FC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750) a
Eng Rev-> triumph of?
FC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
a
New tech. dev. In
Britain?
FC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
a
Another important
development?
FC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)
Population growth Labor force & mkts for goods
Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
a
Its importance?
FC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)
Population growth Labor force & mkts for goods
Develop transp. system: ships &
canals
Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
a
Transporting goods?
FC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)
Population growth Labor force & mkts for goods
Develop transp. system: ships &
canals
Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
a
Left: The Barton Aqueduct, built in 1769, and the Chirk Aqueduct, painted in 1802 by John Sell Cotman.
Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, built in 1805
Canal mania spread to America in the early 1800s. While the best known was the Erie Canal, there was a system of canals stretching 280 miles across Pennsylvania using locks, dams, tow paths, and railroads (for towing boats). Charles Dickens wrote an account of traveling on this canal in 1842. He described the crossing of the Allegheny Portage Railroad: "Occasionally the rails are laid upon the extreme verge of the giddy precipice and looking down from the carriage window, the traveler gazes sheer down without a stone or scrap of fence between into the mountain depths below,” Overall, he described his trip across Pennsylvania as "sufficiently disconcerting.” Such a cumbersome journey was still better than carrying goods on foot. Railroads eventually made such canals obsolete.
Between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 1700s road conditions in Europe were abysmal. When it rained they could turn into a morass of mud. Otherwise they were full of potholes and ruts that were especially hazardous for passengers of stagecoaches with their high center of gravity, killing many of them in stagecoach flips.
Then John McAdam (1756-1836), invented a new kind of roadbed with large stones on the bottom with layers of progressively smaller stones on top. The smallest stones could only be 1” in diameter, the idea being the wear and tear of traffic would pack them together, as opposed to larger stones that would crack. Typically they had no binding, but at sometimes tar would be used, thus giving rise to the term “tarmack”. Macadamized roads, as they would be called, drained well with drainage channels to the side. They were safe, and durable, vastly improving overland travel in Britain before the railroads.
A cross-section of a Macadamized Road
Typically, the tedious work of stone breaking for Macadamized roads was done by convicts, as portrayed in Gustave Courbet’s The Stonebreakers.
Toll road stations. Since roadways were typically owned by private individuals or corporations, travelers had to pay tolls for their use.
FC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)
Population growth Labor force & mkts for goods
Resources for textile mills &
markets for goods
Develop transp. system: ships &
canals
Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
Britain’s colonial empire (FC.96C)
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
a
Two types of things colonies
provided Britain?
aFC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)
Population growth Labor force & mkts for goods
Resources for textile mills &
markets for goods
Develop transp. system: ships &
canals
Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
Britain’s colonial empire (FC.96C)
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
Eli Whitney, his cotton gin, and an ad showing another of his innovations, manufacturing guns with interchangeable parts
FC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)
Population growth Labor force & mkts for goods
Resources for textile mills &
markets for goods
Develop transp. system: ships &
canals
Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
Britain’s colonial empire (FC.96C)
Bank of Eng?
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
a
FC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)
Population growth Labor force & mkts for goods
Resources for textile mills &
markets for goods
Develop transp. system: ships &
canals
Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
Britain’s colonial empire (FC.96C)
Bank of Eng Money to invest
(FC.96C)
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
a
Br’s geogr. advantages?
FC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)
Population growth Labor force & mkts for goods
Resources for textile mills &
markets for goods
Develop transp. system: ships &
canals
Br’s excellent waterways & trade position
Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
Britain’s colonial empire (FC.96C)
Bank of Eng Money to invest
(FC.96C)
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
a
Br’s natural resources?
aFC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)
Population growth Labor force & mkts for goods
Resources for textile mills &
markets for goods
Develop transp. system: ships &
canals
Large deposits of coal & iron in
N. England
Br’s excellent waterways & trade position
Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
Britain’s colonial empire (FC.96C)
Bank of Eng Money to invest
(FC.96C)
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
aFC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)
Population growth Labor force & mkts for goods
Resources for textile mills &
markets for goods
Develop transp. system: ships &
canals
Large deposits of coal & iron in
N. England
Br’s excellent waterways & trade position
Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
Britain’s colonial empire (FC.96C)
Bank of Eng Money to invest
(FC.96C)
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
Ind. Rev. starts in Britain, putting it well ahead of the
rest of the world
aFC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)
Population growth Labor force & mkts for goods
Resources for textile mills &
markets for goods
Develop transp. system: ships &
canals
Large deposits of coal & iron in
N. England
Br’s excellent waterways & trade position
Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
Britain’s colonial empire (FC.96C)
Bank of Eng Money to invest
(FC.96C)
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
Steamships & RRs Tie continents & globe more tightly together (FC.112)
Virtual explosion of new tech’s, esp. after creation of research labs (FC.117)
Ind. Rev. starts in Britain, putting it well ahead of the
rest of the world
aFC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)
Population growth Labor force & mkts for goods
Resources for textile mills &
markets for goods
Develop transp. system: ships &
canals
Large deposits of coal & iron in
N. England
Br’s excellent waterways & trade position
Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
Britain’s colonial empire (FC.96C)
Bank of Eng Money to invest
(FC.96C)
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
Steamships & RRs Tie continents & globe more tightly together (FC.112)
Virtual explosion of new tech’s, esp. after creation of research labs (FC.117)
Ind. Rev. starts in Britain, putting it well ahead of the
rest of the world
aFC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)
Population growth Labor force & mkts for goods
Resources for textile mills &
markets for goods
Develop transp. system: ships &
canals
Large deposits of coal & iron in
N. England
Br’s excellent waterways & trade position
Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
Britain’s colonial empire (FC.96C)
Bank of Eng Money to invest
(FC.96C)
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
Gradual improvement in women’s status
(FC.114)
Steamships & RRs Tie continents & globe more tightly together (FC.112)
Virtual explosion of new tech’s, esp. after creation of research labs (FC.117)
Ind. Rev. starts in Britain, putting it well ahead of the
rest of the world
aFC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)
Population growth Labor force & mkts for goods
Resources for textile mills &
markets for goods
Develop transp. system: ships &
canals
Large deposits of coal & iron in
N. England
Br’s excellent waterways & trade position
Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
Britain’s colonial empire (FC.96C)
Bank of Eng Money to invest
(FC.96C)
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
Gradual improvement in women’s status
(FC.114)
Drastic changes in soc. & family structure
(FC.113)
Steamships & RRs Tie continents & globe more tightly together (FC.112)
Virtual explosion of new tech’s, esp. after creation of research labs (FC.117)
Ind. Rev. starts in Britain, putting it well ahead of the
rest of the world
aFC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750)
Population growth Labor force & mkts for goods
Resources for textile mills &
markets for goods
Develop transp. system: ships &
canals
Large deposits of coal & iron in
N. England
Br’s excellent waterways & trade position
Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to
invest in new business & tech. (FC.96)
Britain’s colonial empire (FC.96C)
Bank of Eng Money to invest
(FC.96C)
New steam & textile tech.
(FC.110))
New agricultural tech’s (FC.109)
Powerful forces & effects of Ind. Rev. spread across globe (FC.116)
Gradual improvement in women’s status
(FC.114)
Drastic changes in soc. & family structure
(FC.113)
Steamships & RRs Tie continents & globe more tightly together (FC.112)
Virtual explosion of new tech’s, esp. after creation of research labs (FC.117)
Ind. Rev. starts in Britain, putting it well ahead of the
rest of the world
Ind Rev starts in Britain (FC.111)
Higher standard of living
Profusion of new tech’s
Incentive to create new prod’s Research labs
Higher stand. of living after initial decline
Drastic changes in people’s lives:
Awful work cond’s Reforms
Impers. urban soc + sep. of home &
work Nucl. fam.
More sales
Raise production
More Jobs
More $ in economy
Accelerating pace of tech. change (FC.117)
Social effects (FC.113)
Dev. cont. interiors & link mkts, fact’s & resources
RR’s, steamships & telegraph
Global economic & political interdependence
Railroads (FC.112)
Impact on women (FC.114)
Rising status as seen in:
More educ. women
Women win the vote
Outsourcing cycle ind. Rev. spreads across globe (FC.116)
Need to protect people from rich & powerful
Need to help poor where church & family used to
Marxism as reaction vs. industrial conditions (FC.115)
Power & expense of mod. weapons only it can afford
Need to regulate growing interdep. within & b/w nations
Govt’s fund RRs, & est. stand. gauges & safety rules
Growing power of the indus. state due to:
Various psychological effects:World seems
smaller & more impersonal
Longer livesLess religious & more
materialistic
More soc. mobility & freer fashionsMore women in
workforce More money and influence
FC.117B AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION