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Introdu ct ion to Generat ion IV
Nuclear Energy Sys tems
and the In ternat ional Forum
2008
http://www.gen-4.org/
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Our Vision for Nuclear Energy:
SecureProvid ing diversi f icat ion of supply
AffordableKeeping energy co sts compet it ive
CleanDel iver ing a major n on-em it t ing sou rce
The challenge for all countries is to put inmotion a transition to a more secure, lower-
carbon energy system, without underminingeconomic and social development.World Energy Outlook 2007 (OECD/IEA)
http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/2007.asp
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The Prob lem of Cl imate Change Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have grown since
pre-industrial times, increasing 70% between 1970 and 2004
With current climate change mitigation policies and practices,
global GHG emissions will continue to grow
The Earth is about to undergo long lasting changes in its
climate, seas and land cover, including
Temperature
Precipitation
Sea level
Ocean circulation
Ice/snow cover
Storm frequency
Storm intensity
Desertification
Global Warmin g (deg C) by 2100 (IPCC predict io n)
http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/
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Carbon emissions need to be brought to a sustainable balance
Nuclear energy can be part of the future, sustainable sources
Contributing a nuclear wedge would require tripling the number of
nuclear plants worldwide, to abo ut 1000 plants, for example
Nuclear energy systems must continue their advances in order to
unlock a potential on this scale
The Challenge fo r Nuclear Energy
Holding CO2 Emissions con stant
defines a triangle, or reduction goal
Achieving the goal wou ld require 8 contr ibut ions
of about 1 Gt/y in CO2 emiss ions each, through
pol icy in i t ia t ives and/or technology deployment
http://www.princeton.edu/~cmi/
8 wedges
1 wedge
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Generat ions o f Nuc lear Energy
Early Prototypes
Generation I
- Shippingport- Dresden- Magnox
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Gen I Gen II Gen III Gen III+ Gen IV
Commercial Power
Generation II
- PWRs- BWRs
- CANDU
Advanced LWRs
Generation III
- CANDU 6- System 80+-AP600
Generation III+
Evolutionary Designs
-ABWR-ACR1000-AP1000-APWR- EPR
- ESBWR
- Safe- Sustainable- Economical- Proliferation
Resistant andPhysicallySecure
Generation IV
RevolutionaryDesigns
http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/evolution.htm
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Generation IV GoalsSustainability
1. Generate energy sustainably, and promote long-term availability of nuclear fuel
2. Minimize nuclear waste and reduce the long term stewardship burden
Safety & Reliability
3. Excel in safety and reliability
4. Have a very low likelihood and degree of reactor core damage
5. Eliminate the need for offsite emergency response
Economics
6. Have a life cycle cost advantage over other energy sources
7. Have a level of financial risk comparable to other energy projects
Proliferation Resistance & Physical Protection
8. Be a very unattractive route for diversion or theft of weapons-usable materials,
and provide increased physical protection against acts of terrorism
GIF-019-00 Technology Goals.pdf
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Creat ion o f the Internat ional Forum
Started in Jan 2000 by nine countries and established Jul 2001 Agreed that nuclear energy is needed to meet future needs
Defined four goal areas to advance nuclear energy into its next,
fourth generation:
Sustainability
Safety & reliability
Economics
Proliferation resistance and physical protection
Will collaborate to make Generation IV systems deployable in
large numbers by 2030, or earlier
http://www.gen-4.org/GIF/About/origins.htm
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Generation IV In ternational Forum
Chartered in July 2001 Set out Vision, Goals and Objectives
Nine charter members
Created a virtual organization
Government leaders in a Policy Group
Technical advisors in an Experts Group Makes decisions by consensus
Members bear their own costs, and participate
in the systems and R&D that they choose
GIF works with other organizations, especially
IAEA and OECD/NEA to draw expertise
Shares information openly where possible
http://www.gen-4.org/PDFs/GIFcharter.pdf
Founding Members now joined by:
Switzerland (2002), Euratom (2003), China and Russia (2006)
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The Techno logy Roadmap
Two-year effort by 100 international expertsfinding the most promising nuclear systems
Six systemswere selected:
Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR)
Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) Molten Salt Reactor (MSR)
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR)
Supercritical-Water Reactor (SCWR)
Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR)
Timelines and research needs were developedfor the needed technology
http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/roadmap.htm
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Sod ium -Coo led Fast Reactor (SFR)
Characteristics
Sodium coolant
550C outlet temperature
600-1500 MWe large size, or
300-600 MWe intermediate size
50 MWe small module option
Metal fuel with pyroprocessing or
MOX fuel with advanced aqueous
separation
Benefits
High thermal efficiency
Consumption of LWR actinides
Efficient fissile materialgeneration
http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/index.htm
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Very -High -Temperatu re Reacto r (VHTR)
Characteristics He coolant
>900C outlet temperature
250 MWe
Coated particle fuel in eitherpebble bed or prismatic fuel
Benefits Hydrogen production
Process heat applications
High degree of passive safety
High thermal efficiency option
http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/index.htm
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Gas-Coo led Fast Reacto r (GFR)
Characteristics He coolant
850C outlet temperature
Direct gas-turbine cycle or
supercritical CO2 cycle with
optional combined cycles
2400 MWth / 1100 MWe
Several fuel options
Carbide in plates or pins
Nitride
Oxide
Benefits
High efficiency Waste minimization and
efficient use of uranium
resources
http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/index.htm
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Supercri t ic al-Water-Coo led Reacto r (SCWR)
Characteristics Water coolant above
supercritical conditions (374C,22.1 MPa)
510-625C outlet temperature
1500 MWe
Pressure tube or pressurevessel options
Simplified balance of plant
Benefits
Efficiency near 45% withexcellent economics
Leverages the currentexperience in operating fossil-
fueled supercritical steamplants
Configurable as a fast- orthermal-spectrum core
http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/index.htm
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Lead-Coo led Fast Reacto r (LFR)
Characteristics Pb or Pb/Bi coolant
550C to 800C outlet temperature
Small transportable system 50-150 MWe, and
Larger station 300-1200 MWe
1530 year core life option
Benefits
Distributed electricity generation
Hydrogen and potable water
Replaceable core for regionalfuel processing
High degree of passive safety
Proliferation resistance throughlong-life core
http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/index.htm
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Molten Salt Reacto r (MSR)
Characteristics
Fuel is liquid fluorides of U and Pu
with Li, Be, Na and other fluorides
700800C outlet temperature
1000 MWe
Low pressure (
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System
Neutron
Spectrum
Fuel
Cycle
Size
(MWe) Appl ic at ions R&D Needed
Very-High-
Temp erature Reactor
(VHTR)
Thermal Open 250 Electricity, Hydrogen,
Process Heat
Fuels, Materials,
H2 production
Supercrit ical-Water
Reactor (SCWR)
Thermal,
Fast
Open,
Closed
1500 Electricity Materials, Thermal-
hydraulics
Gas-Cooled Fast
Reactor (GFR)
Fast Closed 200-1200 Electricity, Hydrogen,
Actinide Management
Fuels, Materials,
Thermal-hydraulics
Lead-Cooled Fast
Reactor (LFR)
Fast Closed 50-150
300-600
1200
Electricity,
Hydrogen Production
Fuels, Materials
Sodium Cooled FastReactor (SFR)
Fast Closed 300-1500 Electricity, ActinideManagement
Advanced recycleoptions, Fuels
Molten Salt Reactor
(MSR)
Epithermal Closed 1000 Electricity, Hydrogen
Production, Actinide
Management
Fuel treatment,
Materials, Reliability
Overview o f the Generat ion IV Sys tems
http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/index.htm
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Formal Ag reements fo r R&D
GIF Framework Agreement: An agreement among the governments
For research and development collaborations
Assigns responsible ministries, departments and agencies
Affords protection of intellectual property and sharing of rights
Specifies steer ing commit tees for systems to manage the work,
and projects under the steering committee to do the work
Supports the creation of multilateral R&D contracts that can attract
industry, universities and other countries into the collaborations
GIF Framework
Agreement Signing
(Feb 2005)
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Project Management
Boards
Project Management
Boards
Energy Conversion
Project Management
Boards
Structu red Agreements
System Steer ing
Commit tees
Project Management
Boards
System
Arrangements
Project
Arrangements
Framewo rk Ag reementPart ies:
Canada,
China,
Euratom,
France,
Japan,
Republ ic of Ko rea,
South Afr ica,
Switzerland,
United States
Undertaking accession :
Russia
Fuel and Fuel Cyc le
Materials
other
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Todays Membership
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System Partners
VHTR Very-High-Temp erature ReactorGFR Gas-Cooled Fast ReactorSFR Sodium -Cooled Fast ReactorSCWR Supercri t ical Water-Cooled ReactorLFR Lead-Cooled Fast ReactorMSR Molten Salt Reactor
Apr 2008
ANRE Agenc y for Natural Resources and Energy (JP)CAEA China Atomic Energy Author i ty (CN)
CEA Commissariat lnergie Atomique (FR)
DME Department of Minerals and Energy (ZA)DOE Department of Energ y (US)JAEA Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JP)JRC Join t Research Centre (EU)KOSEF Korean Science and Engineer ing Found at ion (KR)MEST Minist ry of Educat ion, Science and Technology (KR)MOST Minist ry of Science and Technology (CN)NRCan Natural Resources Canada (CA)PSI Paul Scherrer Inst i tute (CH)
http://www.gen-4.org/GIF/Governance/framework.htmhttp://www.gen-4.org/GIF/Governance/system.htm
Partners: NRCan JRC CEA JAEA, MEST, PSI DOE CAEA, DMEANRE KOSEF MOST
VHTRGFR
SFR
LFR
MSR
SCWR
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Research Plans and Activ i t ies
System Steering Committees each create a
System Research Plan
Four systems have finalized plans
SFR, SCWR, VHTR and GFR
LFR is under development
MSR is planned in the future
Each creates several projects
Project participants make binding
commitments for the scope, schedule
and resources for their contribution
Universities, industry and even
countries outside the GIF may
participate, with the approval of the
Steering Committee
http://www.gen-4.org/GIF/Governance/system.htm
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Working Toward the Future
The GIF joined together to help assure a sustainable energy future Underscored by the advance of global climate change
Based on advanced nuclear energy systems that are sustainable,
safe, economical, proliferation resistant and physically secure
Accelerated by the collaboration of the GIF members, industry,
academia and non-member nations and institutions