must be high enough to maintain a lubricating
film, but low enough that the oil can flow around the engine parts under all conditions. The
viscosity index is a measure of how much the oil's viscosity changes as temperature changes.
A higher viscosity index indicates the viscosity changes less with temperature than a lower
viscosity index.
Karth
ik
24
Oil is largely composed of hydrocarbons which can burn if ignited. Still another
important property of motor oil is its flash point, the lowest temperature at which the oil
gives off vapors which can ignite. It is dangerous for the oil in a motor to ignite and burn, so
a high flash point is desirable. At a petroleum refinery, fractional distillation separates a
motor oil fraction from other crude oil fractions, removing the more volatile components, and
therefore increasing the oil's flash point (reducing its tendency to burn).
Another manipulated property of motor oil is its Total Base Number (TBN), which is
a measurement of the reserve alkalinity of an oil, meaning its ability to neutralize acids. The
resulting quantity is determined as mg KOH/ (gram of lubricant). Analogously, Total Acid
Number (TAN) is the measure of a lubricant's acidity. Other tests include zinc, phosphorus,
or sulfur content, and testing for excessive foaming.
The NOACK volatility (ASTM D-5800) Test determines the physical evaporation
loss of lubricants in high temperature service. A maximum of 15% evaporation loss is
allowable to meet API SL and ILSAC GF-3 specifications. Some automotive OEM oil
specifications require lower than 10%.
4.7.5 Grades
The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has established a numerical code
system for grading motor oils according to their viscosity characteristics. SAE viscosity
grading includes the following, from low to high viscosity: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 or
60. The numbers 0, 5, 10, 15 and 25 are suffixed with the letter W, designating their “winter”
(not "weight") or cold-start viscosity, at lower temperature. The number 20 comes with or
without a W, depending on whether it is being used to denote a cold or hot viscosity grade.
The document SAE J300 defines the viscometrics related to these grades.
Kinematic viscosity is graded by measuring the time it takes for a standard amount of
oil to flow through a standard orifice, at standard temperatures. The longer it takes, the higher
the viscosity and thus higher SAE code. The SAE has a separate viscosity rating system for
gear, axle, and manual transmission oils, SAE J306, which should not be confused with
engine oil viscosity. The higher numbers of a gear oil (e.g., 75W-140) do not mean that it has
higher viscosity than an engine oil.
Karth
ik
25
4.8 TIMER CIRCUIT
Timer circuit will create and maintain the on and off time delay to do the specific job
or task. The sequential time is controlled by using microcontroller, which is fed by a
programming language. The time interval can be varied by push type switches in circuit.
Timer circuit consists of general circuit elements like capacitors, diode, resistor, voltage
regulator, LCD display, microcontroller and relay.
Figure 4.9 Timer Circuit
Initially the power produced from dynamo is rectified using a rectifier and output
supplied to microcontroller. Microcontroller is then control the signal to actuate the pump
using relay switch. LCD displays OFF and ON time, and changes can be performed by push
type switches. LCD displayed by additional power. By setting the value, OFF TIME tends to
work the pump and ON TIME tends to delay interval for further operations. While off timing
condition, power supplies from rechargeable battery to pump by means of relay circuit.
Karth
ik
26
4.8.1 Microcontroller
A micro controller is an integrated circuit or a chip with a processor and other support
devices like program memory, data memory, I/O ports, serial communication interface etc
integrated together. Unlike a microprocessor (ex: Intel 8085), a microcontroller does not
require any external interfacing of support devices. Microcontrollers are usually dedicated
devices embedded within an application. Since microcontrollers are powerful digital
processors, the degree of control and programmability they provide significantly enhances
the effectiveness of the application. The 8051 is the first microcontroller of the MCS-51
family introduced by Intel Corporation at the end of the 1970s. The timer function is one of
the basic features of a microcontroller. Although some compilers provide simple macros that
implement delay routines, in order to determine time elapsed and to maximize use of the
timer, understanding the timer functionality is necessary.
Figure 4.10 8051 Microcontroller
4.8.1.1 Applications
Microcontrollers are used in products that are controlled automatically. The various
products that make use of microcontrollers in our everyday life are given below:
Home: Television, DVD player, Telephone, Fax machine, Cellular phones, Security
systems, Camera, Sewing machine, Musical Instrument, Exercising machine, Video
games, Computer, Microwave oven.
Office: Computers, Printers, Telephones, Fax machine, Security systems.
Karth
ik
27
4.8.2 Capacitors
The capability of a capacitor to store electricity is known as capacitance of that
capacitor. It is denoted by C. The measuring unit of capacitance is Farad, but Farad is very
large unit. Its smaller units are Kilo Micro Farad (KMFD), Micro Farad (MFD), Kilo Pico
Farad (KPF) or Nano Farad (NF) and Pico Farad (PF).
4.8.2.1 Working Principle of Capacitor
There are different results produced by giving DC & AC supply to a capacitor. The
working of a capacitor in both the conditions is as follows: When any capacitor is connected
between an AC supply sources, one plate is at a negative potential and the other plate is at a
positive potential (due to the voltage source). Hence opposite charges develop on the both the
plates. The time when the plates of capacitor are charging there is flow of current from the
supply source into the capacitor, and when the value of voltage across the two plates of the
capacitor becomes equal to maximum input voltage to the capacitor, this flow of current
stops. In this way, we can say that at the time of charging of capacitor the flow of current
stores charges in the both of the plates. It is known as charging state of capacitor.
4.8.2.2 Applications
Its function is to store the electrical energy and give this energy again to the circuit
when necessary. In other words, it charges and discharges the electric charge stored in it.
Besides this, the functions of a capacitor are as follows:
It blocks the flow of DC and permits the flow of AC.
It is used for coupling of the two sections.
It bypasses (grounds) the unwanted frequencies.
It feeds the desired signal to any section.
It is used for phase shifting.
It is also used for creating a delay in time.
It is used as motor starter.
Karth
ik
28
4.8.3 Resistor
A resistor is a two-terminal electrical or electronic component that resists the flow
of current, producing a voltage drop between its terminals in accordance with Ohm's law.
The electrical resistance is equal to the voltage drop across the resistor divided by the current
that is flowing through the resistor.
4.8.3.1 Working of Resistor
The working of a resistor can be explained with the similarity of water flowing
through a pipe. Consider a pipe through which water is allowed to flow. If the diameter of the
pipe is reduced, the water flow will be reduced. If the force of the water is increased by
increasing the pressure, then the energy will be dissipated as heat. There will also be an
enormous difference in pressure in the head and tail ends of the pipe. In this example, the
force applied to the water is similar to the current flowing through the resistance. The
pressure applied can be resembled to the voltage.
4.8.3.2 Applications
Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.
All resistors dissipate heat. This is the principle behind electric heaters.
In general, a resistor is used to create a known voltage-to-current ratio in an electric
circuit. If the current in a circuit is known, then a resistor can be used to create a
known potential difference proportional to that current. Conversely, if the potential
difference between two points in a circuit is known, a resistor can be used to create a
known current proportional to that difference.
Karth
ik
29
4.8.4 Diode
A diode is the simplest two-terminal unilateral semiconductor device. It allows
current to flow only in one direction and blocks the current that flows in the opposite
direction. The two terminals of the diode are called as anode and cathode.
4.8.4.1 Working of Diode
The diode operates when a voltage signal is applied across its terminals. The
application of a DC voltage to make the diode operate in a circuit is called as ‘Biasing’. As
already mentioned above the diode resembles to that of a one way switch so it can either be
in a state of conduction or in a state of non conduction. The ‘ON’ state of a diode is achieved
by ‘Forward biasing’ which means that positive or higher potential is applied to the anode
and negative or lower potential is applied at the cathode of the diode. In other words, the
‘ON’ state of diode has the applied current in the same direction of the arrow head. The
‘OFF’ state of a diode is achieved by ‘Reverse biasing’ which means that positive or higher
potential is applied to the cathode and negative or lower potential is applied at the anode of
the diode. In other words, the ‘OFF’ state of diode has the applied current in the opposite
direction of the arrow head. During ‘ON’ state, the practical diode offers a resistance called
as the ‘Forward resistance’. The diode requires a forward bias voltage to switch to the ‘ON’
condition which is called Cut-in-voltage. The diode starts conducting in reverse biased mode
when the reverse bias voltage exceeds its limit which is called as the Breakdown voltage. The
diode remains in ‘OFF’ state when no voltage is applied across it.
4. 8.4.2 Applications
Rectification – The rectification means converting AC voltage into DC voltage.
Clipper- Diode can be used to clip off some portion of pulse without distorting the
remaining part of the waveform.
Clamper – A clamping circuit restricts the voltage levels to exceed a limit by shifting
the DC level. The peak to peak is not affected by clamping. Diodes with resistors and
capacitors are used to make clamping circuits. Sometimes independent DC sources
can be used to provide additional shift.
Karth
ik
30
4.8.5 Relay
Relay is an electromagnetic device which is used to isolate two circuits electrically
and connect them magnetically. They are very useful devices and allow one circuit to switch
another one while they are completely separate. They are often used to interface an electronic
circuit (working at a low voltage) to an electrical circuit which works at very high voltage.
For example, a relay can make a 5V DC battery circuit to switch a 230V AC mains circuit.
Thus a small sensor circuit can drive, say, a fan or an electric bulb. A relay switch can be
divided into two parts: input and output. The input section has a coil which generates
magnetic field when a small voltage from an electronic circuit is applied to it.
This voltage is called the operating voltage. Commonly used relays are available in
different configuration of operating voltages like 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V etc. The output section
consists of contactors which connect or disconnect mechanically. In a basic relay there are
three contactors: normally open (NO), normally closed (NC) and common (COM). At no
input state, the COM is connected to NC. When the operating voltage is applied the relay coil
gets energized and the COM changes contact to NO. Different relay configurations are
available like SPST, SPDT, DPDT etc, which have different number of changeover contacts.
By using proper combination of contactors, the electrical circuit can be switched on and off.
Figure 4.11 Relay
Karth
ik
31
CHAPTER 5
ROLE OF MIRCOCONTROLLER IN TIMER CIRCUIT
5.1 MICROCONTROLLER
Microcontrollers are usually dedicated devices embedded within an application. For
example, microcontrollers are used as engine controllers in automobiles and as exposure and
focus controllers in cameras. In order to serve these applications, they have a high
concentration of on-chip facilities such as serial ports, parallel input/output ports, timers,
counters, interrupt control, analog-to-digital converters, random access memory, read only
memory, etc. The I/O, memory, and on-chip peripherals of a microcontroller are selected
depending on the specifics of the target application. Since microcontrollers are powerful
digital processors, the degree of control and programmability they provide significantly
enhances the effectiveness of the application.
The microcontroller incorporates all the features that are found in microprocessor. The
microcontroller has built in ROM, RAM, Input Output ports, Serial Port, timers, interrupts
and clock circuit. A microcontroller is an entire computer manufactured on a single chip.
Microcontrollers are usually dedicated devices embedded within an application. For example,
microcontrollers are used as engine controllers in automobiles and as exposure and focus
controllers in cameras. In order to serve these applications, they have a high concentration of
on-chip facilities such as serial ports, parallel input output ports, timers, counters, interrupt
control, analog-to-digital converters, random access memory, read only memory, etc. The
I/O, memory, and on-chip peripherals of a microcontroller are selected depending on the
specifics of the target application.
The 8051 family with its many enhanced members enjoys the largest market share,
estimated to be about 40%, among the various microcontroller architectures. The
microcontroller has on chip peripheral devices. In this unit firstly we differentiate
microcontroller from microprocessor then we will discuss about Hardware details of 8051
and then introduce the Assembly level language in brief.
Karth
ik
32
Microcontrollers
Microcontroller (MC) may be called computer on chip since it has basic features of
microprocessor with internal ROM, RAM, Parallel and serial ports within single chip.
Or we can say microprocessor with memory and ports is called as microcontroller.
This is widely used in washing machines, vcd player, microwave oven, and robotics or
in industries.
Microcontroller can be classified on the basis of their bits processed like 8bit MC,
16bit MC.
8 bit microcontroller means it can read, write and process 8 bit data. Ex. 8051
microcontroller. Basically 8 bit specifies the size of data bus. 8 bit microcontroller
means 8 bit data can travel on the data bus or we can read, write process 8 bit data.
5.2 MICROCONTROLLER 8051 ARCHITECTURE
It is 8-bit microcontroller, means MC 8051 can Read, Write and Process 8 bit data.
This is mostly used microcontroller in the robotics, home appliances like mp3 player,
washing machines, electronic iron and industries.
Figure 5.1 8051 Architecture
Karth
ik
33
5.3 PROGRAM FED IN MICROCONTROLLER
This coding fetched into microprocessor to perform delay timing operation
CODING:
// Lcd module connections
sbit LCD_RS at P2_0_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at P2_1_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at P2_2_bit;
sbit LCD_D5 at P2_3_bit;
sbit LCD_D6 at P2_4_bit;
sbit LCD_D7 at P2_5_bit;
sbit led at P3_0_bit;
sbit alt at P1_0_bit;
sbit inc at P1_1_bit;
sbit dec at P1_2_bit;
sbit set at P1_3_bit;
sbit inp at P1_4_bit;
void Vdelay_ms(unsigned time_in_ms);
long int on=1000,off=1000,j,k;
unsigned int a,d,c;
void main()
{
Karth
ik
34
P1=0XFF;
P3=0;
Lcd_Init(); // Initialize Lcd
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off
Lcd_out(1,1," ON TIME:000");
Lcd_out(2,1," OFF TIME:000");
while(1)
{
while(set==0)
{
led=0;
if(inp==0)
{
if(inc==0)
{
on=on+1000;delay_ms(200);
if(on>99999)
{on=999999;}
}
if(dec==0)
Karth
ik
35
{
if(on<=1000)
{on=1000;}
else
{on=on-1000;delay_ms(200);}
}
j = on/1000;
a = j/100;
d = j%100;
c = d%10;
d = d/10;
Lcd_Chr(1, 11, a+48);
Lcd_Chr(1, 12, d+48);
Lcd_Chr(1, 13, c+48);
}
///////////////////
if(inp==1)
{
if(inc==0)
{
off=off+1000;delay_ms(200);
Karth
ik
36
if(off>99999)
{off=999999;}
}
if(dec==0)
{
if(off<=1000)
{off=1000;}
else
{off=off-1000;delay_ms(200);}
}
k = off/1000;
a = k/100;
d = k%100;
c = d%10;
d = d/10;
Lcd_Chr(2, 11, a+48);
Lcd_Chr(2, 12, d+48);
Lcd_Chr(2, 13, c+48);
}
}
//////////////////////////
Karth
ik
37
while(set==1)
{
Vdelay_ms(on);
led=1;
Vdelay_ms(off);
led=0;
}
}
}
Karth
ik
38
CHAPTER 6
DISCUSSION
Many machines are dangerous to lubricate while running. So safety is an issue when
lubricating hard-to-reach bearings. Under lubrication will cause bearing damage and
premature failure. Over lubrication can cause product spoilage, bearing seal damage and
cleanup issues. Manual lubrication typically produces inconsistent lubrication. The uneven
lubrication cycle leads to wasted lubricant and allows contaminants to enter the bearing –
producing premature wear.
Figure 6.1 Comparison between Manual vs Automated Lubrication
Advantages of an Automatic Lubrication System
Lubrication occurs while the machinery is in operation causing the lubricant to be
equally distributed within the bearing and increasing the machine’s availability. All critical
components are lubricated, regardless of location or ease of access. Proper lubrication of
critical components ensures safe operation of the machinery. Less wear on the components
means extended component life, fewer breakdowns, reduced downtime, reduced replacement
costs and reduced maintenance costs. There is no climbing around machinery or inaccessible
areas by the use of this system.
Karth
ik
39
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
This self lubrication systems offer superior features than manual lubrication. This
system eliminates productions loss where as manual lubrication requires machine shut down.
It provides effective and clean lubrication. Self lubrication system will improve safety
features and prevents accidents that occur during manual lubrication. It provides consistent
lubrication that extends bearing life and prevents unplanned downtime. This system can be
used complicated machines in small scale industries.
Karth
ik
40
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
1. C. James Erickson, Charles D. Potts, Byron M. Jones “Electrical and Electronics
Engineering”
2. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi and Rolin D. McKinlay “The 8051
Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C” Second
EditionNathan E. McIntire and Zelma M. Porter (1972) “Automatic Lubrication
System”
3. Hermann Werner, Erich Lessol and Burkard Mueller (1996) “Bicycle Dynamo having
a rotary-current generator” – US patent
4. Richard W. Dochterman and Fort Wayne (1967) “Lubrication System for Electric
Machines”
5. Cheng-Hsien Wu, Yu-Tai Kung “A parametric study on oil/air lubrication of a high-
speed spindle” Precision Engineering, Volume 29, Issue 2, April 2005, pp 162-167
6. James C. Gwynn (1995) “Programmable Electronic Timer Circuit” - US patent
7. Willam Bolton “Mechatronics” (2011) Fourth Edition - Microprocessor pp 336-372
8. www.wikipedia.org
9. www.wikitronics.com
10. www.interlubesystem.co.uk
11. www.electronicsforu.com
12. www.engineergarage.com
Karth
ik