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FEEDBACK-Coaching and Motor Control
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Presentation
Define the topic Brief background Previous research Findings Conclusion
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Main Research
Dr. Gabriele Wulf Schmidt & Wrisberg Stephan Swinnen
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Background & Definition
Large amount of interest since 20th century
Critical for learning motor skills Definition
Information produced from the various sensors within the body (Schmidt)
Knowledge of results of any behaviour considered as influencing further behaviour
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Feedback – Overview
Internal FeedbackFeedback from the sensory cortex
○ Eg. sight or kinesthesis
External FeedbackAugmented informationExternal to the sensory cortex of the
performerAdds to the intrinsic information
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Knowledge of Results (KR)
•Extrinsic•Augmented•Success of movement with respect to the goal•Can be redundant
Former Collingwood Coach Mick Malthouse addressing his players at 3qtr time of grand final.1 2011
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Knowledge of Performance (KP)•Extrinsic•Augmented•Assesses quality of movement rather than result•Supplements the knowledge of the performer•Kinematic feedback
• v, t, a, etc.
A picture of dartfish software assessing a countermovement jump
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Feedback and Learningliterature
Thorndike’s line drawing test1931 (foundation research)Participants who did not receive feedback
did not improve post testEstablished mind set for further researchThorndike’s study still confirmed
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Modern Research
Place greater emphasis on extrinsic feedback than previously
Encourage learner to improve personal error detection abilities
Prevent learner dependency on feedback
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No Feedback - Evidence
Mostly nonhuman subjects (birds)Bird songs specific to speciesBirds raised in captivityMotor learning independent of feedback
Limited studies on human subjectsGymnastsGreat amount of redundant feedbackFrustrating to receive redundant feedback
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Research by Dr. Wulf (2007) Motivation linked to feedback when performer has
achieved positive results Examined effects of feedback on motivation Found that learners responded to feedback post
positive results achieved Motivation is a function of feedback
AIS high performance track cycling coach speaks to Anna Meares ahead of the world championships Melbourne 2012
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Motivation and Feedback
Goal setting enhanced motivation Coaches and teachers must encourage
goal achievement through feedback Learners try harder, are happier and
practice for longer
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Reinforcement Positive reinforcement
Response to increase likelihood of repeated movement
Negative reinforcement Response to remove aversive
condition to increase likelihood of repeated movement
Long time Russian national women’s volleyball coach Nikolai Karpol employing negative reinforcement to improve performance
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Weinberg et. al
ReinforcementQuantify positive reinforcement effect on
endurance performanceHypothesised that positive reinforcement
increase endurance performanceResults indicated no significant difference in
either studyPositive reinforcement has not effect on
endurance performance
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Reinforcement Literature
Limited literature surrounding reinforcementPoses difficult experimental design
problemsResearchers failed to sample groups to
expose correct experimental behavioursNil feedback, all positive or all negative
proved to challenging to implicate in studiesExperiments lacked internal validity
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Intermittent Reinforcement Reinforcement only provided occasionally Improves athletes error detection Improves self motivation and reinforcement Great reinforcement effects once reinforcement
has been removed Overexposure if reinforcement occurs after every
trial
Rugby League coach Wayne Bennet speaks to his players at a training session
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Practical Applications Utilise intermittent reinforcement
and feedback Use intrinsic feedback of the
athletePrompt discussionUse questions
Develop athletes error correction Do not overexpose performers
to feedback (loses effect)
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Practical Applications cont. Consider task
complexity experience
feedback Empower athlete
decision making Encourage discussion
regarding performance
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Future Research
Research ‘real-world’ sporting context Study outside of lab Create experiments that employ more
externally valid concepts Greater research on intrinsic feedback
rather than extrinsic Study more effective extrinsic feedback
specific to the individual’s needs
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The End – Thank you
Please feel free to visit the wikiversity page for Sport Coaching Pedagogyhttp://
en.wikiversity.org/wiki/SportCoachingPedagogy or visit my blog
http://paulfellowsspc12.blogspot.com.au/2012/02/sport-coaching-pedagogy-2012.html
Or Follow me on Twitterwww.twitter.com/pfellows12 (#SCP12)
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Badami, R., VaezMousavi, M., Wulf, G., & Namazizadeh, M. (2007). Feedback after good trials enhances intrinsic motivation. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport.
Schimdt, R., and Wrisberg, C., (2008) Motor Learning and Performance Human Kinetics 286-299
Schmidt , R., Zelaznik, H., Hawkins, B., and Spring (1980) Feedback influences on reaction time Journal of Motor Behaviour 12:239-261
Swinnen, S., and Zelaznik, H., (2002) Information Feedbck for Motor Skill Learning: A Review Advances in Motor Learning and Control 3:37-42
Weinberg, R., Garland, H., Bruya, I., and Jackson, A., (1993) Effect of Positive Reinforcement on Endurance Performance Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 12:141-156
References