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SDR TechnologyImplementation forthe Cognitive Radio
Bruce Fette PhD
Chief ScientistGeneral Dynamics Decision Systems
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Cognitive Radio* is Built on SDR*
We must start with a Software Defined Radio as a basic
platform on which to build a Cognitive Radio
Cognitive Radio can provide the spectral awareness
technology to support FCC initiatives in Spectral Use
*SDR and Cognitive Radio are terms coined by Dr. Joe Mitola - see appendices for references
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Definition of SDR
From FCC NPRM*: We view software defined radios as the
result of an evolutionary process from purely hardware-
based equipment to fully software-based equipment. In this
regard, the process can be roughly described in three
stages 1. Hardware driven radios: Transmit frequencies, modulation
type and other radio frequency (RF) parameters are determined
by hardware and cannot be changed without hardware changes.
2. Digital radios: A digital radio performs part of the signal
processing or transmission digitally, but is not programmable inthe field
3. Software Defined Radios:. All functions, modes and
applications can be configured and reconfigured by software.
*Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) 8/12/00
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Definition of SDR - Continued
SDR Forum:
4. SW defines all waveform properties, cryptography and
applications, is re-programmable, and may be upgraded in
the field with new capabilities
Importance of Standards (APIs) 5. HW Interfaces, RF services, Operating Environment,
Application to Radio Interfaces
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SDR Technology
Technology fundamentals:
Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) provide virtually infinite
programmability
All modulation, cryptography, protocols, and source coding
(voice, data, imagery) are established using software
Many types of modulation can be accomplished over a broad
range of frequencies, thereby an SDR is capable of servicing
more than one class of service
Field serviceable, when requirements change, upgrades and
modifications are relatively easy to execute
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SDR Standardized Architecture Supports BothCurrent and Future Applications
FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, TDD
AM, FM, MFSK, MPSK, MQAM, CPM, SSB, DSSS
DES, 3DES, AES, MeXe
Trunked Radio, APCO-25, GSM, Iridium, 802.11..
Tone Coded Squelch, CVSD, LPC, VSELP, AMBE, .
Its just a matter of software!
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Building the Cognitive Radio using SDR Technology- The SDR Radio is Available Now!
SDR drives the Cognitive Radio concept that will provide the
spectral awareness technology supporting the FCCs Spectral
Use initiatives
SDR is a proven, flexible, COTS technology platform
SDR Technology is in Production and Available Now
NewAnnouncements
ComingSoon
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Cognitive Radio Means Smart and Alert
It knows where it is
It knows what services areavailable, for example, it canidentify then use emptyspectrum to communicate moreefficiently
It knows what services interestthe user, and knows how to findthem
It knows the current degree ofneeds and future likelihood ofneeds of its user
Learns and recognizes usage
patterns from the user
Applies Model BasedReasoning about user needs,local content, environmentalcontext
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How Does a Cognitive Radio Get So Smart?
ExternalIntelligenceSources
Mitola, Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia Communications, IEEE Mobile Multimedia Conference, 1999, pp3-10
OrientEstablish Priority
PlanNormal
Generate Alternatives(Program Generation)
Evaluate Alternatives
Register to Current Time
Decide
Alternate Resources
Initiate Process(es)(Isochronism Is Key)
Act
Learn
Save GlobalStates
Set Display
Send a Message
ObserveReceive a MessageRead Buttons
OutsideWorld
NewStates
The Cognition Cycle
PriorStates
Pre-process
Parse
ImmediateUrgent
Infer on Context Hierarchy
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Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette That Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR / Cognitive Radio
Infrastructure Based Approaches
Possible Infrastructure Reuse - spread economic support base
Existing examples of Spectrum sharing Protocols
A) Trunked radio
B) Cellular spectrum borrowing
C) Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA)(demand assigned time
sharing)
Infrastructure Supports wide Range of Spectrum Management Policies
Match Requirements, Priorities, Spectral Mask of Owners
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Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)
Cognitive Radios can adopt new etiquettes for new standards
o Possible Demonstrations using existing SDRs
Spectrum rental transactions
Spectral Availability (Borrow) Beacon
Local Spectrum Utilization Database Server (time, freq, code, space, power,
modulation)
Spectral Noise temperature (Kolodzy, 2002)
RTS - CTS handshake (handshake includes local spectral activitymodel at each end of link, as well as BW, packet size, TX PWR
for APC). Minimizes hidden node problem
Underlay, Overlay, Interweave
Distributed techniques - Possible Demonstrations
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Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)
Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user
Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency
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SDR Finds Frequency - Time Opportunities
Spectral Awareness Etiquette
Existing Signals
Detailed Signal Parameters
Deployed waveforms
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Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)
Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user
Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency
Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user
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Opportunities for Spectral Reuse Amongst Periodic Signals
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Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)
Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user
Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency
Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user
Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering
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Time - Frequency - Space
Each Domain has Opportunities for Spectral Reuse
T1
R1,R4
T2
T3
R3
R3,T4
InterferingSignal PlacedIn Null
Transmitter forms Beam Toward Intended RecipientReceiver forms Null Toward Interference Sources
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Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)
Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user
Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency
Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user
Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering
Adaptive Bit Loading onto OFDM carriers based on SNR
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OFDM Interference Avoidance
1
2
3
00.5
11.5
22.5
x 106
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Transmission NumberFrequency (Hz)
Pow
erSpectrumM
agnitude(dB)
1
2
3
00.5
11.5
22.5
x 106
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
Transmission NumberFrequency (Hz)
Po
werSpectrumM
agnitude(dB)
Tx Spectrum Rcv Spectrum0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5x 10
6
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Frequency (Hz)
PowerSpectrum
Magnitude
(dB)
Shaped QPSK @ 128 kbps
QPSK Interference Spectrum
Normal
Survive
Survive
Normal
Survive
Survive
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Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)
Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user
Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency
Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user
Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering
Adaptive Bit Loading onto OFDM carriers based on SNR
OFDM techniques where small spectral holes can be filled by one or
a few carriers that fit the time - frequency hole
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Frequency
T
I
M
E
Spectral Adaptation Waveforms
OFDM Carriers Selected for Use That Fall intoAvailable Spectrum
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Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)
Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user
Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency
Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user
Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering
Adaptive Bit Loading onto OFDM carriers based on SNR
OFDM techniques where small spectral holes can be filled by one or
a few carriers that fit the time - frequency hole
Interference Suppression & MultiUser Decomposition
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Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)
Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user
Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency
Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user
Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering
Adaptive Bit Loading onto OFDM carriers based on SNR
OFDM techniques where small spectral holes can be filled by one or
a few carriers that fit the time - frequency hole
Interference Suppression & MultiUser Decomposition
Importance of Adaptive Power Control
AD Hoc Networking (shortest hop routing w APC)
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Transmitting from A -> Z : AdHoc Networking
Node A
Node Z
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Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)
Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user
Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency
Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user
Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering
Adaptive Bit Loading onto OFDM carriers based on SNR
OFDM techniques where small spectral holes can be filled by one or
a few carriers that fit the time - frequency hole
Interference Suppression & MultiUser Decomposition
Importance of Adaptive Power Control
AD Hoc Networking (shortest hop routing w APC)
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Timeline: SDRs to have Cognitive Capabilities
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
DARPAs
Demonstrations
within 1 year
Commercial
viabilityexploration &
commercial
analysis under
existing
agreements
Viabilitydemonstrated
for commercial
purposes
within 2 year
SDR Forum can
initiate early work
and insert into
standards bodies as
work matures
5 years for
etiquettes
to be formallystandardized
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
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In Conclusion
SDR Products and Technology are a RealityToday
SDR Standards are Actively Being Worked todayby Standards Bodies and Organizations
Cognitive Radios have the Ability to ImplementProtocols and Policies Beyond TraditionalCommunications.
New Realms of Knowledge and InformationTransfer are Achievable with Cognitive/SDRRadio as the Underlying Technology Enabler
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Appendix
SCA Reference Architecture
Radio Services for Application Portability
SDR Forum Standardized Hardware Architecture
Reference Publications
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SCA Reference Architecture
Core Framework (CF)
Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS)
Applications
OE
Red (Non-Secure) Hardware Bus
CF
Services &
Applications
CORBA ORB &
Services
(Middleware)
Network Stacks & Serial Interface Services
Board Support Package (Bus Layer)
POSIX Operating System
Black (Secure) Hardware Bus
CF
Services &
Applications
CORBA ORB &
Services
(Middleware)
Network Stacks & Serial Interface Services
Board Support Package (Bus Layer)
POSIX Operating System
Core Framework IDL (Logical Software Bus via CORBA)
Non-CORBA
ModemApplications
Non-CORBA
Modem API
Non-CORBA
Security
Applications
Non-CORBA
HostApplications
Non-CORBA
Security APIRF
Modem
Applications
Link, Network
Applications
Security
Applications
Modem
Adapter
Security
Adapter
Security
Adapter
Host
Adapter
Host
Applications
Modem API Link, Network API Link, Network API
Non-CORBA
Host API
Link, Network
Applications
APISecurity
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Radio Services For Application Portability
OperatingEnvironment
Devices
Radio SystemsApplications
MiddlewareServices
(Ext)
(Ext)
(Ext)
(Int)
(Int)
(Int)
JTR Set
RadioServices
(Ext)
(Int)
(Int)
WFApps
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*SDR Forum was established as an Industry Organization to address SDR technology on 1995
SDR Forum* Standardized Hardware Architecture
From Programmable Modular Communications System (PMCS) Guidance Document, 1997
RF
BB / IF
Real/
ComplexDigital/
Analog
RF
BITS
Cypher TextFlow Contl
BITS
Plain TextFlow Contl
Aux Aux Aux
KeyFill
RepresentativeInformation
FlowFormats
AIR
I/O
C
RF
C C C C
I I II
CONTROL
MSGPROCESS
& I/O
C
Routing
Common
System
Equipment
Clock/Strobe
Ref, Power
MultimediaVoice
Data
Flow Control
Network
Ext. Ref
Remote Control/Display
User Control(HMI)
Aux: Special Purpose
I/O for Antenna DiversityCo-site Mitigation, etc.
I: Information
BB: BasebandC: Control/Status
SEC I/O
LINKPROC
(Black)
I/O
C
INFOSEC
I/O
C
MODEM
I/O
C
ANTENNA
C
I
(A) (R) (M)
(C)
(S)
(R)
C
(L)
Aux
Video
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Reference Publications
Mitola, Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia Communications,
IEEE Mobile Multimedia Conference, 1999, pp3-10
Mitola, Future of Signal Processing - Cognitive Radio, Keynote, IEEE
ICASSP, May 1999
Mitola, Maguire, Cognitive Radio: Making SW Radios More Personal,IEEE Personal Communications, August 1999, pp13-18
Mitola, SDR Architecture Refinement for JTRS, Milcom 2000, pp 214-218
Mitola, Software Radio Architecture: A Mathematical Perspective, IEEE J
on Selected Areas in Comms, April 1999, pp 514-538
Margulies, Mitola, Software Defined Radio: A Technical Challenge and a
Migration Strategy, 1998, pp551-556