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Facial Facial ReconstructionReconstruction
From Skeletal Remains !
By:
P.Vinay & M.Ganesh Kumar,
III B.D.S., Ragas Dental College
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What is Forensic What is Forensic Medicine?Medicine?
Forensic medicine, also called Legal medicine or medical jurisprudence deals with the interaction of medical science with the law.
The name comes from ‘forum’, the Roman market-place where lawyers did their business.
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What is death ?What is death ?Death is a process, not an event.
There is no single definition for death.
Death is not merely the absence of life, but the cessation of life in a previously viable organism.
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Classification of Classification of deathdeath
Somatic Cellular
Somatic death ----- the person no longer functions as a unit of society, because he is irreversibly unconscious and can’t communicate with the environment and is unaware of his own or the world’s existence.
Cellular death ----- means the cessation of respiration and metabolism of the body tissues, which is soon followed by autolysis and decay.
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Causes of deathCauses of deathSelf induced death:
Forensic Related
Railway track suicide CO inhalation
Gunshot suicide
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Causes of deathCauses of deathOthers induced death:
Forensic Related
Sexual assault Electric hot-plate torture
Road accident
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Why are we concerned Why are we concerned about death?about death?
Almost all doctors, whatever their speciality,come in to contact with death at some time or other in their professional work.
The legal & ethical aspects of this inevitable process form an important part of Forensic Medicine.
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Facial ReconstructionFacial ReconstructionThree types:
2-D Facial Reconstruction 3-D Facial Reconstruction Computer Aided Facial Reconstruction
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3-D Facial Reconstruction
The Making
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3-D Facial Reconstruction
There are 3 methods:There are 3 methods:
Anatomical methodAnatomical method
Tissue depth methodTissue depth method
Combination methodCombination method
MethodsMethods
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3-D Facial Reconstruction
Armamentarium requiredArmamentarium required Skull
Tripod Stand
Cotton
Clay
Clay modelling instruments
Instant adhesive (ex: Fevikwik)
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3-D Facial Reconstruction
Take photograph of the skull with markers for future reference
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3-D Facial Reconstruction
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Combination Method
It’s a method of facial reconstruction in which certain Anatomical structures are defined individually to flesh out the face.
All tissue depth data are utilized.
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Combination Method
Preparation & Preservation of Skull:Preparation & Preservation of Skull: Orbits and Nasal cavity are blocked
Mandible attached to cranium
Spacing in Condylar fossae
Freeway space is maintained
Edentulous jaw is fixed using a guide
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Combination Method
Preparation & Preservation of Skull:
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Combination Method
Placing Tissue depth markers:Placing Tissue depth markers: All tissue depth markers are not used
The markers are used to assist in contouring
Photograph of the skull with tissue depth markers is taken for further procedures
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Combination Method
Tissue depth markers
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Combination Method
Fleshing out Anatomical landmarksFleshing out Anatomical landmarks Few markers are connected using strips of clay Certain anatomical landmarks like Temporalis, Fatty buccal pad, Masseter, Parotid gland, and few Facial muscles are created using clay Eyes are also placed
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Combination Method
Fleshing out Anatomical landmarksFleshing out Anatomical landmarks
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Combination Method
Sculpting - Part ISculpting - Part I
Now the work and fun really begins
It’s the matter of using those artistic skills to bring life
Add clay using both the tissue depth marker guidelines and the sculpted muscles
Placing ears is highly imaginary
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Combination Method
Sculpting – Part ISculpting – Part I
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Combination Method
Sculpting – Part IISculpting – Part II
The face has now begun to take shape
Tissue depth markers still visible
Width of the nasal cavity is equal to the total width of the nose
Nasal bone used to determine the slope of the nose
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Combination Method
Sculpting – Part IISculpting – Part II
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Combination Method
Sculpting – Part IIISculpting – Part III
Now the finishing touches are applied and the tissue depth markers are covered
She had no side teeth note her cheeks
Wrinkles were added to support her age
Hair based on the hairstyles of that era
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Combination Method
Sculpting – Part IIISculpting – Part III
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Combination Method
Finishing TouchesFinishing Touches
Painting is minimal - some oil washes followed by airbrushing
Polyfiber hair was punched in
A cap is placed upon her head
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Combination Method
Finishing TouchesFinishing Touches
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Combination Method
ConclusionConclusion
The sculpture is photographed
Photograph is superimposed with skull
Photographs are sent for identification
The process in now complete.
A piece of history - Albany in the early 1700s - has now been given a face.
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SuperimpositionSuperimposition Done to check whether the reconstruction was done correctly or not
Three types: PhotographicPhotographic
VideoVideo
Computer aidedComputer aided
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SuperimpositionSuperimposition
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Computer Aided Facial
ReconstructionThe facial reconstruction project described here required three major steps:
A computed tomograph scanA computed tomograph scan
A stereolithography cast of the skullA stereolithography cast of the skull
A skilled technician to model the face in clay A skilled technician to model the face in clay and make the moldsand make the molds
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Computer Aided Facial
ReconstructionComputed Tomograph ScanComputed Tomograph Scan
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Computer Aided Facial
ReconstructionStereolithography CastStereolithography Cast
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Computer Aided Facial
ReconstructionMaking the Clay mouldMaking the Clay mould
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Guided By : Dr. Shiva Kumar, M.D.S.,
• Head, Dept. of Preventive & Community Dentistry
Dr. Madhusudhanan Krishnan, M.D.S.,• Reader, Dept. of Preventive & Community Dentistry
Dr. P.D.Madhan Kumar, M.D.S.,• Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Preventive & Community
Dentistry
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Acknowledgements : Ms. Karen T. Taylor• Portrait Artist, Texas Dept. of Public Safety, Texas
Deputy Chief, Richard Berry• Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington D.C.
Deputy Chief, Mike Deal• Altamonte Springs, Florida Police Department
Mr. Lois Gibson• Houston, Texas Police Department
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References :
Karen T.Taylor, 3-D Facial Reconstruction on Skull, Forensic Art & Illustration, 1st edition, 2001.
Bernard Knight, Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Simpson’s Forensic Medicine, 11th edition, 1997.
Rhine.J.S. and Campbell.H.R., Thickness of facial tissues in American blacks, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 25(4), 847-858, 1980.
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