8/10/2019 GATE Analytical, Optical & Biomedical Instrumentation Book
1/12
8/10/2019 GATE Analytical, Optical & Biomedical Instrumentation Book
2/12
Analytical Optical and
Biomedical Instrumentation
for
Instrumentation Engineering
By
www.thegateacademy.com
http://www.thegateacademy.com/http://www.thegateacademy.com/http://www.thegateacademy.com/http://www.thegateacademy.com/http://www.thegateacademy.com/http://www.thegateacademy.com/http://www.thegateacademy.com/8/10/2019 GATE Analytical, Optical & Biomedical Instrumentation Book
3/12
Syllabus A.O.B
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30thCross, 10thMain, Jayanagar 4thBlock, Bangalore-11 080 65700750 i f @th t d C i ht d W b th t d
Syllabus for Analytical, Optical and Biomedical Instrumentation
Mass spectrometry. UV, visible and IR spectrometry. X-ray and nuclear radiation measurements.
Optical sources and detectors, LED, laser, Photo-diode, photo-resistor and their characteristics.
Interferometers, applications in metrology. Basics of fiber optics. Biomedical instruments, EEG,
ECG and EMG. Clinical measurements. Ultrasonic transducers and Ultrasonography. Principles of
Computer Assisted Tomography.
Analysis of GATE Papers
(Analytical, Optical and Biomedical Instrumentation)
Year Percentage of marks Overall Percentage
2013
3.0
12.12
2012
6.0
2011
2.0
2010
9.0
2009
11.0
2008
16.0
2007
16.0
2006
14.66
2005
12.66
2004 25.0
2003
18.0
8/10/2019 GATE Analytical, Optical & Biomedical Instrumentation Book
4/12
Contents A.O.B
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30thCross, 10thMain, Jayanagar 4thBlock, Bangalore-11 080 65700750 i f @th t d C i ht d W b th t d
C O N T E N T S
Chapter Page No.
#1. U.V, Visible and IR spectrometry 1 - 15 Analytical Instrumentation 1 - 3
Beer Lamberts law 3 - 7
Infrared Spectroscopy Instrumentation 7 - 9
Assigment 1 10 - 11
Assigment 2 11 - 12
Answer Keys 13
Explanations 13 - 15
2. Mass Spectrometer 16 - 22 Introduction 16 - 17
Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer 17 - 18
Assignment 19 - 20
Answer Keys 21
Explanations 21 - 22
#3. Xray and Nuclear Radiation Measurements 23 - 34
Origin of X rays 23 - 24 X-ray Diffraction Braggs Law 24 - 26
Nuclear Detectors 26 - 28
Assignment 1 29 - 30
Assignment 2 30 - 31
Answer Keys 32
Explanations 32 - 34
4.Optical Sources and Detectors 35 - 55
Optical Sources 35 - 37
LASER 37 - 41 Photo Detectors 41 - 49
Assignment 1 50 - 51
Assignment 2 51 - 52
Answer Keys 53
Explanations 53 - 55
#5.Interferometer, Applications in Metrology 56 63
Introduction 56
Michelsons Interferometer Working 56 - 57
Application in Metrology 57 - 58
Assignment 59 - 60
8/10/2019 GATE Analytical, Optical & Biomedical Instrumentation Book
5/12
Contents A.O.B
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30thCross, 10thMain, Jayanagar 4thBlock, Bangalore-11 080 65700750 i f @th t d C i ht d W b th t d
Answer Keys 61
Explanations 61 - 63
#6. Basics of Fiber Optics 64 76 Introduction 64
Construction 64 - 66
Fibre Characteristics and Classification 66 - 69
Assignment 1 70 - 71
Assignment 2 71 - 72
Answer Keys 73
Explanations 73 - 76
#7.Ultrasonic Transducers and Ultrasonography
77 - 83
Introduction 77
Acoustic Impedence(z) 77
Ultrasonic Transducers 78 - 79
Doppler Shift Ultrasound Transducer 79
Assignment 80 - 81
Answer Keys 82
Explanations 82 - 83
#8.ECG EEG EMG 84 - 102
Sources of Bioelectric Potentials 84 - 87
ECG (Electro Cardio Gram) 87 - 89
EEG (Electro Encephalogram) 89 - 91
EMG (Electromyogram) 91 - 94
Assignment 1 95 - 96
Assignment 2 97 - 98
Answer Keys. 99
Explanations. 99 - 102
#9.Clinical Measurement and
Computer Assisted Tomography 103 - 114
Introduction 103
Measurement of Blood Pressure 103 - 104
Measurement of Blood Volume 104
Measurement of Heart Sounds 105
Test on Blood Cells 105 - 109
Principle of Computer Assisted Tomography 109 - 110
Assignment 111 - 112
Answer Keys 113
Explanations 113 - 114
8/10/2019 GATE Analytical, Optical & Biomedical Instrumentation Book
6/12
Contents A.O.B
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30thCross, 10thMain, Jayanagar 4thBlock, Bangalore-11 080 65700750 i f @th t d C i ht d W b th t d
Module Test 115 - 126
Test Questions 115 - 119
Answer Keys 120
Explanations 120 - 126
Reference Books 127
8/10/2019 GATE Analytical, Optical & Biomedical Instrumentation Book
7/12
Chapter 1 A.O.B
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th
Cross, 10th
Main, Jayanagar 4th
Block, Bangalore-11
080 65700750 i f @th t d C i ht d W b th t d P 1
CHAPTER 1
U.V, Visible and IR spectrometry
Analytical Instrumentation
Analytical instruments are primarily used to obtained qualitative and quantitativeinformation regarding the composition of a given unknown sample.
The basic building blocks are:
Chemical information source generates signal containing information of the unknownsample.
Analytical instruments then generate signal based on the composition of the sample. Thisstage forms an important building block in analytical instruments where the separation,detection and of the composition is done by employing either emission or absorption or
scattering of electromagnetic radiation as the key principle of detection.
Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation is a type of energy that is transmitted through space at a speed of3 m/sec.
These radiations do not require a medium of propagation and can also travel throughvacuum.
Relation between the energy of electromagnetic radiation (normally called as photons) andfrequency of its propagation is given by
where E: energyh: Plancksconstant ergs-s (or) Joules-s: frequency
If is the wavelength interval between successive maxima and minima of the wave, thenC = Where C: velocity of propagation of radiant energy in vacuum.
Interaction of radiation with matter
S. No Radiation absorbed Energy changes involved
1.
Visible, ultraviolet, x ray Electronic transitions, vibrational orrotational changes
Chemical
information
source
Analytical
instrument
Signal
conditioner
Display
system
8/10/2019 GATE Analytical, Optical & Biomedical Instrumentation Book
8/12
Chapter 1 A.O.B
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th
Cross, 10th
Main, Jayanagar 4th
Block, Bangalore-11
080 65700750 i f @th t d C i ht d W b th t d P 2
2.
Infrared Molecular vibrational changes withsuperimpose rotational changes
3.
Microwave Rotational changes4.
Radio frequency They are absorbed by an intense magneticfield.
Spectroscopic methods and corresponding energy states of matter or basis of phenomenon
S. No Method Phenomena employed
1.
Nuclear magneticresonance
Nuclear spin coupling with anapplied magnetic field
2.
Microwave spectroscopy Rotation of molecules3.
Infrared and Ramanspectroscopy
Rotation or vibration of molecules,electronic transitions
4.
UV visible spectroscopy Electronic energy changes,5.
X-ray spectroscopy Diffraction and reflection of X-rayradiation from atomic layers.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Fig (1.1) shows the various regions of electromagnetic spectrum which are normally used inspectroscopic works.
Fig.1.1 Electromagnetic spectrum from DC to X-ray
In the following sections, we discuss the various methods employed (by the analyticalinstruments) for detection of the composition of the analyte sample in the different regions of
the electromagnetic spectrum.
3m 3m
10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 30 MHz 450 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 300 GHz 4.3z z z z
MICROWAVES
VERY LOWFREQUENCY
LOWFREQUENCY
MEDIUMFREQUENCY
HIGHFREQUENCY
VERY HIGHFREQUENCY
ULTRA HIGHFREQUENCY
SUPER HIGHFREQUENCY
EXTRA HIGHFREQUENCY INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY
FREQUENCY RANGEOF HUMAN EYE
7000 4000
300 m 10 m 0.67 m 30 m 3 cm m 7000 3000 30 3
MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY2000 MHz 300 GHz
20 100 MHz (~ 300 MHz INSUPERCONDUCTING INSTRUMENTS)
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCEUV VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY
2.5M 2400
0 15 kHz; FREQUENCY RANGEOF AVERAGE HUMAN EAR
NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLERESONANCE 2 1000 MHz ELECTRON SPIN
RESONANCE; X-BAND9.46 GHz
INFRAREDSPECTROSCOPY 1 MM-2.5 M 10 4000 cm
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
8/10/2019 GATE Analytical, Optical & Biomedical Instrumentation Book
9/12
8/10/2019 GATE Analytical, Optical & Biomedical Instrumentation Book
10/12
Chapter 1 A.O.B
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th
Cross, 10th
Main, Jayanagar 4th
Block, Bangalore-11
080 65700750 i f @th t d C i ht d W b th t d P 4
b is the thickness of the absorbing materialc is the concentration of the sample
As we known, A log( )and T p P log( ) a b c l o g
and T =
Assumptions
1.
Here the radiation used is monochromatic (single wave length) in nature.2.
Sample is of low concentration.3.
The others factors that influence the absorption are not considered.
The instrument module for UV and visible spectrometry can be pictorized as below
Example:The transmittance of a coloured solution is 0.5, the absorption of the solution is?
A = log= log
= 0.3
Example:In a particular sample the absorption is 0.6 for a molar concentration of the solute of1.0 moles and 2cm path length the molar absorptivity is?
A = abc a =
Substitute a = 3000
Radiation sources used are
1.
Hydrogen or deuterium discharge lamp(U.V)2.
Incandescent filament lamps 350nm 2.5m3.
Tungsten halogen lamps (visible)
Wavelength selection is done with the various dispersive techniques given.
Optical Filters
Absorption Filter
These optical filters usually absorb the radiation and transmit light of single wavelength. There efficiency is poor, when compared to other filters.
Interference Filters
These filters use interference phenomena.
Radiant
Source
Wavelength
Selector
Solvent Photo
detector
Read out
device
Sample
8/10/2019 GATE Analytical, Optical & Biomedical Instrumentation Book
11/12
Chapter 1 A.O.B
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th
Cross, 10th
Main, Jayanagar 4th
Block, Bangalore-11
080 65700750 i f @th t d C i ht d W b th t d P 5
Thus, these filters normally have semi-transparent layers. Light, which is incident on it undergoes multiple reflections between the pair of semi
transparent layers and the wavelength that is transmitted through them is determined bythe thickness of the dielectric layer. The wavelength selection is done by the relation:
m d n sin where : angle of incidenced : thickness of dielectric spaces,n : refractive index of dielectric spacer.m : order of interference : wavelength
Monochromators
They are the another class of filters, which provide better isolation than optical filters. They are capable or isolating a narrow band of wavelengths effectively. Principle employed for separation of wavelength is done by using a dispersing medium,
where the radiant energy gets isolated. Dispersion of radiant energy into different wavelengths is usually done by prism
monochromators or by diffraction grating.
Prism Monochromators
Here in prism monochromators, the isolation of different wavelengths is done by using therefractive index of wavelengths, which is different for different wavelengths.
Thus, radiation of different wavelengths gets disperssed at different angles by prism. Prisms are normally made of glass or quartz. Glass is used in visible region and quartz for
ultraviolet region.
Resolving Power R)
The term resolving power is applied to spectrum producing devices and means as the ability ofthe instrument to form separate images of two closely adjacent spectral lines.
It is defined generally by the equation
where R: resolving power : wavelengthd : smallest wavelength separation, which is separable with the instrument.
d and .For prism, the resolving power is given by the expression:
t where d is the difference or refractive indext : base of the prism.
Example:A prism spectrometer uses flint glam prism with glam dispersion952cm
-1and d=6 0A at = 5893 0A find base t of prism?
8/10/2019 GATE Analytical, Optical & Biomedical Instrumentation Book
12/12