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Description
Well graded gravel, sandy gravel, with little or no fnes
Poorly graded gravel, sandy gravel, with little or no fnes
Silty gravels, silty sandy gravelsGravel
Clayey gravels, clayey sandy gravels
Glatial till, very mixed grained
Well graded sands, gravelly sands, with little or no fnes
Coarse sand
Fine sand
Poorly graded sands, gravelly sands, with little or no fnes
Silty sands
Clayey sandsInorganic silts, silty or clayey fne sands, with slight plasticity
Uniorm inorganic silt
!rganic silts and organic silty clays o low plasticity
Sot glacial clay
Sti" glacial clay
Sot slightly organic clay
Peat and other highly organic soils
sot very organic clay
REFERENCES
#$ Swiss Standard S% &'( (#(), Characteristic Coe*cients o soil
/$ Das, 0$, +dvanced Soil 1echanics$ -aylor 2 Francis, 3ondon 2 %
7$ 8o9gh, 0$, 0asic soil engineering$ onald Press Company, %ew
;$ -er$ !)r
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USCS
Boid ratio ?
eerencemax
GW ($/& ($;& #,
GP ($/& ($;& #,
G1 ($#6 ($/6 #,EGW?GP ($7 ($&
GC ($/# ($7'
EGC ? ? ($/> ; cited in >
SW ($/: ($';
ESW ($7> ($'>
ESW ($; ($6>
SP ($7 ($'>
S1 ($77 ($:6
SC ($#' ($>:13 ($/& #$/6
E13 ($; #$#
C3 ($;# ($&:
!3 ($'; /$/&
EC3?!3 ($/> #$6
18 #$#; /$#
C8 ($&7 #$;>
? ? ? #$/ ; cited in >
? ? ? ($& ; cited in >
!8 #$(& 7$7;
E!8?!3 ? ? #$:
Pt ? ? ; cited in >
EPt ? ? 7
, +ssociation o Swiss oad and -ra*c .ngineers
ew 4or5, /((6$
or5, #:&:$
ng Practice$ Wiley, %ew 4or5, #::&$
3 GUID.0!!= @ Soil$PC #(('(# report, revised 7#$(#$/(#/
minSpecifcval9e
/,
#,
#, /,
/,
/,
#, /,
#, /,
#,#,
7,
#,
#, 7,
7,
#,
#,
#, 7,
; cited in>
; cited in>
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Description
Well graded gravel, sandy gravel, with little or no fnes
Poorly graded gravel, sandy gravel, with little or no fnes
Sandy gravels ? 3ooseSandy gravels ? Dense
Silty gravels, silty sandy gravels
Clayey gravels, clayey sandy gravels
Well graded sands, gravelly sands, with little or no fnes
Well?graded clean sand, gravelly sands ? Compacted
Well?graded sand, ang9lar grains ? 3oose
Well?graded sand, ang9lar grains ? Dense
Poorly graded sands, gravelly sands, with little or no fnes
Poorly?garded clean sand ? Compacted
Uniorm sand, ro9nd grains ? 3ooseUniorm sand, ro9nd grains ? Dense
Sand
3oose sand
1edi9m sand
Dense sand
Silty sands
Silty clays, sand?silt mix ? Compacted
Silty sand ? 3oose
Silty sand ? Dense
Clayey sands
Calyey sands, sandy?clay mix ? compacted
3oamy sand, sandy clay 3oam
Inorganic silts, silty or clayey fne sands, with slight plasticity
Inorganic silt ? 3oose
Inorganic silt ? Dense
Clays o low plasticity ? compacted
!rganic silts and organic silty clays o low plasticity
Clayey silts ? compacted
Silts and clayey silts ? compacted
Clays o high plasticity ? compacted
3oam
Inorganic clays, silty clays, sandy clays o low plasticity
Inorganic silts o high plasticity
Inorganic clays o high plasticity
!rganic clays o high plasticity
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Silt 3oam
Clay 3oam, Silty Clay 3oam
Silty clay
Clay
Peat and other highly organic soils
REFERENCES
#$ Swiss Standard S% &'( (#(), Characteristic Coe*cients o s
7$ Carter, 1$ and 0entley, S$ E#::#$ Correlations o soil properti
;$ 1eyerho, G$ E#:>&$ Penetration tests and )earing capacity
>$ Pec5, $, 8anson,W$, and -horn)9rn, -$ E#:';$ Fo9ndation .n
&$ !)r
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USCS
Soil riction angle H
eerence
Correlation )etween SP-
max SP- %7
GW 77 ;( #,/, 0lows($7 m ? # t
GP 7/ ;; #, J ;
EGW, GP 7> 7 cited in & ;?!ctEGW, GP >( 7 cited in & !ct?7(
G1 7( ;( #, 7( ? >(
GC /6 7> K >(
SW 77 ;7
SW ? ? 76 7 cited in &
ESW 77 7 cited in &
ESW ;> 7 cited in &
SP 7( 7: #, /,
SP ? ? 7' 7 cited in &
ESP /' 7 cited in &ESP 7; 7 cited in &
SW, SP 7' 76 ',
ESW, SP /: 7( > cited in &
ESW, SP 7( 7& > cited in &
ESW, SP 7& ;# > cited in &
S1 7/ 7>
S1 ? ? 7; 7 cited in &
S1 /' 77 7 cited in &
S1 7( 7; 7 cited in &
SC 7( ;(
SC 7# 7 cited in &
S1, SC 7# 7;
13 /' ;#
13 /' 7( 7 cited in &
13 7( 7> 7 cited in &
C3 /' 7>
C3 /6 7 cited in &
!3 // 7/
18 /7 77
18 /> 7 cited in &
13 7/ 7 cited in &
C8 #' 7#
C8 #: 7 cited in &
!8 #' 7>
/6 7/
minSpecifcval9e
#,
#,
#,
#,
',
#,
#,
#,
#,
#,
#,
13, !3, 18,!8
',
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/> 7/
#6 7/
#6 7/
#6 /6
Pt ( #(
ils, +ssociation o Swiss oad and -ra*c .ngineers
es$ Penetech Press P9)lishers, 3ondon$
cohesionless soils$ Soils 1echanics and Fo9ndation Division +SC., 6/ES1#$
gineering 8and)oo5$ Wiley, 3ondon$
IC+3 GUID.0!!= @ Soil$PC #(('(# report, revised 7#$(#$/(#/
(('
13, !3, 18,!8
',
13, !3, C3,18, !8, C8
',
!3, C3, !8,C8
',
C3, C8, !8,!3
',
/,
0S, Geotechnical Properties o Geologic 1aterials, .ngineering Geology in Washington,
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?% val9e and riction angle and elative density E1eyerho" #:>&
Soil pac5ing
H
Bery loose J /( J 7(
3oose /( ? ;( 7( ? 7>Compact ;( ? &( 7> ? ;(
Dense &( ? 6( ;( ? ;>
Bery Dense K 6( K ;>
elativeDensity L
Frictionangle
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ol9me #, Washington Division o Geology and .arth eso9rces 09lletin '6, #:6:, 3in5
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Description
Well graded gravel, sandy gravel, with little or no fnes
Poorly graded gravel, sandy gravel, with little or no fnes
Silty gravels, silty sandy gravelsClayey gravels, clayey sandy gravels
Well graded sands, gravelly sands, with little or no fnes
Poorly graded sands, gravelly sands, with little or no fnes
Silty sands
Silty sands ? Sat9rated compacted
Silty sands ? Compacted
Clayey sands
Clayey sands ? Compacted
Clayey sands ?Sat9rated compacted
3oamy sand, sandy clay 3oam ? compacted3oamy sand, sandy clay 3oam ? sat9rated
Sand silt clay with slightly plastic fnes ? compacted
Sand silt clay with slightly plastic fnes ? sat9rated compacted
Inorganic silts, silty or clayey fne sands, with slight plasticity
Inorganic silts and clayey silts ? compacted
Inorganic silts and clayey silts ? sat9rated compacted
Inorganic clays, silty clays, sandy clays o low plasticity ? compacted
Inorganic clays, silty clays, sandy clays o low plasticity ? sat9rated compacted
1ixt9re i inorganic silt and clay ? compacted
1ixt9re i inorganic silt and clay ? sat9rated compacted
!rganic silts and organic silty clays o low plasticity
Inorganic silts o high plasticity ? sat9rated compacted
Inorganic clays o high plasticity ? compacted
Inorganic clays o high plasticity ? satrated compacted
3oam ? Compacted
3oam ? Sat9rated
Silt 3oam ? Compacted
Silt 3oam ? Sat9rated
Clay 3oam, Silty Clay 3oam ? Compaced
Clay 3oam, Silty Clay 3oam ? Sat9rated
Silty clay, clay ? compacted
Silty clay, clay ? sat9rated
Peat and other highly organic soils
Inorganic clays, silty clays, sandy clays o low plasticity
Inorganic silts o high plasticity ? compactd
Inorganic silts o high plasticity
Inorganic clays o high plasticity
!rganic clays o high plasticity
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REFERENCES
#$ Swiss Standard S% &'( (#(), Characteristic Coe*cients o soils, +ssociation o Swi
/$ 1innesota Department o -ransportation, Pavement Design, /(('
7$ %+BF+C Design 1an9al '$/ ? Fo9ndations and .arth Str9ct9res,S% (>/>?3P?7((?'(
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USCS
Cohesion 5Pa
eerencemax
GW ? ? (
GP ? ? (
G1 ? ? ( #,GC ? ? /( #,
SW ? ? (
SP ? ? (
S1 ? ? // #,
S1 ? ? >( 7,
S1 ? ? /( 7,
SC ? ? > #,
SC ? ? '; 7,
SC ? ? ## 7,
S1, SC >( '> /,S1, SC #( /( /,
S1, SC ? ? >( 7,
S1, SC ? ? #; 7,
13 ? ? ' #,
13 ? ? &' 7,
13 ? ? : 7,
C3 ? ? ; #,
C3 ? ? 6& 7,
C3 ? ? #7 7,
13?C3 ? ? &> 7,
13?C3 ? ? // 7,
!3 ? ? > #,
18 ? ? #( #,
18 ? ? '/ 7,
18 ? ? /( 7,
C8 ? ? /> #,
C8 ? ? #(7 7,
C8 ? ? ## 7,
!8 ? ? #( #,
13, !3, 18, !8 &( :( /,
13, !3, 18, !8 #( /( /,
13, !3, 18, !8 &( :( /,
13, !3, 18, !8 #( /( /,
13, !3, C3, 18, !8, C8 &( #(> /,
13, !3, C3, 18, !8, C8 #( /( /,
!3, C3, !8, C8 :( #(> /,
!3, C3, !8, C8 #( /( /,
Pt ? ?
minSpecifcval9e
#,/,7,
#,/, 7,
#,/, 7,
#,/, 7,
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ss oad and -ra*c .ngineers
#, .B+3ID+-.D 04 C8+%G. # S.P-.10. #:6&
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USCS Description
GW Well graded gravel, sandy gravel, with little or no fnes
GP Poorly graded gravel, sandy gravel, with little or no fnes
G1 Silty gravels, silty sandy gravelsGC Clayey gravels, clayey sandy gravels
SW Well graded sands, gravelly sands, with little or no fnes
SP Poorly graded sands, gravelly sands, with little or no fnes
S1 Silty sands
SC Clayey sands
13 Inorganic silts, silty or clayey fne sands, with slight plasticity
C3 Inorganic clays, silty clays, sandy clays o low plasticity
!3 !rganic silts and organic silty clays o low plasticity
18 Inorganic silts o high plasticity
C8 Inorganic clays o high plasticity!8 !rganic clays o high plasticity
Pt Peat and other highly organic soils
REFERENCES
#$ Swiss Standard S% &'( (#(), Characteristic Coe*cients o soils, +ssocia
Soil 9nit weight, as reerred to as Specifc weight, is the weight per 9nit vol9m
GammaMd N Gamma E# O w
where
GammaMd dry 9nit weight
Gamma 9nit weight
w soil water content
- Wet unit weight:Unit weight o the soil when the pore are 9lly or partially fll
- Dry unit weight:Unit weight o the soil the pores are flled only with air witho
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eerences
/# Q # #R
/($> Q # #R
/#$> Q # #R#:$> Q #$> #R
/($> Q / #R
#:$> Q / #R
/($> Q /$> #R
#6$> Q #$> #R
#R
#R
#R#R
#R
ion o Swiss oad and -ra*c .ngineers
o soil$ It may reer to
+verageval9eE5%m7
#R
#R
ed with water$
9t any water$
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Description
Well graded gravel, sandy gravel, with little or no fnes
Poorly graded gravel, sandy gravel, with little or no fnes
Silty gravels, silty sandy gravels
+ll9vial sand and gravelClayey gravels, clayey sandy gravels
Well graded sands, gravelly sands, with little or no fnes
Bery fne sand, very well sorted
1edi9m sand, very well sorted
Coarse sand, very well sorted
Poorly graded sands, gravelly sands, with little or no fnes
Clean sands Egood a9iers
Uniorm sand and gravel
Well graded sand and gravel witho9t fnes
Silty sandsClayey sands
Inorganic silts, silty or clayey fne sands, with slight plasticity
!rganic silts and organic silty clays o low plasticity
Compacted silt
Compacted clay
Peat and other highly organic soils
Empirical relations for dtermine the s
For Sands, the coe*cient o permea)ility can )e estimated rom the
is the e"evtive si
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#$ Swiss Standard S% &'( (#(), Characteristic Coe*cients o soils
/$ Carter, 1$ and 0entley, S$ E#::#$ Correlations o soil properties
7$ 3eonards G$ +$ .d$ #:&/, Fo9ndation .%gineering$ 1cGraw 8ill
;$ Dysli 1$ and Steiner W$, /(##, Correlations in soil mechanics, P
>$ West, -$$, #::>$ Geology applied to engineering$ Prentice 8all,
-he soil permea)ility is a meas9re indicating the capacity o the soil
BN5i
Where v is the apparent 9id velocity thro9gh the medi9m i is the hy
= depends on the relative permea)ility o the medi9m or 9id constit
=N EGammaMw= Eeta
where Where GammaMw is the 9nit weight o water .ta is the dynami
-he permea)ility coe*cient can )e determined in the la)oratory 9sin
REFERENCES
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USCS min Ems max Ems eerence
GW >$((.?(; >$((.?(/
GP >$((.?(; >$((.?(/
G1 >$((.?(6 >$((.?(&
EG1 ;$((.?(; ;$((.?(7 /27 in ;GC >$((.?(: >$((.?(&
SW #$((.?(6 #$((.?(&
ESW 6$;(.?(> > ,
ESW /$/7.?(7 > ,
ESW 7$&:.?(# > ,
SP /$>>.?(> >$7>.?(; #, /27 in ;
ESP?SW #$((.?(> #$((.?(/
ESP?GP ;$((.?(7 ;$((.?(# /27 in ;
EGW?SW ;$((.?(> ;$((.?(7 /27 in ;
S1 #$((.?(6 >$((.?(&SC >$>(.?(: >$>(.?(& #, >
13 >$((.?(: #$((.?(&
C3 >$((.?#( >$((.?(6
!3 >$((.?(: #$((.?('
18 #$((.?#( >$((.?(6
C8 #$((.?#( #$((.?('
E13?18 '$((.?#( '$((.?(6 /27 in ;
EC3?C8 ? #$((.?(: /27 in ;
!8 >$((.?#( #$((.?('
Pt ? ?
il permeability coecient
a,
#,
#,
#,
#,
#,
#,
#,
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, +ssociation o Swiss oad and -ra*c .ngineers
$ Penetech Press P9)lishers, 3ondon$
oo5 Company
U
>&( pp$
r roc5 to allow 9ids to pass thro9gh it$ It is oten represented )y the permea)ility
ra9lic gradient , and = is the coe*cient o permea)ility Ehydra9lic cond9ctivity ot
9ent Eoten water and the dynamic viscosity o the 9id as ollows$
viscosity o water = is an a)sol9te coe*cient depending on the characteristics o
alling head permea)ility test, and constant head permea)ility test$ !n the feld,
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oe*cient E5 thro9gh the DarcyVs e9ation
en expressed in ms
he medi9m Em/
he permea)ility can )e estimated 9sing 39geon test$
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Description
Well graded gravel, sandy gravel, with little or no fnes
Poorly graded gravel, sandy gravel, with little or no fnes
Silty gravels, silty sandy gravelsGravel
Clayey gravels, clayey sandy gravels
Glatial till, very mixed grained
Well graded sands, gravelly sands, with little or no fnes
Coarse sand
Fine sand
Poorly graded sands, gravelly sands, with little or no fnes
Silty sands
Clayey sands
Inorganic silts, silty or clayey fne sands, with slight plasticityUniorm inorganic silt
!rganic silts and organic silty clays o low plasticity
Sot glacial clay
Sti" glacial clay
Sot slightly organic clay
Peat and other highly organic soils
sot very organic clay
#$ Swiss Standard S% &'( (#(), Characteristic Coe*cients o soils
/$ Das, 0$, +dvanced Soil 1echanics$ -aylor 2 Francis, 3ondon 2 %
7$ 8o9gh, 0$, 0asic soil engineering$ onald Press Company, %ew
;$ -er$ !)r
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-he soil prosoity depends on the consistence and pac5ing o the soil$
e N n E#?n and n N e E#Oe
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USCS
Porosity ?
eerencemax
GW ($/# ($7/ #,
GP ($/# ($7/ #,
G1 ($#> ($// #,EGW?GP ($/7 ($76
GC ($#' ($/'
EGC ? ? ($/ ; cited in >
SW ($// ($;/
ESW ($/& ($;7
ESW ($/: ($;&
SP ($/7 ($;7
S1 ($/> ($;:
SC ($#> ($7'
13 ($/# ($>&E13 ($/: ($>/
C3 ($/: ($;#
!3 ($;/ ($&6
EC3?!3 ($/ ($&;
18 ($>7 ($&6
C8 ($7: ($>:
? ? ? ($>> ; cited in >
? ? ? ($76 ; cited in >
!8 ($> ($'>
E!8?!3 ? ? ($&& ; cited in >
Pt ? ? ; cited in >
EPt ? ? ($'> ; cited in >
, +ssociation o Swiss oad and -ra*c .ngineers
w 4or5, /((6$
or5, #:&:$
ng Practice$ Wiley, %ew 4or5, #::&$
3 GUID.0!!= @ Soil$PC #(('(# report, revised 7#$(#$/(#/
o the soil
is the total vol9me o the soil$
minSpecifcval9e
/,
#,
#, /,
/,
/,
#, /,
#, /,
#,
#,7,
#,
#, 7,
7,
#,
#,
#, 7,
ned as the ratio o the vol9me o voids to the vol9me o solidsl$ -he posoity and the void
http://www.geotechdata.info/parameter/void-ratio.htmlhttp://www.geotechdata.info/parameter/void-ratio.html7/25/2019 Geotechnics Data
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It is directly a"acted )y compaction$
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atio are inter?related as ollows
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USCS Description 3oose 1edi9m
GW, SW GravelsSand well?graded 7(?6( 6(?#&(
SP Sand, 9niorm #(?7( 7(?>(
G1 , S1 SandGravel silty '?#/ #/?/(
USCS Description 1edi9m
13 Silts with slight plasticity /$> ? 6 #(?#>
13, C3 Silts with low plasticity #$> ? & &?#(
C3 Clays with low?medi9m plasticity ($> ? > >?6C8 Clays with high plasticity ($7> ? ; ;?'
!3 !rganic silts ? ($> ?>
!8 !rganic clays ? ($> ?;
#$ !)r
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Dense
#&(?7/(
>(?6(
/(?7(
8ard
#> ?;( ;( ? 6(
#(?7( 7( ?&(
6?7( 7( ? '('?/( /( ? 7/
? ?
? ?
D.0!!= @ Soil$PC #(('(# report, revised 7#$(#$/(#/
elisation des o9vrages$ 8ermes, Paris$
di!erent soils according to "SCS
y and pac5ing Edensity o the soil$ -ypical val9es o soil 4o9ngTs mod9l9s are given )elow
d on !)r
Sti" to verysti"
elastic soil parameter and a meas9re o soil sti"ness$t axis in the range o elastic soil )ehavio9r$ic deormation analysis$
ed on correlation with other soil properties$meter test$ion test , press9remeter or indirectly rom dilatometer test$
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as g9ideline$