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The role of standards in theSmart Grid: an IETF view
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COULD SOMEONE TELL MEWHAT A SMART GRID IS?
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Smart Grid operationaldomains
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Smart Grid Framework
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Smart Grid Standards
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The wordcomplexity
comes to mind
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Current State of the Industry according to Zigbee/Homeplug
Minimal collaboration between industryresulting in proprietary processes to eachutility
Current State Utility Requirements
Fragmented standards
No common end-to-end system definition
No comprehensive certification process
Many Moving PiecesCommon ComprehensiveSolution
Joint UtilityLeadership
Fragmented Standards Efforts HAN standard definitions
and clear path to certification
ZigB
ee
HomePlug
S
ystem
Architecture
Certification
HAN Standardsand Certifications
There is an opportunity to align arounda common comprehensive solution
IPSO
Z-Wave
periphe
ralproprietary
Timing is good
Standards bodies are open to utility engagement
Pick the best minimum solution
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WHAT HAS THE INTERNETCOMMUNITYS COMMENTBEEN ON SMART GRID
STANDARDS?
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Zones of Smart GridCommunications
n Enterprise bus:
n Connects control center applications to markets,generators, and each other
n
Field Area Networks:n Devices that control circuit breakers and
transformers
n Premises Networks:n Connections within customer and utility premises
n Substation Networksn Premise networks in substations: special
requirements
n AMI Networks:n Connecting utilities to premises
NIST Roadmap, Version 1.0, September 2009
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Functional Requirements forcommunication
n the Network should enable anapplication in a particular domain
to communicate with an applicationin any other domain in theinformation network, with propermanagement control over who andwhere applications can beinterconnected.
NIST Roadmap, Version 1.0, September 2009
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Implication of functional requirements:Link layer independence
n Many different link layer networks areused in the Smart Grid
n Ethernet, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.4g, Homeplug,
n
Therefore, eithern Each link layer must be directly translatable to any
other via a gateway, and addressable end to end,or
n Network addressing and routing must be
independent of the link layers in the Smart Gridn Link layers are not designed to be
translatable and application-independent gateway technology is not
defined
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Implication of functional requirements:End to End Security
n Link layer network standards are notdesigned for applicationidentity/authentication/authorization/confi
dentiality managementn IEEE has defined many of these within local
area networks, but not end-to-endn They are also used at the network layer via
IETF specifications
n Therefore,n Applications and network elements must
implement interoperable AAA andencryption standards
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Implication of functional requirements:Divisibility into manageable domains
n Design intent of specificationsn Link layer standards, including link
layer networks, are designed as wire
replacements they connect everysystem to every other within theirdomain
n Network layer standards are designed
to organize networks into separableand separately manageable domains
n Use each for the purpose for which it
was designed
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Implication of functional requirements:End-to-end interoperability
n Multi-link-layer and Multi-networkinteroperabiityis proven in the Internet
Architecturen There is no other architecture in current
use that has demonstrated world-wide,multilingual, general purpose
interoperability
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Internet Community to Smart Grid:adopt our working technologies;
make new mistakesn Focus on security
n We have defined and partially implementedsecurity solutions, but many dont use them
n
Use themn Addressing
n We have largely used up the IPv4 addressspace; use the larger address space in IPv6
n Focus on interoperable manageabilityn We have solutions for this, but little market
requirements; use proven encodings likeXML and application architectures likeBEEP, ATOM, and XMPP
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Summary
n Attributes of the InternetArchitecture
n The service is connectivityn Designed forscale beyond
imaginationn Simplicityand Standards are
the watchwordsn Elegance and re-usabilityare
keys to scaling, evolution, &innovation
n Improvements we have made thatthe Smart Grid should adopt
n Use secure channels, secureobjects, and encryptionwhen appropriate
n Design formanageability
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The role of standards in theSmart Grid: an IETF view
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Security:Peer authentication/authorization
n Applications have different views of their clients andpeers:
n
May simply respond to requests DNS, WWWn May have some peers they trust more than others
SMTPn May only trust certain peers routing
n In general, authenticate and verify authorization ofpeers
n Expend as little resources as possible rejectingpeers
n IPsec, TLS examples of toolsn Largely about securing a channelfor information
exchangen
Limit it to trusted parties when possible
Dont talk with strangers
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Security:exchange authenticated information
n Secure the information exchanged when possiblen Signed MIME/XML: I know the pedigree of this
informationn DKIM for mail: I vouch for the sender of this emailn Secure Interdomain Routing proposals
n Apply policies based on degree of trustn Example: treat mail from a company that uses DKIM
and has a valid signature differently than mailfrom the same company that lacks a signature orthe signature is invalid
How do you know this is relevant and true?
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Security:information confidentiality
n Encryption is recommended forcertain kinds of information
n If information is automatically apublic record, its less important toencrypt in transit; what is importantis whether it is authoritative
n Non-public information, if monitored,can often be subverted to otherpurposes; steps should be taken toensure its confidentiality in transit