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Chapter 1
Human Communication:
What and Why
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Chapter HighlightCommunication, as we will studyit in this book, possesses three
important characteristics: It occurs between humans
It is a process
It is symbolic
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Communication Defined Communication as we know it is
not a discrete individual act or aseries of incidents pasted likephotograph.
Communication is a continuous on-going process
It is like a motion picture in whichthe meaning comes from theunfolding of interrelated series ofimage.
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Communication is Symbolic Symbols are used to represent
things, processes, ideas, or event inways that make communicationpossible.
Effective communication depends onagreement among people aboutthese rules.
Symbolic meaning is not onlyapplicable to verbal behaviors butalso non-verbal behaviorscommunication
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Types of Communication Intrapersonal Communication
Communication with one self
Dyadic/Interpersonal Communication
two person interacting
identical to interpersonalcommunication
interpersonal communication is notlimited to two persons only
Small Group Communication Public Communication
Mass communication
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Types of Communication
Small Group Communication
Common fixtures of everyday life
Posses characteristics that are notpresent in a dyad
Example, two or more members ofgroup can form a coalition to
defend their position against othermembers
Continuation
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Types of Communication Public Communication
occurs when a group become toolarge for all members to contribute
one characteristic of a group isan unequal amount of speaking
limited verbal feedbacks
Mass communication messages that are transmitted to
large, widespread audience viaelectronic and print media.
Continuation
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Functions of Communication1. Physical Needs
absence of satisfying communication can
even jeopardize life itself
medical researchers have identified a wide
range of hazards that result from lack ofclose relationship
Example:
i. People who lack strong relationships have two orthree times the risk of early death
ii. Terminal cancer strike socially isolated peoplemore than those who have close relationship
iii. Divorced, separated, and widowed people are tentimes more likely to need hospitalization formental problem
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Functions of Communication
1. Physical NeedsExample:
iv. Pregnant women under stress and withoutsupportive relationships have three timesmore complications than pregnant who sufferfrom the same stress but have strong socialsupport
v. Socially isolated people are four times moresusceptible to the common cold than thosewho have active social networks.
Continuation
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Functions of Communication
2. Identity Needs
a. Shape Identity
Enable us to learn who we are as a person
Deprived of communication, we have no sense
of identityExample: Wild Boy of Aveyron
spent his early childhood withouthuman contact
could not speak/lack identity as a
human Genie
spent her life in empty, darkbedroom
Continuation
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Functions of Communication
2. Identity Needs2. Attempt to get others to view us the way we
want them to do so
3. Social Needs
1. Beside helping to define who we are,communication provides a vital link with others
Example: Pleasure, to have good time,affection,inclusion, escape, control
4. Practical Needs
1. Is the tools that let us tell the stylist how wewant our hair to be cut or let the doctor knowwhere it hurts.
2. Key to effectiveness in a variety of everydaysettings
Continuation
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Modeling Communication
1. Linear Model
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Modeling Communication
1. Linear Model
a. A sender encodes ideas andfeeling into some sort of message
and then conveys them to areceiver who decodes them
b. One important element of thelinear model is the communicationchannel - the method by whichmessage is conveyed betweenpeople
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Modeling Communication
1. Linear Model
c. Linear model introduces theconcept of noise - a term used by
social scientist to describe anyforces that interfere with effectivecommunication
b. Three types of noises
1. Physiological2. Psychological
3. External
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Modeling Communication
2. Transactional Model
a. The way most communicationoperates
b. Simultaneous sending andreceiving of messages
c. Communication is fluid, not static
d. Communication is relational, not
individual
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What Makes an Effective Communicator
Characteristic of CommunicationCompetence
a. There is no ideal way to
communicateb. Competence is situational
c. Competence is relational
d. Communication can be learned
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Continuation
Characteristic of EffectiveCommunicators
a. Able to choose a wide range ofbehaviors
c. Ability to choose the mostappropriate behaviors
d. Posses skill at performingbehaviors
e. Empathy/Perspective taking
f. Cognitive complexity
g. Self-monitoring
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Communication does not alwaysrequires complete understanding
More communication is not alwaysbetter
Communication is not always a goodthing
Communication will not solve allproblems
Meaning rest in people, not words
Communication is not simple
Clarifying misconception
about communication