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Global Heritage and Sustainability: Geological, Cultural and Historical
Analytical techniques to diagnose the damage of the building stone “in situ”
Sintra, Portugal (FPedro)
water tunnel, Coimbra, Portugal (FPedro)
Lídia Catarino (University of Coimbra)[email protected]
“In situ measurements provide important complementary quantitativeinformation on stone materials and weathering characteristics. Theyenable examination of stone structures in their current condition withoutany changes due to sampling or removal.”
B. Fritzner, 2002
B. Fritzner, 2002
“Non-destructive testing (NDT) is also referred to as nondestructive
investigation and involves the use of technology to diagnose and verify
the extent of defects where decay or other problems are suspected but
hidden by decorative finishes or buried within structural elements.
www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/31C135CC-C8E5-416A-A08B-B4F26ACC4923/0/1101.pdfDefence Estate Organisation Design and Maintenance Guide non destructive tests
Visual inspections Visual inspections
missing part crack Fracture Plant
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crack test (fissurometer)
ball deformeter
GINGER CEBTP Gauge
http://www.ginger-cebtp.com/vente/equipements_mesure_ouverture_fissure_uk.php7/7/2011
http://www.sisgeo.com/en/product/deformometer-and-mechanical-jointmeters/7/7/2011
Measurement of cracks
EndoscopyAdvantages• Specialised systems require access holes less than 2.00mm and therefore cause
minimal disturbance.• It is possible to attach a video camera to
the eye piece in order to record findings.Disadvantages• It is often difficult to retain a sense of scale of the image observed.
• It is generally difficult to track the location and orientation of the probe.
• The focal range and depth of field is greatly reduced in the smaller diameter systems
making interpretation more difficult.• Experience is required to accurately assess
the images obtained.
http://www.protectionhydrofuge.com/index.php?section=application&ss=1&langue=en7/7/2011
Porosity and water absorption
The measurement of water absorptionunder low pressure is a test that may be
useful when it comes to:
- Assessing the range of certain types ofdegradation of stone in situ.
- Determining the importance of the pores filled by an impregnation treatment.
Non-Destructive Field Tests in Stone Conservation Field and Laboratory TestsRapport från Riksantikvarieämbetet 2006:4
measurements of moisture content
Geoelectric measurements (geophysical prospection)
ABEM SAS 300B
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resistivity(ohm.m)
resistivity(ohm.m)
Geoelectric measurements (geophysical prospection)Infrared image
FLIR Building Diagnostics and Inspection Catalog 2008
Infrared Physics & Technology 44 (2003) 183–190Detection of water deposits and movement inporousmaterials by infrared imagingN.P. Avdelidis a,*, A. Moropoulou b, P. Theoulakis b
Journal of Cultural Heritage 5 (2004) 119–127Applications of infrared thermography for the investigationof historic structuresN.P.Avdelidis a,*, A. Moropoulou b
Infrared image
Infrared thermography
Advantages• The assessment is usually
quick to obtain.• There is no requirement for
access scaffolding.Disadvantages• The system is sensitive to weather.
• Surveys are often required to be undertaken at night in order
to avoid the effects of solar gain.
http://www.vertical-access.com/newsletter/201004/thermography.html7/7/2011
http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/conservation/conservationgroupnewsletter/rosslynchapelthermalsurvey.htm7/7/2011
Rosslyn Chapel, Edinburgh, Scotland
http://www.labsafety.com/WeatherHawk-Weather-Stations_31250675/7/7/2011
http://www.schumacher-fanclub.com/oregon-scientific-ferrari/faw101a-k-oregon-scientific-ferrari-monza-weather-station-black.php7/7/2011
Ultrasonic measurementsAdvantages• The equipment is more easily portable than other NDT systems.
Disadvantages• An agent coupling gel is required
to ensure direct contact between the building element and the transducer.
This gel is often inappropriate for historic building surfaces. An
alternative nondamaging foam is
available, but this reduces the thickness of the material that can be
tested. Access is required both sides of the
material.Multiple readings are required in
order to build up an accurate picture and the system therefore tends to
be slow.B. Fritzner, 2002
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Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XI 349-358Non-destructive methods as a tool in theassessment of monumental buildings conditionG. Concu & B. De Nicolo
Engineering Geology 115 (2010) 149–157Characterisation of monzogranitic batholiths as a supply source for heritageconstruction in the northwest of MadridRafael Fort, Monica Alvarez de Buergo, Elena Perez-Monserrat, Maria Jose Varas
Drilling resistance measurement
Schmidt hammer
http://www.ndt.net/ndtaz/content.php?id=6416/7/2011
Digital image processing
Digital image and histogram.Unweathered beige limestones,
without efflorescences
Selected areas with efflorescence
Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 1603–1611Digital image processing of weathered stone caused by efflorescences: A toolfor mapping and evaluation of stone decayMaría Auxiliadora Vázquez a,⇑, Emilio Galán a, María Angeles Guerrero a, Pilar Ortiz
Binary and quantified images.
Classified images in six populations.
Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 1603–1611Digital image processing of weathered stone caused by efflorescences: A toolfor mapping and evaluation of stone decayMaría Auxiliadora Vázquez a,⇑, Emilio Galán a, María Angeles Guerrero a, Pilar Ortiz
(a) General image, (b) general
binary image and (c) classifiedimage in six populations.
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FRX
On-site Elemental Analysis of Art and Artifacts, Thermo Fisher
Scientific 2008Anal Bioanal Chem (2004) 379 : 42–50M. P駻駻駻駻ez-Alonso � K. Castro � I. Martinez-Arkarazo �M. Angulo � M. A. Olazabal � J. M. MadariagaAnalysis of bulk and inorganic degradation products of stones,mortars and wall paintings by portable Raman microprobe spectroscopy
Portable micro-Raman
GPR Radar
http://www.idsaustralasia.com/Georadar/GPR-Products/Archaeology-Heritage7/7/2011
GPR Radar
Conimbriga, Portugal (FPedro)
GPR Radar
J. Geophys. Eng. 8 (2011) 351–365 doi:10.1088/1742-2132/8/2/020A multi-method high-resolutiongeophysical survey in the Machado deCastro museum, central PortugalCarlos Grangeia1, Manuel Matias1, Fernando Figueiredo2,H´elder Hermozilha1, Pedro Carvalho3 and Ricardo Silva4
GPR RadarAdvantages• The antennae do not need to be in contact with the surfaces of the
materials under test.• No surface preparation is necessary.
• The equipment may be moved across the surface of the material to build up a
complete picture in a short time.
Disadvantages• The system is generally suitable for
homogenous materials such as concrete, and complex materials such
as timber framing cannot be readily interpreted.
• Microwave energy can be harmful due to its heating properties and a detailed
risk assessment is required.• Adjacent areas of the building may
need to be vacated to minimise the health risks associated with microwave
energy.
http://www.scantec.co.nz/archaeo.htm7/7/2011
St Patrick’s Cathedral, Auckland, New Zealand
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Radiography
Advantages• Metal appears on the x-ray image as a very clear, sharp profile thus enabling a detailed assessment ofits condition.
Disadvantages• Notices need to be submitted to the factory
inspectorate.• Shielding is necessary to prevent radiation
leakage.• Access is required to both sides of the material.• Setting up is time consuming as great accuracy is
required to prevent distorted images.• Adjacent areas of the building may need to be
vacated.• A mains power source is required as batterysupply is generally inadequate.
• A risk assessment is required for works of art andfine finishes.
http://industry.rfsystemlab.com/e/product/xray/sample/index.html7/7/2011
Slightly destructive tests
Drilling resistance measurement
B. Fritzner, 2002
Flat-jacks Flat-jacks
IN SITU TESTING AND STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT OF AN HISTORIC MASONRY DOMEGianni Bartoli ,Michele Betti, Maurizio Orlando, Paolo Spinelliwww.dicea.unifi.it/~mbetti/MS-BETT.pdf
Flat-jacks
Sampling
I. Lombillo, L. Villegas, J. Elices, (2010) "Minor destructive techniques applied to the mechanicalcharacterization of historical rubble stone masonry structures", Structural Survey, Vol. 28 Iss: 1, pp.53 - 70
B. Fritzner, 2002