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First Aid Training
Course designation
HLTFA301B Apply First AidFormally Senior First Aid
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Welcome to your First Aid Course
Introductions
Housekeeping
Course delivery
Exam
Practical Assessments
Course Evaluation
QuestionsAny specific topics you would like covered
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Course Format
Conscious Casualty
Unconscious Casualty
CPR and defibrillator
Bandages and slings
Bites and Stings
Diabetes
Seizures/fitting
Triage
Record keeping Trauma
Drowning
Choking
Poisoning
Drug overdose
Burns and scalds
Strokes
Hyperventilation
Hypothermia/Hyperthermia
Safe manual handling
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What is First Aid?
The initial care, given to a casualty, prior to
the arrival of professional medical assistance.
What is your obligation to provide first aid?
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PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID
LOOK AFTERNUMBER ONE - YOU
Consider the danger to you, others and the casualty.
Wear protective equipment such as gloves, masksetc.
Be careful not to get an injury helping, such as cuts
and abrasions if accessing a damaged vehicle, a
back injury whilst lifting or a needle stick.
Promote a safe environment at an accident scene, at
work and at home.
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Danger
Response
Airway
Breathing
CompressionDefibrillation
Refer page 14 in your manual
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First Aid Protocol
Assess the scene
Assess the casualty
Assess what to do next
Triple A Protocol
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IDENTIFY THE HAZARD
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ASSESS THESCENE
Protect yourself and others
Protect the casualty
Phone the Ambulance on 000 (112 Mobile
phones)
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DANGERS Traffic Unstable environment
Fire or explosion
Burns
Chemical fumes Electrocution
Needle stick injury
Back injuries
Equipment failure
Biological Aggressive behaviour
Body fluids especially blood
Aggressive dog?
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INFECTION CONTROL
In every first aid situation, you must assume that theinjured casualty has a disease.
Before First Aid:
Wash your hands Use Gloves
Use a Resuscitation Mask
During First Aid:
Ensure gloves are worn and not torn Consider double gloving
If you come in contact with body fluids, washimmediately and seek medical advice
Refer page 8 in your manual
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Assess the Casualty- are they
alive ?
Is the casualty responding ?
Is the casualty breathing normally ?
Is the casualty moving ?
Are there signs of life ?
If they respond, seek their permission to
provide first aid.Refer page 3 in your manual
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Assess the Casualties
TRIAGE
What does it mean?
The efficient use of resources so the most good can
be done for the most people.
This would mean a casualty that had suffered a
cardiac arrest should only be given CPR if there areno other seriously injured casualties that would
benefit from your life-saving treatment.
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ASSESSWHAT TO DO NEXT
Commence treatment.
Dont move the patient unless theyre in danger oryou must move them to provide treatment.
Arrange transportation tohospital.
Provide confidence and
reassurance.
Build teamwork and avoid panic.
Ensure you dont injure yourself whilst providingassistance.
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The Conscious and
Unconscious Casualty
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The Conscious Casualty
What does the term conscious mean ?
Conscious means a person is in their normal
state of mind.
Generally this is like you are now, able to
communicate and aware of your surroundings.
In certain circumstances i.e. people withmedical conditions and/or disabilities you may
need to ask if there behavior is normal.
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Consciousness
How do we determine the consciousness of a
patient?
C can you hear me?
O open your eyes.
W whats your name?
S squeeze my hand
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TheUnconscious casualty
Unconscious casualty means there is no
response from the casualty to your
communications with the casualty
There are many causes of unconsciousness,
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Causes ofUnconsciousness
Alcohol (intoxication)
Epilepsy (fitting/convulsions)
Insulin (Diabetes)
Overdose/Under dose (illicit and prescription drugs)
Uraemia (renal failure is difficult to diagnose)
Trauma (Shock)
InfectionPsychiatric / Pretending
Stroke (CVA Cerebrovascular Accident / TIA Transient Ischemic Attack )
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Treating theUnconscious
Casualty
Unless CPR is to be performed, all
unconscious, breathing casualties must
be placed in the lateral recovery or stableside position.
Preferably on their left side.
Lets have a practice
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Examining theconscious and
unconscious casualty Once the casualty has been placed on their side, we
must treat any obvious life threatening injuries ie; any
major haemorrhage.
As part of a secondary survey, allcasualties require
a head to toes examination.
When examining a conscious or an unconsciouscasualty, use different methods. (remember to gainpermission from the conscious casualty and preserve the dignity
of the unconscious casualty)
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Examining theconscious and
unconscious casualty
Once a head to toes examination has been
completed, complete the secondary survey.
Look for symptoms such as cold clammy
skin, skin colour, heart rate.
Look at the history of the situationwhere
the casualty is lying, ask witnesses what
happened.
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Examining theconscious and
unconscious casualty
Does the casualty take any medication?
Does the casualty have any allergies?
When was there last meal?
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Resuscitation
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Causes ofCardiac Arrest
Heart condition
Near Drowning
Electrocution
Trauma
Blockage of coronary arteries
Drug overdose
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BasicLifeSupport Chart
DDanger Check for danger, risks or hazards. Always ensure the safety
of yourself, any bystanders and the casualty
RResponse Check for a response. Is the casualty conscious /
unconscious? Call 000 for the ambulance. From a Mobile:112
AAirway Is the Airway open? Look for signs of life. No signs of life will
mean the casualty is unconscious, unresponsive, not breathing
normally, not moving.
B Breathing Give 2 initial breaths, if not breathing normally.
C Compressions Give 30 chest compressions (At a rate of almost 2compressions per second) followed by 2 breaths
DDefibrillation Cardiac Arrest Casualties need urgent defibrillation to
increase their chance of survival. Continue doing CPR until qualified
personnel arrive and take over care of the casualty or until signs of life
return. Dont delay getting help.
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CPR TECHNIQUE
2 Breaths followed by 30 Compressions
When performing CPR on a child, use onlythe air in your mouth.
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Breathing
Five ways to perform Rescue Breathing -
1. Mouth to mouth resuscitation
2. Mouth to nose resuscitation
3. Mouth to mouth and nose resuscitation
4. Mouth to stoma resuscitation
5. Mouth to mask resuscitation
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Compressions
Find the compression point by placing your hands inthe centre of the chest (lower half of the sternum)
In infants the 2 finger technique should be used forcompressions
In children and adults the rescuer should use theheel of their hand while placing the other handsecurely over the top of the first.
The compressions should equate to 1/3 of the chest
depth. The rate of compressions should be approximately
100 compressions per minute for all ages.
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VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION (VF)
Sudden cardiac arrest can occur any time andwithout warning.
Though the average age of these victims is 65, someare in their 30s or40s.
Most victims experience an abnormal heart rhythmcalled ventricularfibrillation (VF).
When the heart is in this state, it cannot beat in anorganized fashion; the heart is unable to pump blood
to the body. Sudden cardiac death can occur in minutes unless
you act quickly.
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DEFIBRILLATION
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AED
What is an AED?
The automated external defibrillator (AED) is a
computerized medical device.
It will check a persons heart rhythm.
It will recognize a rhythm that requires a shock.
And it will advise the rescuer when a shock is
needed.
The AED uses voice prompts, lights, and text
messages to tell the rescuer the steps to take.
Refer page 36 in your manual
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HOWDOESIT WORK
The AED can diagnose and restore a normal heartrhythm to victims of sudden cardiac arrest due toventricular fibrillation (VF).
In the unconscious victim, adhesive pads are placedon the chest by trained individuals to deliver anelectrical shock.
This shock (or series of shocks) is calleddefibrillation, and it briefly stops all of the heartselectrical activity so the heart can resume normal
beating on its own.
Refer page 36
in your manual
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DEFIBRILLATION
RememberEVERY MINUTE COUNTS
If defibrillation occurs in the first one or two minutes,90% of sudden cardiac arrest victims in VF survive.
If defibrillation is delayed for more than ten minutes,
the survival rate drops to 5% for sudden cardiacarrest victims in VF.
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Lets practice CPR
Remember2 breaths & 30 compressions
100 compressions permin
CPR TECHNIQUE
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Debriefing
As soon as possible after an emergency situation,document what had taken place.
A diary note, write on the back of a time sheet if atwork.
It doesnt matter what you write on.
This will help you put the events into perspective and ifasked, may help paramedics with the continued care of
the casualty.
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Head Injuries
Head injuries can range from a simple bleeding
nose, or a tooth being knocked out to a heavy blow
to the head as a result of a fall, car accident or a
fight.
A head injury can constitute a severe medical
emergency.
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Head Injuries
Symptoms...
Bleeding from an open wound.
Deformity of the skull or face.
Become drowsy or vague.
Agitated or irritable.
Vomits or complains of nausea.
Bleeding or discharge from the ear
Changes in the size/shape of the pupils
Memory impairment
Lack of coordination
Headache or giddiness
Slurred speech
Possible seizures
Becomes unconscious
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Head Injuries
Treatment
Follow the Triple A Protocol and call an ambulance ifrequired
Ifthecasualty is conscious
Complete a thorough assessment and ensure the cervical spineis not damaged.
Keep the casualty lying down and at rest.
Check carefully the neck, eyes and ears, and if bleeding ordischarge is found, place the casualty on the injured side to aid
the draining process. Dress any wounds and monitor
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Head Injuries
Treatment cont
Unconscious casualty
Follow the Triple A Protocol DR ABCD
Manually support the head and neck and place the casualty ontheir side. (Be very careful when turning the casualty over as there could be damage tothe cervical spine.)
Maintain manual traction of the head and neck until theambulance arrives and takes over the care of the casualty.
If there is fluid coming out of an ear, ensure that the casualty islying on that side to allow drainage.
Treat any wounds and monitor.
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Head Injuries
Treatment cont
Progressive Head Injuryshould the casualtyshow a decline in consciousness, theyre suffering
from a more serious brain injury, which requiresurgent medical intervention.
Nose bleeds are common and can be controlledby constant pressure to the soft part of the nosefor at least 10 minutes.
Ice packs can be used.
Dont let the casualty blow their nose.
Monitor the casualty
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Head Injuries
Treatment cont
Tooth Injury
If the tooth is knocked completely out, rinse gently
and put back in place the correct way around
Another alternative is to place the tooth in a smallcontainer surrounded by the casualties own saliva ormilk and seek medical or dental assistance.
Apply firm pressure, using a sterile pad, to anybleeding wound or tooth socket for at least 10minutes.
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Shock
Shock fits into 3 categories
Absolutefluid loss
- low blood volume
Relativefluid loss
Cardiacfailure- Cardiogenic Shock
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Shock
Shock can be bought about by physical or
mental trauma.
Physical trauma may be the result of a sharkbite, car accident or industrial accident
causing blood loss.
Mental trauma maybe as a result of bad
news, witnessing a bad accident etc., causingarteries to dilate and decrease the relative
blood volume.
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Shock
Signs and symptoms ofshock include
low blood pressure (hypotension),
over breathing (hyperventilation), a weak rapid pulse,
cold clammy greyish-bluish (cyanotic) skin,
decreased urine flow and mental changes (a sense ofgreat anxiety and foreboding, confusion and,sometimes, combativeness).
Depending on the underlying cause shock can be a
major medical emergency.It is common after seriousinjury. Emergency care for shock involves keeping the
patient warm and giving fluids by mouth or, preferably,intravenously.
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Shock
Treatment
Follow the Triple A Protocol DR ABCD
If you come upon a person in shock, the initial response shouldbe to call 000.
Lay the person down in a safe place and try to keep them warmand comfortable.
Elevate the legs to increase the available blood flow to the vitalorgans.
Treat any injuries and monitor the casualty continuously.
Confirm the ambulance has been called.
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Faints
Fainting can present similarly to shock, if the faint is
unwitnessed.
The brain is being starved of oxygen due to the lack
of blood flow.
People stand still for long periods of time eg; army
personnel standing at attention for long periods.
Blood pools in the lower extremities which reducesthe supply available to the brain. Fainting occurs.
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Faints
Signs and Symptoms
The casualty normally feels light headed prior to the
faint, may feel nauseated and anxious and appears
pale.
The diagnosis may be confirmed by rapid return to
consciousness while lying flat.
Occasionally, fainting may be associated with fitting.
Brain damage or death may occur if the casualty is left
supported in an upright position
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Faints
Treatment
Follow the Triple A Protocol DR ABCD
Lie the casualty on their back with feet andlegs elevated.
If the casualty is unconscious they must beplace in the stable side position.
Pregnant women must be laid on the leftside to aid the return of blood back to theheart.
Assess the casualty for any injuriesresulting from a fall.
Treat wounds and monitor.
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Drowning
Drowning is the process of experiencing respiratoryimpairment from immersion in liquid.
The most important and life threatening consequenceof drowning is the interruption of the oxygen supply tothe brain.
Early rescue and resuscitation are the major factors
in survival.
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Drowning
Treatment
Follow the Triple A Protocol DR ABCD
Rescue and remove the casualty from the water or liquid.
Dont put yourself in danger attempting a rescue.
DRABCD Assess the casualty, their airway and breathingwith the casualty on their side. This will allow for drainage ofany fluid and do away with the need to continually roll thecasualty back and forth.
Commence CPR as required.
Consider spinal injuries and the effects of hypothermia
Seek urgent medical assistance.
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AbdominalInjuries
Abdominal injuries fall into two groups
Trauma related abdominal injuries.
Non trauma related injuries.
Trauma related injuries
Signs and symptoms
Pain in the stomach
Feeling sick in stomach Nausea and vomiting
Pale cold skin
Evidence of bleeding or obvious injury
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AbdominalInjuries
Treatment
Follow the Triple A Protocol DR ABCD
Control bleeding using direct pressure and bandages.
Consider internal bleeding. Look for pale cold clammy skin.
If the casualty is in shock lay them down and elevate the feet.
Flexing the knees may help reduce pain.
Dont allow the casualty to eat or drink.
Assist the casualty to be comfortable.
If stomach contents are visible, cover with plastic wrap, a non stick dressing ora wet dressing. Do not push the contents back into the stomach.
If an object is embedded in the abdomen, leave it in place and pad around it.It may be plugging any blood loss and removal may do further damage tosurrounding tissue.
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AbdominalInjuries
Non trauma related injuries.
Signs and symptoms
Right lower abdominal pain, evidence of fever appendix
Right upper abdominal pain gallstones
Referred back pain kidneys
Severe tearing mid/upper abdominal pain artery tear.
Severe right or left lower abdominal pain in a female casualty possible ectopic pregnancy.
Red flushed skin if infection is present.
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Bleeding
Bleeding can be internal or external
and can be the result of trauma or it
can happen spontaneously resulting
from disease.
If the bleeding is internal you may
not be able to see evidence or signs
of blood loss, however signs of
shock will be evident. (pale coldclammy skin) with any form of blood
loss.
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Bleeding
Internal bleeding which is visible may be
evident as
Lungs frothy bright red blood coughed up.
Stomach dark type, coffee coloured blood.
Bowel dark loose smelly stools.
Vaginal usually red blood discharge.
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Bleeding
Treatment for internalbleeding
Follow the Triple A Protocol DR ABCD
Lie the casualty down.
Elevate the feet.
Keep the casualty warm.
Knees may be flexed, which may help reducepain.
Reassure the casualty.
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Bleeding
Treatment forexternalbleeding cont
Follow the Triple A Protocol DR ABCD
Inspect the wound for an embedded object.
Direct, sustained pressure is the most effective way to controlbleeding.
Apply a pad over the wound and secure with a bandage.
If the initial dressing doesnt stop the bleeding, apply another padand bandage over the first.
If the bleeding doesnt stop, remove the second pad and applyanother pad and bandage.
Elevate the wound if possible.
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Bleeding
Treatment forexternalbleeding cont
Wounds involving Embedded Objects knives, barbs,
stakes etcDont remove the embedded object.
It may be plugging the wound and
restricting the bleeding.
It may also cause more damage tosurrounding tissue.
Place a bulky pad around the object
and bandage firmly in place.
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Bleeding
Treatment forexternalbleeding cont
Tourniquet for the control of life threatening bleeding andonly as a last resort.
Life threatening bleeding may involve the traumaticamputation of a limb, eg; shark attack
The tourniquet should be tight enough to stop the circulation ofblood to the injured limb and control the bleeding.
Note the time of application and provide this information to theparamedics on arrival.
Monitor the casualty.
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Bleeding
Treatment forexternalbleeding cont
In the event of the complete amputation of a finger or limb there may beless blood evident than you would expect.
This is due to the fact that the arteries recoil, spasm and self seal.
Direct pressure maybe enough to control bleeding in thesecircumstances. If not then use a tourniquet.
Place the amputated body part in plastic bag and seal it completely,ensuring it is watertight.
Place the plastic bag inside another plastic bag and seal it.
Place the plastic bags into a container of cool water, making sure nowater touches the amputated part and send with the casualty to hospital.
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Anaphylaxis
Most people will, at some time in their lives, experiencesome form of allergic reaction.
Anaphylaxis is the most severe form of allergic
reaction.
It affects the respiratory and or the cardiovascularsystems.
Anaphylaxis is a life threatening condition.
The patient should be treated immediately.
Refer page 14 & 15 in your manual
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Anaphylaxis
Causes
Severe reactions to some foods, medications,
stinging insects and latex.
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Anaphylaxis
Signs and symptoms
Red skin, welts and blotchy rashes over the skin.
Swelling of the throat and tongue causing breathing
difficulties.
Breathing sounds such as wheeze and stridor.
Difficulty talking in sentences.
Terrified, with a feeling of doom.
Increased heart rate.
Collapse and unconsciousness.
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Anaphylaxis
Treatment
Follow the Triple A Protocol and callfor the
ambulance DR ABCD
Once symptoms are confirmed administer the contents
of an EPIPEN (the casualty will be carrying one if they have knownallergies)
If in doubt and the casualty is displaying any of thepreviously mentioned symptoms, accompanied by a
rapid deterioration, dont hesitate to assist the
casualty to administer the EPIPEN injection.
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Anaphylaxis
Administration
Remove the EPIPEN from its container.
Hold firmly in closed fist with grey cap towardsyour thumb.
Remove the grey cap.
With positive force, push the black end againstthe thigh of the patient, (through clothing) until
a click is heard and felt.
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Anaphylaxis
Administration cont
The needle will be injected automatically intothe thigh and the contents of the EPIPEN will
be injected into the muscle.
Wait 10 seconds, remove
the EPIPEN and massage the area.
Place used EPIPEN carefully back into itscontainer and seal for safety.
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Anaphylaxis
Once treatment has been administered
remain with the casualty and maintain their
airway. Monitor their condition continuously.
The casualty may find it easier to breath if
they are sitting upright, unless they are dizzy
and confused (low blood pressure/shock)
Confirm the ambulance has been called.
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Asthma
Asthma is a chronic (ongoing) respiratorydisorder in which the airways occasionallyconstrict, become inflamed and are lined withexcessive amounts of mucus.
Health experts dont know exactly whatcauses asthma. They do know that there arehereditary and environmental influences.
They do know what triggers asthma attacks.
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Asthma
Asthma triggers
Pollen
Mould
Dust mites
Pet fur
There are many triggers for asthma ranging from the above
examples to the common cold, exercise and cold night air.Refer page 16 & 17 in your manual
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Asthma
Symptoms
Wheeze a high pitched noise.
Coughing this is usually dry and persistent.
Cant get their breath
Tightness in the chest.
Raised shoulders, neck muscles and rib
muscles become tight.
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Asthma
Symptoms cont...
Difficulty speaking more than a few words or
inability to speak because of wheezing or
breathlessness.
Distress.
With severe asthma the casualty may have
blueness around the mouth.
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Asthma
Treatment cont
Relievers in a puffer are best delivered through aspacer if one is available. Spacers can be improvisedusing a paper or Styrofoam cup.
The casualty should take one puff at a time, then takefour normal breaths between each puff. Wait four
minutes, give four more puffs.
Whilst waiting for the ambulance, give four puffs everyfour minutes.
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Asthma
Treatment cont
No harm is likely to result from giving a
Reliever, in recommended doses, tosomeone who doesnt have asthma.
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Fractures and Dislocations
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Fractures and Dislocations
What is a Dislocation?
A dislocation is a partial or full separation of a joint.
What is a Fracture ?
A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone or
cartilage.
Causes
Direct force
Indirect force
Abnormal Muscular contraction
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Fractures and Dislocations
Open orcompound
This fracture involves
a situation where the
bone protrudesthrough the skin OR
there is a wound
adjacent to the
fractured bone.
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Fractures and Dislocations
Closed or simplefracture
The skin stays intact and there is no sign of external
bleeding. Bleeding occurs into the tissues.
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Fractures and Dislocations
Complicated Fracture
A fracture that involves
damaged to vital organs
or major blood vessels.
Refer page 47 in your manual
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Fractures and Dislocations
Pain
External Bleeding
Bruising/Contusion
Swelling
Tenderness
Absent distal pulse Unable to weight bare
Inability to move
Protruding Bone
Open Wound
Difficulty breathing
Pale, cold, clammy skin
Crepitis
Shortening of limb
Deformity of limb
Sign & Symptoms
Refer page 47 in your manual
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Fractures and Dislocations
Complications
Infection
Shock blood loss
Nerve and blood vessel damage
Nausea
Refer page 47 in your manual
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Fractures and Dislocations
Treatment
Follow the Triple A Protocol DR ABCD
Control any bleeding and cover wounds
If injury is painful but casualty can move the limb if they
wanted to may mean fracture
If injury is painful but casualty could not move the limb if they
wanted to may mean dislocation
Immobilise the injury with splints, bandages and slings
Check circulation following splinting and bandaging
Reassure the casualty
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Sprains and Strains
A sprain is a stretching or tearing ofligaments. Ligaments are toughbands of fibrous tissue that connectone bone to another. Commonlocations for sprains are your ankles
and knees.
A strain is a stretching or tearing ofmuscle or tendon. Peoplecommonly call strains "pulled"
muscles.
Hamstring and back injuries areamong the most common strains.
HamstringMuscle tear
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Sprains and Strains
Symptoms
Pain and tenderness around joints or muscles.
Swelling.
Discolouration to injured part.
Decreased function of the injured part.
Inability to stand on leg without pain.
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Sprains and Strains
Treatment
Follow the Triple A Protocol DR ABCD
Follow the acronymR.I.C.E.
RRest the injured area. Have the casualty lie stilland make them as comfortable as possible.
IIceapply a cold compress, frozen peas rapped in a
cloth works well.Ice in a plastic bag rapped in a cloth.
If no cold pack or ice available, use a bandagesoaked in cold water.
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Sprains and Strains
Treatment cont
Rest
Ice
C Compression with the use of a roller bandageand in conjunction with the ice will help reduce
bleeding and swelling.
EElevation of the injured area above the level ofthe heart if the injury permits will also help reduce
blood flow to the area and reduce pain.
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Bandages & Slings
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Types ofbandages
Crepe Bandages
Conforming bandages
Gauze bandages
Triangular bandages
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Bandages areused for
Holding dressings in place
Helping to control bleeding
Helping to immobilise fractures
Pressure immobilisation for snake and spider
bites
Hold cold packs in place
Reduce swelling
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Slings areused for
Support of injured arms or wrists
Immobilisation of fractures
Elevation to control external bleeding
What can be used as a sling?
Shirts
Belts
Rope
Jumper
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Sling types
Upper arm sling
Used for injuries to the upper arm, including collar
bone, shoulder or ribs
Lower arm sling
Used for injuries to the lower arm, including wrist and
hand
Collar and cuff This sling can be used for hand injuries, or fracture of
the upper arm
Refer page 18 & 19 in your manual
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BANDAGES & SLINGS
Lets have a go at some slings
Refer page 18 & 19 in your manual
Snake & Funnel Web Spider
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Snake & FunnelWebSpider
Bites
Refer page 20 to 25 in your manual
Snake & Funnel Web Spider
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Snake & FunnelWebSpider
Bites
Any suspicion of a snake or funnel web spider
bite should be treated immediately particularly if
the victim is a child.
If the casualty has been in an area where snakes
or funnel web spiders may be eg; long grass,
damp wet gardens etc. and the casualty becomes
unwell, dont discount the possibility of a bite.
Snake & Funnel Web Spider
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Snake & FunnelWebSpider
Bites
Signs and symptoms
Snakebite
Paired fang marks.
Nausea and vomiting.
Blurred or double vision.
Limb weakness or paralysis.
Respiratory weakness or arrest.
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Snake & Funnel Web Spider
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Snake & FunnelWebSpider
Bites
Treatment
Follow the Triple A protocol DR ABCD
Lie the casualty down and dont allow them to move.
Life threatening effects may be seen in children inminutes.
Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage.
Seek medical assistance.
Bring transport to the casualty, preferably anambulance.
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Snake & SpiderBites
Appling a pressure immobilisation bandage.
Place a pad over the bite site
Firmly bandage from lower extremities and up to thetop of the limb.
Splint the bandaged limb.
Keep bitten area lower than the heart at all times.
Once applied do not remove bandages.
Application of the bandage slows the absorption of venom.
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PressureImmobilisation
As soon as possible, apply a broadpressure bandage from below thebite site, upward on the affectedlimb (starting at the fingers or
toes, bandaging upward as far aspossible). Leave the tips of thefingers or toes unbandaged toallow the victims circulation to bechecked. Do not remove pants or
trousers, simply bandage overthe top of the clothing.
Images and text courtesy of Australian Venom Research Unitwww.avru.org
b l
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PressureImmobilisation
Bandage firmly as for a sprained ankle,but not so tight that circulation isprevented. Continue to bandageupward from the lower portion of the
bitten limb.
Apply the bandage as far up the limbas possible to compress the
lymphatic vessels.
Images and text courtesy of Australian Venom Research Unit
www.avru.org
Refer page 20 to 25 in your manual
P I bili ti
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PressureImmobilisation
Bind the splint firmly, to as much of the limb
as possible, to prevent muscle, limb and
joint movement. This will help restrict
venom movement. Seek urgent medical
assistance now that first aid has been
applied.
Images and text courtesy of Australian Venom Research Unit
www.avru.org