Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation 15
Technical Bulletin No. 23
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation
Naved Sabir, Balraj Singh*, M. Hasan*, R. Sumitha,Sikha Deka, R.K. Tanwar, D.B. Ahuja , B.S. Tomar**,
O.M. Bambawale & E.M. Khah†
National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (ICAR),
LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012
*Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology,
I.A.R.I., New Delhi - 110012
**Div. of Seed Science, I.A.R.I., New Delhi - 110012
†Lab. of Genetics & Plant Breeding,
Univ. of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (ICAR),LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110 012
Printed : July, 2010
Citation : Sabir et al. (2010): Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)
for IPM in Protected Cultivation,
Tech. Bull. No. 23,
National Centre for Integrated Pest Management,
New Delhi-110 012 INDIA, July 2010, P. 16
Cover Page Photos : Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology,
IARI, New Delhi - 110012 INDIA
Published by : Dr. O.M. Bambawale,
Director,
National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (ICAR),
LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012
Tel.: +91-11-25843935-36, 25740951-52, 25843985
Fax: +91-11-25841472
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://www.ncipm.org.in
Numbers : 500 copies
Year of Publication : 2010
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation 1
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)for IPM in Protected Cultivation
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) are “practices that address environmental,economic and social sustainability for on-farm processes, and result in safe andquality food and non-food agricultural products” (FAO COAG 2003 GAP paper).GAP primarily involve the application of good management practices to maintainthe consumer confidence in food quality and food safety by taking into accountthe optimal use of inputs to ensure worker health and minimizing detrimentalenvironmental impacts on farming operations. To set standards for the certificationof agricultural products around the globe, Euro-Retailer Produce Working Group(EUREPGAP) was initiated during 1997 and which later evolved intoGLOBALGAP.
GLOBALGAP is a private sector body that aims to establish ONE standard forGAP with different product applications capable of fitting to the whole of globalagriculture. It is a pre-farm-gate standard, which means that the certificate coversthe process of the certified product from farm inputs like feed or seedlings andall the farming activities until the product leaves the farm. GLOBALGAP is abusiness-to-business label and is therefore not directly visible to consumers.
Its certification is carried out by more than 100 independent and accreditedcertification bodies in more than 100 countries. It is open to all producersworldwide.
It includes annual inspections of the producers and additional unannouncedinspections. It consists of a set of normative documents. These documents coverthe GLOBALGAP General Regulations, the GLOBALGAP Control Points andCompliance Criteria and the GLOBALGAP Checklist. It has now been establishedas a key reference for GAP in the global market place, by translating consumerrequirements into agricultural production in a rapidly growing list of countries –currently more than 100 from every continent.
Food safety becomes a joint responsibility of all organizations within the foodchain including producers, manufacturers, transport & storage operators, subcontractors, retail and food service outlets and service providers. The Bureau of
Technical Bulletin No. 232
Indian Standards (BIS) has launched Food Safety Management Systems (FSMS)Certification IS/ISO 22000:2005 scheme which envisages grant of FSMSCertification licence to organizations according to IS/ISO 22000.
A multiplicity of GAP codes, standards and regulations have been developed inrecent years, not only by the food industry and producers’ organizations, butalso by governments and NGOs, aiming to codify agricultural practices at farmlevel for a range of commodities. Their purpose varies from fulfilment of tradeand government regulatory requirements (in particular with regard to food safetyand quality), to more specific requirements of speciality or niche markets. Theobjective of these GAP codes, standards and regulations include, to a varyingdegree:
• Ensuring safety and quality ofproduce in the food chain,
• Capturing new market advantages bymodifying supply chain governance,
• Improving natural resources use, workers’health and working conditions, and/or
• Creating new market opportunities forfarmers and exporters indeveloping countries.
Four Pillars of GAP:
• Economic Viability
• Environmental Sustainability
• Social Acceptability
• Food Quality and safety
In India, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has taken initiatives to develop itsown standards to be followed by institutions and companies, etc. The draft IndianStandard Good Agricultural Practices – IndiaGAP (Part 1- Crop Base) takes intoaccount not only the quality and quantity of the crop obtained from a unit areabut also the care and attention gone into integrating pre-harvest practices likesoil & water management, nutrient management and pest management,harvesting, post harvest handling and other logistics (Anon., 2008). The objectiveis to ensure food safety, occupational health/safety/welfare, and whereverpossible, animal welfare. The entire operation is intended to make farmingpractices environment friendly. For the purpose of verification, a graded patterngiven below (Table 1) shall be followed for grant of IndiaGAP licence:
BIS India GAP certification shall be as prescribed under the provisions of Bureauof Indian Standards Act, 1986 and Rules and Regulations framed thereunder.The details of the conditions under which the licence may be granted to producer(individual grower and/or member of a grower group) may be obtained from the
Major Principles of GAP
1. Traceability2. Record keeping and self
inspection3. Varieties and rootstocks4. Site history and site
management5. Soil and substrate
management6. Fertilizer use7. Irrigation/Fertigation8. Crop protection9. Harvesting10. Produce handling11. Waste & pollution
management,recycling & re-use
12. Worker health, safetyand welfare
13. Environment issues14. Complaint form
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation 3
Bureau of IndianStandards. Food andAgriculture Department ofBureau of IndianStandards has formulatedvarious standards sinceinception and has so fardeveloped around 1800standards in the followingareas including –pesticides, sugar, apiary, tobacco, livestock feeds, equipment, stimulant foods,soil quality and fertilizers, food additives, spices and condiments, processedfruit and vegetable, agricultural tractors, fish and fisheries products, oil andoilseeds, drinks and carbonated beverages, food hygiene, safety managementfood grains, starches and ready to eat foods, irrigation systems, farm implements,slaughter house and meat, dairy products and equipments, agriculture and foodprocessing equipments, agriculture management and systems, biotechnologyand specialized products. These standards are for products, methods of test,code of practice, terminology, symbols and systems. However, the BIS - IndiaGAPdraft document still needs to be finalized before if could he used as standard.
GAP and Protected Cultivation
Protected cultivation including greenhouse production systems require adherenceto GAP protocols because intensive cultivation in greenhouses often involvesexcessive use of chemicals since the stakes are high due to intensive inputsand high expectations on quality front. Therefore, perennial production coupledwith indiscriminate chemcalization leads to severe pest infestation andconsequent high levels of pesticide residues. Older greenhouses often face moresevere pest situations and hence maintaining economic profitability of farms isdifficult without high chemical inputs as pest multiplication is much faster –compelling growers to resort to excessive chemical use. Therefore, greenhouseproduction systems require even stricter adherence to GAP protocols.
GAP for Protected Cultivation Farms– Summary Recommendations
Water management
• Ensure clean uncontaminated water from safe source
- Water storage tank should be kept clean and covered
- Minimize access to stored water by erecting fences
- Disposal of waste such that water doesn’t get contaminated
• Use of water for all foliar applications should be from a pathogen freesource
Table 1 : Proposed Graded Pattern for verificationunder BIS IndiaGAP
Category of Major MajorLicence compliances compliances
lndiaGAP - A 100% 90%
IndiaGAP - B 100% 80%
lndiaGAP - C 100% 75%
Technical Bulletin No. 234
Primary Filtration
Automatic Fertigation Control
Clean and filtered water supply
Proper Water Drainage from Polyhouses
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation 5
• Water for irrigation must be tested at least once/year for microbial,chemical and mineral pollution as well as for its pH, electrical conductivity,TDS, etc.
Where water quality is unknown, proper practices that minimize the contact ofwater with edible portions should be followed:
• Maintain water bodies toprevent surface run-off fromcontaminating water supply
• Run-offs may be managedproperly and undesired run-off may be diverted awayfrom the farms while thedesirable run-off water maybe stored properly forincreasing water useefficiency
• Thorough cleaning of waterreservoirs at least onceannually
• Adopt water management plan to optimize water usage and reducewastage by reusing the system by maintaining irrigation equipment toascertain efficient operation
• Adopt minimum energy utilization techniques including zero energy dripirrigation system
Greenhouse Structures and their Maintenance
• Remove debris materials that might harbour or provide habitat forpest multiplication on the site of the greenhouses or inside them
• Avoid fumigation of soils by chemicals wherever possible• Sterilize soil by –
- Soil solarizationpreferably withp o l y t h e n emulch
- Explore anda d o p ta l t e r n a t i v etechniques ofchemical soilf u m i g a t i o n(such asD a z o m e t )taking propercare of waitingperiod beforetransplantation
Zero energy drip irrigation
Use insect-proof screens in the side vents &avoid growing susceptible crops near protected
structures to avoid pests. Inset photo (nematodeinfected plant)
Technical Bulletin No. 236
• Bed preparation by building up rich flora of biological control agents,e.g.: Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Paecilomyceslilacinus etc, for the management of soil borne pathogens especiallynematodes – as the required levels of natural enemies andbioagents maintain a healthy ecosystem in greenhouses. Oncethis system disturbs the natural means to control, natural controloptions are virtually exhausted and the pests multiply uncheckedin the absence of natural forces of suppression. Additionally oneshould follow following precautions:
• Avoid/ repair faulty greenhouse structures which help in the entryof insect-pests
• Always use insect-proof net screens
• Greenhouses along with workers/visitors should have double entrygates so as to minimize the risk of pest entry
Manure and Fertilizer Application
• Avoid use of untreated manure and apply only properly compostedor adequately aged manure from genuine compost suppliers beforeplanting. Also, the compost may be mixed with the consortium ofbioagents for proper mineralization as well as the multiplier effectof bioagents for effective control of soil borne pathogens
• Clean equipment that comes in contact with untreated manure
• Proper analysis of manure for heavy metals must be carried outbefore application
• Always cover the manure and keep it away from garbage-contamination by pests
• Do not apply manure when the produce is nearing maturity or beingharvested
• Store manure and fertilizer in a clean, dry location, separated frompesticides, and properly labelled to reduce the risk of environmentcontamination
• Apply fertilizer based on crop nutrient requirements and availablenutrients in soil
• All fertilizer applications must be recorded
Crop Protection
Maintenance of crop health is essential for successful farming for both yieldand quality of produce. Pest Monitoring measures such as sticky traps shouldalways be in place for timely action. Unwanted visitors should be discouragedfrom entering the greenhouse.
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation 7
Soft compounds for Plant Protection in GAP programme
• Organic compounds or botanicals such as neem/products & theirformulations, pyrethrins, garlic extract etc.
• Horticultural/mineral oils.
• Mineral compounds
• Oils, talc, copper
• Ecological detergents e.g Zohar-Lq 215 (registered in Israel asfungicide against powdery mildew), herbicidal soaps, fatty acidsoaps etc.
• Bt, abamectins etc.
Cultural Control Measures
• Plastic covers– using UV absorbing sheets
• Insect proof nets
• Enriched / Fortified/ Suppressivecompost
• Color traps for pestmonitoring:
♦ Yellow for white fly
♦ Blue for thrips
♦ Silver for aphids
• Sanitation – cleanarea aroundgreenhouses
• Water heat system& good ventilationsystems
• Resistant varieties
• Grafting – using pest resistant root-stocks
Pesticide application
• Encourage Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies.
• Justify the treatment of planting material
• Use only registered pesticides and avoid sub-standard ones.
• Use minimum chemical pesticides.
• Avoid indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides.
Yellow sticky traps for monitoring sucking pests
Technical Bulletin No. 238
• Apply pesticides only when pest populations are large enough tocause economic losses
• Apply pesticides according to label directions in terms ofdosage, crop, canopy, time of application, waiting period etc.
• Use right kind of spray depending upon the pest and cropcanopy
• Dispose the pesticide container and polythene safely by burying
• Do not use damaged containers
• Avoid wrong disposal of left over pesticides
• Maintain records of all pesticide applications properly
• Persons applying pesticides must read the instructions carefullyand comply with it
• Use protective clothing while applying pesticides
• Avoid repeating the same group of chemicals again and again,hence different chamicals may be rotated so that the insect pestsdo not develop resistance
Farm Health
• Encourage understanding of farmers about the impact of theiractivities on environment
• Create awareness of clean handling of farm equipments:
- with posters
- by practical demonstrations
• Train farmers for scientific management of healthy nurseryproduction, preferably involving beneficial pathogens such asTrichoderma spp. / Pseudomonas fluorescens, which, when appliedat nursery level, may multiply and provide much better resistanceand survival opportunities to the transplanted nursery, giving a boostto growth through their multiplier effect
Grow healthy nursery
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation 9
• Purchase officially certified nursery stock
• Proper record keeping and maintaining waiting period
• Recycle organic wastes and inorganic materials
• Maintain overall good health of farm, expecially the soilenvironment in which helps balance the beneficial organisms andnutritional status of soil etc.
Harvest and On-farm Processing and Storage
• Ensure product quality by implementation of acceptable protocolsfor harvesting, storage, and processing of farm products
• Store food produce under appropriate conditions of temperatureand humidity
• Ensure clean and safe handling for on-farm processing of products
• Pack food produce for transport from the farm in clean and
appropriate containers
Workers’ Health
• Maintain worker hygiene by following good hygiene practices
such as
- hand washing
- clean toilet facilities
- personal hygiène
• Farm workers must be aware of microbial food safety risk
• Persons handling manure should be vaccinated against tetanusand must not handle manure with open wounds
• Farm supervisors must be familiar with signs/ symptoms ofinfectious diseases
• Make first-aid kit available for accident and emergency
Consumers’ Health
• Do not harvest any produce before prescribed waiting period
• Edible portion of crop must not be in contact with contaminatedwater
Technical Bulletin No. 2310
• Produce contact surfaces are cleaned and sanitized to ensure thesafety of the produce
• Proper labelling of the produce may be done before reaching theconsumer
Advantages of Adopting GAP
• Development of basic infrastructure at the field level
• Build up the culture of following good agricultural practices by the
farmers
• Uniform approach across farms regardless of their sizes
• Increased awareness among the farmers
• Traceability through complete integration of food chain i.e. from farm to
fork, the produce must be traceable for its origin including all inputs
• Improvement in the environment as well as soil fertility
• Worker safety and welfare
• Reputation in the international market as a producer of good quality
and safe produce
• Removal of Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs) faced by exporters ofagro products
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation 11
Tabl
e 2
: Key
Pes
ts o
f Gre
enho
uses
and
thei
r Maj
or B
ioag
ents
/Ant
agon
ists
Pest
Pred
ator
Para
sito
ids
Ant
agon
ist
Inse
ct p
atho
gen
Oth
er b
ioag
ents
Mite
sPh
ytos
eiul
is p
ersi
mili
s 1
Neo
seiu
lis c
ucum
eris
1
Oriu
s la
evig
atus
2
Whi
te fl
yO
rius
laev
igat
us 2
Eret
moc
erus
mun
dus3
Verti
cilli
um le
cani
i 9
Chr
ysop
erla
spp
..5En
cars
ia fo
rmos
a3Be
auve
ria b
assi
ana9
Thrip
sO
rius
laev
igat
us 2
Neo
seiu
lis c
ucum
eris
1
Thrip
octe
nus
amer
icen
sis10
Leaf
min
erD
igly
phus
isae
a3
Dac
nusa
sib
eric
a3Ba
cillu
s th
urin
gien
sis8
Mea
lybu
gC
rypt
olae
mus
mon
trouz
ieri4
Anag
yrus
pse
udoc
occi
3V.
leca
nii 9
Lept
omas
tix d
acty
lopi
i3
Aphi
dsO
rius
laev
igat
us 2
Aphi
dus
cole
man
i7
Chr
ysop
erla
spp
.5Ap
hidu
s m
atric
arae
7
Apid
olet
es a
phid
omyz
a6
Jass
ids
Chr
ysop
erla
spp
..5V.
leca
nii 9
Cat
erpi
llars
Chr
ysop
erla
car
nea5
Tric
hogr
amm
a sp
p.11
Baci
llus
thur
ingi
ensi
s8N
ucle
o po
lyhe
dral
viru
ses
(Spo
dopt
era,
(NPV
s e.
g. S
lNPV
, HaN
PV e
tc.)
Hel
icov
erpa
etc
.)Po
wde
ry M
ildew
Baci
llus
subt
ilis8
V. le
cani
i 9
Ampe
lom
yces
qui
squa
lis9
Glio
clad
ium
vire
ns9
Soil-
born
e fu
ngi/
Pseu
dom
onas
fluo
resc
ens8
Baci
llus
spp.
8
bact
eria
Baci
llus
spp.
8
Tric
hode
rma
spp.
9
Leaf
spo
tsP.
fluo
resc
ens8
Tric
hode
rma
spp.
9
Nem
atod
esP.
fluo
resc
ens8
P. p
enet
rans
8
Paec
ilom
yces
lila
cinu
s9
Tric
hode
rma
spp.
9
1- P
reda
tory
mite
; 2- P
reda
tory
bug
; 3 -
Para
sitic
was
p, 4
- Pr
edat
ory
beet
le, 5
- Pre
dato
ry in
sect
, 6 -
Aphi
d m
idge
, 7 -
Para
sitic
aph
id, 8
- Ba
cter
ial b
ioag
ents
, 9 -
Fung
al a
ntag
onis
t, 10
- Pr
edat
ory
was
p, 11
-In
sect
par
asito
id
Technical Bulletin No. 2312
General IPM Module Including GAP forProtected Cultivation
1. Construction and Maintenance of greenhouses
a. The site selection of greenhouse should be preferably disease and pestfree. It should be oriented in North-South direction. Choose a site awayfrom existing agriculture production areas to reduce pest incidence. It shouldbe accessible for easy transport of inputs/produce
b. Fabrication of the green house should be proper with double doors, provisionof insect-proof screens, maintaining strict hygiene and restricting the entryof unwanted visitors
2. Preventive Measures
• Soil solarization and sanitation
• Augment bioagents vide fortified FYM (Store FYM under shade, mixbioagents such as Trichoderma harzianum culture (c.f.u. 2X 109/g) @ 1kg/500 kg of FYM and/or Pseudomonas fluorescens (c.f.u. 2 X 1012
cells/ml) 1 L/500 kg FYM and mix it with FYM one month before bedpreparation. Such enriched FYM may be used at the time of preparingplanting beds.
• Implement GAP protocols as discussed in the manuscript especially
− Use of clean, uncontaminated water for irrigation from safe source
− Proper disposing of polythenes by burying
− Only need-based pesticide application
− Maintenance of worker hygiene
− Soil treatment/ drenching with carbofuran 3G @ 6 g/sq. m or captan2 g/L of water
• Adoption of grafting technology (use of resistant root stock with suitablegreenhouse varieties)
• Use of resistant varieties suitable for greenhouses
• Maintain weed free structures and remove all crop waste, especiallydiseased plant parts
3. Monitoring of Pests: Pests should be monitored regularly, especiallysucking pests which multiply rapidly, through blue sticky traps (thrips), silver/yellow sticky traps (aphids/whiteflies) and pheromone traps with lures formoths of caterpillars. Monitoring is done to take timely action against pests
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation 13
pathogensincludingRoot-knotnematode
References:
1. Nicholas, M. (2007). Good Agricultural Practises (GAP) and Greenhouse Crops.Proc. Int. Conf. & Exhibition on Soilless Culture (Ed. K.K. Chow) Acta Hort.742, 135-138 pp.
2. Anon. (2008). Draft Indian Standard- REQUIREMENTS FOR GOODAGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - IndiaGAP (only preparatory draft document)http://www.big.org.in/sf/fad/FAD22(1949)C.pdf P. 28
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Agricultural_Practices
4. http://www.eurepgap.org/Languages/English/about.html
mildew
Key Components of IPM
Mites ♦♦♦♦♦ Bringing down green house temperature by frequentwatering/ misting and increasing the humidity to 50% byspraying plain water.
♦♦♦♦♦ Apply calmite @ 2 ml/L, difocol @ 1.5 ml/L.
♦♦♦♦♦ Apply abamectin @ 0.5 ml/L as last resort.
Thrips ♦♦♦♦♦ Apply imidacloprid @ 0.4 g/L or Exodus @ 5 ml/L
Whiteflies ♦♦♦♦♦ Apply acephate @ 1g/L, acetameprid @ 0.2 g/L.
♦♦♦♦♦ Spray with entomo pathogenic fungi likeVerticillium lecanii.
♦♦♦♦♦ Use predator Chrysoperla spp.@ 10/ m2
Leaf miner ♦♦♦♦♦ Apply spinosad @ 0.3 ml/L and abamectin @ 0.5 ml/L
Caterpillars ♦♦♦♦♦ Mechanical destruction of caterpillars and their egg masses
♦♦♦♦♦ Use of NPV sprays 10 days after observing moth catches inpheromone traps
Powdery ♦♦♦♦♦ Apply sulphur dust @ 25 kg/ha or spraying wettable sulphur @0.3% or sulphur suspension @ 0.6%.
♦♦♦♦♦ Apply thiophenate methyl @ 1.5 g/L, fenarimol @ 0.35 ml/L orcopper oxychloride @ 1.5 g/L as the first symptoms appear
Soil-borne ♦♦♦♦♦ Take preventive measures as described above
♦♦♦♦♦ Drenching with metalaxyl / copper-oxychloride /mancozeb @ 1g/L for fungal pathogens
♦♦♦♦♦ Use of resistant/ tolerant varieties or rootstock orgrafting with resistant rootstock for nematodes andother soil borne pests
♦♦♦♦♦ Following crop rotation/ fallow
♦♦♦♦♦ Avoid growing nematode susceptible crops/ plantsnear greenhouses
- Use neem products and horticultural oil to control inect-pests
- Refer to the Table2 for bio-agent applications
Technical Bulletin No. 2314
Grafting for Resistance against Soil-Borne Pathogens
Grafting as a technique is gaining wide attentionthrough out the world, especially for greenhousecultivation of vegetable crops, mainly thesolanaceous and cucurbitaceous ones, from theview point of resistance against the soil-bornepathogens in addition to obtaining better yieldand quality. It is highly successful in cucurbitslike melons for resistance against diseases.Grafting involves the union of suitable varietiesof greenhouse crops used as scions over theresistant rootstocks usually from the samefamily. Centre has conducted trials on graftingof tomato seedlings over the available rootstocksfrom different families. Although, the successhas been achieved in grafting of greenhousetomato over interfamilial plants, however, tomato and cucurbits only gave goodresults. Technology is underway and is proving to be promising for greenhousecultivation in India.
The grafted seedlings are conditioned(hardened) in the dark and cool shednets prepared specially for the purposebefore planting in seedling trays andfinally their transplantation in thegreenhouses. Grafting robots are beingincreasingly used for the commercial
production of healthy nursery.
Grafted Tomato Seedling
Grafted Seedlings with Staking forSupport
Hardening of Seedlings under SpecifiedConditions
Grafting Robot