•Spirulina contains 60%-70% of protein, B-
complex vitamins, besides vitamin C and
vitamin E.
•Terrestrial Nostoc is consumed in China.
•Spirulina is consumed in the Lake Tehad
region of North America.
•Two 500 mg tablets of Spirulina consist of
substances equivalent to 1 kg of assorted
vegetables with reference to its minerals
and vitamins.
•Spirulina for life force, Slimolin and
Miraculin are marketed in USA.
NITROGEN FIXING HETEROCYSTOUS
BLUEGREEN ALGAE
ARE APPLIED TO RICE FIELD
TO CUT DOWN THE COST
OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS.
It is considered as
superior to inorganic
fertilizer
Bluegreen algae evolve hydrogen as waste product
during nitrogen fixation process.
This hydrogen is collected and used as energy source. Blue green algae that produce hydrogen are:
SYNECOCCOCUS ELONGATUS,
NOSTOC MUSCORUM, ANABAENA CHLINDRICA,
ANABAENA AZOLLAE, ANACYSTIS ELONGATUS AND
SPIRULINA PLATENSIS
GAMMALINOLENIC ACID AND LINOLENIC ACID
-SPIRULINA PLATENSIS
USEFUL IN TREATING ANEMIA, DIABETES AND IN
LOWERING CHOLESTEROL LEVEL.
GAMMALINOLENIC ACID IS EFFECTIVE
IN REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE.
CAN IMPROVE LACTATION IN NURSING MOTHERS
WITH INCREASED MILK SECRETION.
• HEALTH FOOD & AQUA FEED
• PHYCOBILIPROTEINS
• PHYCOCYANIN
• CAROTENOID
• AMINOACIDS
• FATTY ACIDS
• RESTRICTION ENZYMES
• EXOCELLULAR
POLYSACCHARIDES
• ISOTOPICALLY
LABELLED
METABOLITES
• BIOACTIVE
COMPOUNDS
• FOOD COLOURANTS
• TOOLS FOR BASIC RESEARCH AND
MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS
• USED IN FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY
• USED AS PHYCOFLUORS
• PHYCOCYANIN –ANTI-CANCER ACTIVITY;
STIMULATION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM; IN
TREATING ULCERS AND HAEMORRHOIDAL
BLEEDING
• FOOD COLOURANTS
• VITAMIN “A” PRECURSORS
• FLESH, FEATHERS OR EGGS
OF FISH AND BIRDS ASSUME
THE COLOUR OF THE DIETARY
CAROTENOID PROVIDED
• ALANINE, PHENYLALANINE AND
• TYROSINE – USING MUTANT STRAINS
• OF ANABAENA VARIABILIS
• GLUTAMINE - SYNECHOCOCCUS
• THESE ARE OF COMMERCIAL VALUE AND AS PHARMACEUTICAL AGENTS
• LEVULENIC ACID,
• PALMITIC ACID,
• LINOLENIC ACID &
• OLEIC ACID ---
• FROM SPIRULINA PLATENSIS & PHORMIDIUM
FATTY ACIDS
• THESE ARE OF COMMERCIAL VALUE AND AS PHARMACEUTICAL AGENTS
• LEVULENIC ACID, • PALMITIC ACID, • LINOLEIC ACID & • OLEIC ACID ----------- • FROM SPIRULINA PLATENSIS & PHORMIDIUM
EXOCELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDES-1
• POLYSACCHARIDE HAS URONIC ACIDS, RHAMNOSE, MANNOSE & GALACTOSE
• ANACYSTI S NIDULANS – GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE & MANNOSE.
• PHORMIDIUM J 1 – FATTY ACIDS & PROTEINS
• SYNECHOCYSTIS – SULPLHATED ACIDIC EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES 15% TO 20% URONIC DERIVATIVES; 10% TO 15% OSAMINES & 20% TO 40% PROTEINS
EXOCELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE - 2
• CYANOTHECE – METAL REMOVAL, FOOD AND PACKAGING
INDUSTRIES.
• COCCOCHLORIS ELABENS, ANABAENA sp.& PHORMIDIUM
VALDERIANUM Produce β-LACTAMASE
•
• β-LACTAMASE PERMITS ALGAE TO OVER COME THE
INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF PENICILLIN. HENCE SIMILAR
ALGAE CAN BE USED TO TREAT WASTE WATER
CONTAINING TRACES OF ANTIBIOTICS, RELEASED FROM
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES.
RESTRICTION ENZYMES
• BLUE-GREEN ALGAE ARE VITAL SOURCE OF RESTRICTION ENZYMES
• Eg. Ava II – NOSTOC sp. PCC 7118 –
• G GCC
• Asu I – ANABAENA sp. PCC 6309 –
• G GNCC
• Many of these are cloned and expressed in E.coli.
ISOTOPICALLY LABELLED
METABOLITES
• AGMENELLUM, ANACYSTIS & SPIRULINA ARE
CAPABLE OF GROWING AT HIGH CELL DENSITY
• THESE ARE GROWN ON SUBSTRATES SUCH AS
CO2 ENRICHED WITH 13C & 14C. THE RESULTING
LABELLED COMPOUNDS UPON PURIFICATIONS
CAN BE UTILIZED AS TRACERS IN BIOLOGY,
MEDICINE, MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND ANALYTIC
CHEMISTRY.
• Eg. 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C AND 15N – LABELLED SUGARS,
LIPIDS, L-AMINOACIDS & PROTEIN FRACTIONS.
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS • CYANOBACTERIA PROVIDE NOVEL AND USEFUL
PHARMACEUTICALS THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO PRODUCE SYNTHETICALLY BECAUSE OF THEIR STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY, CYTOTOXICITY, MULTI-DRUG RESISTANCE REVERSAL, ANTI-FUNGAL AND ANTI-VIRAL EFFECTS
• BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES ARE PRODUCED IN THE FORM OF PEPTIDES, MACROLIDES & GLYCOSIDES.
• EXTRACTS ARE ACTIVE AGAINST:
• MICROCOCCUS FLAVUS
• STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
• BACILLUS SUBTILIS
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS CYANOBACTERIUM ACTIVE
COMPOUND
ACTIVITY
ORGANISM
HORMOTHAMNION
ENTEROMMORPHO
IDES
HORMOTHAMIN BACILLUS
SUBTILIS
LYNGBYA
MAJUSCULA
MALYNGOLIDE STREPTOCOCCUS
PYOGENES
CYANOBACTERIA FOR
BIOREMIDIATION-1
• CYANOBACTERIA DEGRADE VARIOUS AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS SUCH AS NAPHTHALENE, n-ALKANES AND CRUDE OIL SPILLS
• CYANOBACTERIA ARE CAPABLE OF REMOVING TOXIC METALS. THEY CONCENTRATE METALS AS MUCH AS 80,000 FOLD RELATIVE TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT.
• METAL ACCUMULAION IS CARRIED OUT EITHER BY BIOACCUMULATION OR BIOSORPTION. OF THESE THE LATTER SEEMS TO BE VERY PROMISING.
CYANOBACTERIA FOR
BIOREMIDIATION-2 • BIOFILTRATION: SAND AND
OSCILLATORIA ANNAE IN A COLUMN TO TREAT SEWAGE AND OIL INDUSTRY WASTES. THIS DECREASES BOD & COD AND ALSO REMOVES P & N RESIDUES.
• OSCILLATORIA PSEUDOGEMINATA IS USED FOR TREATING EFFLUENTS FROM PAPER MILL AND DOMESTIC SEWAGE.
PESTICIDE DEGRADATION
• CYANOBACTERIA ARE ACTIVE AGAINST MANY ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS PESTICIDES, VIZ., MONOCHROTOPHOS, MALATHION, DICHLOROVOS, PHOSPHOMIDON AND QUINOLPHOS.
• AULOSIRA FERTILISSIMA ARM 68 NOT ONLY DEGRADE THESE PESTICIDES BUT ALSO USE THESE AS A SOURCE OF PHOSPHATE BY PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY.
ANTI-CANCER AGENTS \ ANTI-
TUMOR ACTIVITY
TANTAZOLES & MIRABAZOLES-CYTOTOXINS OF
SCYTONEMA MIRABILE
HAPALOSIN - HAPALOSIPHON WELWITSCHII
ANTIFUNGAL METABOLITES FROM
CYANOBACTERIA
CRYPTOPHYCIN – NOSTOC SP.
SCYTOPHYCIN-CYLINDROSPERMUM MUSICOLA
HIGHLY CYTOTOXIC AND HAS FUNGICIDAL
PROPERTIES
CALOPHYCIN : CALOTHRIX FUSCA
THANK
YOU