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First-order lin. regressions: DRP = a0 + b0.X
Multiple linear regression: no improvement
Drift from boom sprayers4. Comparison between direct and indirect drift assessment means
Comparing the results of the three different drift assessment means to evaluate the potential of the indirect (PDPA laser and wind tunnel measurements) and direct (field drift measurements) drift assessment means.
D NUYTTENS1, K BAETENS2, M DE SCHAMPHELEIRE3 & B SONCK1 1 Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology & Food, Agricultural Engineering, Belgium
2 Department of Crop Protection, University Ghent, Belgium3 MeBioS, Department Biosystems, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
Objective
Materials and Methods
Results
Nuyttens D. 2007. Drift from field crop sprayers: The influence of spray application technology determined using indirect and direct drift assessment means. PhD thesis nr. 772, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. 293 pp. ISBN 978-90-8826-039-1. available at: http://hdl.handle.net/1979/1047
Nuyttens D, De Schampheleire M, Baetens K, Sonck B. 2008. Comparison of different drift risk assessment means. Aspects of Applied Biology. 84: 35-42.
Wind tunnel (DPRP) & field drift experiments (DRP)
Fairly good correlation between field drift DRP and wind tunnel DPRP values DPRPH (R²= 0.88) > DPRPV2(R²=0.81) > DPRPV1 (R²=0.66) Calculating the surface under the measured fallout deposit = best wind tunnel approach Investigating the effect of nozzle type & size, similar trends can be found from the DPRP and DRP results
Droplet size as well as droplet velocity characteristics are related with DRP & DPRP values V200: best indicator for the amount of sedimenting spray drift, explains about 90% of the total variation in DRP values Strong intercorrelation between droplet sizes and velocities → simple first-order linear regressions were the best choice to predict DRP
The indirect drift risk assessment method measuring V200 is at least as well suited to represent drift characteristics as the wind tunnel approach using fallout deposits and better suited than the wind tunnel approaches using airborne deposits
Based on DPRPH or V200, the DRP of a particular technique can be determined to come to a realistic estimate of field drift data (using the drift prediction equation)
References
Conclusions
Droplet characteristics Drift potential Drift values
PDPA Laser measurements Wind tunnel measurements Field drift experiments
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Airborne depositie (µL.L )
Hoo
gte
bove
n de
gro
nd (
m)..
.
F 110 02 F 110 03 (referentie) F 110 04 F 110 06
LD 110 02 LD 110 03 LD 110 04 .
Injet 02 Injet 03 Injet 04
-1
indirect drift measurements
Indirect drift measurements
Drift potential reduction % (DPRP) Drift reduction % (DRP)
Reference spraying
Drift assessment means Spray application techniques
Direct drift measurements
Reference spraying
Number of repetititons
Nozzle* Flow rate (L.min-1) PDPA laser measurementsa Wind tunnel measurementsb Field drift measurementsc
F 110 02 0.80 9 1 3 F 110 03$ 1.20 9 18 32
F 110 04 1.60 9 3 4
F 110 06 2.40 9 2 3
LD 110 02 0.80 9 4 3
LD 110 03 1.20 9 3 3
LD 110 04 1.60 9 3 3
Injet 110 02 0.80 9 5 3
Injet 110 03 1.20 9 3 3
Injet 110 04 1.60 9 3 4
Total 90 45 61
*Hardi ISO nozzles; $ Reference spray application; F, Standard flat fan nozzles; LD, low-drift flat fan nozzles; Injet, Air inclusion flat fan nozzle a 3.0 bar pressure, 0.50 m nozzle height; b 3.0 bar pressure, 0.50 m nozzle height, 2 m.s-1 wind speed c 3.0 bar pressure, 0.50 m nozzle height and distance, 8 km.h-1 driving speed
PDPA laser (≠ droplet characteristics) & field drift experiments (DRP)
≠ Droplet characteristics
DRP = 100.7 - 4.24.V200
(R² = 0.90)
PDPA laser (≠ droplet characteristics) & field drift experiments (DRP) First-order lin. regressions:
200.24.42.105 VDPRPH 101 .3.1151.126 volV vDPRP VSFDPRPV .2.962.2062
R2 = 0,91
R2 = 0,86
R2 = 0,90
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
DPRP (%)
Pred
icte
d DPRP
(%
)
DPRP
DPRP
DPRP
X = Y
V1
V2
H
F 110 02
LD 110 02
F 110 06
F 110 04
LD 110 03LD 110 04
Injet 110 02
Injet 110 04
Injet 110 03
F 110 03 at 2.0 bar
F 110 03
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Airborne depositie (µL. L )
Hoo
gte
bove
n de
gro
nd (
m)..
.
F 110 02 F 110 03 (referentie) F 110 04 F 110 06
LD 110 02 LD 110 03 LD 110 04 .
Injet 02 Injet 03 Injet 04
-1
y = 0,73x + 19,20
R2 = 0,81
y = 0,76x + 20,01
R2 = 0,88
y = 0,70x + 13,98
R2 = 0,66
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
-140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
DRP t (%)
DPRP
(%
)
DPRP
DPRP
DPRP
X = Y
V1
V2
H
F 1
10 0
2
Inje
t 11
0 03
Inje
t 11
0 04
Inje
t 11
0 02
LD
110
04
LD
110
03F
110
04
F 1
10 0
6
LD
110
02 F 1
10 0
3
‘ideal’ bisector‘ideal’ bisector
Leverage effectLeverage effect
Correlation between DRP & DPRP:
DPRPH > DPRPV2 > DPRPV1
Correlation between DRP & DPRP:
DPRPH > DPRPV2 > DPRPV1
Standard flat fan nozzles:
-DPRP > DRP
-DPRPV1 > DPRPV2 > DPRPH
DPRPH
Standard flat fan nozzles:
-DPRP > DRP
-DPRPV1 > DPRPV2 > DPRPH
DPRPH
Standard flat fan nozzles:
-DPRP > DRP
-DPRPV1 > DPRPV2 > DPRPH
DPRPH
Low drift flat fan nozzles:
-DPRP < DRP
-DPRPV1 < DPRPV2 < DPRPH
DPRPH
Low drift flat fan nozzles:
-DPRP < DRP
-DPRPV1 < DPRPV2 < DPRPH
DPRPH
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
010
020
030
040
050
060
070
080
090
010
00
Air
born
e de
posi
tie (
µL.L
)
Hoogte boven de grond (m)...
F 11
0 02
F 11
0 03
(re
fere
ntie
)F
110
04F
110
06
LD
110
02
LD
110
03
LD
110
04
.
Inje
t 02
Inje
t 03
Inje
t 04
-1
y = 0,82x + 9,53
R2 = 0,90
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
-140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
DRP t (%)
Pre
dict
ed DRPt
base
d on
V200 (
%)
F 11
0 02
LD
110
02
F 1
10 0
3
F 11
0 06
F 11
0 04
LD
110
03
LD
110
04
Inje
t 110
02
Inje
t 110
04
Inje
t 110
03
X = Y
+ D
RP
=
100.
7 -
4.24
.V2
00
Symbols• V200 Proportion of total volume of droplets smaller than 200 µm in diameter
(%)
• vvol10 Droplet velocity below which slower droplets constitute 10% of the spray volume (m.s-1)
• VSF Velocity span factor, a dimensionless parameter indicative of the uniformity of the drop size velocity distribution (-)
10200 .4.40.94.20.31 volH vVDPRP
R²= 0.96
