Download - General Anatomy (heart) - WordPress.com · · 2017-03-19General Anatomy (Thorax) Thorax : trunk (chest, abdomen and pelvis), between the neck and the abdomen, separated from the

BY:HaifAlQahtani&Jenanalmahfoudh

GeneralAnatomy(Thorax)Thorax:trunk(chest,abdomenandpelvis),betweentheneckandtheabdomen,separatedfromtheabdomenbythediaphragm,andtheskeletonisthoraciccage(sternum,12pairsofribsand12thoracic(dorsal)vertebrae)Thoracicupperisupperopening:ThoracicinletLoweropeningclosertothediaphragm:ThoracicoutletSternumsubcutaneousbone(thoracicbone)ithasthreeparts:upperpartmanuboriam,middlepartbody,lowerpartxiphoidprocessJugularNotch:upperborderofthemanuboriamManuboriamarticulateswithmedianendofclavicalandfirstrib:sternoclavicularjointSternalanglejoinsmiddleandupperparttogether>anatomicallandmark(elevatedarea)it’simportant:attachmentofthe2ndcostalcartilage,1. counttheribsandspacesbetweentheribsThelinepassesbetweenthe4thand5th2. itdividesthemediastinumintosuperiorandinferiorWherethetracheadivideintoprimarybronchiisCarinaThearchoftheaortastartsandendsatthesternalangleRibs:True1-7(owncostalcartilages)False8-10(8-9-10attachto7)Floating11-12(noattachment,endintheanteriorwalloftheabdomen)Eachribhasahead,neck,tubercle,angle,bodyHeadhasfacetsisatypeofarticulation(joining)Headjoinsbodyofthoracicvertebra(bodyofthevertebra)TuberclearticulateswiththetransverseprocessofthevertebraSubcostalgroove:undertheribyoufindsubcostalgroove,intercostalveinandarteryandnerveNeurovascularbundleinsidethesubcostalgroove


VentralRamiformintervertebralnervesSpine:vertebralcolumn>curvilinearstructureApartoftheaxialskeletal(oneinthemidline)Consistsof33-34irregularbones>vertebraeBonesdividedinto7intheneck(C-cervical),12inthechest(T-thoracic/dorsal)and5inthelowerback(L-lumbar)and5inthepelvis(S-sacral>formsacrum)and4-5inthepelvis(coccygeal>fusetoformcoccyx)total33-34Vertebraedividedintotwogrooves:Atypical:Typical:allthoracic:theyconsistsoftwopartsvertebralbodyandvertebralarchWedon’thavefacetsincervicalorlumbarit’sonlyinthoracicforarticulationwiththeheadoftheribsThreedimensions:anterior,post,lateralVertebralarchincludestwopedicles,twotransverseprocess,twoinferiorarticularfacets,twosuperiorarticularfacetsand2laminaland1spinalprocessVertebralorspinalforamenVertebralcolumnhasthenerves,bloodvesselsandeverything

SynovialjointformedbythesuperiorarticularfacetsandinferiorfacetsLaminalflatbonypartjoinatthemidlinetoformspinalprocessIntervertebralforamenthespace

Ventralbody>anteriorfacetsforarticulation


AnatomyLecture5

Musclesofthoracicwalls:Pectoralregion:anteriorofthechest:pectoralismajormuscleanddeeptoitpectoralisminorAttachedtotheribsserratusanteriormuscle.ThreemusclesmovetheupperlimbMusclesoftheback:Trapeziusmuscleandatthelowerpartofthebacklatissimusdorsimuscle>actonupperlimb(moving)Musclesbetweentheribsintercostalmuscles:intercostalmusclesarecomposedofthreelayer(external,internalandinnermost)ConnectribstogetherandhelpinrespirationDiaphragm:abdomenandthoraciccavitiesareseparatedbythislayerCentraltendonwhitegreystructureandperipheralpartisthemusclethemostimportantmuscleofrespirationParalysisofthediaphragmleadstorespiratoryfailureRightdomeishigherthanLdomebecauseofthepresenceoftheliverintherightsidesoit’spushedupwardNerveforthediaphragmisPhrenicnervethatarisesfromtheventralramiofC3,C4,andC5NeckinjurymightresultinrespiratoryfailurebecauseofinjuryofPhrenicnerveAnotherfunctionisthatwhenitcontractsitbecomesflat>depressioninsidetheabdomen(increasetheintra-abdominalpressure)*tohelpthedigestivesystemtoemptytheintestines>defecationpassageofstoolfromthedigestivesystemandurinarybladder(urine)**micturition.Duringlabor,highpressureintheabdomenhelpsin***parturition


Threemajoropeningsinthediaphragm:esophagus(esophagealopening)T10,inferiorvenacava(cavalopening)T8andaorta(Aorticopening)T12WhentheaortapassesfromthoracictotheabdomenitchangesitsnametoabdominalaortainsteadofthoracicaortaThoraciccavity:• Lungsanditscoverings• Mediastinum

Lungs:Conicalinshapebaseandanapex,spongy,andcompressiblebecauseofelastictissue.Threesurfaces:facingtheribs>costalsurfaceInferiorsurfacefacingthediaphragm>diaphramaticsurfaceMedially>mediastinalsurfaceLoops:rightlung>threelobesandtwofissures(horizontal,obliquefissure)upper,middleandlowerLeftlung>twolobes,upperandlower>obliquefissure(onefissureonly)RightlungisheavierLeftlunggivesspacetotheheartsoapartofitismissingEachlungiscoveredbyaserousmembrane>PleuraeTwolayers:visceralpleuraclosetothelungsandparietalpleuraclosetotheribsHilumofthelungsareawherethingsenterandleavethelungandit’snotcoveredwithpleuraBetweenthetwolayerswehavepotentialclosedspace>pleuralcavityandit’sfilledwithfluid>pleuralfluidforlubricationThefluidwillcreateanegativepressuretokeepthelungsinflatedIfit’srupturedordamage>airwillenterandlayerswillseparatesothelungsgetsmaller>pneumothorax>problemsbreathingOrit’scanrupturedordamagebyincreaseinfluidorbloodinside>hydrothorax


Respiratorysystem:Conductionzone:startsfromthetrachea>mainairway>dividestotwoprimarybronchidependingonthe#oflungs>rightprimarybronchusandleftPBandthebifurcationisCarinaDependingonthelobes:RPB>threesecondarybronchiLPB>twosecondarybronchusEachlobesubdividesintosmallersegments:Bronchopulmonarysegment>functionalunitofthelung>wedgeshaped+atertiarybronchus+BVsLPB>narrowerRPB>straightandwider>foreignbodymorelikelyenterstherightPBbecauseit’swiderandstraighterMediastinum:thoraciccavityminuslungsandpleuraDivideitbyimaginarylinefromlevelofsternalanglebetweenT4,T5Superior,inferiorandinferiorisdividedtomiddle,posterior(heartand

vertebralcolumn)andanteriorSuperior:

• SuperiorVenaCava• Brachiocephalicvein• ArchofAorta• Trachea• Vagusnerve• Phrenicnerve• Thoracicduct• Esophagus• Thymus• Leftrecurrentlaryngealnerve

-theveinintheheadandneck>internaljugularveinrightandleft-Fromtheupperlimbs>leftsubclavianveinandrightsubclavianveinBothjointoformbrachiocephalicvein>rightandleftBothofwhichjoinandformsuperiorvenacava>enterstheRAoftheheartBringthebloodfromtheupperhalfofthebody

min


ArchoftheaortaThoracicduct>lymphaticchannelwhichendinthevenouscirculationThymusisaglandlocatedbehindthesternum>retrosternalglandLargerduringearlychildhoodandit’ssmalleraswegrowupTLymphocytesmaturebythymus>thymosinhelpinmaturingTlymphocytesVagus(10thcranialnerve)LeftRecurrentLaryngealnerve>branchesfromvagusandarisesinthechestandgoesbacktotheneck

Inferior:

• Anteriormediastinum:Liesanteriortothepericardium.Containsthethymus,lymphnodes,andfats.

• Middlemediastinum:Heart,pericardium,phrenicnerve,andmainbronchi• Posteriormediastinum:Esophagus,azygusvein,thoracicaorta,thoracicduct,

Intercostalveinsontherightsidetheyend>azygusveinOntheleftside>smallerveinhemiazygus


FunctionalClassificationofNerve:

• SomaticorigininCNS>(directly)effecterskeletalmuscles• Visceral(sympatheticandparasympathetic):CNS>ganglion>effector

NerveinCNSpassthroughgangliontheneffector>thefibersarecalledpreganglionicfibersbetweenCNSandganglionBetweenganglionandeffector>postganglionicfibers

Parasympathetic:originatefrombrainandcraniosacraloutflowSympathetic:arisesfromthethoraxandlumbarregionofspinalcord>thoracolumbaroutflow

• Preganglionicfiberofsympatheticisshortbecauseit’sclosetotheganglion• PreganglionicfiberofParasympatheticislong(totheeffector)

Sympatheticchain(trunk):veinsofsympatheticganglionareconnectedtoeachother