Franz Ferdinand
Europe Plunges Into War
CH. 13.2
Main Idea:
Due to alliances one European nation after another was drawn into a large and industrialized war that:
(resulted in many deaths)
Why It Matters Now: Much of the technology of modern warfare, such as fighter
planes and the tank, was introduced in WWI
*US catapulted to a new position of international power
Objectives
1. What happened as a result of the
alliance system?
2. What type of warfare was used on the
Western Front?
3. What countries fought on the Eastern
Front?
4. What was Russia’s main problem?
What Led to the Great War?
• Imperialism: Powerful countries taking
advantage of weaker ones
• Nationalism:1.Breaks up old empires
(Balance of power) 2. Fuels Competition
• Militarism: glorification of the military
• Alliances: created to protect each other
WW I
Setting The Stage Objective 1
• By 1914, Europe was
divided into 2 rival camps
• Austria-Hungary’s
declaration of war against
Serbia sets off a chain
reaction within the alliance
system
• The Alliance System:
- Nearly all of Europe enters
the war
Nations Take Sides
Triple Entente/Allies
1. Great Britain
2. France
3. Russia
4. Japan
5. Italy* *Flips sides, accuses former allies of unjust war
Triple Alliance /Central Powers
1. Germany
2. Austria-Hungary
3. Bulgaria
4. Ottoman Empire
A Bloody Stalemate (Tie)
• Germanys Plan • Schlieffen Plan
– Named after designer Alfred
Graf von Schlieffen
– Defeat France in west then
rush east to fight Russia
Thought Russia’s old
railroad systems would
slow them down
– German leaders – “Need a
quick victory over France”
N
Germany vs. France
• Initially: Germany is successful –
– By early Sept. German forces reach outside skirts of Paris
• September 5th (Marne River) – Allies regroup throw all of its resources
into an attack
– Allies send 600 taxicabs of soldiers from Paris to Marne for reinforcement
– After 4 days of fighting Germany retreats
**Schlieffen Plan Fails**
Germany Reacts
• First Battle of Marne
– German retreat insures Schlieffen plan is ruined
• Germany forced to fight war on 2 fronts
• Germany sends thousands of troops to aid forces in east (Russia)
• Western Front settled into a stalemate
– Western Front: deadlock region in northern France
Trench Warfare: Objective 2
• By 1915 Western Front (miles of trenches to protect from enemy fire)
• No Man’s Land = Between Trenches
• Western Front becomes known as “terrain of death” Soldiers in trenches had
66 lbs. strapped to back.
No Man’s Land
No Man’s land, no trenches that
is!
New Weapons
Military planners were at a loss, New weapons slowed the pace of
war.
New Weapons
Poison Gas
caused blindness, blisters, choking
Machine Gun
Weapons > Soldiers
Tank
transportable on all terrains
Submarine
equipped with torpedoes
Result
Each side suffers more than ½ million causalities
Eastern Front: Objective 3
• Who – Russians & Serbs vs. Germans
and Austria-Hungarians
• Where – Battlefields along German and
Russia Border
• Result – Germany & Austria successful
against Russia
– Austria able to push into Russian soil
• Fighting on Russian soil
Russia Struggles: Objective 4
• Non-industrialization hurts Russia – Army low on supplies (food, guns,
ammo)
• Only strength was population – Able to offset casualties by reloading
from their vast Russian population
– Russia able to tie up Germany in east and prevent a full German attack in the west
• **France is saved**
Fighting Spreads • Fighting spreads to Africa, Asia
– WWI becomes a World War
CH.13.3: A Global Conflict
• Main Idea – World War I spread to several continents and required the full resources of many governments
• Why it Matters Now – The war propelled the United States to a new position of international power, which it holds today
Review
• Europe divided/ 2 rival camps
• Chain reaction in Alliance system
• Allies/Central powers
• Schlieffen Plan
• Western Front/ Trench Warfare
• New Weapons
• Eastern front
Objectives
1. What was the Allies objective in the
Gallipoli Campaign?
2. What was unrestricted submarine
warfare?
3. What was the Zimmerman Note?
Setting The Stage, p. 418
• WW I was more than a Euro. conflict.
– Australia & Japan Join the Allies
• India supplies the British with troops
– Ottoman Turks and Bulgaria join the Central
Powers
– All of the Great Powers looked around the
world for allies.
The Gallipoli Campaign: Objective 1
• Strategy for the Allies
– Attack Dardanelles:
* Region in Ottoman Empire
• Gateway to Ottoman Capital: Constantinople
*Allies Objective: “Establish a supply line to Russia”
The Gallipoli Campaign
• Campaign Feb. 1915
– Allies assault Gallipoli
Peninsula
– Turkish troops defend the
region
– Trench warfare (stalemate)
– By Dec. Allies evacuate after
suffering 250, 000 casualties
The Dardanelles
Minefields
Fortress
Battles in Africa & Asia
• German colonies in Africa & Asia are assaulted
– Japan, England & France overran German outposts
– British & France recruit subjects in colonies
• Some subjects don’t want to fight for Euros
• Some believe assisting will lead to independence
“…We would improve our status by helping the British” – Gandhi
America Joins The Fight
• Unrestricted submarine warfare
*Jan. 1917 German subs would sink ships without warning.
*Any ship in waters around Britain
(trying to cutoff supply line of GB)
German U-boats
America Joins the Fight
• U.S. Supplies Allies:
Germany takes action
– Lusitania is sunk May 1915
(128 Americans)
– Germans threatened to sink
anything hostile or neutral
– U.S. opinion turns against
Germany
Lusitania
America Joins the Fight
• Zimmerman note- telegram
from Germany to Mexico
– Recover the Southwest
(TeXas, Arizona, New Mex.)
• U.S. declares war
• Selective Service (draft)-
– 24 million registered; 3
million called up
Total War!
• More Europeans lost in battle than all the wars in the previous 3 centuries
• Civilians for the first time affected
• “Total War” – all resources put into war
• Governments take control of Economies – Factories told what to produce
– All able bodies put to work / no unemployment
– Rationing – limit what / how much you could buy
• Use Propaganda (one sided info.) to keep up morale
Women & The War
• Total War = govt turn to women for help
• Women Work in:
– Offices / Factories/ Shops
– Build tanks
– Plow fields / Pave roads / run hospitals
– Supply troops – food, clothes, weapons
• Women change people’s view of women’s capabilities
Russia Revolts & Makes Truce
• Russian Revolution (1917)
– Czar Nicholas to step down
– 5.5 million soldiers die
– Soldiers refuse to fight anymore, drop out of WW 1
– Communist Lenin seizes power and offers Germany a truce “Treaty of Brest-Litovsk”
End of the War
• After Russia - German troops sent to Western front
– Final attack
– Germans reach Marne River (40 mi from France)
– 2 million U.S. Soldiers waiting
– U.S. tips balance (Germany can’t recover)
• The Central Powers Collapse
– Bulgarians & Ottoman Turks surrender – Revolutions spread in Austria-Hungary
– Germany
• Soldiers (mutiny) rebel
• Public turns on Kaiser
• Kaiser Wilhelm II steps down
• Germany declares itself Republic
• Armistice – agreement to stop fighting
Legacy of World War I
1. New kind of War – New technologies
• Unprecedented amount of death & destruction
2. Economic Impact on Europe
• Drained treasuries of European countries
(cost $338 billion)
3. Society disillusionment
• Despair & Insecurity reflected in art & literature
4. America the big winner
• No battles on U.S. soil
– Enter War late
– Fewer casualties & Economic Hardships
5. Peace Agreement
• Prompted anger & resentment = World War II
ET- Summary with terms
Word bank
-Gallipoli Campaign/ stalemate
-Total War
-Legacy of the war
-Zimmerman note
-unrestricted submarine warfare
Summary kick start
• The Allies got themselves another stalemate when
they tried the Gallipoli Campaign, trying to make a
supply line for Russia. Also, the U.S. entered the
Great War due to Germany’s unrestricted
submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Note sent
to Mexico by the Germans against the U.S. Further,
the end of the war saw the Central Powers fall to
the Allies, leaving a legacy of war where new
technologies brought untold destruction in the new
art of war called total war.
CH.13.4: A Flawed Peace
Main Idea
The Treaty of Versailles dictated by the Allies
created bitter feelings among the losers.
**With victory comes the spoils of war.**
Why it matters
These bitter feelings established by the “Treaty of
Versailles” cause WWII.
TREATY OF
VERSAILLES
Review
• Europe divided/ 2 rival camps
• Chain reaction in Alliance system
• Allies/Central powers
• Schlieffen Plan
• Western Front/ Trench Warfare
• Eastern front
Objectives
1. What countries were in the Big Four?
2. What were the aims of the U.S.
government after the war?
3. What were the weaknesses of the Treaty
of Versailles?
Setting the Stage : January 1919
• Paris Peace Conference:
• 32 countries met, led by the
Allies
• Struggled:
– To solve their problems (What to do with Germany?)
– Create a “lasting” peace!
Russian City
Jan. 1919 Paris Peace Conference:
Objective 1
• Led by Big Four: 1. Woodrow Wilson
(US)
2. George Clemenceau (France)
3. David Lloyd George (Great Britain)
4. Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
• **Why is Russia not here?**
– Most major decisions made by the 4
• The Fourteen Points:
– Crafted by Wilson
– #1-4
• End to secret treaties
• Freedom of the seas
• Free trade
• Military reductions
– #5
• Give **Fairness towards the colonized!
– #6-13
• Suggestions for creation of new
nations
**Woodrow Wilson
The Fourteen Points Cont:
– #14
• Can handle disputes before war breaks out
• League of Nations: – Shot down by U.S. govt.- U.S. felt it would be dragged into Euro
Conflicts
Aims of the Allies: Objective 2
• France/ GB – strip Germany of power!
– Make Germany pay!
– Take Central Powers colonies as reparations
• Use mandate system
• U.S . – Lasting Peace
– To stay out of European affairs
• Italy – Wanted to gain territory
• Japan – Gain territory, influence, respect
Germany’s
fault!
Germany to Blame • Loss of territory
• Restrictions on military
• Article 231- “War Guilt Clause” – Sole responsibility of war placed on Germany
• Germany must pay allies $$$ called reparations
Austro-Hungary
• Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
– All Become independent nations
– Self determination in action
Ottoman Turks • control of Turkey
• England controls: – Palestine, Iraq, Trans
Jordan
• France controls: – Syria, Lebanon
• Both use mandate system: – Allies govern ex-colonies
of central powers, until judged ready for independence
• self determination?
Present Day Middle East
• 1000’s of Jews flee
Ottoman Empire
• Where do they go?
• Jews go to the
middle east (Israel)
Russia
– Russia will lose territory – Romania and Poland gain land from Russia
– Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania become independent
Treaty Weaknesses: Objective3 • Germany humiliated:
– War-guilt clause & stripped of
colonial possessions
• Soviet Union loses territory:
– Absent at conference
• Opposition from U.S. :
– Too harsh
– League of Nations opposed– didn’t
want to get involved
– laid foundation for the WW II
ET –
FINISH ALL NOTES!