GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
Ross University School of Veterinary MedicineBacteriologyMarch 2004Amy Fayette
What is the major source of infection with Listeria monocytogenes?
• Silage
• pH over 5.5
What is the morphology of rhodococcus equi?
• Gram +
• Some rods, some cocci
What is a synonym of C. pseudotuberculosis?
• C. ovis
What is the most common sign of C. pseudotuberculosis in horses?
• Ulcerative lymphangitis• Abscesses and swellings in lnn. That burst and
leave ulcers
What are the host factors behind rhodococcus equi?
• Age- 6 weeks
• Breed lines
What is the bacteria that causes listeriosis?
• Listeria monocytogenes
What is the most common sign of C. pseudotuberculosis in sheep?
• Pus filled lymph nodes
What are the forms of disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes?
• Neural disease- meningoencephalitis
• Septicemia
• Abortion
• Mastitis
What is the morphology of typical corynebacterium spp.?
• Small gram + rods
• Club-shaped swellings at one or both ends
• “chinese lettering”
What is the morphology of Actinomyces?
• Gram +
• Slender rods
What causes cystitis and pyelonephritis in cattle and “pizzle rot” in sheep and
goats?• Corynebacterium renale group
• C. renale • C. pilosum• C. cystidis
What is the disease forms associated with Actinomyces suis?
• Habitat is prepuce and urethra of boar
• Disease only in sow, causing cystitis and pyelonephritis
How is tetanus diagnosed?
• Clinical signs
• Discovery of appropriate wound
What is the morphology of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
• Gram +
• slender rods
What is the main cause of pizzle rot in sheep?
• High protein diet
What are the main forms of erysipelas in pigs?
• Septicemia
• Diamond skin lesions (urticaria)
• Endocarditis
• arthritis
What is the disease associated with Actinomyces bovis in horses?
• Infection of bursae in horses
• “poll evil” or “fistulous withers”
What is the bacteria associated with Swine erysipelas?
• Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
What is the morphology of Listeria monocytogenes?
• Small gram + rods
• May be coccoid
How is Listeria typically enriched in the laboratory?
• “cold enrichment”
What is the morphology of Arcanobacterium pyogenes?
• Small gram + rods
• Resemble corynebacterium
What is the disease associated with Actinomyces bovis in cattle?
• “lumpy jaw”
• Caused by erupting teeth or abrasive food
What are the disease forms associated with clostridium
sordellii?
• Isolated from sudden deaths, and “big head” in rams
What are the disease forms associated with clostridium
botulinum in wild birds?• “limberneck”- ingestion of rotting vegetation
and dead invertebrates
• Ingestion of dead fish
What are the signs associated with rhodococcus equi?
• Bronchopenumonia
• Extensive anscessation and lymphangitis
• Necrotizing enterocolitis with ulceration
What is the disease forms associated with Nocardia asteroides?
• Cattle• mastitis
• Dogs, cats• aspiration of organisms• Blood stained purulent fluid in pleural cavity
What are the disease forms associated with clostridium
perfringes Type A?
• Gas gangrene (man and occasionally animals)
• Food Poisoning (man
• Colitis in horses
• Necrotic enteritis in chickens
• Enterotoxemic jaundice in lambs
What is another name for Rhodococcus equi?
• Corynebacterium equi
What are the predisposing factors of dermatophilus congolensis?
• Prolonged rainfall
• Humid conditions
• Heavy tick infestation
What are the disease forms associated with clostridium
perfringes Type B?• Lamb dysentery
• 2d-2wks old• Causes severed diarrhea sometimes with blood
• Neonatal hemorrhagic enteritis in calves and foals
• Enterotoxemia in adult sheep and goats
What is the morphology of dermatophilus congolensis?
• Gram + rods
• Branching filaments
• Motile zoospores
What is the significance of Corynebacterium bovis?
• Commensal of bovine udder
• Provokes neutrophil response, thought to protect the udder from more serious infections
What are the disease forms associated with clostridium
perfringes Type C?
• Hemorrhagic enterotoxemia- esp. in neonatal piglets, lambs, foals and calves
• Necrotic enteritis- chicks under 2 weeks
• Enterotoxemia in post weaning/ adult sheep in Britain and adult goats
What is the general lesion produced by actinomyces spp.?
• Pyogranulomatous lesions
• Presence of hard “sulfur granules”
What is the morphology of bacillus spp.?
• Large gram+ rods
• Aerobic or facultative anaerobic
• Sporeforming
• Catalase +
What are the disease forms associated with clostridium
perfringes Type D?
• Enterotoxemia (“pulpy kidney”)• Associated with change in diet usually for better• Increases cerebral pressure which causes nervous
signs• Also causes hydropericardium, and edema of lungs• Hyperglycemia, and glucosuria
• Enterotoxemia in goats and possibly cattle
What are the cultural characteristics of streptococcus?
• Facultative anaerobes
• Catalase neg (staph catalase pos)
What are the cultural characteristics of Actinomyces?
• Anaerobic or microaerophilic- some CO2 prefered
What are the disease forms associated with Staph hyicus?
• “Greasy pig disease”
• “exudative epidermitis”
• Primarily in Suckling piglets
• Excessive sebaceous secretion
• Subacute disease- thickening and wrinkling of skin
What is the disease forms associated with bovine farcy?
• Nocardia sp.
• Infection of the lymphatics of the lower limbs or head of cattle
What are the disease forms associated with clostridium
perfringes Type E?• Enteritis/enterotoxemia in calves and lambs
What is the morphology of Nocardia spp.
• Slender gram + rods and filaments
• Modified acid-fast
What are some synonyms of dermatophilus congolensis?
• Cattle- dermatophilosis, streptothricosis, senkobo skin disease
• Sheep- lumpy wool, mycotic dermatitis, strawberry footrot
• Horse- rain scald
What are the disease forms associated with staph intermedius?
• Pyoderma in dogs and cats
• Lesions in skin folds
• Otitis externa
What is the disease forms associated with B. anthracis?
• Septicemia with sudden death
• Dark, tarry unclotted blood oozing from orifices
• Spleen is greatly enlarged
What is the disease forms associated with Actinomyces hordeovulneris?
• Injury by grass awns
• Local abscesses and serositis
What are the disease forms associated with clostridium
piliforme?
• Was: bacillus piliformis
• Aka: tyzzers disease
• Enteritis of lower small intestine and proximal large intestine and focal necrosis of liver
• Disease seen in young animals
What are the three most common streptococci associated with bovine
mastitis?
• S. agalactiae
• S. dysgalactiae
• S. uberis
What is the disease forms associated with dermatophilus congolensis?
• Scab and crust formation with shallow clean wound underneath
What is the disease forms associated with Arcanobacterium pyogenes?
• “summer mastitis”
• Transmission by flies
• Non-lactating heifers and cows
• Abscesses, empyemas and pyogranulomas
What is the disease forms associated with Streptococcus suis?
• Meningitis, arthritis, pneumonia, and septicemia in pigs
What are the disease forms associated with clostridium
spiroforme?• Spontaneous diarrhea in weanling rabbits
• Antibiotic-induced diarrhea in adult rabbits
• Enterocolitis in foals and pigs
What is the disease forms associated with B. cereus?
• Mastitis
• Abortion
• Conjunctivitis
What is the disease forms associated with Actinomyces viscosus?
• Chronic pyogranulomatous lesions of skin
• Sero-sanguineous purulent fluid in the pleural cavity
What is the disease forms associated with Streprococcus equi subspecies
zooepidemicus?• Metritis, abortion, navel ill/joint ill
What is the morphology of Mycobacterium
• Slender rods
• Gram +
• Acid fast
• Straight or slightly curved
• Strictly aerobic
What are the disease forms associated with clostridium difficile?
• Antibiotic-induced enterocolitis in man, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs
• Spontaneous diarrhea in dogs, foals and pigs
What is the morphology of staphylococcus?
• Gram + cocci
• “bunches of grapes”
• Coagulase +
• Catalase +
• Facultative anaerobe
• Tolerates high NaCl
How is infection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis acquired?
• Ingestion of infected feed or water
What is the causative agent behind “strangles”
• Streptococcus equi subspecies equi
What is thought to influence the onset of signs associated with
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis?
• stress
What is the number 1 cause of mastitis?
• Staph aureus
What is the disease forms associated with S. equi subspecies equi?
• Nasal discharge, inflammation of mucosa of nasopharynx
• Bastard strangles- widespread abscessation in a variety of organs
• Purpura hemorrhagica- immune mediated vasculitis, SQ edema, petechial hemorrhages
What are the disease forms associated with clostridium
chauvoei?• Aka. Blackleg, quarter evil, blackquarter
• Blackening of the muscle and gas build up
• High temp
• Depressed and lame
What is the disease forms associated with Mycobacterium
paratuberculosis?• Chronic enteritis of ruminants
• Chronic wasting disease with intermittent diarrhea• Edema and thickening of ileo-cecal valve• Edema of mesenteric lnn.
What are the disease forms associated with clostridium
botulinum in ruminants?• Phosphorus deficiency leading to depraved
appetite where animals eat bones of dead animals
• “forage poisoning”- preserved food contains toxin from rotting bodies of dead rodents
What is the disease forms associated with B. larvae?
• Foulbrood in bees
What is the disease forms associated with Streptococcus porcinus?
• Abscessation of lnn. especially of head in pigs
What are the disease forms associated with Clostridium
septicum?
• Aka. Malignant edema, braxy
• Common, active post morten invader
• Gains entry by soil contamination of wounds
• Muscle dark brown to black
• Little gas formation
What is the morphology of streptococcus?
• Gram + cocci
• Pairs or chains
What is the pathology behind Braxy?
• Clostridium septicum
• Caused by eating of frozen grass
• Damages wall of abomasum
What human disease is thought to be associated with Mycobacterium
paratuberculosis?• Crohn’s disease
What is the disease forms associated with B. licheniformis?
• Abortion
What diseases are caused by the two types of clostridium novyi
• Type A- “gas gangrene”, “big head” in rams
• Type B- “black disease” in sheep
What is the disease forms associated with Clostridium tetani?
• “tetanus”
• Lock jaw in humans and animals
• Overstimulation of motor neurons which causes a rigidity of extensors
What is the disease forms associated with Streptococcus dysgalactiae
subspecies equisimilis?
• Misc pyogenic infections in many species of animals
What are the disease forms associated with “big head”
• Clostridium novyi Type A
• Edematous swelling of head and neck after infection due to trauma to the SQ tissues of the head
What types of injuries typically cause tetanus?
wounds
horn disbudding
castration/emasculation
navel
What is the morphology of clostridium?
• Large gram + rods
• Spore forming
• Anaerobic
• Catalase neg
What are the disease forms associated with “black disease”?
• Aka. Infectious necrotic hepatitis
• Clostridium novyi Type B
• Organisms lodge in liver following ingestion
• Multiply in lesions formed by liver flukes
• Increased necrosis of liver and sudden death
What are the disease forms associated with clostridium
botulinum in equines?• “forage poisoning”- preserved food contains
toxin from rotting bodies of dead rodents
• “shaker foal syndrome”- organisms multiply in necrotic lesions in the gastro-intestinal tract
What is the disease forms associated with Streptococcus canis?
• Neonatal septicemia and metritis
What are the disease forms associated with clostridium
haemolyticum?• Was called C. novyi Type D
• Aka. Bacillary hemoglobinuria
• Can produce toxin when multiplying in areas of liver necrosis usually due to fluke migration
• Hemoglobinuria, anemia, pale and raised purple areas