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GEOG 102 Population, Resources, and the Environment
Professor: Dr. ean!Paul Rodri"ue
Topic 6 Commodities
# $pace
% &inerals
' (ood
D )ater
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Introduction
Commodities Resources that can be consumed:
Accumulated (some perishable). Exchanged.
Purchased. Fixed commodities: Commodities that cannot be transerred (except title). !and" mining" logging and ishing rights. #alue deri$ed rom utilit% and potential rate o extraction.
&ul' commodities: Commodities that can be transerred. rains" metals" li$estoc'" oil" cotton" coee" sugar and cocoa. #alue deri$ed rom utilit%" suppl% and demand (mar'et price).
Energ% ill be the ob*ect o +opic ,.
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Space
-. Context . /eas 0. Forests 1. 2uman 3ccupation
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Context
Competition or space #arious uses o nature are competing or
space. &iologicall% producti$e areas on the planet
are the most desirable locations.
4utuall% exclusi$e uses o nature: !and used or heat production cannot be
used or roads" orests or gra5ing" and $ice
$ersa.
+he issue is that humans almost ala%s
in. Common transormations: 6atural to agricultural: deorestation. Agricultural to urban: con$ersion.
1Humans
Nature
Space
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Context
4ain categories +he Earth has a surace area o 7-
billion hectares. -8, million s9uare miles.
0.0 billion are sea (,-;) and -1.,
billion are land (8;).
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Historical Global Land Use Change (in billions)1
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Seas
3$er$ie Co$ers 0.0 billion hectares (-1- million s9uare miles):
hectares per person (>.>0 s9uare miles).
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orests
3$er$ie Farmed or natural orests that can %ield timber products. En$ironmental unctions:
Erosion pre$ention.
Climate stabilit%. 4aintenance o h%drological c%cles. /ustaining ecological s%stems.
0.11 billion hectares co$ering our planet. >. hectares per capita orldide.
+he orld has almost lost hal o its original orest co$er: million 'm (-8>>) to 00 million (-887). 4ost o i as destro%ed o$er the last 0> %ears. Forests let occup% ecologicall% less producti$e land ith exception o
some e remaining inaccessible *ungle areas.
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Changes in the !orld"s orest Co#er3
Gro*in" economies and consumption.
Population "ro*th and demand for ne* land.
%ad economic policies that promote the
overe+ploitation of forests.
'orruption and ille"al trade.
Povert and landlessness.
(orest 'over - Re"ion, &id!10s /in 1,000 suare m
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orests
Fossil Energ% !and (Carbon sin') !and that should be reser$ed or C3 absorption. !ittle area is set aside to absorb C3. 6either the biochemical energ% o the used ossil uel is replaced
nor its aste products absorbed. Can also be deined as a carbon sin'. 2umanit% is li$ing o natureBs capital rather than its interests. =sing ossil uel based products or burning ossil uels can
release toxic pollutants. Potential o using the oceans to store C3 at great depths.
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orests
Frontier Forests 3riginal orest co$er remains ith large tracts o relati$el%
undisturbed orest: eined as the rontier orest.
1>; o orest on Earth 9ualiies as rontier orest. Russia" Canada" and &ra5il house almost ,>; o the orld?s remaining
rontier orest.
08; o Earth?s remaining rontier orest is threatened b% logging"
agricultural clearing" and other human acti$it%.
0; o the orld?s rontier orest alls entirel% ithin the temperate5one.
Characteri5ed b% moderate climate" including much o the =./ and
Europe.
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rontier orests as Share o$ Total %emaining orests
(in &)' mid *s3
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Human +ccupation
Arable land (cropland) !and suitable or agriculture. Ecologicall% spea'ing the most producti$e land. !ocation D regional conditions impl% dierent t%pes o suitabilit%:
a%s ithout ree5ing. A$erage temperature. Precipitations. +%pe o soil.
-.1 billion hectares o arable land:
!and surace o -0.> billion hectares. 3nl% ->; o the land is thus arable. Additional 0.7 billion hectares o pasture land. -> million hectares per %ear lost to degradation. !ess than >.7 hectares per capita orldide.
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Land Suitabilit, $or Cereal Culti#ation
Weath
Rice
Maize
Barley
Sorghum
Low or no suitability
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Human +ccupation
Pasture ra5ing land or dair% and cattle arming. 4ost o the 0.07 billion hectares o pasture" or >. hectares per
person" are signiicantl% less producti$e than arable land.
Potential or accumulating biomass is much loer. Expansion o pastures has been a main cause o shrin'ing orest
areas.
&uiltup areas
2ost human settlements and roads. Extend approximatel% >.>0 hectares per capita orldide. As most human settlements are located in the most ertile areas
o the orld" builtup land oten leads to the irre$ocable loss o
prime arable land.
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Trends in Global -gricultural Land Use' 6./0 (in
millions o$ hectares)4
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1inerals
-. +%pes o 4inerals . 4ineral Reser$es" Resources and istribution
B
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1 T,pes o$ 1inerals
4ineral resources norganic substances that are extracted rom the earth?s crust. +heir presence is the outcome o geological processes. +he $alue is deri$ed rom the utilit% o the mineral:
Rare minerals used as a currenc% (gold" sil$er" diamonds" etc.). Construction materials. 4etals that can be shaped to numerous uses. Energ% (ossil uels" uranium). Fertili5ers.
Concentrations o minerals in particular locations.
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!orld 1ineral 2roduction' . (in millions o$ tons)
Energ% minerals 3il" gas" coal" issionable minerals such
as uranium.
Ferrous minerals ron ore and other elements mainl% used
as erroallo%s" such as manganese"
silicon" nic'el" cobalt" and tungsten.
6onerrous metals old" sil$er" copper" aluminum (rom
bauxite)" lead" 5inc" tin" and platinum.
6onmetallic minerals
Construction: !imestone" g%psum" sand"gra$el" and stone.
Fertili5ers: Phosphorus" potassium"
sulur" and nitrates. /alt: deicing" chemicals (chlorine and
sodium) and condiment.
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1ineral %eser#es' %esources and 3istribution
4ineral reser$es 4inerals reco$erable rom identiied
deposits under current technologies
and economic conditions. Can change o$er time as
technological ad$ances ma'e
extraction more economicall% easible.
4ineral resources Reser$es and other sources o the
mineral that ma% e$entuall% become
a$ailable.
non deposits that are not currentl%proitabl% extractable. =ndisco$ered deposits that ma% be
assumed to exist due to 'noledge o
a regionBs geological structures. Fixed 9uantit%" unli'e reser$es.
Economic DevelopmentTechnolo
gicalDevelopment
Threshold
2
Mineral resources
Mineralreserves
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1ineral %eser#es' %esources and 3istribution
RussiaCanada
Australia
United States
South Africa
Average
Minerals Poor
Specific Minerals
Minerals Rich
2
=nbalancedG consumption and extraction are not commonl% located at the same place
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1inerals 2roduction and Intensit, o$ Use' 0*/4***2
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ood
-. Food 4odels . 6utrition +ransition . Food Production" Consumption and +rade 0. +he reen Re$olution 1. Agricultural 3utput and the En$ironment
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ood 1odels
+he human diet 4inimum caloric re9uirement:
",>> calories or men and ">>> calories or omen"
iet is organi5ed along models.
Result o the socioeconomic en$ironment o the population: About -7 plants and < animal species suppl% 8>; o ood. Commonalit% o some ood components in dierent parts o the orld. Related to an a$erage dail% calorie inta'e. !in'ed to agricultural practices" but also to agribusiness and ood
processing industries. e$elopment le$el and the distribution o agricultural production: e$eloped economies: industrial techni9ues are increasingl% present in
the diet. +hird Horld countries: the diet remains oten $er% simple and did not
change or se$eral hundred o %ears.
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Global ood Insecurit,
Calories per day
A
!ritical "less than #$%%%&
Malnourishe' "#$%%% ( #$)%%&
Sufficiently fee' "#$)%% ( *$%%%&
Well fee' "more than *$%%%&
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-nnual 2er Capita Consumption o$ Li#estoc5
2roducts in Selected Countries' (in 5ilograms)1
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ood 1odels
4alnutrition mbalance (deicit or excess) in inta'e o nutrients. 2unger:
eicienc% o calorie and protein.
At least -. billion people aected. 4icronutrient deicienc%: eicienc% o $itamins and minerals. .> billion aected.
3$erconsumption:
Excess o calories. 3ten accompanied b% $itamins and minerals deiciencies. At least -. billion people aected. 0>> million people are obese.
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Share o$ Under7eight Children and +#er7eight
-dults' Selected Countries' 1id *s1
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ood 1odels
Changes in the diet 6utritional shit:
From a diet dominated b% grains and $egetables to a diet dominated b%
ats and sugars: 6atural human desire or at and sugar (energ% dense oodsG lo
satiation). &eteen -8 and >>> calorie inta'e in the =/ has risen nearl% ->; or
men and ,; or omen.
ncreased corporate in$ol$ement in ood suppl%: Caeine is added (,7; o sodas) to pro$ide addiction.
4assi$e usage o la$oring.
2omogeni5ation o global diets: 3utcome o trade. Fast ood industr%.
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ood 1odels
6utrition +ransition =rban and sedentar%:
People are more oten aa% rom
home. -8,>: ,7; o all ood expenses
spent to prepare meals at home. >>>: 7>; o all ood expenses or
restaurants. Element o time.
4ore oman in the labor orce: Aa% rom the traditional role o
ood preparation. &oth members o a couple are oten
or'ing.
!ess preparation time a$ailable: 8>; o the mone% spent on ood is
spent on processed oods.
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ood expenditures b, $amilies and indi#iduals as a
share o$ disposable personal income' 4/4**41
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ood 1odels
3besit% 77; o the adult Americans (o$er > %ears) are o$ereight:
>; o men and 7; o omen are obese (&4 0>G eight in 'ilograms" di$ided
b% the s9uare o height in meters). -7; aged -8 are o$ereight.
.; morbidl% obese (&4 1>). 4ore pre$alent among the poor (at and sugar).
eneration II!: About 0>; o American children are o$ereight (->; obese). 6JC: About 10; o$ereight and 1; obese. /upersi5ing.
!ac' o ph%sical acti$ities. 2igh at and sugar diet"
ietrelated diseases: 0>>">>> Americans die prematurel% each %ear as a result o being o$ereight. Americans spend 1> billion per %ear on eightloss products and ser$ices. Heightloss products ha$e been lin'ed ith groing obesit%.
People simpl% eat more KatreeL products.
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ood 1odels
+he KFast FoodL diet 2igher sugar and at content:
#alue added and high proits ood products.
Fast ood industr%: M--> billion a %ear industr%. !argest group o minimum age or'ers in the =/ (0.7 million). 7; o the adult population $isit a ast ood restaurant e$er% single da%. 4ost ast ood is deli$ered to the restaurant alread% ro5en" canned"
deh%drated" or ree5edried. A ast ood 'itchen is merel% the inal stage in a $ast and highl% complex
s%stem o mass production.
Fast ood" seetened cereals and cand%: 7>; o all ood ads. +argeting the children and inculcate a nutritional consumption leaning on
sugars and ats (schools).
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ood 1odels
K/upersi5ingL !arger containers and 9uantities:
!arger pac'age si5e can increase
consumption up to 77;. -87>s: +he standard CocaCola
container as .7 ounces. -88>s: +he standard CocaCola
container as > ounces.
!ittle cost or the supplier: &rand name" pac'aging and
mar'eting are dominant in pricing.
!arger 9uantities directl% meanshigher proits.
/'e the perception o normal
nutritional inta'e.
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ood 2roduction' Consumption and Trade
Food production 2as been able to 'eep up ith population groth:
Expansion o arable land. reen Re$olution. En$ironmental stress" soil degradation and destruction o ecos%stems.
ncreased dependenc% on ertili5ers and irrigation. radual shit to loer 9ualit% sources o protein:
From bee to por' and poultr%.
ntensiication o a9uaculture:
+r% to replace exhausted ish supplies. 4ore rational use o oceanic resources.
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!orld 2rotein 2roduction b, Source' .*/4***2
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ood 2roduction' Consumption and Trade
eicit and distribution 3$ercome shortages:
mport hat is lac'ing in the national production. An econom% needs to generate suicient surpluses rom other sectors.
Purchase enough ood to o$ercome the national deicit: #er% e +hird Horld countries can aord to do so.
Arica: Region acing the most intensi$e shortages. Chronic dependenc% o ood aid.
China: Fast industriali5ation. roing importer o ood.
ndia: ntense irrigation pro*ects.
2as become selsuicient" but ma% ha$e reached a limit.
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ood 2roduction' Consumption and Trade
nternational trade o agricultural goods About 8; o global exchanges in commodities. +he nature" origin and destination o ood trade is lin'ed to a
number o actors:
the good is perishable. Consumption habits. +he proit that can be deri$ed rom trading ood products. 2ighl% lin'ed to export cultures that are produced strictl% to generate
income. +hird Horld countries are massi$el% in$ol$ed in these t%pes o cultures.
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8xports o$ Cereals' 6*/4**9 (in ***s o$ tons)2
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Grain Imports $or Selected Countries' *' !ith
2ro:ected ;eed $or Imported Grain in 4*9*2
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!orld Co$$ee 2roduction and Trade' 4**9
Coffee Production (M tons)
Less than *%%$%%%
*%%$%%+ to ,%%$%%%
More than ,%%$%%%
Coffee rade
,-%$%%%
.mports
/0ports
2
$hare of Developin" countries in
"lo-al e+ports of a"ricultural
"oods, 2000
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The Green %e#olution
Context /trong population groth in the second hal o the >th centur%. 6e techni9ues ere re9uired to increase production. 6e land as becoming scarce.
!abor as diicult to add to existing agricultural s%stems. ncreasing the agricultural output
reen Re$olution in the -8>s. 6e $arieties o heat" corn and rice:
-8>: > bushels per acre (heat). -88,: -> bushels per acre (heat).
Enabling up to three har$ests per %ear and increased outputs.
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The Green %e#olution
/trateg% Focused more on scientiic achie$ements rather than on
mechani5ation o agriculture. Focused on genetics and pedolog% (soil science).
+he de$elopment o ne seed strains: ncrease agricultural production. 4a'e crops more resistant to diseases. e$elopment o h%brids. 6e strains do not occur naturall%.
+he impro$ement o inputs into soils: Fertili5ers o $arious t%pes. Enhance the producti$it% o pre$iousl% marginal soils. rrigation in dr% areas (1>; o our ood comes rom irrigation). &oost producti$it% in man% orld regions but not ithout costs.
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ertili
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Gl b l 2 d i $ 1 : G i 6 4**= (i 1
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Global 2roduction o$ 1a:or Grains' 6/4**= (in 1
tons)3
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Global Cereal >ields' 6/4**= (5g per hectare)3
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Change in Cereal >ields' 6./4**4
A
1ecline
2p to 3%4
Between 3%4 an' +%%4
Between +%% an' #%%4
More than #%%4
3
'ereal Output per
3ectare, 2000 /"
2 d ti d >i ld $ !h t i Chi d I di
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2roduction and >ield o$ !heat in China and India'
6/4**=3
1 h i ti d 2 $ $ - i lt
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1echani
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The Green %e#olution
+he reen Re$olution and economic dependenc% Re9uires irrigation s%stems" ertilisers and pesticides. Agriculture is no more capital intensi$e:
Fertilisers and pesticides are oten produced b% multinational
corporations. /eeds are also produced.
Financing agriculture: ncreasing lin'ages ith inancial institutions. &orroed mone% to purchase inputs" ell into debt" and lost their land to
creditors hen the% ere unable to pa%. Put the peasant in a debt c%cle.
n man% areas the reen Re$olution increased landlessness
among the peasantr%.
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The Green %e#olution
Future o agricultureN mpro$ing the perormance o plants and animals:
enetical engineeringG transgenic crops. Controlled ripening (en5%me). 2erbicide and ungal resistance.
Animal diet (increased absorption). mpro$ed nutrition (more amino acids" $itamins and easier digestion).
4odi%ing lie to suit medical" industrial and energ% purposes: isease ighters (bananas and potatoes deli$ering $accine). 4anuacturing (colored cottonG plastic ma'ing cornG rubber ma'ing
sunloer). 2%drogen producing algae.
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4 -gricultural +utput and the 8n#ironment
4aintaining agricultural output Context o increased ood demand. Pro$ide ood or the expected population surge o -.7 billion
people beteen >>> and >>.
Expansion o land under culti$ation. ntensiied culti$ationG higher producti$it% per unit o surace. Eorts aimed at intensiied culti$ation are no much more critical
than onl% > %ears ago.
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-gricultural +utput and the 8n#ironment
Expansion potential Reser$es still exist in the de$eloping countries or expanding
agricultural land. #er% une$enl% distributed.
Found mainl% in !atin America and /ub/aharan Arica. Asian countries" especiall% the most densel% populated" ha$e
onl% slight expansion possibilities. emographic pressure pushes toards that strateg%.
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Grain Har#ested -rea per 2erson . 4*4* (in4
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Grain Har#ested -rea per 2erson' ./4*4* (in
s?uare meters)4
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Grain 8?ui#alent to 2roduce 1eat (in 5g)4
1eat 2roduction United States and China 6 4**94
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1eat 2roduction' United States and China 6/4**9
(in tons)4
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-gricultural +utput and the 8n#ironment
Conse9uences Rapidl% deterioration o en$ironmental 9ualit%. Extended soil degradation:
6utrient depletion. Erosion. /alination.
indling a$ailabilit% o ater resources: Agriculture accounts or ,>; o all resh ater ithdraals. Exhaustion o a9uiers. Hater pollution b% ertili5ers and pesticides.
!oss o animal and plant species (biodi$ersit%): > to 0>; o the orld?s orest con$erted to agriculture. 7>; o all species are in danger o extinction. +hreatening national par's and protected areas.
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1
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Sources o$ !ater
Ri$ers" la'es" and streams +raditional sources o ater. 7>; o all ma*or ri$ers are polluted and o$erused. ,>> million Chinese are drin'ing contaminated ater.
A9uiers mportant ater sources" especiall% in man% dr% areas. Hells o $arious 'inds tap into the ater table to dra upon
underground sources o ater. 7-; o all the drin'ing ater in the =/.
4an% a9uiers are recharged: Recei$e ater through percolation o rainater through the o$erl%ing soil
and roc' structure.
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1
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Sources o$ !ater (in cubic miles)1
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Commissioning o$ Large 3ams2
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!ater 3e#elopment 2ro:ects
Problems ith dams +he% are exceptionall% expensi$e to build:
!arge dams cost billions o dollars.
isplace man% people in areas to be looded b% the reser$oir that
is created behind the dam. +he reser$oir ta'es some land out o production. redging:
+he outcome o siltation. +he $olume o sediments deposited rom upstream b% the ri$er that is
dammed can outstrip the capacit% to dredge. +he reser$oir ma% e$entuall% ill in and the dam ill become useless. +he rate o sedimentation increases ith population groth and the
expansion o agriculture in the upstream locations. +he lood control achie$ed b% the dam is helpul in some a%s.
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!ater 3e#elopment 2ro:ects
+he 6ile +he construction o the Asan 2igh am
in southern Eg%pt. nterrupted the seasonal pattern o
looding along the 6ile #alle%.
+hese loods throughout histor% ha$eser$ed to replenish the soils o the $alle%.
+he soils are no not recei$ing the
necessar% nutrients and ma% be depleted. =sage o ertili5ers instead. rrigation ater rom the dam also
enabled Eg%pt to double agricultural
production. Created increased soil salinit% in the
process.
2
Sudan
&'ypt(i$ya
&thiopia
Saudi Ara$ia
)ordan
&ritrea
Chad
Central African Repu$lic
*srael
Syria
+est Ban%,a-a Strip
*ra.
#s*an 3i"h Dam
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!ater Use
Hater use +ripled since -87> Hater use is increasing at a pace aster than population. !in'ed ith rising li$ing standards.
Roles Hater has to primar% contradictor% roles: e% lie support or all species and natural communities. A commodit% to be sold and used or agricultural" industrial" and urban
purposes.
+he o$eruse o ater and the pollution" i alloed to proceedunchec'ed" render the irst role unsustainable.
3
Global !ater !ithdra7al b, Sector **/4*** (in3
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Global !ater !ithdra7al b, Sector' ** 4*** (in
cubic 5m)3
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2 $ L d I i d3
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2ercentage o$ Land Irrigated3
4rri"ated #rea, 5op 10 'ountries,
16 /in millions of hectares
! t % i d t 2 d 5 $ d (i lit )3
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!ater %e?uired to 2roduce 5g o$ ood (in liters)3
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Th @ tt Li ith C diti
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The @ottom Line 7ith Commodities
2uman acti$ities are dependant on commodities /e$eral commodities cannot be substituted. 4an% are not reneable.
Price and a$ailabilit%
/uppl% and demand. !e$el o utilit%. +he demand is expected to rise substantiall%. +he suppl% o man% commodities ill not.