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Djordjija Petkoski,Head of Business, Competitiveness &Development; World Bank Institute
World BankInstitute & GAIN
Business Alliance
GlobalImplications &
Future of Carbon
Dr. Djordjija PetkoskiHead of the Business, Competitiveness &Development Program World Bank Institute, The World Bank Group
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World Bank Group Milestones in Environment andClimate Change
1984 – Environmental Impact Assessments in investment lending adopted
1987 – Environment Department created
1992 – Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro / Montreal Protocol launched / WDR on Environment
1993 – Global Environment Facility launched
1997 – Safeguards Policies adopted
1998 – The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook launched
1999 – Prototype Carbon Fund launched
2001 – World Bank Environment Strategy
2003 – Equator Principles established (led by the IFC)
2006 – Sustainable Development Network (SDN) created
2006 – Policy and Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainabilityadopted (IFC) – MIGA adopts in 2007 (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency)
2008 – Development and Climate Change Strategic Framework approved
2009 ~ 2010 –
Development of Environment Strategy 2010 for the World Bank Group
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Developing Countries Most At Risk:
6 Climate Threats
Drought Flood Storm Coastal 1m Coastal 5m Agriculture
Malawi Bangladesh PhilippinesAll low-lying Island
StatesAll low-lying Island
StatesSudan
Ethiopia China Bangladesh Vietnam Netherlands Senegal
Zimbabwe India Madagascar Egypt Japan Zimbabwe
India Cambodia Vietnam Tunisia Bangladesh Mali
Mozambique Mozambique Moldova Indonesia Philippines Zambia
Niger Laos Mongolia Mauritania Egypt Morocco
Mauritania Pakistan Haiti China Brazil Niger
Eritrea Sri Lanka Samoa Mexico Venezuela India
Sudan Thailand Tonga Myanmar Senegal Malawi
Chad Vietnam China Bangladesh Fiji Algeria
Kenya Benin Honduras Senegal Vietnam Ethiopia
Iran Rwanda Fiji Libya Denmark Pakistan
Source: Environment Department, The World Bank Group
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Access and Low Carbon Energy
• Worldwide, nearly 2.4 billion people use
traditional biomass fuels—wood,
agricultural residues, and dung—for
cooking and heating• Nearly 1.6 billion do not have access to
electricity.
• Four out of five people without access to
electricity live in rural areas
• Without access to modern and sustainableenergy services, poor people are deprived
of opportunities for economic development
and improved living standards.
Source: Environment Department, The World Bank Group
Providing Energy Services for A Better Quality of Life
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Sources of GHG Emissions in Developing Countries
GHG Emissions by Sector, IBRD-IDA Countries
Electricity &
Heat
20%
Industry
13%
Other
11%
Agriculture
15%
Land-Use
Change &
Forestry
32%
Transportation
6%
Waste3%
Source: Environment Department, The World Bank Group
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10 Years Of Experience
WB: Started with $160 milion; now 10 Funds and
facilities – US$2,5 billion catalyzing over $100
billion
WB n = 212 vs Overall n = 4.820
E. Europe 18% vs. 5%
Africa 21% vs. 2%
LAC 26% vs. 17%
S. Asia 13% vs. 25%
E. Asia 21% vs. 50%
Climate change: Role of the WBG
Source: Environment Department, The World Bank Group
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Rationale of Carbon Finance:
Market facilitator and catalyst –addressing market
failures –honest broker
Learning by doing-Real life testing of the most
stringent standards
Providing the poorest people with resources and a
stake in climate change
Development and adaptation opportunities to those
with the greatest exposure to climate change and
the fewest possibilities to take an active role
Climate change: Role of the WBG
Source: Environment Department, The World Bank Group
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Private sector as a key player
• Corporate response vs. FI response
• Corporate Strategy• Collective Action – Green Pacts
Source: Nestle
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• Transparency, traceability and accountability
• Fraud and corruption
• Collective Action Against corruption
• Climate Change is a key development and inter-generational challenge
But it is also an opportunity for businesses to developnew innovative solutions
10
Governance Issues in New Markets