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PyhäsalmiAlternative Names: RuotanenOccurence type: deposit
Commodity Rank Totalmeasure
Total production Total resource Importance
zinc 1 1579152.24 t 1351380.24 t 227772 t Large depositsulphur 2 31005075.43
t23168384.43 t 7836691 t Very large
depositcopper 2 690945.59 t 531609.59 t 159336 t Medium
sized depositgold 3 14.96 t 7.5 t 7.46 t Medium
sized depositsilver 3 512.97 t 252.01 t 260.96 t Medium
sized depositmercury 4 NA NA NA NAselenium 4 NA NA NA NAiron 4 11379757.85
t11379757.85 t 0 t Medium
sized deposit
Easting EUREF: 452777.194 Easting YKJ: 3452930Northing EUREF: 7059422.065 Northing YKJ: 7062380
Discovery year: 1958Discovered by: private prospectorProvince: Vihanti-Pyhäsalmi (Zn, Cu)District: Pyhäsalmi (Zn, Cu)Comments: Found by local farmer when digging a well: ore subcrop at the well bottomReferences: 1, 4, 17, 21, 23, 26, 27, 32, 40, 42, 44, 47, 55, 56, 58
Mineral deposit type
Group:Metallogenic depositMain type: VMS (mixed hydrothermal)Sub type 1: Bimodal-felsicComments: Formed in submarine synvolcanic hydrothermal system: massive sulphides by sub-seafloor replacement of tuffaceous and intrusive rocks immediately below a hydrothermal mound,and semi-massive banded sulphides right above the sea floor.References: 5, 6, 17, 18, 25, 29, 39, 43, 46, 53
Dimension
Expression: concealed Area (ha): NAForm: discordant Dip azim: 112Shape: irregular Dip: 80Length (m): 400 Plunge azim: NAWidth (m): 105 Plunge dip: NAThickness (m): NA Orientation method: NADepth (m): 1400Dimension comments: A vertical hammer-shaped ore body: a flat, subvertical (80° to the ESE), 1000m long, 150-650 m wide and 10-60 m thick 'handle' extending from the surface to about 1000 m
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depth. At the surface, in horizontal section, the ore body has a shape of an open 'S' with roughly aNNE-SSW strike. At the lower end of the 'handle', 1000-1400 m below surface, a 300-400x200-300 m'knob' of the 'hammer', in a fold-nose. The 'handle' and the ''knob' are separated from each other bya shear zone
Holder history
Current holder: First Quantum Minerals LtdYears: 2013Holding type:Mining concession (old law)
Previous holders:
Company Years Holding type CommentsInmet Mining Corporation 2001-2013 Mining concession
(old law)NA
Outokumpu Oy 1959-2001 NA NA
Figures
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Guide map:
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EXPLORATION ACTIVITY
Pyhäsalmi Mine Oy
Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref2003-2019 core drilling Timo Mäki mineral reserve defined 27
In the area below -1000 m: underground mapping and diamond drilling. Just during 1997-1999: >22 km.IntersectionsHoleID NAFrom-To NALength 44mzinc 1.55%copper 1.85%HoleID NAFrom-To NALength 22.2mzinc 7.99%copper 0.4%
Geological Survey of Finland
Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref1980-1980 regional geophysics NA key geological features 16, 19, 28, 29, 37,
43, 48Low-altitude airborne magnetic, electromagnetic and radiometric survey
University of Turku
Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref1980-2002 detailed geology Heikki Papunen, Pasi Eilu,
Antti Mustonen, Jari Ylinen,Marcelo Imana
key geological features 1, 2, 3, 30, 41, 42, 58
Ore mineralogy and structural studies of the deposit
Geological Survey of Finland
Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref1977-2004 geological
interpretationErkki Marttila, Gabor Gaal,Jukka Kousa, Jouni Luukas
key geological features 1, 5, 16, 22, 23, 24,25, 28, 29, 31, 32,38, 48, 53, 54
Subregional to detailed interpretation of the Pyhäsalmi deposit and its surroundings
1977-1990 regional geology NA NA 16, 19, 28, 29, 37,43, 48
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1977-1990 detailed geology NA key geological features 16, 19, 28, 29, 37,43, 48
Outokumpu Oy
Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref1959-2002 detailed
geochemistryOlavi Helovuori, Timo Mäki geochemical anomaly 16, 33, 34, 35, 37,
39, 41Zn, Cd, Cu and S anomaly in till extending for 600 m from the ore. In felsic rocks K/Na, and in mafic rocksMg/Ca increase towards the ore. A distinct dispersion halo around ore is also defined by Ag, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe,Pb, Sa and Zn; the Zn, Pb, Cu and Ba anomalies extend laterally for 200-400 m from the ore. The mostconsistent geochemical vectors to ore are defined by S and K/Na.
1959-2002 core drilling Veikko Vähätalo, OlaviHelovuori, Timo Mäki
mineral reserve defined 23
Diamond and percussion drilling with an yearly rate at 2-10 km and 2-8 km, respectively
1958-1958 mining pilot Veikko Vähätalo positive feasibility study 4, 17, 18, 19, 23, 27,30, 33, 34, 38, 43,45, 46, 57
1958-2002 detailed geology Veikko Vähätalo, OlaviHelovuori, Timo Mäki
key geological features 4, 17, 18, 19, 23, 27,30, 33, 34, 38, 43,45, 46, 57
1958-2001 detailed geophysics Veikko Vähätalo, OlaviHelovuori, Timo Rekola,Timo Mäki
geophysical anomaly 6, 16, 45, 55
A slingram and a gravimetric anomaly related to the ore.
1958-1991 regional geophysics Tauno Huhtala, OlaviHelovuori
geophysical anomaly 4, 17, 18, 19, 43, 45
Airborne magnetic and electric surveys
1958-1958 core drilling Veikko Vähätalo mineral resource defined 57During the first 8 months of exploration, 1958-59: 47 diamond-drill holes, total 8650 m.
1958-1958 percussion drilling Veikko Vähätalo, OlaviHelovuori, Timo Mäki
NA 4, 17, 18, 19, 23, 27,30, 33, 34, 38, 43,45, 46, 57
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RESOURCES AND RESERVES
Most recent
Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Resource First Quantum
Minerals Ltd2014 NA NI 43-101 8
Comments: 31.12.2014Category: Measured mineral resourceTonnage: 12.83 Mtcopper 0.78 %zinc 1.01 %gold 0.4 ppmsilver 14 ppmsulphur 42.22 %Cutoff: NA
Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Reserve First Quantum
Minerals Ltd2014 NA NI 43-101 8
Comments: 31.12.2014Category: Proved ore reservesTonnage: 5.81 Mtcopper 1.02 %zinc 1.69 %gold 0.4 ppmsilver 14 ppmsulphur 41.65 %Cutoff: NA
Previous calculations
Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Resource First Quantum
Minerals Ltd2013 NA NI 43-101 7
Category: Measured mineral resourceTonnage: 7.22 Mtcopper 0.6 %zinc 0.45 %gold 0.4 ppmsilver 14 ppmsulphur 42.79 %Cutoff: NA
Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Reserve First Quantum
Minerals Ltd2013 NA NI 43-101 7
Category: Proved ore reservesTonnage: 7.393 Mtcopper 1.05 %zinc 1.79 %
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gold 0.4 ppmsilver 14 ppmsulphur 41.65 %Cutoff: NA
Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Resource Inmet Mining
Corporation2010 NA NI 43-101 20
Category: NATonnage: 7.168 Mtzinc 0.5 %copper 0.6 %sulphur 44 %Cutoff: NA
Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Reserve Inmet Mining
Corporation2010 NA NI 43-101 20
Category: Proved ore reservesTonnage: 9.137 Mtzinc 2 %copper 1.1 %gold 0.4 ppmsilver 14 ppmsulphur 41 %Cutoff: NA
Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Resource Inmet Mining
Corporation2008 NA NA 36
Category: Measured mineral resourceTonnage: 8.2 Mtzinc 0.4 %copper 0.6 %sulphur 43.8 %Cutoff: NA
Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Reserve Inmet Mining
Corporation2008 NA NA 36
Category: Proved ore reservesTonnage: 13.4 Mtzinc 2.2 %copper 1.1 %silver 14 ppmgold 0.4 ppmsulphur 41.4 %Cutoff: NA
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MINING
Pyhäsalmi
Easting EUREF: 452777.194Northing EUREF: 7059422.065Status: OperatingOperating years: 1959-2019Years in production: 61Total ore mined: 59813983 tReferences: 36
Total production:Product Product measurecopper 531609.59 tiron 11379757.85 tzinc 1351380.24 tgold 7.5 tsilver 252.01 tsulphur 23168384.43 t
Other materials:Material type Material measurewastes from mineral excavation 15596841 twaste from mineral metalliferousexcavation
119112 t
Mining activity:Year Ore mined Ore
processedActivity type Production Other material
2019 1066367 t 1066000 t underground miningcopper 8003 tzinc 12080 tsulphur 553644 t
waste from mineralmetalliferous excavation 0 t
2018 1247536 t 1247536 t underground miningcopper 11904 tzinc 22716 tsulphur 645885 t
waste from mineralmetalliferous excavation 0 t
2017 1259632 t 1.26 Mt underground miningcopper 13501 tzinc 17397 tsulphur 692124 t
waste from mineralmetalliferous excavation 0 t
2016 1379546 t 1.38 Mt underground miningcopper 14795 tzinc 20800 tsulphur 490480 t
waste from mineralmetalliferous excavation 0 t
2015 1378554 t 1.38 Mt underground miningzinc 21331 tcopper 12046 tsulphur 839706 t
waste from mineralmetalliferous excavation 0 t
2014 1376572 t 1377000 t underground miningzinc 19762 tcopper 14304 tsulphur 840929 t
2013 1382059 t 1382059 t underground mining
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zinc 22099 tcopper 14057 tsulphur 825821 t
waste from mineralmetalliferous excavation 0 t
2012 1384216 t 1384216 t underground miningzinc 25600 tcopper 12600 tsulphur 891728 t
waste from mineralmetalliferous excavation42266 t
2011 1385607 t 1385607 t underground miningzinc 32300 tcopper 14000 t
waste from mineralmetalliferous excavation76846 t
2010 1400723 t 1400723 t underground miningzinc 30100 tcopper 14700 tsulphur 588303.66 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 59855 t
2009 1396450 t 1396450 t underground miningzinc 27100 tcopper 14600 tsulphur 383900 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 90300 t
2008 1406074 t 1406000 t underground miningzinc 27800 tcopper 13300 tsulphur 565000 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 69709 t
2007 1377241 t 1377000 t underground miningzinc 38900 tcopper 13600 tsulphur 485800 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 54375 t
2006 1371823 t 1372000 t underground miningzinc 35700 tcopper 13000 tsulphur 512000 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 85380 t
2005 1392892 t 1393000 t underground miningzinc 40500 tcopper 15000 tsulphur 461000 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 489830 t
2004 1341336 t 1341000 t underground miningzinc 37200 tcopper 15500 tsulphur 692000 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 364369 t
2003 1329832 t 1330000 t underground miningzinc 38800 tcopper 14900 tsulphur 673600 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 417264 t
2002 1239874 t 1239874 t underground miningzinc 26300 tcopper 11200 tsulphur 396500 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 315952 t
2001 1107945 t 1107945 t underground miningcopper 10525.47 tzinc 14181.69 tsulphur 478964.62 tgold 565.05 kgiron 478964.62 tsilver 13627.72 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 174274 t
2000 1097173 t 1097173 t underground miningcopper 12068.9 tzinc 14043.81 tsulphur 474307.88 tgold 559.55 kgiron 474307.88 tsilver 13495.22 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 455151 t
1999 1117332 t 1117332 t underground mining
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copper 11061.58 tzinc 17430.37 tsulphur 464027.97 tgold 480.45 kgiron 464027.97 tsilver 13631.45 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 513860 t
1998 1059544 t 1057951 t underground miningcopper 9627.35 tzinc 18090.96 tsulphur 410167.6 tgold 454.91 kgiron 410167.6 tsilver 12907 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 345278 t
1997 935135 t 934649 t underground miningcopper 8879.16 tzinc 16917.14 tsulphur 364326.18 tgold 411.24 kgiron 364326.18 tsilver 13458.94 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 318632 t
1996 1040940 t 1040940 t underground miningcopper 9784.83 tzinc 18632.82 tsulphur 406487.07 tgold 468.42 kgiron 406487.07 tsilver 13740.4 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 437895 t
1995 1075344 t 1073901 t underground miningcopper 9772.49 tzinc 18793.26 tsulphur 409478.45 tgold 408.08 kgiron 360293.78 tsilver 16108.51 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 310710 t
1994 1012502 t 1153520 t underground miningcopper 10843.08 tzinc 21916.88 tsulphur 436030.56 tgold 507.54 kgiron 378585.26 tsilver 18917.72 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 358382 t
1993 1077542 t 1077542 t underground miningcopper 9051.35 tzinc 23059.39 tsulphur 402246.42 tgold 431.01 kgiron 353649.28 tsilver 17671.68 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 379035 t
1992 1046793 t 1046793 t underground miningcopper 9211.77 tzinc 19784.38 tsulphur 392023.97 tgold 491.99 kgiron 343557.46 tsilver 16434.65 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 373779 t
1991 1042093 t 1042093 t underground miningcopper 8649.37 tzinc 25427.06 tsulphur 413815.13 tgold 479.36 kgiron 350560.08 tsilver 15527.18 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 395000 t
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1990 1026816 t 1026816 t underground miningcopper 8419.89 tzinc 22281.9 tsulphur 398609.97 tgold 441.53 kgiron 341108.27 tsilver 14991.51 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 81532 t
1989 987419 t 987420 t underground miningcopper 8096.84 tzinc 22513.17 tsulphur 390623.35 tgold 424.59 kgiron 332069.34 tsilver 15206.26 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 262670 t
1988 966200 t 966200 t underground miningcopper 8212.7 tzinc 27440.08 tsulphur 355948.08 tgold 415.46 kgiron 323677 tsilver 15942.3 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 205582 t
1987 925495 t 924593 t underground miningcopper 7859.04 tzinc 19601.37 tsulphur 362440.45 tgold 388.32 kgiron 309091.43 tsilver 14423.65 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 183279 t
1986 916456 t 916456 t underground miningcopper 6873.42 tzinc 18604.05 tsulphur 229938.81 tgold 403.24 kgiron 279519.08 tsilver 15763.04 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 764704 t
1985 805397 t 891602 t underground miningcopper 6419.53 tzinc 25767.29 tsulphur 321333.36 tiron 272562.73 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 190102 t
1984 853919 t 853919 t underground miningcopper 6148.21 tzinc 24422.08 tsulphur 287172.95 tiron 240463.59 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 204802 t
1983 795359 t 795359 t underground miningcopper 6124.26 tzinc 14157.39 tsulphur 277023.53 tiron 240437.02 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 181885 t
1982 849823 t 849823 t underground miningcopper 5948.76 tzinc 16486.56 tsulphur 257921.28 tiron 224013.34 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 123024 t
1981 853372 t 894124 t underground miningcopper 6258.86 tzinc 18418.95 tsulphur 265554.82 tiron 227733.38 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 121590 t
1980 853113 t 983827 t underground mining
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copper 5509.43 tzinc 18692.71 tsulphur 259435.17 tiron 222443.28 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 83820 t
1979 1196124 t 1039320 t underground miningcopper 7275.24 tzinc 19019.55 tsulphur 282383.24 tiron 240498.64 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 860812 t
1978 905688 t 1125148 t underground miningcopper 6863.4 tzinc 21377.81 tsulphur 310653.36 tiron 267785.22 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 149011 t
1977 856899 t 1086480 t underground miningcopper 7496.71 tzinc 28574.42 tsulphur 306387.36 tiron 264449.23 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 107332 t
1976 811430 t 861476 t open-pit miningcopper 6288.77 tzinc 22656.81 tsulphur 254307.71 tiron 216919.65 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 96736 t
1975 875384 t 795778 t open-pit miningcopper 5092.97 tzinc 21486 tsulphur 237937.62 tiron 206106.5 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 127661 t
1974 1129762 t 816170 t open-pit miningcopper 5631.57 tzinc 23750.54 tsulphur 257093.55 tiron 220365.9 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 385461 t
1973 985134 t 839239 t open-pit miningcopper 5622.9 tzinc 18379.33 tsulphur 271074.19 tiron 239183.11 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 499860 t
1972 807921 t 807921 t open-pit miningcopper 5251.48 tzinc 13330.69 tsulphur 274693.14 tiron 243992.14 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 112748 t
1971 741921 t 741921 t open-pit miningcopper 5267.63 tzinc 16619.03 tsulphur 189931.77 tiron 229995.51 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 80715 t
1970 786784 t 786784 t open-pit miningcopper 5743.52 tzinc 28088.18 tsulphur 280724.53 tiron 240047.79 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 82489 t
1969 807116 t 807116 t open-pit miningcopper 7102.62 tzinc 34141 tsulphur 278777.86 tiron 238906.33 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 231323 t
1968 774290 t 774290 t open-pit mining
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copper 6736.32 tzinc 29500.44 tsulphur 280602.69 tiron 239333.03 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 517559 t
1967 737014 t 713264 t open-pit miningcopper 6348.04 tzinc 29457.8 tsulphur 268543.89 tiron 228101.82 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 784385 t
1966 620024 t 604824 t open-pit miningcopper 5261.96 tzinc 21894.62 tsulphur 229833.12 tiron 193059.82 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 720816 t
1965 649509 t 649509 t open-pit miningcopper 5325.97 tzinc 25330.85 tsulphur 248761.94 tiron 208492.38 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 817914 t
1964 617147 t 617147 t open-pit miningcopper 5245.74 tzinc 24932.73 tsulphur 240255.32 tiron 202917.93 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 701350 t
1963 564621 t 564621 t open-pit miningcopper 5081.58 tzinc 24730.39 tsulphur 212862.11 tgold 169.38 kgiron 176669.91 tsilver 10163.17 kg
wastes from mineralexcavation 397722 t
1962 383126 t 383126 t open-pit miningcopper 3601.38 tzinc 14903.6 tsulphur 146545.69 tiron 124247.76 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 167450 t
1961 105 t 0 t open-pit miningwastes from mineralexcavation 45507 t
1960 0 t 0 t open-pit miningwastes from mineralexcavation 297080 t
1959 1938 t 1938 t open-pit miningcopper 15.5 tzinc 58.14 tsulphur 717.06 tiron 639.54 t
wastes from mineralexcavation 890 t
Figures
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GEOLOGYOre: Sulphide oreWall rock: Rhyolite, Mica schist, Felsic tuff, Tholeiitic basalt, Dolomitic marble
Sulphide ore (Ore)
Rock type: OreProportion: allGrain size: NAColor: NAReferences: 2, 3, 4, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 41, 43Comments: Ore types: 1) Massive Pyrite, massive, 0.2-2 cm pyrite porphyroblasts, 90-95 % sulphides;2) Spotty Massive Pyrite, colloform, crustified and replacement textures, digenetic banding, 70-85 %sulphides; 3) Cu-Pyrite, cataclastic, clast-supported breccia, massive, 90 % sulphides; 4) Zinc,dissemination, banding, 40-60 % sulphides; 5) Zinc, porphyroclastic breccia, mylonitic banding, >60%sulphides; 6) Remobilised Sulphides, veins, veinlets, replacement in xenoliths and wallrocks, 50-95%sulphides.
Ore minerals:Mineral Proportion Mineral textureArsenic minor DisseminationArsenopyrite minor DisseminationBournonite minor DisseminationChalcopyrite major Massive, DisseminationElectrum minor DisseminationGalena minor DisseminationGold minor DisseminationHessite minor DisseminationJordanite minor DisseminationMagnetite minor DisseminationMarcasite minor DisseminationMolybdenite minor DisseminationPyrite major Massive, DisseminationPyrrhotite major DisseminationSeligmannite minor DisseminationSphalerite major DisseminationTetrahedrite minor Dissemination
Other minerals:Mineral Proportion Mineral textureAnthophyllite present Alteration productBaryte presentBiotite present Alteration productCalcite presentChlorite present Alteration productCordierite present Alteration productDolomite presentMuscovite present Alteration productPlagioclase presentQuartz presentSericite presentSillimanite present Alteration productTalc present
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Tourmaline presentTremolite present Alteration product
StructuresBrecciaVeined
TexturesMassiveBandedPorphyroclastic
Alteration: Distribution: Degree: Relation to mineralization:chloritic alteration NA NA NAComments: K-altered and Na-depleted rocks cover an area 100-1000 m wide and >6 km long along strike, at the presentsurface.sericitic alteration NA NA NAComments: K-altered and Na-depleted rocks cover an area 100-1000 m wide and >6 km long along strike, at the presentsurface.
Metamorphic description:
Type: Facies: Degree: Relation tomineralization:
Min P- Max P(kbar)
MIn T- Max T(°C)
Regional amphibolitemetamorphic facies
mediummetamorphic grade
NA 2.5-7 530-700
Comments: Peak metamorphism is related to the intrusion of synorogenic, 1.89-1.87 Ga, granitoids. Peak regionalmetamorphism during D2-D3, at 1890 Ma, and retrograde metamorphism during D4; Pyrite-sphalerite-baryte-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite-calcite-dolomite.
Geological age:
Geological era: Max age - Minage(Ma):
Inferred age (Ma): Age of mineralization:
Paleoproterozoic (2500-1600Ma)
1944-1969 1957 Y
Comments: The mineralisation is older than 1.86 Ga, probably during 1.93-1.91 Ga; Data also suggest asignificant input of crustal Pb into the mineralising system.Radiometric age: Method: Age: Error (Ma): Mineral: Reference:
Pb-Pb 1944 Galena 24, 43, 54Pb-Pb 1969 Galena 24, 43, 54
Rhyolite (Wall rock)
Rock type:Wall rockProportion:minorGrain size: NAColor: NAReferences: 4, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 34, 39, 41, 43Comments: The host volcanic sequence is composed of a bimodal complex of low- to medium-Krhyolites, transitional between calc-alkaline and tholeiitic, and sub-alkaline low- to medium-Ktholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites. Trace element chemistry of the volcanic rocks indicates amature island arc setting.
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Metamorphic description:
Type: Facies: Degree: Relation tomineralization:
Min P- Max P(kbar)
MIn T- Max T(°C)
Regional amphibolitemetamorphic facies
mediummetamorphic grade
NA 2.5-7 530-700
Comments: Peak metamorphism is related to the intrusion of synorogenic, 1.89-1.87 Ga, granitoids. Peak regionalmetamorphism during D2-D3, at 1890 Ma, and retrograde metamorphism during D4; Altered felsic rocks: quartz-sericite-feldspar. Felsic, unaltered volcanic rocks: quartz-plagioclase-K feldspar-biotite-muscovite.
Geological age:
Geological era: Max age - Minage(Ma):
Inferred age (Ma): Age of mineralization:
Paleoproterozoic (2500-1600Ma)
1910-1930 N
Mica schist (Wall rock)
Rock type:Wall rock
Felsic tuff (Wall rock)
Rock type:Wall rockProportion:minorGrain size: NAColor: NAReferences: 4, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 34, 39, 41, 43
Metamorphic description:
Type: Facies: Degree: Relation tomineralization:
Min P- Max P(kbar)
MIn T- Max T(°C)
Regional amphibolitemetamorphic facies
mediummetamorphic grade
NA 2.5-7 530-700
Comments: Peak metamorphism is related to the intrusion of synorogenic, 1.89-1.87 Ga, granitoids. Peak regionalmetamorphism during D2-D3, at 1890 Ma, and retrograde metamorphism during D4.
Geological age:
Geological era: Max age - Minage(Ma):
Inferred age (Ma): Age of mineralization:
Paleoproterozoic (2500-1600Ma)
1910-1930 N
Tholeiitic basalt (Wall rock)
Rock type:Wall rockProportion:minorGrain size: NAColor: NAReferences: 4, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 34, 39, 41, 43Comments: The host volcanic sequence is composed of a bimodal complex of low- to medium-Krhyolites, transitional between calc-alkaline and tholeiitic, and sub-alkaline low- to medium-K
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tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites. Trace element chemistry of the volcanic rocks indicates amature island arc setting.
Metamorphic description:
Type: Facies: Degree: Relation tomineralization:
Min P- Max P(kbar)
MIn T- Max T(°C)
Regional amphibolitemetamorphic facies
mediummetamorphic grade
NA 2.5-7 530-700
Comments: Peak metamorphism is related to the intrusion of synorogenic, 1.89-1.87 Ga, granitoids. Peak regionalmetamorphism during D2-D3, at 1890 Ma, and retrograde metamorphism during D4; Altered metavolcanic rock:cordierite-biotite-almandine-plagioclase-quartz. Mafic, unaltered volcanic rocks: plagioclase-hornblende ± quartz, biotite,cummingtonite.
Geological age:
Geological era: Max age - Minage(Ma):
Inferred age (Ma): Age of mineralization:
Paleoproterozoic (2500-1600Ma)
1910-1930 N
Dolomitic marble (Wall rock)
Rock type:Wall rockProportion:minorGrain size: NAColor: NAReferences: 4, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 34, 39, 41, 43Comments:Within the schist belt, dolomitic marbles are only detected locally in the Pyhäsalmi oreand in its immediate footwall rocks. Colloform and fine banded carbonate patches in Spotty PyriteOre and A Zinc.
TexturesBandedColloform
Metamorphic description:
Type: Facies: Degree: Relation tomineralization:
Min P- Max P(kbar)
MIn T- Max T(°C)
Regional amphibolitemetamorphic facies
mediummetamorphic grade
NA 2.5-7 530-700
Comments: Peak metamorphism is related to the intrusion of synorogenic, 1.89-1.87 Ga, granitoids. Peak regionalmetamorphism during D2-D3, at 1890 Ma, and retrograde metamorphism during D4.
Geological age:
Geological era: Max age - Minage(Ma):
Inferred age (Ma): Age of mineralization:
Paleoproterozoic (2500-1600Ma)
1910-1930 N
Figures
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Schematic modelling:
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Outcrop photo:
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Structure:
Structure:
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Structure:
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Local geology:
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Outcrop photo:
Outcrop photo:
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Metamorph photo:
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Metamorph photo:
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Plan view:
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Plan view:
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Regional geology:
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Regional geology:
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Geology of the Pyhäsalmi-Mullikkoräme region. Image pruduced by Jukka Kousa (GTK), 7
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Aug 2015:
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