Foundations of American Education:Perspectives on Education in a
Changing World, 15e
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Chapter 2
The Early History of Educationin a Changing World
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Perspectives shaped by our lens Perspectives shaped by our lens
Celebrationist historiansCelebrationist historians
Liberal historiansLiberal historians
Revisionist historians Revisionist historians
Postmodernist historiansPostmodernist historians
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Roots of formal EducationRoots of formal Education Informal education for survivalInformal education for survival
No formal records exist about China, Africa, No formal records exist about China, Africa, South AmericaSouth America
Increasingly complex societiesIncreasingly complex societies
Development of written language formalized Development of written language formalized educationeducation
Formal education in Non-Western world early as Formal education in Non-Western world early as 2000 BCE2000 BCE
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Roots of Western EducationRoots of Western Education
Formal Education reached West around 500 Formal Education reached West around 500 BCEBCE
Greece first Western country with formal Greece first Western country with formal systemsystem
Spartan education for military ambitionsSpartan education for military ambitions
Athens stressed intellect and aesthetics Athens stressed intellect and aesthetics
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Early Western PhilosophersEarly Western Philosophers
Socrates and the Socratic methodSocrates and the Socratic method
Plato and the three-tiered societyPlato and the three-tiered society
Aristotle, and education for improvement of Aristotle, and education for improvement of humankindhumankind
All believed that educating women and slaves All believed that educating women and slaves was uselesswas useless
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Roman influenceRoman influence Roman schools developed after conquer of Roman schools developed after conquer of
GreeceGreece
Development of Latin Grammar Schools Development of Latin Grammar Schools ((Grammaticus)Grammaticus)
Quintilian and the importance of educationQuintilian and the importance of education
Roman organizational skills impacted Ancient Roman organizational skills impacted Ancient worldworld
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Education in the Middle AgesEducation in the Middle Ages
Roman Catholic church becomes powerful forceRoman Catholic church becomes powerful force
Church focus on afterlife de-emphasizes Church focus on afterlife de-emphasizes educationeducation
Human knowledge digressed during Dark AgesHuman knowledge digressed during Dark Ages
Political and religious oppression common Political and religious oppression common causescauses
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Revival of EducationRevival of Education
Reign of CharlemagneReign of Charlemagne Alcuin and the seven liberal artsAlcuin and the seven liberal arts Rediscovery of ancient writingsRediscovery of ancient writings Thomas Aquinas and the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas and the philosophy of
scholasticismscholasticism Harmony between church doctrine and Harmony between church doctrine and
philosophyphilosophy Establishment of the Medieval University Establishment of the Medieval University
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RenaissanceRenaissance
Renaissance, common people protest Renaissance, common people protest church authoritychurch authority
Spread of Spread of humanismhumanism
Vittorino da Feltre rekindles interest in Vittorino da Feltre rekindles interest in knowledgeknowledge
Erasmus and humanistic theory of education Erasmus and humanistic theory of education
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ReformationReformation
Reformation, reaction against church doctrineReformation, reaction against church doctrine Martin Luther rebels against the Catholic ChurchMartin Luther rebels against the Catholic Church Believed people should interpret Bible for Believed people should interpret Bible for
themselvesthemselves Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuit responseIgnatius of Loyola and the Jesuit response Comenius introduces textbooks with imagesComenius introduces textbooks with images John Locke’s philosophy, tabula rasaJohn Locke’s philosophy, tabula rasa
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Age of ReasonAge of Reason
Revolt of intellectuals against ignoranceRevolt of intellectuals against ignorance
Rationalism, belief in human rational powerRationalism, belief in human rational power
Education becomes critical for human Education becomes critical for human empowermentempowerment
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Influence of Rene DescartesInfluence of Rene Descartes
Descartes rationalismDescartes rationalism
Reason is supremeReason is supreme
Laws of nature invariableLaws of nature invariable
Truth verified through empirical testingTruth verified through empirical testing
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RationalismRationalism
Voltaire, the American and French Voltaire, the American and French
RevolutionsRevolutions Frederick the Great and the rise of free Frederick the Great and the rise of free
speechspeech Prussian laws for teacher preparationPrussian laws for teacher preparation
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Emergence of the Common ManEmergence of the Common Man
Better life for common folkBetter life for common folk
Jean Jacques Rousseau ideal educationJean Jacques Rousseau ideal education
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi put Rousseau’s theory Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi put Rousseau’s theory into practiceinto practice
Johann Friedrich Herbart – the Herbartian teaching Johann Friedrich Herbart – the Herbartian teaching methodmethod
Friedrich Froebal – Father of KindergartenFriedrich Froebal – Father of Kindergarten
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Colonial education in the U.S.Colonial education in the U.S.
East coast settlements in three groups of East coast settlements in three groups of coloniescolonies
Southern, Middle and Northern coloniesSouthern, Middle and Northern colonies
Colonies consisted of different demographic Colonies consisted of different demographic groupsgroups
Groups developed different educational Groups developed different educational systemssystems
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Southern Colonies Centered Southern Colonies Centered in Virginiain Virginia Large tobacco plantationsLarge tobacco plantations
Need for cheap labor, imported African slavesNeed for cheap labor, imported African slaves
European indentured servantsEuropean indentured servants
Two primary classes, wealthy landowners, Two primary classes, wealthy landowners, laborerslaborers
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Southern Colonies EducationSouthern Colonies Education
Landowners disinterest in educating slavesLandowners disinterest in educating slaves
Missionaries provided limited education to slavesMissionaries provided limited education to slaves
Landowners hired tutors to teach children at Landowners hired tutors to teach children at homehome
Distance, transportation hindered development Distance, transportation hindered development of schools of schools
Older children attended universities in EuropeOlder children attended universities in Europe
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MiddleMiddle Colonies – Centered in Colonies – Centered in New YorkNew York
Inhabitants from diverse national, religious Inhabitants from diverse national, religious backgroundsbackgrounds
Diversity inhibited agreement on common school Diversity inhibited agreement on common school systemsystem
Respective groups established own schoolsRespective groups established own schools
Apprenticeship model commonly utilized Apprenticeship model commonly utilized
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Northern Colonies Centered in Northern Colonies Centered in New EnglandNew England Primarily Puritans with common religious Primarily Puritans with common religious
heritageheritage Lived closer to each other and towns rapidly Lived closer to each other and towns rapidly
emergedemerged Industrial economy, large middle class quickly Industrial economy, large middle class quickly
developeddeveloped Colonies passed early school lawsColonies passed early school laws Education aimed at saving souls.Education aimed at saving souls.
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Types of Colonial SchoolsTypes of Colonial Schools
Dame Schools, Writing, Church and Charity Dame Schools, Writing, Church and Charity schoolsschools
Latin Grammar School, college prep for boysLatin Grammar School, college prep for boys
Harvard University (1636) prepared ministersHarvard University (1636) prepared ministers
Other early post-secondary options Other early post-secondary options
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Common Elementary Schools Common Elementary Schools
Monitorial Schools in New YorkMonitorial Schools in New York Horace Mann and the push for common schoolsHorace Mann and the push for common schools Henry Barnard, first U.S education Henry Barnard, first U.S education
commissionercommissioner Religion permeated early elementary schoolsReligion permeated early elementary schools Strict discipline, formal and impersonal schoolsStrict discipline, formal and impersonal schools Teachers poorly prepared, content primarily 3 Teachers poorly prepared, content primarily 3
R’s R’s
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Secondary School MovementSecondary School Movement Benjamin Franklin and the American AcademyBenjamin Franklin and the American Academy
Purpose, prepare students for employmentPurpose, prepare students for employment
Usually private, often co-educationalUsually private, often co-educational
English High School, three-year course in select English High School, three-year course in select subjectssubjects
Junior high schools emerged in early 1900sJunior high schools emerged in early 1900s
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Developing Teaching materialsDeveloping Teaching materials
Hornbook, commonly used for reading instructionHornbook, commonly used for reading instruction Battledore, contained the alphabet and religious Battledore, contained the alphabet and religious
prayersprayers New England Primer, first textbook (1600s)New England Primer, first textbook (1600s) Blue-backed speller, American Spelling BookBlue-backed speller, American Spelling Book Slates replaced by paper and pencil by 1900Slates replaced by paper and pencil by 1900 McGuffey Readers teach American virtues. McGuffey Readers teach American virtues.
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HornbookMost common
teaching deviceConsisted of a sheet
of paper showing the alphabet
Covered with a thin transparent sheet of cow’s horn
Tacked to a piece of wood
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Battledore
As paper became available,the hornbookevolved into aseveral-pagebook.
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New England Primer
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Blue-Backed Speller
Only reading textbookUsed in Colonial SchoolsReplaced the New England Primer
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Slates
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McGuffey’s Reader
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Educating Diverse GroupsEducating Diverse Groups Students of color, girls, and students with Students of color, girls, and students with
disabilities underserved.disabilities underserved. French, Spanish missionaries educated African French, Spanish missionaries educated African
AmericansAmericans Church concern that educating slaves meant Church concern that educating slaves meant
emancipationemancipation Educating African Americans became an uphill Educating African Americans became an uphill
battlebattle Literacy rates increased significantly among Literacy rates increased significantly among
African Americans by 1900. African Americans by 1900.
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Educating Diverse Groups Educating Diverse Groups (continued(continued))
Asian population increased significantly since Asian population increased significantly since 1970s1970s
Many achieve success, majority struggledMany achieve success, majority struggled Asians typically place high value on educationAsians typically place high value on education Hispanics population rapidly increasingHispanics population rapidly increasing Historically afforded unequal educational Historically afforded unequal educational
opportunitiesopportunities Women have also struggled to receive equal Women have also struggled to receive equal
education education
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