Federal AviationAdministrationFAA Inspectors FAA Inspectors
and FAAST and FAAST Managers Managers TrainingTrainingMODULE 1Introduction
03/10/09 Rev. 1.0 SL-1-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
ObjectivesObjectives
• Upon completing this lesson:– You will understand the background,
goals, philosophy, imperatives, and implementation of SBT, SRM, and LCG.
– You will understand the importance of using SBT, SRM, and LCG in flight training.
SL-2-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
OverviewOverview
• This is the first module of the FAA Inspectors and FAAS Managers Training Seminar.
• Why use SBT, SRM, and LCG and where did they come from?
• What are the goals, philosophy, and imperatives and how can they be implemented?
SL-3-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
Why do this?Why do this?
• To facilitate learning in order to reduce or prevent pilot-error accidents.
SL-4-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
BackgroundBackground
• Seventy-five to 80% of GA accidents are caused by human factors (pilot errors)
• Judgment and decision-making can be taught and evaluated using STB, SRM, and LCG.
• The FITS studies showed significant improvement.
SL-5-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
Background (cont.)Background (cont.)
• The development process:– Determined best practices currently in
use.– Identified best practices for improving
learning and enhancing judgment.– Tested the effectiveness.– Developed generic training syllabi.– Recommended changes to PTS and
developed grading rubrics.
SL-6-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
Scenario-Based Training Scenario-Based Training (SBT)(SBT)• SBT is a training system (teaching
method) that uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address flight-evaluation in an operational environment.
SL-7-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
Single-Pilot Resource Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM)Management (SRM)• SRM is the art and science of
managing all resources (both on-board the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure the successful outcome of the flight is never in doubt.
• SRM includes ADM, RM, AM, TM, SA, and CFIT avoidance.
SL-8-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
Learner-Centered Grading Learner-Centered Grading (LCG)(LCG)• LCG is a grading system and a
debriefing technique that provides:– clear feedback about progress toward
achieving desired outcomes,– progress to other instructors and
flight managers, and– opportunities to enhance learning as
well as practice and rehearse judgment and decision-making.
SL-9-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
GoalsGoals
• The goals are to:– improve the acquisition of
aeronautical knowledge and – enhance the development of
judgment and aeronautical decision-making skills.
SL-10-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
PhilosophyPhilosophy
• The philosophy is to use maneuvers in scenarios to improve learning and recall, and to emphasize the development of judgment and decision-making skills.
SL-11-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
Why scenarios?Why scenarios?
• Scenarios engage and motivate.– To facilitate learning
• The pilot must actively engage in the learning process.
• Learning activities must be realistic and authentic– Authentic to the pilot
• The pilot needs to understand how the new knowledge relates to his or her previous experience or knowledge
SL-12-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
Aeronautical Decision-MakingAeronautical Decision-Making
• Is defined as a systematic approach to the mental process and mental skills used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.
• The mental skills are analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
• Can be taught like any other mental skill.• Needs to be practiced and rehearsed.
SL-13-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
Practice ExercisePractice Exercise
SL-14-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
With a partner:With a partner:
• Pick a common GA single-engine emergency and set up the circumstances surrounding the emergency.
• Develop an appropriate response.
SL-15-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
Can We Do Better?Can We Do Better?
• We picked an emergency• Developed a response
• To practice and rehears judgment (analysis, synthesis, and evaluation), we need more steps in the learning process
SL-16-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
Teaching & Learning MethodTeaching & Learning Method
• Give the pilot a problem or task to solve
• Have the pilot reflect on how he/she solved the problem and determine if there were other ways the problem could have been solved
• Have the pilot re-solve the problem using additional information or another way
SL-17-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
Teaching & Learning Method Teaching & Learning Method (cont.)(cont.)• Have the pilot choose which
solution is best• Challenge the pilot to describe
“best” and consider if the “best solution” is always the same solution
SL-18-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
Back to the Practice ExerciseBack to the Practice Exercise
SL-19-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
Revisit Your SolutionRevisit Your Solution
• Reflect• Re-solve• Select which is best• What is “best”
SL-20-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
ImperativesImperatives
• Pilot training must include teaching methods that develop judgment and decision-making skills as well as engagement in the learning process and includes realistic and authentic learning activities
• These teaching methods are SBT, LCG, and SRM
SL-21-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
ImplementationImplementation
• Incorporate SBT, LCG, and SRM• Use a problem or task as the
learning activity center-piece• Use a scenario and the judgment
assessment rubric to evaluate judgment and decision-making
SL-22-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
ReviewReview
• Seventy-five to 80% of the GA accidents are caused by pilot error
• Pilots can be taught judgment and decision-making skills
• Pilots need to practice and rehearse analysis, synthesis, and evaluation skills
• SBT, SRM, and LCG are effective tools for teaching, providing practice, and rehearsal opportunities
SL-23-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministration
ObjectivesObjectives
• Upon completing this lesson:– You will understand the background,
goals, philosophy, imperatives, and implementation of SBT, SRM, and LCG.
– You will understand the importance of using SBT, SRM, and LCG in flight training.
SL-24-FIFMT-1
Federal AviationAdministrationFAA Inspectors FAA Inspectors
and FAAST and FAAST Managers Managers TrainingTrainingMODULE 1Introduction
The End
03/10/09 Rev. 1.0 SL-25-FIFMT-1