Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Major geologic processes Major geologic processes
Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle
Earthquakes and volcanoes Earthquakes and volcanoes
Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics
External Earth ProcessesExternal Earth Processes
Erosion Erosion
Mechanical weatheringMechanical weathering
Frost wedgingFrost wedging
Chemical weatheringChemical weathering
Biological weatheringBiological weathering
Natural Hazards: EarthquakesNatural Hazards: Earthquakes
Features Features
Magnitude Magnitude
Aftershocks Aftershocks
Primary effects Primary effects
Secondary effects Secondary effects
Expected Earthquake DamageExpected Earthquake Damage
CanadaCanada
United StatesUnited States
No damage expectedNo damage expected
Minimal damageMinimal damage
Moderate damageModerate damage
Severe damageSevere damage
Natural Hazards: Volcanic EruptionsNatural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions
extinctvolcanoes
extinctvolcanoes
magmareservoir
centralvent
magmaconduit
SolidlithosphereSolidlithosphere
Upwellingmagma
Partially moltenasthenosphere
Minerals and RocksMinerals and Rocks
Mineral (diamond, quartz)Mineral (diamond, quartz)
Rock TypesRock Types
Igneous (granite, basalt)Igneous (granite, basalt)
Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone)Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone)
Metamorphic (marble, slate)Metamorphic (marble, slate)
Igneous RockGranite, Pumice,
Basalt
Sedimentary RockShale, Sandstone,
Limestone
Metamorphic RockSlate, Quartzite,
Marble
Magma(Molten Rock)
WeatheringWeathering
ErosionErosion
TransportTransportDepositionDeposition
Heat,Pressure
Heat,Pressure
Heat,
Pressure
Heat,
Pressure
Rock Cycle
Oceanic crust(lithosphere)
Abyssalhills Abyssal
floorOceanic
ridgeTrench
Volcanoes
Folded mountain belt
Craton
Mantle (lithosphere)
Mantle (asthenosphere)
Ab
ys
sa
l p
lain
Continental crust(lithosphere)
Mantle(lithosphere)
Continentalrise
Continentalslope
Continentalshelf
Abyssal plain
Abyssalfloor
Tectonic plate
Collision between two continents
Oceanic tectonicplate
Spreading center Oceanic tectonic
plateOcean trench
Plate movement Plate movement
Continentalcrust
Subductionzone
Oceaniccrust
Oceaniccrust
Continentalcrust
Mantle
Innercore
Hot outercore
Two plates movetowards each other.One is subductedback into the mantleon falling convectioncurrent.
Mantleconvectioncell
Hot materialrisingthroughthe mantle
Material coolsas it reachesthe outer mantle
Cold densematerial fallsback throughmantle
EURASIAN PLATE
CHINASUBPLATE PHILIPPINE
PLATE
INDIAN-AUSTRLIAN PLATE
PACIFICPLATE
JUAN DEFUCA PLATE
COCOSPLATE
CARIBBEAN PLATE
NORTHAMERICAN
PLATE
SOUTHAMERICAN
PLATE
EURASIAN PLATE
ANATOLIAN PLATE
ARABIAN PLATE
AFRICAN PLATE
SOMALIAN SUBPLATE
CarlsbergRidge
Southwest IndianOcean Ridge
ANTARCTIC PLATE
Transformfault
East PacificRise
Transformfault
Mid-IndianOceanRidge
Southeast IndianOcean Ridge
Mid-AtlanticOceanRidge
ReykjanesRidge
Transformfault
Divergent ( ) andtransform fault ( )boundaries
Convergentplate boundaries
Plate motionat convergentplate boundaries
Plate motionat divergentplate boundaries
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Oceanic ridge at a divergent plate boundary
Divergent BoundaryDivergent Boundary
Lithosphere
Trench Volcanic island arc
Asthenosphere
Risingmagma
Subductionzone
Trench and volcanic island arc at a convergentplate boundary
Convergent BoundaryConvergent Boundary
Fracture zone
Transformfault
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Transform fault connecting two divergent plate boundaries
Liquefaction ofrecent sedimentscauses buildingsto sink
Landslides mayoccur onhilly ground
Shockwaves
Epicenter
Focus
Two adjoining platesmove laterally alongthe fault line
Earth movementscause flooding inlow-lying areas
extinctvolcanoes
magmareservoir
centralvent
magmaconduit
Solidlithosphere
Upwellingmagma
Partially moltenasthenosphere
Igneous RockGranite,pumice,basalt
Metamorphic RockSlate, marble,quartzite
Magma(molten rock)
Heat, pressure, stress
Heat, pressure
Melting
Sedimentary RockShale, sandstone,
limestone
Deposition
Transportation
Erosion
Weathering
Geologic Time ScaleGeologic Time Scale
Because fossils appeared in a predictable order, one can use them as relative time markers.
What’s more you can define time periods based on certain fossils that were living at that time.
This enabled geologists to construct the Geologic Time Scale and name its periods based on the fossil record.
Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
Divergent boundaryDivergent boundary
Convergent boundaryConvergent boundary
Subduction zoneSubduction zone
Transform faultTransform fault
Plate Tectonics: FundamentalsPlate Tectonics: Fundamentals• Evidence - plate tectonics unites many
disparate observations
• Sea-floor spreading - the oceans widening is the mechanism that moves the continents
Plate Tectonics: FundamentalsPlate Tectonics: Fundamentals• Plate margins - convergent, divergent,
transform
• Continental crust vs. oceanic crust
• The Earth’s interior: lithosphere, mantle, core
Plate Tectonics - 1960sPlate Tectonics - 1960s
• New data:
– the age of the ocean floor
– magnetic stripes
Magnetic Stripes and Seafloor Spreading
http://jove.geol.niu.edu/faculty/fischer/105_info/105_E_notes/lecture_notes/Plate_Tectonics/PT_images/magnetic_stripes_form.gif
How doesseafloor spreadinglead to continentalbreakup?
http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~debari/406/figs/divergent.jpeg
Oceanic vs. Continental CrustOceanic vs. Continental Crust Age:
OC = <180 m.y.a.
CC = 2-3 b.y.a.
Thickness:
OC = 5-7 kilometers thick
CC = 10-70 km
Oceanic vs. Continental CrustOceanic vs. Continental Crust Composition:
OC = basaltic
CC = granitic
Density:
OC = 3.0 grams per cubic centimeter
CC = 2.7 gm/cc
The Earth’s interiorThe Earth’s interior
• Composition:
– Crust – mafic / felsic
– Mantle - ultramafic
The Earth’s interior: 2 bases for layeringThe Earth’s interior: 2 bases for layering
• Viscosity/Velocity:– Lithosphere - rigid & non- flowable, 0-150km– Asthenosphere - soft & flowable, 150-400 km
( “upper mantle”)– Mantle
• - transition zone (400-670 km)
• - lower mantle (670-2900 km)
– Core
Plate tectonics explains things, for example...Plate tectonics explains things, for example...
• Mountain belts
• The Hawaiian islands